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Lee J, Lee M, Kim J, Cho EG, Kim C. Producing highly effective extracellular vesicles using IBAR and talin F3 domain fusion. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2024; 28:283-293. [PMID: 38770055 PMCID: PMC11104707 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2024.2353159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), transporting diverse cellular components, play a crucial role in intercellular communication in numerous physiological and pathological processes. EVs have also been recognized as a drug delivery platform for therapeutic purposes and cell-free regenerative medicine. While various approaches have focused on increasing EV production for efficient use therapeutic use of EVs, enhancing the quality of EVs, such as ensuring efficient uptake by their target cells, has not been widely explored. In this study, we linked a negative membrane curvature-forming inverse BAR (IBAR) domain with an integrin β tail-binding talin F3 domain to create the IBAR-F3 fusion protein. We observed that IBAR-F3 can trigger filopodia-like membrane protrusions and attract integrins to those protrusion-rich regions, when expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing integrin αIIbβ3. Surprisingly, the expression of IBAR-F3 also induced a robust production of EVs, which were then efficiently taken up by nearby cells in an integrin-dependent manner. Moreover, IBAR triggered integrin activation, presumably by inducing negative membrane curvature that likely disrupts the interaction between the integrin α and β transmembrane domain. Therefore, we suggest that IBAR-F3 should be utilized to promote both EV production and efficient uptake mediated by integrins. Furthermore, the negative curvature-inducing integrin activation suggests that integrins on EVs can be activated by the nanoscale change in the curvature of the EV without the need for conventional machinery to activate integrin inside the EVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonha Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - MinHyeong Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoon Kim
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Eun-Gyung Cho
- Consumer Health 2 Center, CHA Advanced Research Institute, Bundang CHA Medical Center, Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungho Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Lee KS, Kim Y, Lee JH, Shon S, Kim A, Pham AVQ, Kim C, Kim DH, Kim YK, Cho EG. Human Probiotic Lactobacillus paracasei-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Improve Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Induced Inflammatory Phenotypes in Human Skin. Cells 2023; 12:2789. [PMID: 38132109 PMCID: PMC10741892 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), a probiotic, provide various health benefits. We recently isolated a new Lactobacillus paracasei strain with strong anti-inflammatory effects under lipopolysaccharide-induced conditions and proposed a new mode of action-augmenting the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway for anti-inflammatory functions in host cells. The beneficial effects of the L. paracasei strains on the skin have been described; however, the effects of L. paracasei-derived extracellular vesicles (LpEVs) on the skin are poorly understood. Herein, we investigated whether LpEVs can improve inflammation-mediated skin phenotypes by determining their effects on primary human skin cells and a three-dimensional (3D) full-thickness human skin equivalent under tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-challenged inflammatory conditions. LpEVs were efficiently taken up by the human skin cells and were much less cytotoxic to host cells than bacterial lysates. Furthermore, low LpEV concentrations efficiently restored TNF-α-induced cellular phenotypes, resulting in increased cell proliferation and collagen synthesis, but decreased inflammatory factor levels (matrix metalloproteinase 1, interleukin 6, and interleukin 8) in the human dermal fibroblasts, which was comparable to that of retinoic acid, a representative antiaging compound. The beneficial effects of LpEVs were validated in a 3D full-thickness human skin equivalent model. LpEV treatment remarkably restored the TNF-α-induced epidermal malformation, abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes in the basal layer, and reduction in dermal collagen synthesis. Additionally, LpEVs penetrated and reached the deepest dermal layer within 24 h when overlaid on top of a 3D full-thickness human skin equivalent. Furthermore, they possessed superior antioxidant capacity compared with the human cell-derived EVs. Taken together, the anti-inflammatory probiotic LpEVs can be attractive antiaging and antioxidant substances for improving inflammation-induced skin phenotypes and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Soo Lee
- H&B Science Center, CHA Meditech Co., Ltd., Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunsik Kim
- Consumer Health 2 Center, CHA Advanced Research Institute, Bundang CHA Medical Center, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hee Lee
- Consumer Health 2 Center, CHA Advanced Research Institute, Bundang CHA Medical Center, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Suji Shon
- Department of Dermatology, Bundang CHA Medical Center, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Aram Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Bundang CHA Medical Center, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - An Vuong Quynh Pham
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Chungho Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Bundang CHA Medical Center, School of Medicine, CHA University, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Eun-Gyung Cho
- H&B Science Center, CHA Meditech Co., Ltd., Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
- Consumer Health 2 Center, CHA Advanced Research Institute, Bundang CHA Medical Center, Seongnam 13488, Republic of Korea
- Department of Life Science, General Graduate School, CHA University, Pocheon 11160, Republic of Korea
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Lee JY, Min DJ, Kim W, Bin BH, Kim K, Cho EG. Non pharmacological high-intensity ultrasound treatment of human dermal fibroblasts to accelerate wound healing. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2465. [PMID: 33510199 PMCID: PMC7844265 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81878-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Inspired by the effectiveness of low-intensity ultrasound on tissue regeneration, we investigated the potential effect of short-term high-intensity ultrasound treatment for acceleration of wound healing in an in vitro wound model and dermal equivalent, both comprising human dermal fibroblasts. Short-term ultrasound of various amplitudes significantly increased the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts and subsequently increased the production of the extracellular matrix components fibronectin and collagen type I, both of which are important for wound healing and are secreted by fibroblasts. In addition, ultrasound treatment increased the contraction of a fibroblast-embedded three-dimensional collagen matrix, and the effect was synergistically increased in the presence of TGF-β. RNA-sequencing and bioinformatics analyses revealed changes in gene expression and p38 and ERK1/2 MAPK pathway activation in the ultrasound-stimulated fibroblasts. Our findings suggest that ultrasound as a mechanical stimulus can activate human dermal fibroblasts. Therefore, the activation of fibroblasts using ultrasound may improve the healing of various types of wounds and increase skin regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Yu Lee
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, 1920 Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae-Jin Min
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, 1920 Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanil Kim
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, 1920 Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Ho Bin
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, 1920 Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyuhan Kim
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, 1920 Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Gyung Cho
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, 1920 Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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Kim H, Kim M, Myoung K, Kim W, Ko J, Kim KP, Cho EG. Comparative Lipidomic Analysis of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Lactobacillus plantarum APsulloc 331261 Living in Green Tea Leaves Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8076. [PMID: 33138039 PMCID: PMC7663264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus plantarum is a popular probiotic species due to its safe and beneficial effects on humans; therefore, novel L. plantarum strains have been isolated and identified from various dietary products. Given that bacteria-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been considered as efficient carriers of bioactive materials and shown to evoke cellular responses effectively, L. plantarum-derived EVs are expected to efficiently elicit health benefits. Herein, we identified L. plantarum APsulloc 331261 living in green tea leaves and isolated EVs from the culture medium. We performed quantitative lipidomic analysis of L. plantarum APsulloc 331261 derived EVs (LEVs) using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. In comparison to L. plantarum APsulloc 331261, in LEVs, 67 of 320 identified lipid species were significantly increased and 19 species were decreased. In particular, lysophosphatidylserine(18:4) and phosphatidylcholine(32:2) were critically increased, showing over 21-fold enrichment in LEVs. In addition, there was a notable difference between LEVs and the parent cells in the composition of phospholipids. Our results suggest that the lipidomic profile of bacteria-derived EVs is different from that of the parent cells in phospholipid content and composition. Given that lipids are important components of EVs, quantitative and comparative analyses of EV lipids may improve our understanding of vesicle biogenesis and lipid-mediated intercellular communication within or between living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyoseon Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (H.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Minjung Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (H.K.); (M.K.)
| | - Kilsun Myoung
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea; (K.M.); (W.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Wanil Kim
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea; (K.M.); (W.K.); (J.K.)
- Division of Cosmetic Science & Technology, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan 38610, Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Ko
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea; (K.M.); (W.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Global Center for Pharmaceutical Ingredient Materials, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (H.K.); (M.K.)
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Kyung Hee Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Korea
| | - Eun-Gyung Cho
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea; (K.M.); (W.K.); (J.K.)
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Kim W, Lee EJ, Bae IH, Myoung K, Kim ST, Park PJ, Lee KH, Pham AVQ, Ko J, Oh SH, Cho EG. Lactobacillus plantarum-derived extracellular vesicles induce anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage polarization in vitro. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1793514. [PMID: 32944181 PMCID: PMC7480564 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1793514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Probiotics offer various health benefits. Lactobacillus plantarum has been used for decades to enhance human intestinal mucosal immunity and improve skin barrier integrity. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells have been recognized as efficient carriers for delivery of biomolecules to recipient cells, and to efficiently regulate human pathophysiology. However, the mechanism underlying the beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria-derived EVs on human skin is unclear. Herein, we investigated how L. plantarum-derived EVs (LEVs) exert beneficial effects on human skin by examining the effect of LEVs on cutaneous immunity, particularly on macrophage polarization. LEVs promoted differentiation of human monocytic THP1 cells towards an anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype, especially M2b, by inducing biased expression of cell-surface markers and cytokines associated with M2 macrophages. Pre- or post-treatment with LEVs under inflammatory M1 macrophage-favouring conditions, induced by LPS and interferon-γ, inhibited M1-associated surface marker, HLA-DRα expression. Moreover, LEV treatment significantly induced expression of macrophage-characteristic cytokines, IL-1β, GM-CSF and the representative anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, in human skin organ cultures. Hence, LEVs can trigger M2 macrophage polarization in vitro, and induce an anti-inflammatory phenomenon in the human skin, and may be a potent anti-inflammatory strategy to alleviate hyperinflammatory skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanil Kim
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin, Republic of Korea.,Division of Cosmetic Science & Technology, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jung Lee
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Hong Bae
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Kilsun Myoung
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Tae Kim
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Phil June Park
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ha Lee
- Division of Cosmetic Science & Technology, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Jaeyoung Ko
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ho Oh
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Gyung Cho
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Center, Amorepacific Corporation, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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Chae M, Son ED, Bae IH, Cho EG, Kim HJ, Jung JY. UVB-dependent inhibition of lipin-1 protects against proinflammatory responses in human keratinocytes. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:293-307. [PMID: 32080341 PMCID: PMC7062881 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-020-0388-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipin-1 is an Mg2+-dependent phosphatidate phosphatase (PAP1) that catalyzes a critical step in the synthesis of glycerophospholipids and is also a cotranscriptional regulator. The role of lipin-1 in the regulation of inflammatory responses has been extensively studied in various cell types but not in skin cells. In the present study, the function of lipin-1 in UVB-induced proinflammatory responses was assessed in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs). UVB radiation downregulated lipin-1 expression. Lipin-1 inhibition was mediated by UVB-dependent sterol-response element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) inhibition. The UVB-dependent inhibition of lipin-1 and SREBP-1 was mediated by AMPK activation. UVB-induced activation of JNK was dependent on AMPK activation and mediated lipin-1 inhibition. Prevention of UVB-mediated lipin-1 repression by introducing a lipin-1 expression vector stimulated IL-6 and IL-8 production, suggesting that lipin-1 inhibition attenuates UVB-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production. The downregulation of lipin-1 ameliorated UVB-induced NF-ĸB phosphorylation, which might be attributed to the suppression of UVB-induced accumulation of free fatty acids (FFAs). Pharmacological inhibition of PAP1 with propranolol suppressed UVB-induced production of IL-6 and IL-8 in NHEKs and reconstituted human skin models. Taken together, lipin-1 is downregulated by exposure to UVB radiation, which confers protection against UVB-induced proinflammatory responses; therefore, the inhibition of lipin-1 is a potential strategy for photoaging. Reduced production and activity of an enzyme in skin cells helps protect them from damage caused by exposure to ultra-violet light. Minjung Chae and colleagues at the Amorepacific Corporation in Yongin, South Korea, identified an anti-inflammatory effect caused by the reduction in expression of the enzyme lipin-1 when skin cells are exposed to UVB radiation. These ultra-violet rays are associated with aging and increased risk of skin cancer. Lipin-1 is involved in making glycerophospholipid molecules, which are key components of the membranes surrounding and inside cells. Identifying the enzyme’s significance for inflammation in skin cells extends previous similar findings with other cell types. The research also uncovered aspects of the molecular mechanisms mediating the skin cell response. Inhibiting lipin-1 activity might reduce the damage sunlight causes to skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjung Chae
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Bioscience Laboratory, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea.
| | - Eui Dong Son
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Bioscience Laboratory, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Il-Hong Bae
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Bioscience Laboratory, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Eun-Gyung Cho
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Bioscience Laboratory, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Hyoung-June Kim
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Bioscience Laboratory, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Ji-Yong Jung
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Bioscience Laboratory, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
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Park S, Lee ES, Park NH, Hwang K, Cho EG. Circadian Expression of TIMP3 Is Disrupted by UVB Irradiation and Recovered by Green Tea Extracts. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040862. [PMID: 30781538 PMCID: PMC6412890 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human skin is the outermost physical barrier and has its own circadian machinery that works either cooperatively with the central clock, or autonomously. Circadian rhythms have been observed in many functions related to epidermal homeostasis including hydration and inflammation, and this functional oscillation is disturbed by ultraviolet radiation (UVR), which is a strong environmental cue. Among the genes estimated to show circadian expression in the skin, metalloproteinase inhibitor 3 (TIMP3), has a rhythmic expression in synchronized human keratinocytes similar to that of the core clock gene PER1 and an epidermal circadian regulatory gene, aquaporin 3 (AQP3) but was antiphase to the core clock gene BMAL1. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), the regulatory target of TIMP3 via a disintegrin and metalloproteinase domain 17 (ADAM17), was inversely regulated when TIMP3 expression was downregulated by ultraviolet B (UVB) treatment. When synthetic TIMP3 peptides were applied to the cells, the secretion of TNF-α did not increase following the UVB treatment. Similar to TIMP3 peptides, Camellia sinensis leaf-derived extracts showed a distinguishing efficacy in recovering TIMP3 expression, downregulated by UVB treatment. Together, our results suggest that TIMP3 reversely mediates UVR-induced inflammation by being highly expressed during the daytime; therefore, recovering the circadian expression of TIMP3 using synthetic TIMP3 peptides or bioactive natural ingredients could at least in part inhibit the UVR-induced cellular phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyoung Park
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, 1920 Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17074, Korea.
| | - Eun-Soo Lee
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, 1920 Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17074, Korea.
| | - Nok-Hyun Park
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, 1920 Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17074, Korea.
| | - Kyeonghwan Hwang
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, 1920 Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17074, Korea.
| | - Eun-Gyung Cho
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, 1920 Yonggu-daero, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17074, Korea.
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Kim J, Bin BH, Choi EJ, Lee HG, Lee TR, Cho EG. Staphylococcus aureus-derived extracellular vesicles induce monocyte recruitment by activating human dermal microvascular endothelial cells in vitro. Clin Exp Allergy 2018; 49:68-81. [PMID: 30288827 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) represents the most common inflammatory skin disorder in children showing massive infiltration of immune cells. The colonization of AD-afflicted skin by Staphylococcus aureus and S. aureus-derived extracellular vesicles (SEVs) has been associated with AD pathogenesis; however, the molecular mechanism underlying SEV-mediated inflammatory responses remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We investigated how SEVs can mediate inflammatory responses in AD pathogenesis by examining the effect of SEVs on human dermal microvascular endothelia cells (HDMECs). METHODS HDMECs were treated with SEVs, and the expression of cell adhesion molecules or cytokines was assessed using RT-qPCR, Western blot or cytokine array analyses. The receptor for SEVs and related signalling molecules in HDMECs were addressed and verified via gene knockdown or inhibitor experiments. The recruitment assay of human THP-1 monocytic cells on HDMECs was performed after SEV treatment in the presence or absence of the verified receptor or signalling molecule. RESULTS SEVs, but not other gram-positive bacteria-derived extracellular vesicles, directly activated HDMECs by increasing the expression of cell adhesion molecules (E-selectin, VCAM1 and ICAM1) and that of IL-6, the inflammatory cytokine; consequently, they enhanced the recruitment of THP-1 monocytic cells to HDMECs. The SEV-induced HDMEC activation was dependent on Toll-like receptor 4 and the NF-κB signalling pathway, which was rapidly activated within 1 hour post-treatment and followed by an upregulation of cell adhesion molecules and IL-6 at later time-points. Moreover, SEV-mediated HDMEC responses were more rapid and intense than those induced by the same protein concentrations of S. aureus extracts. CONCLUSIONS & CLINICAL RELEVANCE SEVs as proinflammatory factors could mediate immune cell infiltration in AD by efficiently inducing endothelial cell activation and monocyte recruitment, which may provide insights into alleviating the S. aureus-mediated onset or progression of AD and its phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Kim
- Skincare Research Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Bum-Ho Bin
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Eun-Jeong Choi
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Hyun Gee Lee
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Eun-Gyung Cho
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Choi EJ, Lee HG, Bae IH, Kim W, Park J, Lee TR, Cho EG. Propionibacterium acnes-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Promote Acne-Like Phenotypes in Human Epidermis. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:1371-1379. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Choi SY, Bin BH, Kim W, Lee E, Lee TR, Cho EG. Exposure of human melanocytes to UVB twice and subsequent incubation leads to cellular senescence and senescence-associated pigmentation through the prolonged p53 expression. J Dermatol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29525471 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a well-known factor in skin aging and pigmentation, and daily exposure to subcytotoxic doses of UVR might accelerate senescence and senescence-associated phenomena in human melanocytes. OBJECTIVE To establish an in vitro melanocyte model to mimic the conditions of repeated exposure to subcytotoxic doses of UVB irradiation and to investigate key factor(s) for melanocyte senescence and senescence-associated phenomena. METHODS Human epidermal melanocytes were exposed twice with 20 mJ/cm2 UVB over a 24-h interval and subsequently cultivated for 2 weeks. Senescent phenotypes were addressed morphologically, and by measuring the senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-Gal) activity, cell proliferation capacity with cell cycle analysis, and melanin content. RESULTS The established protocol successfully induced melanocyte senescence, and senescent melanocytes accompanied hyperpigmentation. Prolonged expression of p53 was responsible for melanocyte senescence and hyperpigmentation, and treatment with the p53-inhibitor pifithrin-α at 2-weeks post-UVB irradiation, but not at 48 h, significantly reduced melanin content along with decreases in tyrosinase levels. CONCLUSION Melanocyte senescence model will be useful for studying the long-term effects of UVB irradiation and pigmentation relevant to physiological photoaging, and screening compounds effective for senescence-associated p53-mediated pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suh-Yeon Choi
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum-Ho Bin
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanil Kim
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunkyung Lee
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Gyung Cho
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 17074, Republic of Korea.
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Park S, Kim K, Bae IH, Lee SH, Jung J, Lee TR, Cho EG. TIMP3 is a CLOCK-dependent diurnal gene that inhibits the expression of UVB-induced inflammatory cytokines in human keratinocytes. FASEB J 2018; 32:1510-1523. [PMID: 29180440 PMCID: PMC5892724 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700693r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
As the outermost physical barrier of an organism, the skin is diurnally exposed to UV radiation (UVR). Recent studies have revealed that the skin exhibits a circadian rhythm in various functions, and this oscillation is disturbed and reset via a strong environmental cue, the UVR. However, a molecular link between circadian perturbation by UVR and UVR-induced cellular responses has not been investigated. We identified tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-3 as a novel circadian locomotor output cycles kaput (CLOCK)–dependent diurnal gene by using a CLOCK-knockdown strategy in human keratinocytes. Among dozens of identified transcripts down-regulated by CLOCK knockdown, TIMP3 displayed a rhythmic expression in a CLOCK-dependent manner, in which the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand (CXCL)-1, and IL-8, were inversely regulated. Upon UVB exposure, the expression of CLOCK and TIMP3 was down-regulated, which led to an up-regulation of secretion of MMP1 and TNF-α proteins and in the transcription of CXCL1 and IL-8via CCAAT-enhancer binding protein (C/EBP)-α. UVB-induced TNF-α secretion increased further or decreased by knockdown or overexpression of TIMP3, respectively, as well as by CLOCK. As a novel CLOCK-dependent diurnal gene, TIMP3 inhibits the expression of inflammatory cytokines that are up-regulated by UV irradiation in human keratinocytes. Thus, our work suggests a molecular link between circadian perturbation by UVR and UVR-induced inflammation.—Park, S., Kim, K., Bae, I.-H., Lee, S. H., Jung, J., Lee, T. R., Cho, E.-G. TIMP3 is a CLOCK-dependent diurnal gene that inhibits the expression of UVB-induced inflammatory cytokines in human keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunyoung Park
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Research and Development Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Kyuhan Kim
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Research and Development Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Il-Hong Bae
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Research and Development Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Sung Hoon Lee
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Research and Development Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Jiyong Jung
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Research and Development Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Research and Development Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, South Korea
| | - Eun-Gyung Cho
- Basic Research and Innovation Division, Research and Development Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, South Korea
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Bae IS, Park PJ, Lee JH, Cho EG, Lee TR, Kim SH. PPARγ-mediated G-protein coupled receptor 120 signaling pathway promotes transcriptional activation of miR-143 in adipocytes. Gene 2017; 626:64-69. [PMID: 28495174 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), the small noncoding RNAs, regulate various biological processes such as adipogenesis. MicroRNA-143 (miR-143) promotes adipocyte differentiation, and is correlated with obesity in mice fed a high-fat diet. However, the transcriptional regulation of miR-143 is largely unknown. In this study, we identified that miR-143 is a target of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), a key transcription factor in adipogenesis. Four putative peroxisome proliferator response elements (PPREs) were identified in the miR-143 promoter region. Using chromatin immune-precipitation, we observed that PPARγ was bound with two PPRE regions of the miR-143 promoter in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. A luciferase reporter assay showed that the PPRE1 region (-1330/-1309) of the miR-143 promoter played an important role in PPARγ transcriptional activation. In addition, we determined that G-protein coupled receptor 120 (GPR 120), which functions as an omega 3 fatty acid receptor, affected miR-143 expression in adipocytes. GPR120 silencing in adipocytes inhibited the expression of PPARγ and miR-143, whereas GPR120 overexpression led to increased expressions of PPARγ and miR-143. Silencing of PPARγ inhibited the induction of miR-143 by GPR-120. These results suggested that a PPARγ-mediated GPR120 signaling pathway promotes transcriptional activation of miR-143 in adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Seon Bae
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Phil June Park
- Bioscience Research Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hwa Lee
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Gyung Cho
- Bioscience Research Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- Bioscience Research Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17074, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
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Kim KH, Lee TR, Cho EG. SH3BP4, a novel pigmentation gene, is inversely regulated by miR-125b and MITF. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e367. [PMID: 28819321 PMCID: PMC5579509 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous work has identified miR-125b as a negative regulator of melanogenesis. However, the specific melanogenesis-related genes targeted by this miRNA had not been identified. In this study, we established a screening strategy involving three consecutive analytical approaches—analysis of target genes of miR-125b, expression correlation analysis between each target gene and representative pigmentary genes, and functional analysis of candidate genes related to melanogenesis—to discover melanogenesis-related genes targeted by miR-125b. Through these analyses, we identified SRC homology 3 domain-binding protein 4 (SH3BP4) as a novel pigmentation gene. In addition, by combining bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation, we demonstrated that SH3BP4 is a direct target of miR-125b. Finally, we found that SH3BP4 is transcriptionally regulated by microphthalmia-associated transcription factor as its direct target. These findings provide important insights into the roles of miRNAs and their targets in melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Han Kim
- Basic Research &Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- Basic Research &Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Eun-Gyung Cho
- Basic Research &Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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Park PJ, Cho JY, Cho EG. Specific visible radiation facilitates lipolysis in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes via rhodopsin-dependent β3-adrenergic signaling. Eur J Cell Biol 2017; 96:301-311. [PMID: 28483278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The regulation of fat metabolism is important for maintaining functional and structural tissue homeostasis in biological systems. Reducing excessive lipids has been an important concern due to the concomitant health risks caused by metabolic disorders such as obesity, adiposity and dyslipidemia. A recent study revealed that unlike conventional care regimens (e.g., diet or medicine), low-energy visible radiation (VR) regulates lipid levels via autophagy-dependent hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) phosphorylation in differentiated human adipose-derived stem cells. To clarify the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, we first verified the photoreceptor and photoreceptor-dependent signal cascade in nonvisual 3T3-L1 adipocytes. For a better understanding of the concomitant phenomena that result from VR exposure, mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes were exposed to four different wavelengths of VR (410, 505, 590 and 660nm) in this study. The results confirmed that specific VR wavelengths, especially 505nm than 590nm, increase intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and decrease lipid droplets. Interestingly, the mRNA and protein levels of the Opn2 (rhodopsin) photoreceptor increased after VR exposure in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Subsequent treatment of mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes at a specific VR wavelength induced rhodopsin- and β3-adrenergic receptor (AR)-dependent lipolytic responses that consequently led to increases in intracellular cAMP and phosphorylated HSL protein levels. Our study indicates that photoreceptors are expressed and exert individual functions in nonvisual cells, such as adipocytes. We suggest that the VR-induced photoreceptor system could be a potential therapeutic target for the regulation of lipid homeostasis in a non-invasive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil June Park
- Bioscience Research Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, 1920, Yonggu-daero Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17074, Republic of Korea; Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Gyung Cho
- Bioscience Research Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, 1920, Yonggu-daero Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17074, Republic of Korea.
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Bin BH, Bhin J, Kim NH, Lee SH, Jung HS, Seo J, Kim DK, Hwang D, Fukada T, Lee AY, Lee TR, Cho EG. An Acrodermatitis Enteropathica-Associated Zn Transporter, ZIP4, Regulates Human Epidermal Homeostasis. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 137:874-883. [PMID: 27940220 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Acrodermatitis enteropathica is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by scaly eczematous dermatosis accompanied by alopecia and diarrhea. Various mutations in the SLC39A4 gene (ZIP4), which encodes a zinc transporter, are responsible for this disorder. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the involvement of ZIP4 in the pathogenesis of this condition has yet to be established. In this study, we report the role of ZIP4 in human epidermis. ZIP4 is predominantly expressed in human keratinocytes, and its expression is dramatically reduced on epidermal differentiation. ZIP4 knockdown in human keratinocytes down-regulates zinc (Zn) levels and the transcriptional activity of a key epidermal Zn-binding protein, ΔNp63, and dysregulates epidermal differentiation in a reconstituted human skin model, resulting in the appearance of proliferating keratinocytes even in the uppermost layers of the skin. We verified that, among the amino acid residues in its Zn-binding motif, Cys205 is critical for the processing and nuclear distribution of ΔNp63 and, therefore, Zn-dependent transcriptional activity. Our results suggest that ZIP4 is essential for maintaining human epidermal homeostasis through the regulation of Zn-dependent ΔNp63 activity and can provide insight into the molecular mechanisms responsible for the cutaneous symptoms observed in Acrodermatitis enteropathica patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum-Ho Bin
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyuk Bhin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Nan-Hyung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hyon Lee
- Bio Solution Corporation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Juyeon Seo
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Kyum Kim
- Donnelly Centre, Departments of Molecular Genetics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daehee Hwang
- Department of New Biology and Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Toshiyuki Fukada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ai-Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eun-Gyung Cho
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin, Republic of Korea.
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Son ED, Kim HJ, Kim KH, Bin BH, Bae IH, Lim KM, Yu SJ, Cho EG, Lee TR. S100A7 (psoriasin) inhibits human epidermal differentiation by enhanced IL-6 secretion through IκB/NF-κB signalling. Exp Dermatol 2016; 25:636-41. [PMID: 27060579 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasin (S100A7), a member of the S100 protein family, is a well-known antimicrobial peptide and a signalling molecule which regulates cellular function and is highly expressed in hyperproliferative skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis with disrupted skin barrier function. However, its role in epidermal differentiation remains unknown. We examined the effect of S100A7 on epidermal differentiation in normal human keratinocytes (NHKs) and on a reconstituted human epidermis model. When NHKs were exposed to disruptive stimuli such as Staphylococcus aureus, ultraviolet irradiation and retinoic acid, the secretion of S100A7 into the culture medium increased and the expression of epidermal differentiation markers decreased. Treatment of NHKs with S100A7 significantly inhibited epidermal differentiation by reducing the expression of keratin 1, keratin 10, involucrin and loricrin and by increasing the expression of abnormal differentiation markers (keratin 6 and keratin 16). We verified that the MyD88-IκB/NF-κB signal cascade was activated via RAGE after S100A7 treatment, resulting in the upregulation of interleukin-6. Finally, we confirmed that S100A7 is a negative regulator of epidermal differentiation using a reconstituted human epidermis model. This study suggests that S100A7-related signalling molecules could be potent targets for recovering skin barrier function in AD and psoriasis where S100A7 is accumulated excessively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Dong Son
- AmorePacific Corp/R&D Center, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | | | - Kyu Han Kim
- AmorePacific Corp/R&D Center, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Bum Ho Bin
- AmorePacific Corp/R&D Center, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Il-Hong Bae
- AmorePacific Corp/R&D Center, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seok Jong Yu
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Dajeon, Korea
| | - Eun-Gyung Cho
- AmorePacific Corp/R&D Center, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- AmorePacific Corp/R&D Center, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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17
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Bin BH, Kim DK, Kim NH, Choi EJ, Bhin J, Kim ST, Gho YS, Lee AY, Lee TR, Cho EG. Fibronectin-Containing Extracellular Vesicles Protect Melanocytes against Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Cytotoxicity. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:957-966. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kim KH, Cho EG, Yu SJ, Kang H, Kim YJ, Kim SH, Lee TR. ΔNp63 intronic miR-944 is implicated in the ΔNp63-mediated induction of epidermal differentiation. Nucleic Acids Res 2015. [PMID: 26202967 PMCID: PMC4551945 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
ΔNp63 is required for both the proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes, but its role in the differentiation of these cells is poorly understood. The corresponding gene, TP63, harbors the MIR944 sequence within its intron. However, the mechanism of biogenesis and the function of miR-944 are unknown. We found that miR-944 is highly expressed in keratinocytes, in a manner that is concordant with that of ΔNp63 mRNA, but the regulation of miR-944 expression under various conditions did not correspond with that of ΔNp63. Bioinformatics analysis and functional studies demonstrated that MIR944 has its own promoter. We demonstrate here that MIR944 is a target of ΔNp63. Promoter analysis revealed that the activity of the MIR944 promoter was markedly enhanced by the binding of ΔNp63, which was maintained by the supportive action of AP-2 during keratinocyte differentiation. Our results indicated that miR-944 biogenesis is dependent on ΔNp63 protein, even though it is generated from ΔNp63 mRNA-independent transcripts. We also demonstrated that miR-944 induces keratin 1 and keratin 10 expression by inhibiting ERK signaling and upregulating p53 expression. Our findings suggested that miR-944, as an intronic miRNA and a direct target of ΔNp63, contributes to the function of ΔNp63 in the induction of epidermal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Han Kim
- Bioscience Research Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Republic of Koreaf
| | - Eun-Gyung Cho
- Bioscience Research Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Republic of Koreaf
| | - Seok Jong Yu
- National Institute of Supercomputing and Networking, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Kang
- National Institute of Supercomputing and Networking, Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information, Daejeon 305-806, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Jin Kim
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- Bioscience Research Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Republic of Koreaf
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Bin BH, Bhin J, Yang SH, Shin M, Nam YJ, Choi DH, Shin DW, Lee AY, Hwang D, Cho EG, Lee TR. Membrane-Associated Transporter Protein (MATP) Regulates Melanosomal pH and Influences Tyrosinase Activity. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26057890 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129273.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The SLC45A2 gene encodes a Membrane-Associated Transporter Protein (MATP). Mutations of this gene cause oculocutaneous albinism type 4 (OCA4). However, the molecular mechanism of its action in melanogenesis has not been elucidated. Here, we discuss the role of MATP in melanin production. The SLC45A2 gene is highly enriched in human melanocytes and melanoma cell lines, and its protein, MATP, is located in melanosomes. The knockdown of MATP using siRNAs reduced melanin content and tyrosinase activity without any morphological change in melanosomes or the expression of melanogenesis-related proteins. Interestingly, the knockdown of MATP significantly lowered the melanosomal pH, as verified through DAMP analysis, suggesting that MATP regulates melanosomal pH and therefore affects tyrosinase activity. Finally, we found that the reduction of tyrosinase activity associated with the knockdown of MATP was readily recovered by copper treatment in the in vitro L-DOPA oxidase activity assay of tyrosinase. Considering that copper is an important element for tyrosinase activity and that its binding to tyrosinase depends on melanosomal pH, MATP may play an important role in regulating tyrosinase activity via controlling melanosomal pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum-Ho Bin
- Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyuk Bhin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ha Yang
- Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Misun Shin
- Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Nam
- Gyeonggi Bio Center, Gyeonggi Institute of Science & Technology Promotion, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hwa Choi
- Gyeonggi Bio Center, Gyeonggi Institute of Science & Technology Promotion, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Shin
- Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Ai-Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehee Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Gyung Cho
- Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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20
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Bin BH, Bhin J, Yang SH, Shin M, Nam YJ, Choi DH, Shin DW, Lee AY, Hwang D, Cho EG, Lee TR. Membrane-Associated Transporter Protein (MATP) Regulates Melanosomal pH and Influences Tyrosinase Activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129273. [PMID: 26057890 PMCID: PMC4461305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The SLC45A2 gene encodes a Membrane-Associated Transporter Protein (MATP). Mutations of this gene cause oculocutaneous albinism type 4 (OCA4). However, the molecular mechanism of its action in melanogenesis has not been elucidated. Here, we discuss the role of MATP in melanin production. The SLC45A2 gene is highly enriched in human melanocytes and melanoma cell lines, and its protein, MATP, is located in melanosomes. The knockdown of MATP using siRNAs reduced melanin content and tyrosinase activity without any morphological change in melanosomes or the expression of melanogenesis-related proteins. Interestingly, the knockdown of MATP significantly lowered the melanosomal pH, as verified through DAMP analysis, suggesting that MATP regulates melanosomal pH and therefore affects tyrosinase activity. Finally, we found that the reduction of tyrosinase activity associated with the knockdown of MATP was readily recovered by copper treatment in the in vitro L-DOPA oxidase activity assay of tyrosinase. Considering that copper is an important element for tyrosinase activity and that its binding to tyrosinase depends on melanosomal pH, MATP may play an important role in regulating tyrosinase activity via controlling melanosomal pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum-Ho Bin
- Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhyuk Bhin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ha Yang
- Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Misun Shin
- Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Nam
- Gyeonggi Bio Center, Gyeonggi Institute of Science & Technology Promotion, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hwa Choi
- Gyeonggi Bio Center, Gyeonggi Institute of Science & Technology Promotion, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Wook Shin
- Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Ai-Young Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehee Hwang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Gyung Cho
- Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
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Son ED, Kim Y, Joo KM, Kim HJ, Lee E, Nam GW, Cho EG, Noh M, Chung JH, Byun SY, Lee TR. Skin dryness in apparently healthy human skin is associated with decreased expression of bleomycin hydrolase in the stratum corneum. Clin Exp Dermatol 2014; 40:247-53. [PMID: 25495994 DOI: 10.1111/ced.12520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maintenance of water balance in the stratum corneum (SC) is determined by the content of intercellular lipids and natural moisturizing factors (NMFs) in corneocytes. AIM To investigate the association between the NMFs and (pro)filaggrin and the proteases responsible for the processing of (pro)filaggrin to NMFs in the SC of hydrated and dry skin areas of healthy human subjects. METHODS The SC hydration state and the transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were measured using a Corneometer and a Tewameter, respectively. Proteases, (pro)filaggrin and NMFs were extracted from SC samples obtained by tape-stripping of the tested skin. Expression levels of (pro)filaggrin were determined by dot blotting and western blotting, and total NMFs by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. Expression of the proteases caspase-14, calpain-1 and bleomycin hydrolase was measured by western blotting. RESULTS The levels of (pro)filaggrin were not significantly different between hydrated and dry skin, whereas the level of total NMFs was significantly reduced in dry skin. A negative correlation between (pro)filaggrin and NMFs was found in dry skin (Pearson correlation coefficient r = - 0.57, *P < 0.05). Bleomycin hydrolase expression was significantly decreased in the SC of dry skin. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the low hydration state of dry skin may be due to the reduction in (pro)filaggrin degradation caused by decreased bleomycin hydrolase expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Son
- Research and Development Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Korea
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Choi H, Kim M, Ahn SI, Cho EG, Lee TR, Shin JH. Regulation of pigmentation by substrate elasticity in normal human melanocytes and melanotic MNT1 human melanoma cells. Exp Dermatol 2014; 23:172-7. [PMID: 24517137 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The elasticity of the cellular microenvironment is a key regulator of cellular physiology in many cell types. To investigate the effects of substrate stiffness on the pigmentation process, we cultured normal human melanocytes (NHM) and MNT1 melanoma cells on laminin-coated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrates of different stiffness. The dendricity of NHM and MNT1 cells was reduced as the substrate stiffness decreased, and the degree of melanosome transfer from NHM or MNT1 cells to normal human keratinocytes was decreased on softer substrates with the reduced dendricity. Gene and protein expressions of MITF, tyrosinase, TRP2, and gp100/PMEL17 exhibited a consistent decreasing trend with the decreasing stiffness. Because the stiffness sensing is mediated by focal adhesion complex through integrin receptors, we checked laminin specific integrin alpha 6 and p-FAK for MNT1 cells to observe that the substrate adhesion was weakened as the substrate stiffness decreased. Weaker adhesion on a softer substrate was accompanied by dynamic shape changes in MNT1 cells with higher speed and larger scattering. Dendritic MNT1 cells cultured on a stiffer substrate exhibited lower migration with smaller root mean squared displacement. These results demonstrate the possibility that skin pigmentation can be influenced by mechanical properties of the cellular microenvironment and can increase when the skin becomes stiff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Choi
- R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Choi H, Jin SH, Han MH, Lee J, Ahn S, Seong M, Choi H, Han J, Cho EG, Lee TR, Noh M. Human melanocytes form a PAX3-expressing melanocyte cluster on Matrigel by the cell migration process. J Dermatol Sci 2014; 76:60-6. [PMID: 25128984 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interactions between human epidermal melanocytes and their cellular microenvironment are important in the regulation of human melanocyte functions or in their malignant transformation into melanoma. Although the basement membrane extracellular matrix (BM-ECM) is one of major melanocyte microenvironments, the effects of BM-ECM on the human melanocyte functions are not fully explained at a molecular level. OBJECTIVE This study was aimed to characterize the molecular and cellular interactions between normal human melanocytes (NHMs) and BM-ECM. METHODS We investigated cell culture models of normal human melanocytes or melanoma cells on three-dimensional (3D) Matrigel to understand the roles of the basement membrane microenvironment in human melanocyte functions. Melanogenesis and melanobast biomarker expression in both primary human melanocytes and melanoma cells on 3D Matrigel were evaluated. RESULTS We found that NHMs migrated and formed reversible paired box 3 (PAX3) expressing cell clusters on three-dimensional (3D) Matrigel. The melanogenesis was significantly decreased in the PAX3 expressing cell cluster. The expression profile of PAX3, SOX10, and MITF in the melanocyte cluster on 3D Matrigel was similar to that of melanoblasts. Interestingly, PAX3 and SOX10 showed an inverse expression profile in NHMs, whereas the inverse expression pattern of PAX3 and SOX10 was disrupted in melanoma MNT1 and WM266-4 cells. CONCLUSION The human melanocyte culture on 3D Matrigel provides an alternative model system to study functions of human melanoblasts. In addition, this system will contribute to the elucidation of PAX3-related tumorigenic mechanisms to understand human melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Choi
- Bioscience Research Institute, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hwa Han
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinyoung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyeon Ahn
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjeong Seong
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Choi
- Bioscience Research Institute, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyeon Han
- Bioscience Research Institute, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Gyung Cho
- Bioscience Research Institute, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- Bioscience Research Institute, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do 446-729, Republic of Korea.
| | - Minsoo Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea; Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
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Bin BH, Hojyo S, Hosaka T, Bhin J, Kano H, Miyai T, Ikeda M, Kimura-Someya T, Shirouzu M, Cho EG, Fukue K, Kambe T, Ohashi W, Kim KH, Seo J, Choi DH, Nam YJ, Hwang D, Fukunaka A, Fujitani Y, Yokoyama S, Superti-Furga A, Ikegawa S, Lee TR, Fukada T. Molecular pathogenesis of spondylocheirodysplastic Ehlers-Danlos syndrome caused by mutant ZIP13 proteins. EMBO Mol Med 2014; 6:1028-42. [PMID: 25007800 PMCID: PMC4154131 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201303809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The zinc transporter protein ZIP13 plays critical roles in bone, tooth, and connective tissue development, and its dysfunction is responsible for the spondylocheirodysplastic form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (SCD-EDS, OMIM 612350). Here, we report the molecular pathogenic mechanism of SCD-EDS caused by two different mutant ZIP13 proteins found in human patients: ZIP13(G64D), in which Gly at amino acid position 64 is replaced by Asp, and ZIP13(ΔFLA), which contains a deletion of Phe-Leu-Ala. We demonstrated that both the ZIP13(G64D) and ZIP13(ΔFLA) protein levels are decreased by degradation via the valosin-containing protein (VCP)-linked ubiquitin proteasome pathway. The inhibition of degradation pathways rescued the protein expression levels, resulting in improved intracellular Zn homeostasis. Our findings uncover the pathogenic mechanisms elicited by mutant ZIP13 proteins. Further elucidation of these degradation processes may lead to novel therapeutic targets for SCD-EDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum-Ho Bin
- Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry Showa University, Shinagawa, Japan
| | - Shintaro Hojyo
- Laboratory for Homeostatic Network, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Osteoimmunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Toshiaki Hosaka
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, Yokohama, Japan Division of Structural and Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jinhyuk Bhin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiroki Kano
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Miyai
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan Laboratory for Immune Regeneration, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mariko Ikeda
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, Yokohama, Japan Division of Structural and Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kimura-Someya
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, Yokohama, Japan Division of Structural and Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Mikako Shirouzu
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, Yokohama, Japan Division of Structural and Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Eun-Gyung Cho
- Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Kazuhisa Fukue
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Taiho Kambe
- Division of Integrated Life Science, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Wakana Ohashi
- Laboratory for Homeostatic Network, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kyu-Han Kim
- Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Juyeon Seo
- Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hwa Choi
- Gyeonggi Bio Center, Gyeonggi Institute of Science & Technology Promotion, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Ju Nam
- Gyeonggi Bio Center, Gyeonggi Institute of Science & Technology Promotion, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Daehee Hwang
- Center for Systems Biology of Plant Senescence and Life History, Institute for Basic Science, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ayako Fukunaka
- Center for Beta-Cell Biology and Regeneration, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Fujitani
- Center for Beta-Cell Biology and Regeneration, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Yokoyama
- RIKEN Systems and Structural Biology Center, Yokohama, Japan RIKEN Structural Biology Laboratory, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Andrea Superti-Furga
- Department of Pediatrics, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- Bioscience Research Institute, Amorepacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Toshiyuki Fukada
- Division of Pathology, Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry Showa University, Shinagawa, Japan Laboratory for Homeostatic Network, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
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Bin BH, Seo J, Yang SH, Lee E, Choi H, Kim KH, Cho EG, Lee TR. Novel inhibitory effect of the antidiabetic drug voglibose on melanogenesis. Exp Dermatol 2014; 22:541-6. [PMID: 23879813 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Overproduction of melanin can lead to medical disorders such as postinflammatory melanoderma and melasma. Therefore, developing antimelanogenic agents is important for both medical and cosmetic purposes. In this report, we demonstrated for the first time that the antidiabetic drug voglibose is a potent antimelanogenic agent. Voglibose is a representative antidiabetic drug possessing inhibitory activity towards human α-glucosidase; it blocked the proper N-glycan modification of tyrosinase, resulting in a dramatic reduction of the tyrosinase protein level by altering its stability and subsequently decreasing melanin production. Acarbose, another antihyperglycaemic drug that has a lower inhibitory effect on human intracellular α-glucosidase compared with voglibose, did not cause any changes in either the N-glycan modification of tyrosinase or the tyrosinase protein level, indicating that voglibose was the most efficient antimelanogenic agent among the widely used antihyperglycaemic agents. Considering that voglibose was originally selected from the valiolamine derivatives in a screen for an oral antidiabetic drug with a strong inhibitory activity towards intestinal α-glucosidase and low cell permeability, we propose an alternative strategy for screening compounds from valiolamine derivatives that show high inhibitory activity towards human intracellular α-glucosidases and high cell permeability, with the goal of obtaining antimelanogenic agents that are effective inside the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum-Ho Bin
- Bioscience Research Institute, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Korea
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26
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Cho EG, Bin BH, Choi H, Park PJ, Kang HH, Lee TR. Novel method for isolating human melanoblasts from keratinocyte culture. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2014; 27:489-94. [PMID: 24460991 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of melanoblasts is important for understanding their in vivo development, melanoma formation, and pigment-related disorders. However, no methods have been reported for the isolation of melanoblasts from human skin. Using a 'calcium-pulse' technique, involving the differentiation of human keratinocytes with high calcium and the subsequent spontaneous separation of the epidermal sheets, we effectively isolated human melanoblasts (keratinocyte-adapted melanoblasts, KaMBs) from keratinocyte culture. The KaMBs expressed early melanogenesis-related genes, including BRN2, which is a known melanoblast marker. Moreover, the KaMBs displayed much higher proliferative and growth capacities than the primary melanocytes. Considering that keratinocytes might provide an in vivo-like environment for KaMBs during isolation and in vitro culture, the 'calcium-pulse' technique offers an unprecedented, easy, and efficient method for the isolation of human melanoblasts, retaining the original characteristics of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Gyung Cho
- Bioscience Research Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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27
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Son ED, Kim HJ, Park T, Shin K, Bae IH, Lim KM, Cho EG, Lee TR. Staphylococcus aureus inhibits terminal differentiation of normal human keratinocytes by stimulating interleukin-6 secretion. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 74:64-71. [PMID: 24398033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2013] [Revised: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is found on the skin of approximately 90% of patients with atopic dermatitis and approximately 20% of apparently healthy subjects. S. aureus induces keratinocytes and immune cells to secrete immunoregulatory factors that cause epidermal barrier dysfunction in atopic skin. OBJECTIVE This study examined factors that cause epidermal permeability barrier dysfunction in skin colonized by S. aureus. METHODS We examined the effect of S. aureus on keratinocyte differentiation in the stratum corneum (SC) of in vivo skin, normal human keratinocytes (NHKs) and a reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) model. The fold change in expression of the terminal differentiation markers and the level of secreted cytokines were investigated. RESULTS The SC displayed decreased expression of keratin 10 (KRT 10). NHKs treated with S. aureus extracts increased expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and significantly reduced expression of the terminal differentiation markers KRT 1, KRT 10, loricrin (LOR), and filaggrin (FLG); however, the expression of basal layer markers (KRT 5, KRT 14) remained unchanged. Treatment of NHKs with an anti-IL-6 antibody in combination with IL-6 or the S. aureus extracts inhibited the decrease in KRT 10 mRNA or protein expression. After the RHEs were exposed to the S. aureus extracts, KRT 1 and KRT 10 protein levels decreased. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that S. aureus inhibits the terminal differentiation of keratinocytes by stimulating IL-6 secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui Dong Son
- AmorePacific Corp/R&D Center, 314-1, Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-June Kim
- AmorePacific Corp/R&D Center, 314-1, Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehun Park
- AmorePacific Corp/R&D Center, 314-1, Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeho Shin
- AmorePacific Corp/R&D Center, 314-1, Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Hong Bae
- AmorePacific Corp/R&D Center, 314-1, Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Gyung Cho
- AmorePacific Corp/R&D Center, 314-1, Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- AmorePacific Corp/R&D Center, 314-1, Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
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28
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Kim KH, Bin BH, Kim J, Dong SE, Park PJ, Choi H, Kim BJ, Yu SJ, Kang H, Kang HH, Cho EG, Lee TR. Novel inhibitory function of miR-125b in melanogenesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 27:140-4. [PMID: 24118912 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are known to be the important regulators of skin physiology and considered as new therapeutic targets to treat skin diseases. In this study, miR-125b was identified as a potent regulator of steady-state melanogenesis. We found that the expression of miR-125b was inversely related to pigment levels. A miR-125b mimic decreased the expression of pigmentation-related gene and melanin content, implying that miR-125b functions to decrease pigmentation. Moreover, we observed that the reduction in miR-125b expression in pigmented cells was at least partially due to the hypermethylation of the MIR125B-1 promoter, and miR-125b expression was regulated by intracellular cAMP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Han Kim
- Bioscience Research Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin-si, Korea
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29
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Kim C, Schmidt T, Cho EG, Ye F, Ulmer TS, Ginsberg MH. Erratum: Basic amino-acid side chains regulate transmembrane integrin signalling. Nature 2013. [DOI: 10.1038/nature12196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Park PJ, Moon BS, Lee SH, Kim SN, Kim AR, Kim HJ, Park WS, Choi KY, Cho EG, Lee TR. Hair growth-promoting effect of Aconiti Ciliare Tuber extract mediated by the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Life Sci 2012; 91:935-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Lee E, Han J, Kim K, Choi H, Cho EG, Lee TR. CXCR7 mediates SDF1-induced melanocyte migration. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 26:58-66. [PMID: 22978759 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Melanoblasts are derived from the neural crest and migrate to the dermal/epidermal border of skin and hair bulges. Although melanoblast migration during embryogenesis has been well investigated, there are only a few reports regarding the migration of mature melanocytes. Here, we demonstrate that a chemokine, stromal-derived factor-1 (SDF1, also known as CXCL12), and one of its receptor CXCR7 regulate normal human epidermal melanocyte (NHEM) migration. We found that SDF1 induces the directional migration of NHEMs. Interestingly, although both CXCR4 and CXCR7 are expressed in NHEMs, blockade of CXCR4 using a CXCR4-specific neutralizing antibody did not exert any influence on the SDF1-induced migration of NHEMs, whereas blockade of CXCR7 using a CXCR7-specific neutralizing antibody did influence migration. Furthermore, SDF1-induced NHEMs migration exhibited the early hallmark events of CXCR7 signaling associated with MAP kinase activation. It is known that the phosphorylation of ERK through CXCR7 signaling is mediated by β-arrestins. The treatment of NHEMs with SDF1 resulted in the phosphorylation of ERK in a β-arrestin 2-dependent manner. These results suggest that melanocytes may have a unique mechanism of migration via SDF1/CXCR7 signaling that is different from that of other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Lee
- Bioscience Research Institute, AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin-si, South Korea
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Kim C, Schmidt T, Cho EG, Ye F, Ulmer TS, Ginsberg MH. Basic amino-acid side chains regulate transmembrane integrin signalling. Nature 2011; 481:209-13. [PMID: 22178926 PMCID: PMC3257387 DOI: 10.1038/nature10697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Side chains of Lys/Arg near transmembrane domain (TMD)1–3 membrane-water interfaces can “snorkel” placing their positive charge near negatively-charged phospholipid head groups4–6; however, snorkeling's functional effects are obscure. Integrin β TMDs exhibit such conserved basic amino acids; here we used nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy7, 8 to show that integrin β3(Lys716) helps determine β3 TMD topography. The αIIbβ3 TMD structure suggests that precise β3 TMD crossing angles enable the assembly of outer and inner membrane “clasps” (OMC and IMC) that hold the αβ TMD together to limit transmembrane signalling9 . Mutation of β3(Lys716) caused dissociation of αIIbβ3 TMDs and integrin activation. To confirm that altered topography of β3(Lys716) mutants activated αIIbβ3, we utilized directed evolution of β3(K716A) to identify substitutions restoring default state. Introduction Pro(711) at the midpoint of β3 TMD (A711P) increased αIIbβ3 TMD association and inactivated integrin αIIbβ3(A711P,K716A). β3(Pro711) introduced a TMD kink of 30 ± 1° precisely at the OMC/IMC border, thereby decoupling the tilt between these segments. Thus, widely-occurring snorkeling residues in TMDs can help maintain TMD topography and membrane-embedding thereby regulating transmembrane signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungho Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Cho EG, Zaremba JD, McKercher SR, Talantova M, Tu S, Masliah E, Chan SF, Nakanishi N, Terskikh A, Lipton SA. MEF2C enhances dopaminergic neuron differentiation of human embryonic stem cells in a parkinsonian rat model. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24027. [PMID: 21901155 PMCID: PMC3162026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can potentially differentiate into any cell type, including dopaminergic neurons to treat Parkinson's disease (PD), but hyperproliferation and tumor formation must be avoided. Accordingly, we use myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) as a neurogenic and anti-apoptotic transcription factor to generate neurons from hESC-derived neural stem/progenitor cells (NPCs), thus avoiding hyperproliferation. Here, we report that forced expression of constitutively active MEF2C (MEF2CA) generates significantly greater numbers of neurons with dopaminergic properties in vitro. Conversely, RNAi knockdown of MEF2C in NPCs decreases neuronal differentiation and dendritic length. When we inject MEF2CA-programmed NPCs into 6-hydroxydopamine—lesioned Parkinsonian rats in vivo, the transplanted cells survive well, differentiate into tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons, and improve behavioral deficits to a significantly greater degree than non-programmed cells. The enriched generation of dopaminergic neuronal lineages from hESCs by forced expression of MEF2CA in the proper context may prove valuable in cell-based therapy for CNS disorders such as PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Gyung Cho
- Del E. Webb Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Zaremba
- Del E. Webb Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Scott R. McKercher
- Del E. Webb Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Maria Talantova
- Del E. Webb Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Shichun Tu
- Del E. Webb Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Shing Fai Chan
- Del E. Webb Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Nobuki Nakanishi
- Del E. Webb Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alexey Terskikh
- Del E. Webb Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Stuart A. Lipton
- Del E. Webb Center for Neuroscience, Aging, and Stem Cell Research, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kim HH, Lee YG, Park SU, Lee SC, Baek HJ, Cho EG, Engelmann F. Development of alternative loading solutions in droplet-vitrification procedures. Cryo Letters 2009; 30:291-299. [PMID: 19789826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In plant vitrification protocols, the loading treatment, which involves treating the explants with a moderately concentrated cryoprotectant solution, precedes dehydration of explants with highly concentrated vitrification solutions in order to reduce the toxicity which can be induced by their direct exposure to such highly concentrated solutions. This study aimed at developing alternative loading solutions composed of mixtures of glycerol and sucrose at various concentrations. Differential scanning calorimetry runs of loading solutions and of loaded and dehydrated explants were performed to assay thermal events occurring during cooling and warming. These loading solutions were applied to two model species, viz. garlic and chrysanthemum which were cryopreserved using a droplet-vitrification procedure. The loading treatment proved to be beneficial to both garlic and chrysanthemum and increased recovery of cryopreserved explants. However, response to the loading solutions tested varied between the two model species employed: with garlic, all the loading solutions had a similar effect, whereas survival of chrysanthemum shoot tips was significantly influenced by the composition of the loading solution employed. A loading solution comprising 1.9 M glycerol and 0.5 M sucrose was the most effective. The loading treatment may thus act as an osmotic stress neutralizer and/or induce the physiological adaptation of tissues and cells, including membranes, to both dehydration and freezing.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Kim
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, RDA, Suwon, Korea.
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Kim HH, Yoon JW, P YE, Cho EG, Sohn JK, Kim TK, Engelmann F. Cryopreservation of potato cultivated varieties and wild species: critical factors in droplet vitrification. Cryo Letters 2006; 27:223-34. [PMID: 16990950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The applicability of cryopreservation protocols to a broad range of genotypes is a key issue for genebanks. We tried to identify the critical factors causing differences in survival of cryopreserved shoot tips using potato varieties coming from cultivated and wild species. The droplet-vitrification method, a combination of droplet-freezing and solution-based vitrification, was selected from several protocols. High survival after freezing was observed after dehydration with PVS2 for 20 min, cooling shoot tips placed in a droplet of PVS2 solution on aluminum foil strips by immersing the foil strips in liquid nitrogen, warming them by plunging the foil strips into a 0.8 M sucrose solution (at 40 degrees C) for 30 s and unloading in 0.8 M sucrose for 30 min. This optimized protocol was successfully applied to 12 accessions with survival ranging between 64.0 and 94.4%.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Kim
- National Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, RDA, Suwon 441-707, Korea.
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Kim C, Cho Y, Kang CH, Kim MG, Lee H, Cho EG, Park D. Filamin is essential for shedding of the transmembrane serine protease, epithin. EMBO Rep 2005; 6:1045-51. [PMID: 16170303 PMCID: PMC1371030 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2005] [Revised: 07/18/2005] [Accepted: 08/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithin is a type II transmembrane serine protease that exists in a soluble and membrane-bound form. Shedding is thought to be important in regulating its action, but little is known regarding the intracellular events that trigger such shedding. Here, we show that phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) causes the release of epithin. It also causes accumulation of the protein at the site of cell-cell contacts, and this accumulation is dependent on the formation of cortical actin. In addition, we have identified the actin-binding protein, filamin, as the linker between epithin and the actin cytoskeleton. The interaction of epithin and filamin was enhanced by PMA, and epithin was not released from filamin-deficient M2 cells. We also show that the release of epithin does not require its own activity and is blocked by a metalloprotease inhibitor, GM6001. These results show that filamin has an essential role in shedding by linking epithin to the as yet unidentified metalloprotease-shedding enzyme(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungho Kim
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Kwanak-gu, Shilim-dong, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Cho EG, Schwartz RH, Kim MG. Shedding of membrane epithin is blocked without LDLRA4 and its protease activation site. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 327:328-34. [PMID: 15629466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Epithin, a mouse type II transmembrane serine protease, is processed at Gly149 and released from the membrane. Here, we report the identification of an epithin isoform, epithin(Delta), containing a 66 amino acid deletion from the full-length epithin, which is missing the 4th LDLRA domain and the protease activation sequence. This truncated isoform showed the same characteristic N-terminal processing at Gly149 as the full-length form, however, no protease activity was detected. The N-terminal processed epithin(Delta) short form (Epi(Delta)-S) was not released into the medium under conditions in which the processed epithin short form (Epi-S) is released. This type of epithin shedding was also prevented when serine protease inhibitors were added to cells expressing the full-length form. These results strongly suggest that the serine protease activity is involved in the shedding process. The presence of epithin(Delta) message was detected in multiple tissues and its significance is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Gyung Cho
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-0420, USA
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Cho SG, Kim JW, Lee YH, Hwang HS, Kim MS, Ryoo K, Kim MJ, Noh KT, Kim EK, Cho JH, Yoon KW, Cho EG, Park HS, Chi SW, Lee MJ, Kang SS, Ichijo H, Choi EJ. Identification of a novel antiapoptotic protein that antagonizes ASK1 and CAD activities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 163:71-81. [PMID: 14557248 PMCID: PMC2173438 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200303003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Diverse stimuli initiate the activation of apoptotic signaling pathways that often causes nuclear DNA fragmentation. Here, we report a new antiapoptotic protein, a caspase-activated DNase (CAD) inhibitor that interacts with ASK1 (CIIA). CIIA, by binding to apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), inhibits oligomerization-induced ASK1 activation. CIIA also associates with CAD and inhibits the nuclease activity of CAD without affecting caspase-3–mediated ICAD cleavage. Overexpressed CIIA reduces H2O2- and tumor necrosis factor-α–induced apoptosis. CIIA antisense oligonucleotides, which abolish expression of endogenous CIIA in murine L929 cells, block the inhibitory effect of CIIA on ASK1 activation, deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation, and apoptosis. These findings suggest that CIIA is an endogenous antagonist of both ASK1- and CAD-mediated signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ssang-Goo Cho
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
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Kim JW, Lee JE, Kim MJ, Cho EG, Cho SG, Choi EJ. Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta is a natural activator of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase kinase 1 (MEKK1). J Biol Chem 2003; 278:13995-4001. [PMID: 12584189 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m300253200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3 beta) is implicated in many biological events, including embryonic development, cell differentiation, apoptosis, and insulin response. GSK3 beta has now been shown to induce activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase MEKK1 and thereby to promote signaling by the stress-activated protein kinase pathway. GSK3 beta-binding protein blocked the activation of MEKK1 by GSK3 beta in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation analysis revealed a physical association between endogenous GSK3 beta and MEKK1 in HEK293 cells. Overexpression of axin1, a GSK3 beta-regulated scaffolding protein, did not affect the physical interaction between GSK3 beta and MEKK1 in transfected HEK293 cells. Exposure of cells to insulin inhibited the activation of MEKK1 by GSK3 beta, and this inhibitory effect of insulin was abolished by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin. Furthermore, MEKK1 activity under either basal or UV- or tumor necrosis factor alpha-stimulated conditions was reduced in embryonic fibroblasts derived from GSK3 beta knockout mice compared with that in such cells from wild-type mice. Ectopic expression of GSK3 beta increased both basal and tumor necrosis factor alpha-stimulated activities of MEKK1 in GSK3 beta(-/-) cells. Together, these observations suggest that GSK3 beta functions as a natural activator of MEKK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Woo Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Cell Death, Graduate School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Korea
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Cho EG, Kim MG, Kim C, Kim SR, Seong IS, Chung C, Schwartz RH, Park D. N-terminal processing is essential for release of epithin, a mouse type II membrane serine protease. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:44581-9. [PMID: 11567025 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107059200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithin was originally identified as a mouse type II membrane serine protease. Its human orthologue membrane type-serine protease 1 (MT-SP1)/matriptase has been reported to be localized on the plasma membrane. In addition, soluble forms of matriptase were isolated from human breast milk and breast cancer cell-conditioned medium. In this paper, we report a processing mechanism that appears to be required for the release of epithin. CHO-K1 or COS7 cells transfected with single full-length epithin cDNA generated two different-sized proteins in cell lysates, 110 and 92 kDa. The 92-kDa epithin was found to be an N-terminally truncated form of the 110-kDa epithin, and it was the only form detected in the culture medium. The 92-kDa epithin was also found on the cell surface, where it was anchored by the N-terminal fragment. The results of in vivo cell labeling experiments indicate that the 110-kDa epithin is rapidly processed to the 92-kDa epithin. Using site-directed mutagenesis experiments, we identified Gly(149) of the GSVIA sequence in epithin as required for the processing and release of the protein. These results suggest that N-terminal processing of epithin at Gly(149) is a necessary prerequisite step for release of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Cho
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Cho EG, Hor YL, Kim HH, Rao VR, Engelmann F. Cryopreservation of Citrus madurensis zygotic embryonic axes by vitrification: importance of pregrowth and preculture conditions. Cryo Letters 2001; 22:391-6. [PMID: 11788881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
The role of pregrowth and preculture treatments in terms of both medium composition and exposure duration on survival of embryonic axes of Citrus madurensis after cryopreservation using the vitrification procedure was investigated. The optimal pregrowth treatment for excised embryonic axes was a 3-day treatment with 0.1M sucrose. Preculture was also essential in increasing survival after cryopreservation. Among the various media and treatment durations evaluated, a 24h-preculture of embryonic axes on medium with 0.3M sucrose and 0.5M glycerol was found to be optimal. Using these pregrowth and preculture conditions followed by treatment at 25 degrees C for 20 min each with a loading solution (0.4M sucrose + 2.0M glycerol) and then the PVS2 vitrification solution, direct immersion in liquid nitrogen, rapid rewarming, unloading in a 1.2M sucrose solution for 20 min and transfer of embryonic axes on recovery medium, 82.5% survival and regrowth without intermediary callus formation were obtained with C. madurensis embryonic axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Cho
- International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (PGRI), Regional Office for Asia, Pacific and Oceania, P.O. Box 236, UPM Post Office, 43400 Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
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Jo D, Lyu MS, Cho EG, Park D, Kozak CA, Kim MG. Identification and genetic mapping of the mouse Fkbp9 gene encoding a new member of FK506-binding protein family. Mol Cells 2001; 12:272-5. [PMID: 11710534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
We have isolated a gene from a cDNA library generated from the thymus of a mouse with severe combined immune deficiency, termed FKBP9, that encodes a protein related to FK506-binding protein 6 (65 kDa, FKBP65). FKBP9 contains four peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) signature and two EF-hand domains which is identical to FKBP6/65 in overall structural organization. However, the two proteins share only 66% amino acid identity. FKBP9 is expressed at high levels in mouse heart, muscle, lung, and kidney. While FKBP6 was previously mapped to chromosome 11, the Fkbp9 gene was mapped to mouse chromosome 6 by analysis of a multilocus cross. These results identify a new member of the mouse FKBP protein family located on a separate chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Kim MG, Chen C, Lyu MS, Cho EG, Park D, Kozak C, Schwartz RH. Cloning and chromosomal mapping of a gene isolated from thymic stromal cells encoding a new mouse type II membrane serine protease, epithin, containing four LDL receptor modules and two CUB domains. Immunogenetics 1999; 49:420-8. [PMID: 10199918 DOI: 10.1007/s002510050515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We cloned and sequenced a mouse gene encoding a new type of membrane bound serine protease (epithin) containing a multidomain structure. The initial cDNA clone was found previously in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based subtractive library generated from fetal thymic stromal cells, and the message was shown to be highly expressed in a thymic epithelial nurse cell line. A clone isolated from a severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) thymus library and extended to its full length at the 5' end with the RACE technique contains an open reading frame of 902 amino acids. Based on the sequence of this clone, the predicted protein structure is a type II membrane protein with a C-terminal serine protease domain linked to the membrane by four low density lipoprotein receptor modules and two CUB domains. High message expression by northern blotting was detected in intestine, kidney, lung, SCID, and Rag-2(-/-) thymus, and 2-deoxyguanosine-treated fetal thymic rudiment, but not in skeletal muscle, liver, heart, testis, and brain. Sorted MHC class II+ and II- fetal thymic stromal cells were positive for expression by reverse transcriptase-PCR, whereas CD45(+) thymocytes were not. The gene was found in chicken and multiple mammalian species under low stringency Southern hybridization conditions. Under high stringency conditions, only a single gene per haploid genome was identified in the mouse. This gene, Prss14 (protease, serine, 14), was mapped to mouse chromosome 9 and is closely linked to the Fli1 (Friend leukemia integration 1) gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Kim
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0420, USA
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