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Appiah-Kusi E, Wilson R, Colizzi M, Foglia E, Klamerus E, Caldwell A, Bossong MG, McGuire P, Bhattacharyya S. Childhood trauma and being at-risk for psychosis are associated with higher peripheral endocannabinoids. Psychol Med 2020; 50:1862-1871. [PMID: 31422779 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719001946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence has been accumulating regarding alterations in components of the endocannabinoid system in patients with psychosis. Of all the putative risk factors associated with psychosis, being at clinical high-risk for psychosis (CHR) has the strongest association with the onset of psychosis, and exposure to childhood trauma has been linked to an increased risk of development of psychotic disorder. We aimed to investigate whether being at-risk for psychosis and exposure to childhood trauma were associated with altered endocannabinoid levels. METHOD We compared 33 CHR participants with 58 healthy controls (HC) and collected information about previous exposure to childhood trauma as well as plasma samples to analyse endocannabinoid levels. RESULTS Individuals with both CHR and experience of childhood trauma had higher N-palmitoylethanolamine (p < 0.001) and anandamide (p < 0.001) levels in peripheral blood compared to HC and those with no childhood trauma. There was also a significant correlation between N-palmitoylethanolamine levels and symptoms as well as childhood trauma. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest an association between CHR and/or childhood maltreatment and elevated endocannabinoid levels in peripheral blood, with a greater alteration in those with both CHR status and history of childhood maltreatment compared to those with either of those risks alone. Furthermore, endocannabinoid levels increased linearly with the number of risk factors and elevated endocannabinoid levels correlated with the severity of CHR symptoms and extent of childhood maltreatment. Further studies in larger cohorts, employing longitudinal designs are needed to confirm these findings and delineate the precise role of endocannabinoid alterations in the pathophysiology of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Appiah-Kusi
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), Box PO 63, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
| | - R Wilson
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), Box PO 63, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
| | - M Colizzi
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), Box PO 63, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Psychiatry, University of Verona, Policlinico 'G. B. Rossi', P.le L.A. Scuro 10, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - E Foglia
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), Box PO 63, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
| | - E Klamerus
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), Box PO 63, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
| | - A Caldwell
- King's College London, Mass Spectometry Facility, Franklin Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London, SE1 9NH, UK
| | - M G Bossong
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), Box PO 63, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - P McGuire
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), Box PO 63, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
| | - S Bhattacharyya
- Department of Psychosis Studies, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN), Box PO 63, De Crespigny Park, Denmark Hill, LondonSE5 8AF, UK
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Schoeler T, Petros N, Di Forti M, Klamerus E, Foglia E, Murray R, Bhattacharyya S. Effect of continued cannabis use on medication adherence in the first two years following onset of psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2017; 255:36-41. [PMID: 28521146 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Uncertainty exists whether the use of non-prescription psychoactive substances following onset of a first episode of psychosis (FEP), in particular cannabis use, affects medication adherence. Data from FEP patients (N=233) obtained through prospective assessments measured medication adherence and pattern of cannabis and other substance use in the first two years following onset of psychosis. Multiple logistic regression analyses were employed to compare the different substance use groups with regard to risk of medication non-adherence, while controlling for confounders. The proportion of non-adherent patients was higher in those who continued using high-potency forms of cannabis (skunk-like) following the onset (83%) when compared to never regular users (51%), corresponding to an Odds Ratio (OR) of 5.26[95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.91-15.68]. No significant increases in risk were present in those who used cannabis more sporadically or used milder forms of cannabis (hash-like). Other substances did not make an independent contribution in this model, including cigarette use ([OR 0.88, 95% CI 0.41-1.89]), alcohol use ([OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.27-1.64]) or regular use of other illicit drugs ([OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.34-3.15]) following the onset. These results suggest that continued use of high-potency cannabis following the onset of psychosis may adversely affect medication adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Schoeler
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Natalia Petros
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Marta Di Forti
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Ewa Klamerus
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Enrico Foglia
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Robin Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Sagnik Bhattacharyya
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK.
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Schoeler T, Petros N, Di Forti M, Klamerus E, Foglia E, Murray R, Bhattacharyya S. Poor medication adherence and risk of relapse associated with continued cannabis use in patients with first-episode psychosis: a prospective analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 2017; 4:627-633. [PMID: 28705600 PMCID: PMC5522816 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(17)30233-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis use following the onset of first-episode psychosis has been linked to both increased risk of relapse and non-adherence with antipsychotic medication. Whether poor outcome associated with cannabis use is mediated through an adverse effect of cannabis on medication adherence is unclear. METHODS In a prospective analysis of data acquired from four different adult inpatient and outpatient units of the South London and Maudsley Mental Health National Health Service Foundation Trust in London, UK, 245 patients were followed up for 2 years from the onset of first-episode psychosis. Cannabis use after onset of psychosis was assessed by self-reports in face-to-face follow-up interviews. Relapse data were collected from clinical notes using the WHO Life Chart Schedule. This measure was also used to assess medication adherence on the basis of both face-to-face interviews and clinical notes. Patients were included if they had a diagnosis of first-episode non-organic or affective psychosis according to ICD-10 criteria, and were aged between 18 and 65 years when referred to local psychiatric services. We used structural equation modelling analysis to estimate whether medication adherence partly mediated the effects of continued cannabis use on risk of relapse. The primary outcome variable was relapse, defined as admission to a psychiatric inpatient unit after exacerbation of symptoms within 2 years of first presentation to psychiatric services. Information on cannabis use over the first 2 years after onset of psychosis was investigated as a predictor variable for relapse. Medication adherence was assessed as a mediator variable on the basis of clinical records and self-report data. Study researchers (TS, NP, EK, and EF) rated the adherence. FINDINGS 397 patients who presented with their first episode of psychosis between April 12, 2002, and July 26, 2013 had a follow-up assessment until September, 2015. Of the 397 patients approached for followed up, 133 refused to take part in this study and 19 could not be included because of missing data. 91 (37%) of 245 patients with first-episode psychosis had a relapse over the 2 years of follow-up. Continued cannabis use predicted poor outcome, including risk of relapse, number of relapses, length of relapse, and care intensity at follow-up. In controlled structural equation modelling analyses, medication adherence partly mediated the effect of continued cannabis use on outcome, including risk of relapse (proportion mediated=26%, βindirect effects=0·08, 95% CI 0·004 to 0·16), number of relapses (36%, βindirect effects=0·07, 0·003 to 0·14), time until relapse (28%, βindirect effects=-0·26, -0·53 to 0·001) and care intensity (20%, βindirect effects=0·06, 0·004 to 0·11) but not length of relapse (6%, βindirect effects=0·03, -0·03 to 0·09). The adjusted models explained moderate amounts of variance for outcomes defined as risk of relapse (R2=0·25), number of relapses (R2=0·21), length of relapse (R2=0·07), time until relapse (R2=0·08), and care intensity index (R2=0·15). INTERPRETATION Between 20% and 36% of the adverse effects of continued cannabis use on outcome in psychosis might be mediated through the effects of cannabis use on medication adherence. Interventions directed at medication adherence could partly help mitigate the harm from cannabis use in psychosis. FUNDING This study is funded by the National Institute of Health Research (NIHR) Clinician Scientist award.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Schoeler
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Natalia Petros
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marta Di Forti
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ewa Klamerus
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Enrico Foglia
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robin Murray
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sagnik Bhattacharyya
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Substance use may increase the risk of non-adherence to antipsychotics, resulting in negative outcomes in patients with psychosis. METHOD We aimed to quantitatively summarize evidence regarding the effect of cannabis use, the most commonly used illicit drug amongst those with psychosis, on adherence to antipsychotic medication. Studies were identified through a systematic database search. Adopting random-effects models, pooled odds ratios (OR) for risk of non-adherence to antipsychotic medications were calculated comparing: cannabis-users at baseline v. non-users at baseline; non users v. continued cannabis users at follow-up; non-users v. former users at follow-up; former users v. current users. RESULTS Fifteen observational studies (n = 3678) were included. Increased risk of non-adherence was observed for cannabis users compared to non-users (OR 2.46, n = 3055). At follow-up, increased risk of non-adherence was observed for current users compared to non-users (OR 5.79, n = 175) and former users (OR 5.5, n = 192), while there was no difference between former users and non-users (OR 1.12, n = 187). CONCLUSIONS Cannabis use increases the risk of non-adherence and quitting cannabis use may help adherence to antipsychotics. Thus, cannabis use may represent a potential target for intervention to improve medication adherence in those with psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Foglia
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience,London,UK
| | - T Schoeler
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience,London,UK
| | - E Klamerus
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience,London,UK
| | - K Morgan
- University of Westminster,London,UK
| | - S Bhattacharyya
- King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience,London,UK
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Schoeler T, Petros N, Di Forti M, Pingault JB, Klamerus E, Foglia E, Small A, Murray R, Bhattacharyya S. Association Between Continued Cannabis Use and Risk of Relapse in First-Episode Psychosis: A Quasi-Experimental Investigation Within an Observational Study. JAMA Psychiatry 2016; 73:1173-1179. [PMID: 27680429 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.2427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Cannabis use after first-episode psychosis is associated with poor outcomes, but the causal nature of this association is unclear. OBJECTIVE To examine the precise nature of the association between continued cannabis use after the onset of psychosis and risk of relapse of psychosis. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This prospective cohort study followed up for at least 2 years after the onset of psychosis 220 patients who presented to psychiatric services in South London, England, from April 12, 2002, to July 26, 2013, with first-episode psychosis. Longitudinal modeling (fixed-effects analysis, cross-lagged path analysis) was used to examine whether the association between changes in cannabis use and risk of relapse over time is the result of shared vulnerability between psychosis and cannabis use, psychosis increasing the risk of cannabis use (reverse causation), or a causal effect of cannabis use on psychosis relapse. INTERVENTIONS Exposure to cannabis within the first and second years after onset of psychosis. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcome measure was relapse of psychosis, defined as subsequent hospitalization for psychosis. Effect of cannabis use status in the first year (Ct1) and second year (Ct2) and pattern of cannabis use continuation in the first year and second year were modeled for risk of relapse in the first year (Rt1) and risk of relapse in the second year (Rt2) after psychosis onset. RESULTS A total of 220 patients with first-episode psychosis were included in the analysis (mean [SD] age, 28.62 [8.58] years; age range, 18-65 years; 90 women [40.9%] and 130 men [59.1%]). Fixed-effects models that adjusted for time-variant (other illicit drug use, antipsychotic medication adherence) and time-invariant (eg, genetic or premorbid environment) unobserved confounders revealed that there was an increase in the odds of experiencing a relapse of psychosis during periods of cannabis use relative to periods of no use (odds ratio, 1.13; 95% CI, 1.03-1.24). Change in the pattern of continuation significantly increased the risk (odds ratio, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.02-1.13), suggesting a dose-dependent association. Cross-lagged analysis confirmed that this association reflected an effect of cannabis use on subsequent risk of relapse (Ct1→Rt2: β = 0.44, P = .04) rather than an effect of relapse on subsequent cannabis use (Rt1→Ct2: β = -0.29, P = .59). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These results reveal a dose-dependent association between change in cannabis use and relapse of psychosis that is unlikely to be a result of self-medication or genetic and environmental confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Schoeler
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England
| | - Natalia Petros
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England
| | - Marta Di Forti
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England
| | | | - Ewa Klamerus
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England
| | - Enrico Foglia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England
| | - Amanda Small
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England
| | - Robin Murray
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England
| | - Sagnik Bhattacharyya
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, England
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Schoeler T, Petros N, Di Forti M, Klamerus E, Foglia E, Ajnakina O, Gayer-Anderson C, Colizzi M, Quattrone D, Behlke I, Shetty S, McGuire P, David AS, Murray R, Bhattacharyya S. Effects of continuation, frequency, and type of cannabis use on relapse in the first 2 years after onset of psychosis: an observational study. Lancet Psychiatry 2016; 3:947-953. [PMID: 27567467 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30188-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although cannabis use after a first episode of psychosis has been associated with relapse, little is known about the determinants of this most preventable risk factor for relapse of psychosis. Here we aimed to study whether the effects on outcome vary depending on the type of cannabis consumed and usage pattern. METHODS In this observational study, we prospectively recruited and followed up patients aged 18-65 years who presented with their first episode of psychosis to psychiatric services in south London, London, UK. Relapse of psychosis within 2 years after onset of psychosis was defined as risk of subsequent admission to hospital. We classified patients into different patterns of cannabis use based on continuity of use after onset of psychosis, potency of cannabis consumed, and frequency of use after the onset of their illness. We used multiple regression analyses (logistic or binominal) to compare the different cannabis use groups and propensity score analysis to validate the results. FINDINGS Between April 12, 2002, and July 26, 2013, 256 patients presented with a first episode of psychosis. We did follow-up assessments for these patients until September, 2015. Simple analyses showed that former regular users of cannabis who stopped after the onset of psychosis had the most favourable illness course with regards to relapse. In multiple analysis, continued high-frequency users (ie, daily use in all 24 months) of high-potency (skunk-like) cannabis had the worst outcome, indexed as an increased risk for a subsequent relapse (odds ratio [OR] 3·28; 95% CI 1·22-9·18), more relapses (incidence rate ratio 1·77; 95% CI 0·96-3·25), fewer months until a relapse occurred (b -0·22; 95% CI -0·40 to -0·04), and more intense psychiatric care (OR 3·16; 95% CI 1·26-8·09) after the onset of psychosis. INTERPRETATION Adverse effects associated with continued use of cannabis after the onset of a first episode of psychosis depend on the specific patterns of use. Possible interventions could focus on persuading cannabis-using patients with psychosis to reduce use or shift to less potent forms of cannabis. FUNDING National Institute for Health Research (NIHR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Schoeler
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Natalia Petros
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marta Di Forti
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ewa Klamerus
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Enrico Foglia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Olesya Ajnakina
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Marco Colizzi
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Diego Quattrone
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Irena Behlke
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sachin Shetty
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Philip McGuire
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anthony S David
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robin Murray
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sagnik Bhattacharyya
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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Petros N, Foglia E, Klamerus E, Beards S, Murray RM, Bhattacharyya S. Impact of childhood trauma on risk of relapse requiring psychiatric hospital admission for psychosis. Br J Psychiatry 2016; 209:169-70. [PMID: 27151070 DOI: 10.1192/bjp.bp.115.176636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Relapse in psychosis typically necessitates admission to hospital placing a significant financial burden on the health service. Exposure to childhood trauma is associated with an increased risk of psychosis, however, the extent to which this influences relapse is unclear. This report summarises current research investigating the influence of childhood trauma on relapse requiring psychiatric hospital admission for psychosis. Seven studies were included; two revealed a positive association between childhood trauma and relapse admission, two studies found a negative relationship and three found no significant difference. Inconsistent current evidence suggests a need for further research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Petros
- Natalia Petros, MSc, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London; Enrico Foglia, BSc, Ewa Klamerus, BSc, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London; Stephanie Beards, PhD, Health Service and Population Research Department, Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London; Robin M. Murray, MD, FRCPsych, Sagnik Bhattacharyya, MD, PhD, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - E Foglia
- Natalia Petros, MSc, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London; Enrico Foglia, BSc, Ewa Klamerus, BSc, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London; Stephanie Beards, PhD, Health Service and Population Research Department, Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London; Robin M. Murray, MD, FRCPsych, Sagnik Bhattacharyya, MD, PhD, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - E Klamerus
- Natalia Petros, MSc, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London; Enrico Foglia, BSc, Ewa Klamerus, BSc, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London; Stephanie Beards, PhD, Health Service and Population Research Department, Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London; Robin M. Murray, MD, FRCPsych, Sagnik Bhattacharyya, MD, PhD, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S Beards
- Natalia Petros, MSc, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London; Enrico Foglia, BSc, Ewa Klamerus, BSc, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London; Stephanie Beards, PhD, Health Service and Population Research Department, Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London; Robin M. Murray, MD, FRCPsych, Sagnik Bhattacharyya, MD, PhD, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - R M Murray
- Natalia Petros, MSc, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London; Enrico Foglia, BSc, Ewa Klamerus, BSc, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London; Stephanie Beards, PhD, Health Service and Population Research Department, Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London; Robin M. Murray, MD, FRCPsych, Sagnik Bhattacharyya, MD, PhD, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - S Bhattacharyya
- Natalia Petros, MSc, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London; Enrico Foglia, BSc, Ewa Klamerus, BSc, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Westminster, London; Stephanie Beards, PhD, Health Service and Population Research Department, Centre for Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London; Robin M. Murray, MD, FRCPsych, Sagnik Bhattacharyya, MD, PhD, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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Schoeler T, Monk A, Sami MB, Klamerus E, Foglia E, Brown R, Camuri G, Altamura AC, Murray R, Bhattacharyya S. Continued versus discontinued cannabis use in patients with psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 2016; 3:215-25. [PMID: 26777297 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(15)00363-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the link between cannabis use and development of psychosis is well established, less is known about the effect of continued versus discontinued cannabis use after the onset of psychosis. We aimed to summarise available evidence focusing on the relationship between continued and discontinued cannabis use after onset of psychosis and its relapse. METHODS In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE for articles published in any language from the database inception date up until April 21, 2015 that included a sample of patients with a pre-existing psychotic disorder with a follow-up duration of at least 6 months. We used a combination of search terms for describing cannabis, the outcome of interest (relapse of psychosis), and the study population. We excluded studies if continued cannabis use or discontinued cannabis use could not be established. We compared relapse outcomes between those who continued (CC) or discontinued (DC) cannabis use or were non-users (NC). We used summary data (individual patient data were not sought out) to estimate Cohen's d, which was entered into random effects models (REM) to compare CC with NC, CC with DC, and DC with NC. Meta-regression and sensitivity analyses were used to address the issue of heterogeneity. FINDINGS Of 1903 citations identified, 24 studies (16 565 participants) met the inclusion criteria. Independent of the stage of illness, continued cannabis users had a greater increase in relapse of psychosis than did both non-users (dCC-NC=0·36, 95% CI 0·22-0·50, p<0·0001) and discontinued users (dCC-DC=0·28, 0·12-0·44, p=0·0005), as well as longer hospital admissions than non-users (dCC-NC=0·36, 0·13 to 0·58, p=0·02). By contrast, cannabis discontinuation was not associated with relapse (dDC-NC=0·02, -0·12 to 0·15; p=0·82). Meta-regression suggested greater effects of continued cannabis use than discontinued use on relapse (dCC-NC=0·36 vs dDC-NC=0·02, p=0·04), positive symptoms (dCC-NC=0·15 vs dDC-NC=-0·30, p=0·05) and level of functioning (dCC-NC=0·04 vs dDC-NC=-0·49, p=0·008) but not on negative symptoms (dCC-NC=-0·09 vs dDC-NC=-0·31, p=0·41). INTERPRETATION Continued cannabis use after onset of psychosis predicts adverse outcome, including higher relapse rates, longer hospital admissions, and more severe positive symptoms than for individuals who discontinue cannabis use and those who are non-users. These findings point to reductions in cannabis use as a crucial interventional target to improve outcome in patients with psychosis. FUNDING UK National Institute of Health Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabea Schoeler
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Anna Monk
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Musa B Sami
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ewa Klamerus
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Enrico Foglia
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ruth Brown
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Giulia Camuri
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Robin Murray
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sagnik Bhattacharyya
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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