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Faucheux M, Netter S, Bloyer S, Moussa M, Boissonneau E, Lemeunier F, Wegnez M, Théodore L. Advantages of a P-element construct containing MtnA sequences for the identification of patterning and cell determination genes in Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Genet Genomics 2014; 265:14-22. [PMID: 11370860 DOI: 10.1007/s004380000391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The P[MTW] transposon carries a functional MtnA (metallothionein) gene and a miniwhite reporter gene. When P[MTW] was transformed into Drosophila, many lines were found to show position-dependent expression patterns of the miniwhite or the MtnA transgene. Identification of several of the target genes indicated that this construct behaves as an enhancer or silencer trap. For instance, expression of at least one reporter transgene was shown to correlate with that of the endogenous gene in the case of insertions in Ultrabithorax, four-jointed, and the iroquois complex. The frequency of patterns recovered with P[MTW] is higher than that reported for P[LacW], suggesting that P[MTW] has unusual properties. The possibility of biased insertion of P[MTW] was assayed by screening a sample of 66 MTW lines for modifiers of the extra sex comb phenotype caused by a hypomorphic allele of polyhomeotic. Seven modifiers were recovered, which could be ranked in two classes: genes involved in leg morphogenesis (including four-jointed and spitz), and genes of the Polycomb- or trithorax-Group, including trithorax and batman, a new gene which encodes a product with a BTB/POZ domain. Taken together, these results indicate that P[MTW] allows the tagging of patterning and cell determination genes, and thus provides a useful tool for identifying new developmental functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Faucheux
- Laboratoire d'Embryologie Moléculaire et Expérimentale, CNRS UPRES-A 8080, Université Paris XI, Orsay, France
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Hita M, Espagne E, Lemeunier F, Pascual L, Carton Y, Periquet G, Poirie M. Mapping candidate genes for Drosophila melanogaster resistance to the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi. Genet Res (Camb) 2007; 88:81-91. [PMID: 17125583 DOI: 10.1017/s001667230600841x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster resistance against the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi is under the control of a single gene (Rlb), with two alleles, the resistant one being dominant. Using strains bearing deletions, we previously demonstrated that the 55E2-E6; 55F3 region on chromosome 2R is involved in the resistance phenomenon. In this paper, we first restricted the Rlb containing region by mapping at the molecular level the breakpoints of the Df(2R)Pc66, Df(2R)P34 and Df(2R)Pc4 deficiencies, using both chromosomal in situ hybridization and Southern analyses. The resistance gene was localized in a 100 kb fragment, predicted to contain about 10 different genes. Male recombination genetic experiments were then performed, leading to identification of two possible candidates for the Rlb gene. Potential involvement of one of this genes, edl/mae, is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hita
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte - UMR CNRS 6035, Université François Rabelais, Parc Grandmont, 37200 Tours, France
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Roy V, Monti-Dedieu L, Chaminade N, Siljak-Yakovlev S, Aulard S, Lemeunier F, Montchamp-Moreau C. Evolution of the chromosomal location of rDNA genes in two Drosophila species subgroups: ananassae and melanogaster. Heredity (Edinb) 2005; 94:388-95. [PMID: 15726113 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of the chromosomal location of ribosomal RNA gene clusters and the organization of heterochromatin in the Drosophila melanogaster group were investigated using fluorescence in situ hybridization and DAPI staining to mitotic chromosomes. The investigation of 18 species (11 of which were being examined for the first time) belonging to the melanogaster and ananassae subgroups suggests that the ancestral configuration consists of one nucleolus organizer (NOR) on each sex chromosome. This pattern, which is conserved throughout the melanogaster subgroup, except in D. simulans and D. sechellia, was observed only in the ercepeae complex within the ananassae subgroup. Both sex-linked NORs must have been lost in the lineage leading to D. varians and in the ananassae and bipectinata complexes, whereas new sites, characterized by intra-species variation in hybridization signal size, appeared on the fourth chromosome related to heterochromatic rearrangements. Nucleolar material is thought to be required for sex chromosome pairing and disjunction in a variety of organisms including Drosophila. Thus, either remnant sequences, possibly intergenic spacer repeats, are still present in the sex chromosomes which have lost their NORs (as observed in D. simulans and D. sechellia), or an alternative mechanism has evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Roy
- Laboratoire Populations, Génétique et Evolution, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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Aulard S, Vaudin P, Ladevèze V, Chaminade N, Périquet G, Lemeunier F. Maintenance of a large pericentric inversion generated by the hobo transposable element in a transgenic line of Drosophila melanogaster. Heredity (Edinb) 2004; 92:151-5. [PMID: 14707954 DOI: 10.1038/sj.hdy.6800375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of the hobo transposable element in the global reorganization of the Drosophila melanogaster genome has been investigated in transgenic lines generated by the injection of hobo elements into the Hikone strain, which lacked them previously. Extensive surveys of transgenic lines followed for 250 generations have identified 13 inversions with hobo inserts at most breakpoints. One of these inversions is pericentric on chromosome 2. It has been maintained in the line where it was discovered and in several sublines at frequencies from 0.19 to 0.45, generating stable chromosomal polymorphisms, similar to cosmopolitan paracentric inversions in natural populations. Individuals homozygous for this inversion were viable and fertile, allowing the creation of a new homozygous strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aulard
- Laboratoire Populations, Génétique et Evolution, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France.
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Ladeveze V, Aulard S, Chaminade N, Biemont C, Periquet G, Lemeunier F. Dynamics of the hobo transposable element in transgenic lines of Drosophila melanogaster. Genet Res (Camb) 2001; 77:135-42. [PMID: 11355569 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672301004980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of the hobo transposable element in global reorganization of the Drosophila melanogaster genome has been investigated in transgenic lines generated by injection of hobo elements into the Hikone strain, which lacked them. In the present extensive survey, the chromosomal distribution of hobo insertion sites in the line 28 was found to be homogeneous and similar for all chromosomal arms, except 3L, when compared with other transgenic lines. However, some original features were observed in this line at the genetic and chromosomal levels. Several hotspots of insertion sites were observed on the X, second and third chromosomes. Five sites with a high frequency of hobo insertions were present on the 3L arm in most individuals tested, suggesting the action of selection for hobo element in some sites. The presence of doublets or triplet was also observed, implying that hobo inserts can show local jumps or insertions in preferred regions. This local transposition occurred independently in 11 specific genomic regions in many individuals and generations. The dynamics of this phenomenon were analysed across generations. These results support the use of the hobo system as an important tool in fundamental and applied Drosophila genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ladeveze
- Laboratoire de Génétique Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Université de Poitiers, CHU, 86021 Poitiers, France
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Bichon A, Boukhatem N, Gay P, Dru P, Terzian H, Petitjean AM, Lemeunier F, Contamine D. Genetic and molecular features of Su(P), a gene that interacts with ref(2)P in male fertility of Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Genet Genomics 2001; 265:354-61. [PMID: 11361347 DOI: 10.1007/s004380000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The ref(2)P gene is involved in the control of sigma rhabdovirus multiplication in Drosophila melanogaster. ref(2)P activity is also necessary for male fertility. However, in one-third of laboratory strains tested, males that lacked ref(2)P activity were fertile. In all such strains studied, the male sterility phenotype was abolished due to the presence of a particular allele at the Su(P) locus, at 73B1-2. These spontaneous suppressor alleles were dominant. We were able to induce dominant suppressor alleles at the Su(P) locus by X-ray mutagenesis and hybrid dysgenesis, suggesting that null alleles of Su(P) confer the dominant suppressor phenotype. The Su(P) gene was cloned by P element tagging. The P element-tagged alleles identified a Su(P) transcript as a 1.4-kb mRNA produced in the soma of both males and females, which is also abundant in ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bichon
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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7
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Rousselet J, Monti L, Auger-Rozenberg MA, Parker JS, Lemeunier F. Chromosome fission associated with growth of ribosomal DNA in Neodiprion abietis (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae). Proc Biol Sci 2000; 267:1819-23. [PMID: 11052531 PMCID: PMC1690759 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2000.1216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The haploid complement consists of seven metacentric chromosomes in most diprionid species but has evolved to n = 8 by fission in Neodiprion abietis. This fission generated a small telocentric chromosome and a large pseudoacrocentric chromosome with a short arm carrying a satellite. In situ hybridization indicated that the location of the rRNA gene cluster corresponds to the whole short arm. This suggests that (i) the breaking point was located close to an rRNA gene cluster, and (ii) fission was associated with growth of rDNA. These results suggest rDNA as a preferential breaking point but with a role in the healing of naked chromosome ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rousselet
- Laboratoire Populations, Génétique et Evolution, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Lachaise D, Harry M, Solignac M, Lemeunier F, Bénassi V, Cariou ML. Evolutionary novelties in islands: Drosophila santomea, a new melanogaster sister species from São Tomé. Proc Biol Sci 2000; 267:1487-95. [PMID: 11007323 PMCID: PMC1690712 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2000.1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The finding of new melanogaster sister species may help us in understanding more about how the emergence of genetic novelties, particularly in insular habitats, can result in speciation. Here we report on the discovery of Drosophila santomea, which is the first melanogaster sibling found off West-equatorial Africa, on São Tomé, one of the Gulf of Guinea islands. Although the eight other melanogaster sister species are remarkably conservative in their morphology except for their terminalia, the new find has a morphological trait distinguishing it from all of these: a pure yellow body coloration of both sexes without the normal black abdominal banding. Evidence from the terminalia, polytene and mitotic chromosomes, period gene and allozymes are provided indicating that it is nonetheless the nearest relative of Drosophila yakuba with which it coexists on the island. The new find is a clear-cut taxon as shown by the production of sterile male hybrids, eventually with developmental defects, in both directions of cross with yakuba and by the existence of an altitudinal divide accompanied by a hybrid zone at mid-elevation on the island. Molecular and karyotypic data further support this conclusion. In contrast to the significant divergence of their nuclear DNAs, an intriguing similarity in their cytochrome b sequences was observed indicating a recent coalescence common to santomea, yakuba and also teissieri cytoplasms. These were shown to harbour the same Wolbachia endosymbiotic bacteria which could possibly be responsible for mitochondrial DNA hitchhiking across the species barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Lachaise
- Laboratoire Populations, Génétique et Evolution, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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9
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Poirie M, Frey F, Hita M, Huguet E, Lemeunier F, Periquet G, Carton Y. Drosophila resistance genes to parasitoids: chromosomal location and linkage analysis. Proc Biol Sci 2000; 267:1417-21. [PMID: 10983825 PMCID: PMC1690685 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2000.1158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect hosts can survive infection by parasitoids using the encapsulation phenomenon. In Drosophila melanogaster the abilities to encapsulate the wasp species Leptopilina boulardi and Asobara tabida each involve one major gene. Both resistance genes have been precisely localized on the second chromosome, 35 centimorgans apart. This result clearly demonstrates the involvement of at least two separate genetic systems in Drosophila resistance to parasitoid wasps. The resistance genes to L. boulardi and A. tabida are not clustered as opposed to many plant resistance genes to pathogens cloned to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Poirie
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, UIPRESA 6035, Université F. Rabelais, Parc Grandmont, Tours, France.
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10
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Hita MT, Poirié M, Leblanc N, Lemeunier F, Lutcher F, Frey F, Periquet G, Carton Y. Genetic localization of a Drosophila melanogaster resistance gene to a parasitoid wasp and physical mapping of the region. Genome Res 1999; 9:471-81. [PMID: 10330127 PMCID: PMC310767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster larvae usually react against eggs of the parasitoid wasp Leptopilina boulardi by surrounding them with a multicellular melanotic capsule. The genetic determinism of this response has been studied previously using susceptible (non-capsule-forming) and resistant (capsule-forming) strains. The results suggest that differences in their encapsulation response involve a single gene, resistance to Leptopilina boulardi (Rlb), with two alleles, the resistant one being dominant. Rlb confers specific protection against Leptopilina boulardi and is thus probably involved in parasitoid recognition. Recent studies have localized this gene on the right arm of the second chromosome and our aim was to precisely determine its genetic and molecular location. Using strains bearing deletions, we demonstrated that resistance to Leptopilina boulardi is conferred by the 55C; 55F3 region and that the 55E2-E6; F3 region is particularly involved. A physical map of the 55C; 56A region was then constructed, based on a set of overlapping cosmid and P1 phage clones. Using single and double digests, cross hybridization of restriction fragments, and location of genetically mapped genes and STSs, a complete, five-enzyme restriction map of this 830-kb region was obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Hita
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Université F. Rabelais, 37200 Tours, France
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11
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Abstract
Copy numbers of sequences homologous to the Drosophila melanogaster retrotransposable element 412, their distribution between the chromosome arms and the chromocenter, and whether they contain full-size copies were analyzed for 55 species of the Drosophila genus. Element 412 insertion sites were detected on the chromosome arms of D. melanogaster, Drosophila simulans, and a few species of the obscura group, but the chromocenter was labeled in almost all species. The presence of element 412 sequences in the majority of species shows that this element has a long evolutionary history in Drosophilidae, although it may have recently invaded the chromosomes in some species, such as D. simulans. Differences in copy number between species may be due to population size or specific endogenous or environmental factors and may follow the worldwide invasion of the species. Putative full-length copies were detected in the chromocenters of some species with no copies on the chromosome arms, suggesting that the chromocenter may be a shelter for such copies and not only for deleted ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cizeron
- Laboratoire de Biométrie, Génétique, Biologie des populations, UMR CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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12
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Rousselet J, Géri C, Hewitt GM, Lemeunier F. The chromosomes of Diprion pini and D. similis (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae): implications for karyotype evolution. Heredity (Edinb) 1998; 81 ( Pt 5):573-8. [PMID: 9881453 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2540.1998.00421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Earlier cytological investigations characterize the family Diprionidae with a modal chromosome number of seven. This study shows that Diprion pini and D. similis have 14 acrocentric chromosomes (n = 14 for haploid males and 2n = 28 for diploid females). In D. pini, rRNA genes are located on the satellite and the round short arm of the chromosome carrying this segment. We studied six populations with no evidence of chromosomal polymorphism at the species level. Our results disagree with those published previously and reopen the question of karyotype evolution. Chromosome morphology, ISH and C-banding results support the hypothesis of chromosome number doubling by centric fission and not by polyploidization, followed by the growth of short arms by means of pericentromeric DNA amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Rousselet
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherches Forestières d'Orléans, Olivet, France
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13
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Abstract
Several laboratory surveys have shown that transposable elements (TEs) can cause chromosomal breaks and lead to inversions, as in dysgenic crosses involving P-elements. However, it is not presently clear what causes inversions in natural populations of Drosophila. The only direct molecular studies must be taken as evidence against the involvement of mobile elements. Here, in Drosophila lines transformed with the hobo transposable element, and followed for 100 generations, we show the appearance of five different inversions with hobo inserts at breakpoints. Almost all breakpoints occurred in hobo insertion sites detected in previous generations. Therefore, it can be assumed that such elements are responsible for restructuring genomes in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ladevèze
- Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et d'Ingenierie Génétique, Université de Poitiers, ESA 6031, France
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14
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Da Lage JL, Renard E, Chartois F, Lemeunier F, Cariou ML. Amyrel, a paralogous gene of the amylase gene family in Drosophila melanogaster and the Sophophora subgenus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:6848-53. [PMID: 9618501 PMCID: PMC22658 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.12.6848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a gene from Drosophila melanogaster related to the alpha-amylase gene Amy. This gene, which exists as a single copy, was named Amyrel. It is strikingly divergent from Amy because the amino acid divergence is 40%. The coding sequence is interrupted by a short intron at position 655, which is unusual in amylase genes. Amyrel has also been cloned in Drosophila ananassae, Drosophila pseudoobscura, and Drosophila subobscura and is likely to be present throughout the Sophophora subgenus, but, to our knowledge, it has not been detected outside. Unexpectedly, there is a strong conservation of 5' and 3' flanking regions between Amyrel genes from different species, which is not the case for Amy and which suggests that selection acts on these regions. In contrast to the Amy genes, Amyrel is transcribed in larvae of D. melanogaster but not in adults. However, the protein has not been detected yet. Amyrel evolves about twice as fast as Amy in the several species studied. We suggest that this gene could result from a duplication of Amy followed by accelerated and selected divergence toward a new adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Da Lage
- Populations, Génétique et Evolution, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 91198 Gif sur Yvette cedex, France.
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15
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Ladeveze V, Galindo I, Chaminade N, Pascual L, Periquet G, Lemeunier F. Transmission pattern of hobo transposable element in transgenic lines of Drosophila melanogaster. Genet Res (Camb) 1998; 71:97-107. [PMID: 9717432 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672398003127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is an attempt to trace the fate of hobo elements in the genomes of E strains of Drosophila melanogaster that have been transfected with pHFL1, a plasmid containing an autonomous hobo. Such long-term population studies (over 105 generations) could be very useful for better understanding the population and genomic dynamics of transposable elements and their pattern of insertions. Molecular analyses of hobo elements in the transfected lines were performed using Southern blots of XhoI-digested genomic DNAs. The complete element was observed in all six injected lines. In two lines we observed, at generation 100, two deleted elements, which did not correspond to Th1 and Th2. The results obtained by the in situ method show that the number of hybridization sites increases in each line and prove that the hobo element may be amplified in an RM genome. The hobo activity does not seem to be systematically correlated with the number of hobo elements. After generation 85, the evolution of the hobo element's insertion site number depends on the injected line. In all lines, the total number of insertions remains quite small, between 0 and 11. Hobo elements are located on each of the chromosomal arms. We describe 'hotspots'-insertion sites present in all lines and in all generations. On the 3R arm, a short inversion appeared once at generation 85.
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16
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Galindo MI, Ladevèze V, Lemeunier F, Kalmes R, Periquet G, Pascual L. Spread of the autonomous transposable element hobo in the genome of Drosophila melanogaster. Mol Biol Evol 1995; 12:723-34. [PMID: 7476120 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The transposable element hobo has been introduced into the previously empty Drosophila melanogaster strain Hikone so that its dynamics can be followed and it can be compared with the P element. Five transformed lines were followed over 58 generations. The results were highly dependent on the culture temperature, the spread of hobo element being more efficient at 25 degrees C. The multiplication of hobo sequences resulted in a change in the features of these lines in the hobo system of hybrid dysgenesis. The number of hobo elements remained low (two to seven copies) and the insertions always corresponded to complete sequences. Our findings suggest that, despite their genetic similarities, P and hobo elements differ in many aspects, such as mobility and regulation mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Galindo
- Departament de Genètica, Universitat de València, Spain
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17
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Aulard S, Lemeunier F, Hoogland C, Chaminade N, Brookfield JF, Biémont C. Chromosomal distribution and population dynamics of the 412 retrotransposon in a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster. Chromosoma 1995; 103:693-9. [PMID: 7664616 DOI: 10.1007/bf00344230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The localization of the insertion sites of the 412 retrotransposable element was analysed by in situ hybridization to the polytene chromosomes of the genomes of males from a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster. Non-parametric statistical tests do not reveal any particular distribution of the insertion sites over the chromosomes, suggesting an apparently random distribution of the 412 element. Aggregation and dispersion tests were highly significant with data of copy number (when all genomes are pooled, many copies may be at a given site), suggesting the existence of sites with high insertion frequency. Comparison with other data from the literature confirms the tendency for a low proportion of insertions on the X chromosome in comparison with the autosomes, a result in agreement with selection acting against the detrimental effect of the 412 element insertions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Aulard
- Laboratoire Populations, Génétique et Evolution, C.N.R.S., F-91198 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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18
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Abstract
The I factor is a LINE-like transposable element responsible for the I-R system of hybrid dysgenesis in Drosophila melanogaster. Inducer strains of this species contain several I factors whereas reactive strains do not. I factors are stable in inducer strains, but transpose at high frequency in the germ-line of females, known as SF females, produced by crossing reactive females and inducer males. Various abnormalities occur in SF females, most of which result from this high rate of transposition. We report here that recombination is increased in the germ-line of these females. This is a new characteristic of the I-R system of hybrid dysgenesis that might also be associated with transposition of the I factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Chaboissier
- Centre de Génétique Moléculaire, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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Biémont C, Lemeunier F, Garcia Guerreiro MP, Brookfield JF, Gautier C, Aulard S, Pasyukova EG. Population dynamics of the copia, mdg1, mdg3, gypsy, and P transposable elements in a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster. Genet Res (Camb) 1994; 63:197-212. [PMID: 8082837 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672300032353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The insertion site polymorphism of the copia, mdg1, mdg3, gypsy, and P transposable elements was analysed by in situ hybridization to the polytene chromosomes in genomes of males from a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster. Parameters of various theoretical models of the population biology of transposable elements were estimated from our data, and different hypotheses explaining TE copy number containment were tested. The copia, mdg1 and gypsy elements show evidence for a deficiency of insertions on the X chromosomes, a result consistent with selection against the mutational effects of insertions. On the contrary, mdg3 and P copy numbers fit a neutral model with a balance between regulated transposition and excisions. There is no strong evidence of a systematic accumulation of elements in the distal and proximal regions of the chromosomes where crossing over and ectopic exchanges are reduced. For all chromosome arms but 3L, however, the TE site density increases from the proximal to the distal parts of the chromosomes (the centromeric regions were excluded in this analysis) with sometimes a sharp decrease in density at the extreme tip, following in part the exchange coefficient. The way the copy number of TEs is contained in genomes depends thus on the element considered, and on various forces acting simultaneously, indicating that models of TE dynamics should include details of each element.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Biémont
- Laboratoire de Biométrie, Génétique, Biologie des populations, URA C.N.R.S. 243, Université Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
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21
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Biémont C, Lemeunier F, Gautier C, Garcia Guerreiro M, Aulard S, Pasyukova EG. High rate of movement of one (mdg3) out of four transposable elements in a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster. C R Acad Sci III 1994; 317:213-6. [PMID: 7994610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have analysed by in situ hybridization the insertion site polymorphism of the copia, mdg1, mdg3, and P transposable elements in diploid genomes of wild males from a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster. The values of observed average degree of individual heterozygosity for all elements except mdg3 deviate statistically from the values expected by site frequencies, revealing a tendency toward homozygosity as if drift or a structuration in the population was operating. The high degree of heterozygosity for mdg3 which in addition does not deviate from the expected value, suggests that recent high rate of movements has strongly countered the population host effect on this element. Hence, heterozygosity for TEs may well reflect the history of the population, and reveals temporary high rate of site movement existing in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Biémont
- Laboratoire de Biométrie, Génétique, Biologie des populations, URA CNRS 243, Université Lyon I, Villeurbanne, France
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22
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Periquet G, Lemeunier F, Bigot Y, Hamelin MH, Bazin C, Ladevèze V, Eeken J, Galindo MI, Pascual L, Boussy I. The evolutionary genetics of the hobo transposable element in the Drosophila melanogaster complex. Genetica 1994; 93:79-90. [PMID: 7813919 DOI: 10.1007/bf01435241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Hobo elements are a family of transposable elements found in Drosophila melanogaster and its three sibling species: D. simulans, D. mauritiana and D. sechellia. Studies in D. melanogaster have shown that hobo may be mobilized, and that the genetic effects of such mobilizations included the general features of hybrid dysgenesis: mutations, chromosomal rearrangements and gonadal dysgenis in F1 individuals. At the evolutionary level some hobo-hybridizing sequences have also been found in the other members of the melanogaster subgroup and in many members of the related montium subgroup. Surveys of older collected strains of D. melanogaster suggest that complete hobo elements were absent prior to 50 years ago and that they have recently been introduced into this species by horizontal transfer. In this paper we review our findings and those of others, in order to precisely describe the geographical distribution and the evolutionary history of hobo in the D. melanogaster complex. Studies of the DNA sequences reveal a different level of divergence between the group D. melanogaster, D. simulans and D. mauritiana and the fourth species D. sechellia. The hypothesis of multiple transfers in the recent past into the D. melanogaster complex from a common outside source is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Periquet
- Institut de Biocénotique Expérimentale des Agrosystèmes, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
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23
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Ladevèze V, Galindo MI, Pascual L, Periquet G, Lemeunier F. Invasion of the hobo transposable element studied by in situ hybridization on polytene chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Genetica 1994; 93:91-100. [PMID: 7813920 DOI: 10.1007/bf01435242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The invasion kinetics of hobo transposable element in the Drosophila melanogaster genome was studied by in situ hybridization on the polytene chromosomes. Six independent lines of Drosophila melanogaster flies that had been previously transformed by microinjection of the pHFL1 plasmid containing a complete hobo element were followed over 50 generations. We observed that hobo elements were scattered on each of the chromosome arms, with more insertion sites on the 3R arm. The total number of insertion sites remains quite small, between four and six, at generation 52. On the 2R arm, a short inversion appeared once at generation 52. Most of the integration sites reported here were already described for several transposons but some of them appear to be hotspots for hobo elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ladevèze
- I.B.E.A.S, Université François Rabelais, Tours, France
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24
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el Agoze M, Lemeunier F, Periquet G. Mitotic and salivary gland chromosome analyses in the Musca domestica L. (house fly) (Diptera: Muscidae). Heredity (Edinb) 1992; 69 ( Pt 1):57-64. [PMID: 1487427 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.1992.94] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitotic chromosomes in Musca domestica consist of five pairs of autosomes and an X, Y sex chromosome pair. They respond to C-banding with procentric bands on all autosomes and deep staining over most of the X and Y chromosomes. Polytene chromosomes were previously found in several larval and pupal tissue of Musca domestica. Polytene chromosome reference maps of the two sexual and the five autosomal chromosomes of Musca domestica from salivary gland cells are shown. Characteristic features of each chromosome are described identifying areas that are difficult to analyse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M el Agoze
- Institut de Biocénotique Expérimentale des Agrosystèmes, Faculté des Sciences, Tours, France
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25
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Abstract
The number and organization of amylase genes in Drosophila ananassae were investigated through classical genetic methods and in situ and filter hybridizations. At least four genes may be active in D. ananassae, organized as two independent pairs of closely linked copies on the 2L and 3L chromosomal arms. Several other species of the D. ananassae subgroup were studied and show the same chromosomal locations, suggesting an ancient duplication event. However, the number of Amy copies seems to be higher in the D. ananassae multigene family, and there is a striking intraspecific molecular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Da Lage
- Laboratoire de biologie et génétique évolutives C.N.R.S., Gif sur Yvette, France
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26
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Bazin C, Lemeunier F, Periquet G, Silber J. Genetic and molecular analyses of vgal: a spontaneous and unstable mutation at the vestigial locus in Drosophila melanogaster. Genet Res (Camb) 1991; 57:235-43. [PMID: 1909676 DOI: 10.1017/s0016672300029384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe herein, a new unstable mutant of the vestigial locus, isolated from a French natural population. From this mutant vestigial almost (vgal) wild-type flies (vgal+) and extreme vg phenotypes (vge) arose spontaneously without genomic shock. The occurrence of vgal+ or vge alleles depends mostly on the breeding temperature; vgal+ revertants arose principally at low temperature (21 degrees C) and vge at 28 degrees C. These events occur mainly in the male germ line and the phenomenon appears to be premeiotic. Our results with in situ hybridization experiments and Southern blots show that the vgal mutation is due to a 2 kb DNA insertion, which is a deleted hobo element. Genetic and molecular analyses show that two distinct events may underly the wild-type revertants. One is the excision of the resident hobo element, the other a further deletion (about 300 bp in the example characterized herein). The vge mutation is probably due to a deletion of vestigial sequences flanking the hobo insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bazin
- Laboratoire de Génétique Quantitative et Moléculaire, Université Paris 7, CNRS URA 693, France
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27
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Rosenberg-Bourgin M, Bracone A, Lemeunier F, Aulard S, Paumard S, Contesse G. Abnormal genetic segregation associated with the presence of a Y. w+ chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster. Genome 1990; 33:878-84. [PMID: 2128292 DOI: 10.1139/g90-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We have observed an abnormal genetic segregation in the progeny of crosses between males of the F71 (y wa/Y.w+) strain and females of various strains carrying marker mutations on their chromosome 2. The Y.w+ chromosome, previously described as possibly being associated with a translocation of the 22D region of chromosome 2, was shown to carry the 21A1-22E4 tip of the 2L chromosome. One chromosome 2 of F71 had a deletion of this region. The abnormal genetic segregation observed in the progeny of different crosses can be explained both by the partial lethality (which becomes severe in some homogeneous genetic backgrounds) due to trisomy of the 21A1-22E4 chromosome 2 fragment and by the lethality associated with monosomy of this 21A1-22E4 segment.
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28
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Capy P, Chakrani F, Lemeunier F, Hartl DL, David JR. Active mariner transposable elements are widespread in natural populations of Drosophila simulans. Proc Biol Sci 1990; 242:57-60. [PMID: 1980741 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1990.0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The occurrence of active, or autonomous, mariner elements was investigated by crossing white-peach mutant Drosophila simulans females with wild-type males from various geographic origins. From a total of 194 experimental crosses only 17 failed to produce progeny with eye mosaicism (MOS, i.e. pigmented spots in otherwise white-peach eyes). Therefore, active mariner elements inducing somatic excision of the copy inserted at the white locus are abundant in all populations sampled. In the experimental crosses the frequency of mosaic offspring ranged from 0 to 100%, showing that the phenotypic expression is highly variable. The MOS phenotype, measured by the number of spots on the eyes, is quite variable within the progeny of single crosses. Although a difference was observed in the average MOS score (percentage of mosaic flies) between northern and southern populations of France, there was no indication of long range variation between geographic populations. Neither was there a systematic difference between recently collected populations and samples kept several years as isofemale lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Capy
- Laboratoire de Biologie et Génétique Evolutives, CNRS, Gif/Yvette, France
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29
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Abstract
Foldback elements are a family of transposable elements described in Drosophila melanogaster. The members of this dispersed repetitive family have terminal inverted repeats that sometimes flank a central region. The inverted repeats of all the family members are homologous. The study of the distribution and conservation of the foldback elements in different Drosophila species shows that this distribution is different from that of the hybrid dysgenesis systems (PM and IR). Sequences homologous to foldback elements were observed by Southern blots and in situ hybridization in all species of the melanogaster subgroup and in some species of the montium and takahashii subgroups. The element was probably already present before the radiation of these subgroups. No evidence of horizontal transmission of the foldback element could be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Silber
- Laboratoire de Génétique Quantitative et Moléculaire, Université Paris VII, C.N.R.S. U.A., France
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30
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31
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Lemeunier F, Derbin C, Malfoy B, Leng M, Taillandier E. Identification of left-handed Z-DNA by indirect immunofluorescence in polytene chromosomes of Chironomus thummi thummi. Exp Cell Res 1982; 141:508-13. [PMID: 6754397 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(82)90245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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32
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Viegas-Péquignot E, Derbin C, Lemeunier F, Taillandier E. Identification of left-handed Z-DNA by indirect immunomethods in metaphasic chromosomes of a mammal, Gerbillus nigeriae (Gerbillidae, Rodentia). Ann Genet 1982; 25:218-222. [PMID: 6763498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Antisera and antibodies against Z-DNA were used on metaphasic fixed chromosomes of a mammal, Gerbillus nigeriae (Gerbillidae, Rodentia). By indirect immunofluorescence and indirect immunoperoxidase labelling a heavy staining was detected in a fraction of the R-band positive heterochromatic segments, which are presumed to be rich in G-C base pairs. A weak and non homogeneous staining was also observed on euchromatic segments. The presence of a left-handed Z-DNA in mammalian chromosomes is discussed.
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David J, Bocquet C, Lemeunier F, Tsacas L. Persistence of male sterility in strains issued from hybrids between two sibling species:Drosophila simulans andD. mauritiana. J Genet 1976. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02984216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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35
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Lemeunier F, Ashburner MA. Relationships within the melanogaster species subgroup of the genus Drosophila (Sophophora). II. Phylogenetic relationships between six species based upon polytene chromosome banding sequences. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1976; 193:275-94. [PMID: 6967 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1976.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The
melanogaster
species subgroup of
Drosophila
comprises six sibling species. The interrelationship between these species has been studied by analysis of the banding patterns of their polytene chromosomes. The species fall into two groups: (1)
melanogaster, simulans
and
mauritiana
and (2)
erecta, teissieri
and
yakuba
. The former group are chromosomally closely related, indeed
simulans
and
mauritiana
are homosequential. The latter group (all African endemic species) are less closely related although they all share eight autosomal inversions of the standard (i. e.
melanogaster
) sequence. From this shared sequence the chromosomes of the three African endemic species have diverged considerably by many paracentric inversions. Both
D. teissieri
and
D. yakuba
are polymorphic; we describe nine and four inversion sequences in them respectively.
D. erecta
is monomorphic although our sample size is very small (only two populations). We discuss both the origin of interspecific inversions, especially the problem of inversion breakpoint coincidence, and the light this study throws upon evolutionary relationships within this group of species.
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Ashburner M, Lemeunier F. Relationships within the melanogaster species subgroup of the genus Drosophila (Sophophora) i. inversion polymorphisms in Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1976; 193:137-57. [PMID: 5729 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.1976.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogasterfrom 67 collections have been analysed for their polymorphic inversions. Of the 53 inversions now known in this species 7 are widespread and 43 are endemic. The remaining 3 inversions may be widespread, but if so they are usually very rare. No X or fourth chromosome inversions were found. All the third chromosome inversions were paracentric, while six of the second chromosome inversions were pericentric. No inversions were found inD. simulans, of which 27 collections, from Africa, Europe, Australia and S. America, were studied.
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37
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Ashburner M, Lemeunier F. Patterns of puffing activity in the salivary gland chromosomes of Drosophila. VII. Homology of puffing patterns on chromosome arm 3L in D. melanogaster and D. yakuba, with notes on puffing in D. teissieri. Chromosoma 1972; 38:283-95. [PMID: 4627364 DOI: 10.1007/bf00290926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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