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Acheamfour CL, Parveen S, Gutierrez A, Handy ET, Behal S, Kim D, Kim S, East C, Xiong R, Haymaker JR, Micallef SA, Rosenberg Goldstein RE, Kniel KE, Sapkota AR, Hashem F, Sharma M. Detection of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in alternative irrigation water by culture and qPCR-based methods in the Mid-Atlantic U.S. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0353623. [PMID: 38376152 PMCID: PMC10986563 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03536-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Alternative irrigation waters (rivers, ponds, and reclaimed water) can harbor bacterial foodborne pathogens like Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes, potentially contaminating fruit and vegetable commodities. Detecting foodborne pathogens using qPCR-based methods may accelerate testing methods and procedures compared to culture-based methods. This study compared detection of S. enterica and L. monocytogenes by qPCR (real-time PCR) and culture methods in irrigation waters to determine the influence of water type (river, pond, and reclaimed water), season (winter, spring, summer, and fall), or volume (0.1, 1, and 10 L) on sensitivity, accuracy, specificity, and positive (PPV), and negative (NPV) predictive values of these methods. Water samples were collected by filtration through modified Moore swabs (MMS) over a 2-year period at 11 sites in the Mid-Atlantic U.S. on a bi-weekly or monthly schedule. For qPCR, bacterial DNA from culture-enriched samples (n = 1,990) was analyzed by multiplex qPCR specific for S. enterica and L. monocytogenes. For culture detection, enriched samples were selectively enriched, isolated, and PCR confirmed. PPVs for qPCR detection of S. enterica and L. monocytogenes were 68% and 67%, respectively. The NPV were 87% (S. enterica) and 85% (L. monocytogenes). Higher levels of qPCR/culture agreement were observed in spring and summer compared to fall and winter for S. enterica; for L. monocytogenes, lower levels of agreement were observed in winter compared to spring, summer, and fall. Reclaimed and pond water supported higher levels of qPCR/culture agreement compared to river water for both S. enterica and L. monocytogenes, indicating that water type may influence the agreement of these results. IMPORTANCE Detecting foodborne pathogens in irrigation water can inform interventions and management strategies to reduce risk of contamination and illness associated with fresh and fresh-cut fruits and vegetables. The use of non-culture methods like qPCR has the potential to accelerate the testing process. Results indicated that pond and reclaimed water showed higher levels of agreement between culture and qPCR methods than river water, perhaps due to specific physiochemical characteristics of the water. These findings also show that season and sample volume affect the agreement of qPCR and culture results. Overall, qPCR methods could be more confidently utilized to determine the absence of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in irrigation water samples examined in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanelle L. Acheamfour
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Delaware State University, Dover, Delaware, USA
| | - Salina Parveen
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan Gutierrez
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric T. Handy
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Sara Behal
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Donghyun Kim
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Seongyun Kim
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
- Department of Environmental System Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheryl East
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ray Xiong
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Joseph R. Haymaker
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, USA
| | - Shirley A. Micallef
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachel E. Rosenberg Goldstein
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Kalmia E. Kniel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Amy R. Sapkota
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Fawzy Hashem
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, USA
| | - Manan Sharma
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
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Elbashir SM, Adnan AM, Bowers J, DePaola A, Jahncke M, Punchihewage-Don AJ, Da Silva LV, Hashem F, Parveen S. Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Properties and Genetic Diversity of Salmonella Typhimurium Recovered from Domestic and Imported Seafood. Pathogens 2023; 12:897. [PMID: 37513743 PMCID: PMC10384935 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The quantity of seafood imported and produced by domestic aquaculture farming has increased. Recently, it has been reported that multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella Typhimurium may be associated with seafood. However, information is limited to the antimicrobial resistance, virulence properties, and genetic diversity of S. Typhimurium recovered from imported and domestic seafood. This study investigated the antimicrobial resistance, virulence properties, and genetic diversity of S. Typhimurium isolated from domestic and imported catfish, shrimp, and tilapia. A total of 127 isolates were tested for the presence of multidrug-resistance (MDR), virulence genes (invA, pagC, spvC, spvR), and genetic diversity using the Sensititre micro-broth dilution method, PCR, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), respectively. All isolates were uniformly susceptible to six (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ceftiofur, ceftriaxone, imipenem, nitrofurantoin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) of the 17 tested antimicrobials and genetically diverse. Fifty-three percent of the Salmonella isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial and 49% were multidrug resistant. Ninety-five percent of the isolates possessed the invA gene, 67% pagC, and 43% for both spvC, and spvR. The results suggest that S. Typhimurium recovered from seafood is frequently MDR, virulent, and have the ability to cause salmonellosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah M Elbashir
- School of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Adib M Adnan
- School of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
- College of Computer, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - John Bowers
- U.S. Food and Drug Administration, College Park, MD 20740, USA
| | - Angelo DePaola
- Angelo DePaola Consulting, 12719 Dauphin Island Pkwy, Coden, AL 36523, USA
| | - Michael Jahncke
- Virginia Seafood Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Virginia Tech., Hampton, VA 23669, USA
| | - Anuradha J Punchihewage-Don
- School of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Ligia V Da Silva
- School of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Fawzy Hashem
- School of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Salina Parveen
- School of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
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Pires AFA, Ramos TDM, Baron JN, Millner PD, Pagliari PH, Hutchinson M, Haghani V, Aminabadi P, Kenney A, Hashem F, Martínez-López B, Bihn EA, Clements DP, Shade JB, Sciligo AR, Jay-Russell MT. Risk factors associated with the prevalence of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli in manured soils on certified organic farms in four regions of the USA. Front Sustain Food Syst 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1125996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionBiological soil amendments of animal origin (BSAAO), including untreated amendments are often used to improve soil fertility and are particularly important in organic agriculture. However, application of untreated manure on cropland can potentially introduce foodborne pathogens into the soil and onto produce. Certified organic farms follow the USDA National Organic Program (NOP) standards that stipulate a 90- or 120-day interval between application of untreated manure and crop harvest, depending on whether the edible portion of the crop directly contacts the soil. This time-interval metric is based on environmental factors and does not consider a multitude of factors that might affect the survival of the main pathogens of concern. The objective of this study was to assess predictors for the prevalence of Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli (non-O157 STEC) in soils amended with untreated manure on USDA-NOP certified farms.MethodsA longitudinal, multi-regional study was conducted on 19 farms in four USA regions for two growing seasons (2017–2018). Untreated manure (cattle, horse, and poultry), soil, and irrigation water samples were collected and enrichment cultured for non-O157 STEC. Mixed effects logistic regression models were used to analyze the predictors of non-O157 STEC in the soil up to 180 days post-manure application.Results and discussionResults show that farm management practices (previous use with livestock, presence of animal feces on the field, season of manure application) and soil characteristics (presence of generic E. coli in the soil, soil moisture, sodium) increased the odds of STEC-positive soil samples. Manure application method and snowfall decreased the odds of detecting STEC in the soil. Time-variant predictors (year and sampling day) affected the presence of STEC. This study shows that a single metric, such as the time interval between application of untreated manure and crop harvest, may not be sufficient to reduce the food safety risks from untreated manure, and additional environmental and farm-management practices should also be considered. These findings are of particular importance because they provide multi-regional baseline data relating to current NOP wait-time standards. They can therefore contribute to the development of strategies to reduce pathogen persistence that may contribute to contamination of fresh produce typically eaten raw from NOP-certified farms using untreated manure.
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Kim S, Pachepsky Y, Micallef SA, Rosenberg Goldstein R, Sapkota AR, Hashem F, Parveen S, Kniel KE, Sharma M. Temporal stability of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes in surface waters used for irrigation in the Mid-Atlantic United States. J Food Prot 2023; 86:100058. [PMID: 37005038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfp.2023.100058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Enteric bacterial pathogen levels can influence the suitability of irrigation water sources for fruits and vegetables. We hypothesize that stable spatial patterns of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes levels may exist across surface water sources in the Mid-Atlantic U.S. Water samples were collected at four streams and two pond sites in the mid-Atlantic U.S. over 2 years, biweekly during the fruit and vegetable growing seasons, and once a month during nongrowing seasons. Two stream sites and one pond site had significantly different mean concentrations in growing and nongrowing seasons. Stable spatial patterns were determined for relative differences between the site concentrations and average concentration of both pathogens across the study area. Mean relative differences were significantly different from zero at four of the six sites for S. enterica and three of six sites for L. monocytogenes. There was a similarity between the mean relative difference distribution between sites over growing season, nongrowing season, and the entire observation period. Mean relative differences were determined for temperature, oxidation-reduction potential, specific electrical conductance, pH, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, and cumulative rainfall. A moderate-to-strong Spearman correlation (rs > 0.657) was found between spatial patterns of S. enterica and 7-day rainfall, and between relative difference patterns of L. monocytogenes and temperature (rs = 0.885) and dissolved oxygen (rs = -0.885). Persistence in ranking sampling sites by the concentrations of the two pathogens was also observed. Finding spatially stable patterns in pathogen concentrations highlights spatiotemporal dynamics of these microorganisms across the study area can facilitate the design of an effective microbial water quality monitoring program for surface irrigation water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongyun Kim
- United States Department of Agriculture, Northeast Area, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA; Department of Environmental System Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu 59626, Republic of Korea
| | - Yakov Pachepsky
- United States Department of Agriculture, Northeast Area, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA.
| | - Shirley A Micallef
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Rachel Rosenberg Goldstein
- Maryland Institute of Applied and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Amy R Sapkota
- Maryland Institute of Applied and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Fawzy Hashem
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, USA
| | - Salina Parveen
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, USA
| | - Kalmia E Kniel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Manan Sharma
- United States Department of Agriculture, Northeast Area, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, USA
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Malayil L, Ramachandran P, Chattopadhyay S, Allard SM, Bui A, Butron J, Callahan MT, Craddock HA, Murray R, East C, Sharma M, Kniel K, Micallef S, Hashem F, Gerba CP, Ravishankar S, Parveen S, May E, Handy E, Kulkarni P, Anderson-Coughlin B, Craighead S, Gartley S, Vanore A, Duncan R, Foust D, Haymaker J, Betancourt W, Zhu L, Mongodin EF, Sapkota A, Pop M, Sapkota AR. Variations in Bacterial Communities and Antibiotic Resistance Genes Across Diverse Recycled and Surface Water Irrigation Sources in the Mid-Atlantic and Southwest United States: A CONSERVE Two-Year Field Study. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:15019-15033. [PMID: 36194536 PMCID: PMC9632240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Reduced availability of agricultural water has spurred increased interest in using recycled irrigation water for U.S. food crop production. However, there are significant knowledge gaps concerning the microbiological quality of these water sources. To address these gaps, we used 16S rRNA gene and metagenomic sequencing to characterize taxonomic and functional variations (e.g., antimicrobial resistance) in bacterial communities across diverse recycled and surface water irrigation sources. We collected 1 L water samples (n = 410) between 2016 and 2018 from the Mid-Atlantic (12 sites) and Southwest (10 sites) U.S. Samples were filtered, and DNA was extracted. The V3-V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene were then PCR amplified and sequenced. Metagenomic sequencing was also performed to characterize antibiotic, metal, and biocide resistance genes. Bacterial alpha and beta diversities were significantly different (p < 0.001) across water types and seasons. Pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus aureus, and Aeromonas hydrophilia were observed across sample types. The most common antibiotic resistance genes identified coded against macrolides/lincosamides/streptogramins, aminoglycosides, rifampin and elfamycins, and their read counts fluctuated across seasons. We also observed multi-metal and multi-biocide resistance across all water types. To our knowledge, this is the most comprehensive longitudinal study to date of U.S. recycled water and surface water used for irrigation. Our findings improve understanding of the potential differences in the risk of exposure to bacterial pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes originating from diverse irrigation water sources across seasons and U.S. regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Malayil
- Maryland
Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Padmini Ramachandran
- Office
of Regulatory Science, Division of Microbiology, United States Food and Drug Administration, HFS-712, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Suhana Chattopadhyay
- Maryland
Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Sarah M. Allard
- Maryland
Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Anthony Bui
- Maryland
Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Jicell Butron
- Maryland
Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Mary Theresa Callahan
- Department
of Plant Science and Landscape Agriculture, University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Hillary A. Craddock
- Maryland
Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Rianna Murray
- Maryland
Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Cheryl East
- Northeast
Area, Beltsville Agriculture Research Center, Environmental Microbiology
and Food Safety Laboratory, Agriculture
Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Manan Sharma
- Northeast
Area, Beltsville Agriculture Research Center, Environmental Microbiology
and Food Safety Laboratory, Agriculture
Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Kalmia Kniel
- Department
of Animal and Food Sciences, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Shirley Micallef
- Department
of Plant Science and Landscape Agriculture, University of Maryland, College
Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Fawzy Hashem
- Department
of Agriculture and Resource Sciences, University
of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland 21853, United States
| | - Charles P. Gerba
- Department
of Environmental Science, University of
Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719, United States
| | - Sadhana Ravishankar
- School
of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Salina Parveen
- Department
of Agriculture and Resource Sciences, University
of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland 21853, United States
| | - Eric May
- Department
of Agriculture and Resource Sciences, University
of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland 21853, United States
| | - Eric Handy
- Northeast
Area, Beltsville Agriculture Research Center, Environmental Microbiology
and Food Safety Laboratory, Agriculture
Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, United States
| | - Prachi Kulkarni
- Maryland
Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Brienna Anderson-Coughlin
- Department
of Animal and Food Sciences, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Shani Craighead
- Department
of Animal and Food Sciences, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Samantha Gartley
- Department
of Animal and Food Sciences, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Adam Vanore
- Department
of Animal and Food Sciences, University
of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Rico Duncan
- Department
of Agriculture and Resource Sciences, University
of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland 21853, United States
| | - Derek Foust
- Department
of Agriculture and Resource Sciences, University
of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland 21853, United States
| | - Joseph Haymaker
- Department
of Agriculture and Resource Sciences, University
of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland 21853, United States
| | - Walter Betancourt
- Department
of Environmental Science, University of
Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719, United States
| | - Libin Zhu
- School
of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Emmanuel F. Mongodin
- Institute
for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland
School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States
| | - Amir Sapkota
- Maryland
Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Mihai Pop
- Department
of Computer Science and Center for Bioinformatics and Computational
Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Amy R. Sapkota
- Maryland
Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
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Punchihewage Don AJ, Hawkins J, Adnan AM, Hashem F, Parveen S. The outbreaks and prevalence of antimicrobial resistant Salmonella in poultry in the United States: An overview. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11571. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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7
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Ramos TDM, Jay-Russell MT, Millner PD, Baron JN, Stover J, Pagliari P, Hutchinson M, Lilley J, Rowley N, Haghani V, Aminabadi P, Kenney A, Hashem F, Martínez-López B, Bihn EA, Clements DP, Shade JB, Sciligo AR, Pires AFA. Survival and Persistence of Foodborne Pathogens in Manure-Amended Soils and Prevalence on Fresh Produce in Certified Organic Farms: A Multi-Regional Baseline Analysis. Front Sustain Food Syst 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.674767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological soil amendments of animal origin (BSAAOs), including untreated (e.g., raw or aged manure, or incompletely composted manure) and treated animal products (e.g., compost), are used for crop production and as part of soil health management. Application of BSAAO's must be done cautiously, as raw manure commonly contains enteric foodborne pathogens that can potentially contaminate edible produce that may be consumed without cooking. USDA National Organic Program (NOP) certified production systems follow the 90-or 120-day interval standards between applications of untreated BSAAOs and crop harvest, depending on whether the edible portions of the crops are in indirect or direct contact with the soil, respectively. This study was conducted to evaluate the survival of four foodborne pathogens in soils amended with BSAAOs and to examine the potential for bacterial transfer to fresh produce harvested from USDA NOP certified organic farms (19) from four states. Only 0.4% (2/527) of produce samples were positive for L. monocytogenes. Among the untreated manure and compost samples, 18.0% (42/233) were positive for at least one of the tested and culturable bacterial foodborne pathogens. The prevalence of non-O157 STEC and Salmonella in untreated manure was substantially > that of E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes. Of the 2,461 soil samples analyzed in this study, 12.9% (318) were positive for at least one pathogen. In soil amended with untreated manure, the prevalence of non-O157 STEC [7.7% (190) and L. monocytogenes (5.0% (122), was > that of Salmonella (1.1% (26)] or E. coli O157 [0.04% (1)]. Foodborne pathogen prevalence in the soil peaked after manure application and decreased significantly 30 days post-application (dpa). However, non-O157 STEC and L. monocytogenes were recovered from soil samples after 90 and 120 dpa. Results indicate that produce contamination by tested foodborne pathogens was infrequent, but these data should not be generalized outside of the specific wait-time regulations for organic crop production and the farms studied. Moreover, other sources of contamination, e.g., irrigation, wildlife, environmental conditions, cropping and management practices, should be considered. This study also provides multi-regional baseline data relating to current NOP application intervals and development of potential risk mitigation strategies to reduce pathogen persistence in soils amended with BSAAOs. These findings contribute to filling critical data gaps concerning occurrence of fecal pathogens in NOP-certified farming systems used for production of fresh produce in different US regions.
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8
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Solaiman S, Allard SM, Callahan MT, Jiang C, Handy E, East C, Haymaker J, Bui A, Craddock H, Murray R, Kulkarni P, Anderson-Coughlin B, Craighead S, Gartley S, Vanore A, Duncan R, Foust D, Taabodi M, Sapkota A, May E, Hashem F, Parveen S, Kniel K, Sharma M, Sapkota AR, Micallef SA. Longitudinal Assessment of the Dynamics of Escherichia coli, Total Coliforms, Enterococcus spp., and Aeromonas spp. in Alternative Irrigation Water Sources: a CONSERVE Study. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e00342-20. [PMID: 32769196 PMCID: PMC7531960 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00342-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As climate change continues to stress freshwater resources, we have a pressing need to identify alternative (nontraditional) sources of microbially safe water for irrigation of fresh produce. This study is part of the center CONSERVE, which aims to facilitate the adoption of adequate agricultural water sources. A 26-month longitudinal study was conducted at 11 sites to assess the prevalence of bacteria indicating water quality, fecal contamination, and crop contamination risk (Escherichia coli, total coliforms [TC], Enterococcus, and Aeromonas). Sites included nontidal freshwater rivers/creeks (NF), a tidal brackish river (TB), irrigation ponds (PW), and reclaimed water sites (RW). Water samples were filtered for bacterial quantification. E. coli, TC, enterococci (∼86%, 98%, and 90% positive, respectively; n = 333), and Aeromonas (∼98% positive; n = 133) were widespread in water samples tested. Highest E. coli counts were in rivers, TC counts in TB, and enterococci in rivers and ponds (P < 0.001 in all cases) compared to other water types. Aeromonas counts were consistent across sites. Seasonal dynamics were detected in NF and PW samples only. E. coli counts were higher in the vegetable crop-growing (May-October) than nongrowing (November-April) season in all water types (P < 0.05). Only one RW and both PW sites met the U.S. Food Safety Modernization Act water standards. However, implementation of recommended mitigation measures of allowing time for microbial die-off between irrigation and harvest would bring all other sites into compliance within 2 days. This study provides comprehensive microbial data on alternative irrigation water and serves as an important resource for food safety planning and policy setting.IMPORTANCE Increasing demands for fresh fruit and vegetables, a variable climate affecting agricultural water availability, and microbial food safety goals are pressing the need to identify new, safe, alternative sources of irrigation water. Our study generated microbial data collected over a 2-year period from potential sources of irrigation (rivers, ponds, and reclaimed water sites). Pond water was found to comply with Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) microbial standards for irrigation of fruit and vegetables. Bacterial counts in reclaimed water, a resource that is not universally allowed on fresh produce in the United States, generally met microbial standards or needed minimal mitigation. We detected the most seasonality and the highest microbial loads in river water, which emerged as the water type that would require the most mitigation to be compliant with established FSMA standards. This data set represents one of the most comprehensive, longitudinal analyses of alternative irrigation water sources in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultana Solaiman
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah M Allard
- Maryland Institute for Applied and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary Theresa Callahan
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Chengsheng Jiang
- Maryland Institute for Applied and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric Handy
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Cheryl East
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Joseph Haymaker
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, USA
| | - Anthony Bui
- Maryland Institute for Applied and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Hillary Craddock
- Maryland Institute for Applied and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Rianna Murray
- Maryland Institute for Applied and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Prachi Kulkarni
- Maryland Institute for Applied and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Shani Craighead
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Samantha Gartley
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Adam Vanore
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Rico Duncan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, USA
| | - Derek Foust
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, USA
| | - Maryam Taabodi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, USA
| | - Amir Sapkota
- Maryland Institute for Applied and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric May
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, USA
| | - Fawzy Hashem
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, USA
| | - Salina Parveen
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, USA
| | - Kalmia Kniel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Manan Sharma
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy R Sapkota
- Maryland Institute for Applied and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Shirley A Micallef
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
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9
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Panthi S, Sapkota AR, Raspanti G, Allard SM, Bui A, Craddock HA, Murray R, Zhu L, East C, Handy E, Callahan MT, Haymaker J, Kulkarni P, Anderson B, Craighead S, Gartley S, Vanore A, Betancourt WQ, Duncan R, Foust D, Sharma M, Micallef SA, Gerba C, Parveen S, Hashem F, May E, Kniel K, Pop M, Ravishankar S, Sapkota A. Pharmaceuticals, herbicides, and disinfectants in agricultural water sources. Environ Res 2019; 174:1-8. [PMID: 31015109 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural water withdrawals account for the largest proportion of global freshwater use. Increasing municipal water demands and droughts are straining agricultural water supplies. Therefore, alternative solutions to agricultural water crises are urgently needed, including the use of nontraditional water sources such as advanced treated wastewater or reclaimed water, brackish water, return flows, and effluent from produce processing facilities. However, it is critical to ensure that such usage does not compromise soil, crop, and public health. Here, we characterized five different nontraditional water types (n = 357 samples) for the presence of pharmaceuticals, herbicides, and disinfectants using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry based method (UPLC-MS/MS). We then evaluated whether the levels of these contaminants were influenced by season. The highest level of herbicides (atrazine) was detected in untreated pond water (median concentration 135.9 ng/L). Reclaimed water had the highest levels of antibiotics and stimulants including azithromycin (215 ng/L), sulfamethoxazole (232.1 ng/L), and caffeine (89.4 ng/L). Produce processing plant water also tended to have high levels of atrazine (102.7 ng/L) and ciprofloxacin (80.1 ng/L). In addition, we observed seasonal variability across water types, with the highest atrazine concentrations observed during summer months, while the highest median azithromycin concentrations were observed in reclaimed water during the winter season. Further studies are needed to evaluate if economically feasible on-farm water treatment technologies can effectively remove such contaminants from nontraditional irrigation water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suraj Panthi
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Amy R Sapkota
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Greg Raspanti
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Sarah M Allard
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Anthony Bui
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Hillary A Craddock
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Rianna Murray
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Libin Zhu
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Cheryl East
- Environmental Microbial & Food Safety Lab, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Eric Handy
- Environmental Microbial & Food Safety Lab, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Mary Theresa Callahan
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, 2126 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Joseph Haymaker
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Prachi Kulkarni
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Brienna Anderson
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, 044 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Shani Craighead
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, 044 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Samantha Gartley
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, 044 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Adam Vanore
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, 044 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Walter Q Betancourt
- Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 2959 W Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Rico Duncan
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Derek Foust
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Manan Sharma
- Environmental Microbial & Food Safety Lab, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - Shirley A Micallef
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, 2126 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Charles Gerba
- Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 2959 W Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, USA
| | - Salina Parveen
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Fawzy Hashem
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Eric May
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Kalmia Kniel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, 044 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE 19716, USA
| | - Mihai Pop
- Department of Computer Science & the Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, 8223 Paint Brach Drive, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Sadhana Ravishankar
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Amir Sapkota
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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10
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Haymaker J, Sharma M, Parveen S, Hashem F, May EB, Handy ET, White C, East C, Bradshaw R, Micallef SA, Callahan MT, Allard S, Anderson B, Craighead S, Gartley S, Vanore A, Kniel KE, Solaiman S, Bui A, Murray R, Craddock HA, Kulkarni P, Foust D, Duncan R, Taabodi M, Sapkota AR. Prevalence of Shiga-toxigenic and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in untreated surface water and reclaimed water in the Mid-Atlantic U.S. Environ Res 2019; 172:630-636. [PMID: 30878734 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The microbial quality of irrigation water has increasingly become a concern as a source of contamination for fruits and vegetables. Non-traditional sources of water are being used by more and more growers in smaller, highly diversified farms in the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. Shiga-toxigenic E. coli (STEC) have been responsible for several outbreaks of infections associated with the consumption of leafy greens. Our study evaluated the prevalence of the "big seven" STEC serogroups and the associated enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) virulence factors (VF) genes in conventional and nontraditional irrigation waters in the Mid-Atlantic region of the U.S. Water samples (n = 510) from 170 sampling events were collected from eight untreated surface water sites, two wastewater reclamation facilities, and one vegetable processing plant, over a 12-month period. Ten liters of water were filtered through Modified Moore swabs (MMS); swabs were then enriched into Universal Pre-enrichment Broth (UPB), followed by enrichment into non-O157 STEC R&F broth and isolation on R & F non-O157 STEC chromogenic plating medium. Isolates (n = 2489) from enriched MMS from water samples were screened for frequently reported STEC serogroups that cause foodborne illness: O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145, and O157, along with VF genes stx1, stx2, eae, and ehxA. Through this screening process, STEC isolates were found in 2.35% (12/510) of water samples, while 9.0% (46/510) contained an atypical enteropathogenic E. coli (aEPEC) isolate. The eae gene (n = 88 isolates) was the most frequently detected EHEC VF of the isolates screened. The majority of STEC isolates (stx1 or stx2) genes mainly came from either a pond or reclamation pond water site on two specific dates, potentially indicating that these isolates were not spatially or temporally distributed among the sampling sites. STEC isolates at reclaimed water sites may have been introduced after wastewater treatment. None of the isolates containing eae were determined to be Escherichia albertii. Our work showed that STEC prevalence in Mid-Atlantic untreated surface waters over a 12-month period was lower than the prevalence of atypical EPEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Haymaker
- University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Department of Agriculture and Resource Sciences, Princess Anne, MD, United States
| | - Manan Sharma
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States.
| | - Salina Parveen
- University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Department of Agriculture and Resource Sciences, Princess Anne, MD, United States
| | - Fawzy Hashem
- University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Department of Agriculture and Resource Sciences, Princess Anne, MD, United States
| | - Eric B May
- University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Department of Agriculture and Resource Sciences, Princess Anne, MD, United States
| | - Eric T Handy
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Chanelle White
- University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Department of Agriculture and Resource Sciences, Princess Anne, MD, United States
| | - Cheryl East
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Rhodel Bradshaw
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Shirley A Micallef
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Mary Theresa Callahan
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Sarah Allard
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Brienna Anderson
- University of Delaware, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Shani Craighead
- University of Delaware, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Samantha Gartley
- University of Delaware, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Adam Vanore
- University of Delaware, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Kalmia E Kniel
- University of Delaware, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Sultana Solaiman
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Anthony Bui
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Rianna Murray
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Hillary A Craddock
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Prachi Kulkarni
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Derek Foust
- University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Department of Agriculture and Resource Sciences, Princess Anne, MD, United States
| | - Rico Duncan
- University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Department of Agriculture and Resource Sciences, Princess Anne, MD, United States
| | - Maryam Taabodi
- University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Department of Agriculture and Resource Sciences, Princess Anne, MD, United States
| | - Amy R Sapkota
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, United States
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11
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Allard SM, Solaiman S, Callahan MT, Bui A, Craddock H, Haymaker J, Foust D, Duncan R, Smyth E, Mongodin EF, Hashem F, May E, Micallef SA, Sapkota AR. Quenching by sodium thiosulfate does not influence 16S rRNA gene sequencing profiles of reclaimed water from three sites in the Mid-Atlantic, United States. Environ Res 2019; 172:296-300. [PMID: 30822563 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A quenching agent is commonly added to chlorinated, reclaimed water during sample collection to prevent chlorine-mediated die-off of viable microbiota. However, the effect of quenching on downstream 16S rRNA-based bacterial community analyses is unclear. We conducted a side-by-side comparison of 16S rRNA sequencing data from reclaimed water samples quenched with sodium thiosulfate and non-quenched samples. Our data showed that 16 S rRNA processing and sequencing methods, and resulting bacterial profiles, were not negatively impacted by quenching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Allard
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Sultana Solaiman
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Mary Theresa Callahan
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Anthony Bui
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Hillary Craddock
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Joseph Haymaker
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, United States
| | - Derek Foust
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, United States
| | - Rico Duncan
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, United States
| | - Eoghan Smyth
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Emmanuel F Mongodin
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Fawzy Hashem
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, United States
| | - Eric May
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD, United States
| | - Shirley A Micallef
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States; Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Amy R Sapkota
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland School of Public Health, College Park, MD, United States.
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12
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Zhu L, Torres M, Betancourt WQ, Sharma M, Micallef SA, Gerba C, Sapkota AR, Sapkota A, Parveen S, Hashem F, May E, Kniel K, Pop M, Ravishankar S. Incidence of fecal indicator and pathogenic bacteria in reclaimed and return flow waters in Arizona, USA. Environ Res 2019; 170:122-127. [PMID: 30579985 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The quality of irrigation water used to cultivate produce that is consumed raw is an important issue with regard to food safety. In this study, the microbiological quality of potential irrigation water sources in Arizona was evaluated by testing for the presence of indicator and pathogenic bacteria. Reclaimed water samples were collected from two wastewater treatment plants and return flow samples were collected from two drainage canals and one return flow pond. Standard membrane filtration methods were used for detection of indicator bacteria. Water samples (n = 28) were filtered through cellulose ester membrane filters and bacterial populations were enumerated by placing the filters on selective agar. For detection of pathogens (Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes and Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC)), water samples were filtered through Modified Moore swabs and enriched in Universal Pre-enrichment Broth, followed by selective enrichment broth for each pathogen. The enriched broth was streaked onto agar media selective for each pathogen. Presumptive colonies were confirmed by PCR/real-time PCR. Among the 14 reclaimed water samples from two sites, the ranges of recovered populations of E. coli, total coliforms, and enterococci were 0-1.3, 0.5-8.3 × 103, and 0-5.5 CFU/100 mL, respectively. No L. monocytogenes, Salmonella or STEC were found. In the 13 return flow water samples from 3 sites, the ranges of recovered populations of E. coli, total coliforms and enterococci were 1.9-5.3 × 102, 6.5 × 102-9.1 × 104, and 2.9-3.7× 103 CFU/100 mL, respectively. All samples were negative for L. monocytogenes. One (7.1%) of the return flow samples was positive for E. coli O145. Nine (64.3%) of the samples were positive for Salmonella. Both real-time PCR and culture-based methods were used for the detection of Salmonella and L. monocytogenes, and the results from the two methods were comparable. The findings of this study provide evidence that irrigation waters in Arizona, including reclaimed water and return flows, could be potential sources of bacterial contamination of produce. Additional work is needed to evaluate whether bacteria present in irrigation water sources transfer to the edible portion of irrigated plants and are capable of persisting through post-harvest activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Zhu
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Monique Torres
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Walter Q Betancourt
- Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 2959 W Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, United States
| | - Manan Sharma
- Environmental Microbial & Food Safety Lab, USDA-ARS, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Shirley A Micallef
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, 2126 Plant Sciences Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States; Centre for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Charles Gerba
- Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 2959 W Calle Agua Nueva, Tucson, AZ 85745, United States
| | - Amy R Sapkota
- School of Public Health, University of Maryland, 2234P SPH Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Amir Sapkota
- School of Public Health, University of Maryland, 2234P SPH Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Salina Parveen
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, United States
| | - Fawzy Hashem
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, United States
| | - Eric May
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, United States
| | - Kalmia Kniel
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, 044 Townsend Hall, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Mihai Pop
- Department of Computer Science & the Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, 8223 Paint Branch Drive, College Park, MD 20742, United States
| | - Sadhana Ravishankar
- School of Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, University of Arizona, 1117 E. Lowell Street, Tucson, AZ 85721, United States.
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13
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Kilonzo-Nthenge A, Liu S, Hashem F, Millner P, Githua S. Prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae on fresh produce and food safety practices in small-acreage farms in Tennessee, USA. J Verbrauch Lebensm 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00003-018-1172-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Grant A, Parveen S, Schwarz J, Hashem F, Vimini B. Reduction of Salmonella in ground chicken using a bacteriophage. Poult Sci 2018; 96:2845-2852. [PMID: 28371846 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study's goal was to ascertain the effectiveness of a commercially available Salmonella bacteriophage during ground chicken production focusing on: water source, different Salmonella serovars, and time. Salmonella-free boneless, skinless chicken meat was inoculated with 4.0 Log CFU/cm2 of either a cocktail of 3 Salmonella isolates derived from ground chicken (GC) or a cocktail of 3 Salmonella strains not isolated from ground chicken (non-GC). Bacteriophages were spread onto the chicken using sterile tap or filtered water for 30 min or 8 h. Salmonella was recovered using standard plating method. Greater Salmonella reduction was observed when the bacteriophage was diluted in sterile tap water than in sterile filtered water: 0.39 Log CFU/cm2 and 0.23 Log CFU/cm2 reduction after 30 min, respectively (P < 0.05). The non-GC isolates showed reductions of 0.71 Log CFU/cm2 and 0.90 Log CFU/cm2 after 30 min and 8 h, respectively (P < 0.05). The GC isolates were less sensitive to the bacteriophage: 0.39 Log CFU/cm2 and 0.67 Log CFU/cm2 reductions after 30 min and 8 h, respectively (P < 0.05). In conclusion, bacteriophage reduction was dependent on water used to dilute the bacteriophage, Salmonella's susceptibility to the bacteriophage, and treatment time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ar'Quette Grant
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853
| | - Salina Parveen
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853
| | - Jurgen Schwarz
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853
| | - Fawzy Hashem
- Department of Agriculture, Food, and Resource Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853
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15
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Sharma M, Dashiell G, Handy ET, East C, Reynnells R, White C, Nyarko E, Micallef S, Hashem F, Millner PD. Survival of Salmonella Newport on Whole and Fresh-Cut Cucumbers Treated with Lytic Bacteriophages. J Food Prot 2017; 80:668-673. [PMID: 28294684 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-16-449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella enterica associated with consumption of cucumbers ( Cucumis sativus ) has led to foodborne outbreaks in the United States. Whole and fresh-cut cucumbers are susceptible to S. enterica contamination during growing, harvesting, and postharvest handling. The application of lytic bacteriophages specific for S. enterica was evaluated to reduce Salmonella populations on cucumbers. Unwaxed cucumbers ('Lisboa' variety, or mini-cucumbers purchased at retail) were inoculated with Salmonella Newport (5 log CFU per cucumber) and were sprayed with 3.2 mL of phosphate-buffered saline (control) or 10 log PFU/ml of SalmoFresh, a Salmonella-specific bacteriophage preparation (phage), to deliver 4.76 × 107 PFU/cm2. Cucumbers were stored at 10 or 22°C for 7 days. Inoculated mini-cucumbers were sliced with a sterile knife to investigate Salmonella transfer to mesocarp, and cut pieces were stored at 4°C for 2 days. Populations (log CFU per cucumber) of Salmonella Newport on phage-treated whole cucumbers were significantly (P < 0.05) smaller (2.44 ± 0.94) than on control-treated cucumbers (4.27 ± 0.37) on day 0. Populations on phage-treated cucumbers stored at 10°C were 1.72 ± 0.77 and 1.56 ± 0.46, which were significantly lower than those on control-treated cucumbers (3.20 ± 0.48 and 2.33 ± 0.25) on days 1 and 4, respectively. Between days 0 and 1, populations on control-treated cucumbers stored at 10 and 22°C declined by 1.07 and 2.47 log CFU per cucumber, respectively. At 22°C, Salmonella Newport populations declined by 2.37 log CFU per cucumber between days 0 and 1. Phage application to whole cucumbers before slicing did not reduce the transfer of Salmonella Newport to fresh-cut slices. Lytic phage application may be a potential intervention to reduce Salmonella populations on whole cucumbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manan Sharma
- 1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| | - Gwendolyn Dashiell
- 2 University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Department of Agriculture, Princess Anne, Maryland 21853
| | - Eric T Handy
- 1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| | - Cheryl East
- 1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
| | - Russell Reynnells
- 2 University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Department of Agriculture, Princess Anne, Maryland 21853
| | - Chanelle White
- 2 University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Department of Agriculture, Princess Anne, Maryland 21853
| | - Esmond Nyarko
- 3 University of Delaware, Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Shirley Micallef
- 4 Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.,5 Center for Food Safety and Security Systems, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Fawzy Hashem
- 2 University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Department of Agriculture, Princess Anne, Maryland 21853
| | - Patricia D Millner
- 1 U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Northeast Area, Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland 20705
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Sharma M, Millner PD, Hashem F, Camp M, Whyte C, Graham L, Cotton CP. Survival and Persistence of Nonpathogenic Escherichia coli and Attenuated Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Soils Amended with Animal Manure in a Greenhouse Environment. J Food Prot 2016; 79:913-21. [PMID: 27296594 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-15-421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Animal manure provides benefits to agriculture but may contain pathogens that contaminate ready-to-eat produce. U.S. Department of Agriculture National Organic Program standards include 90- or 120-day intervals between application of manure and harvest of crop to minimize risks of pathogen contamination of fresh produce. Data on factors affecting survival of Escherichia coli in soils under greenhouse conditions are needed. Three separate studies were conducted to evaluate survival of nonpathogenic E. coli (gEc) and attenuated E. coli O157:H7 (attO157) inoculated at either low (4 log CFU/ml) or high (6 log CFU/ml) populations over 56 days. Studies involved two pot sizes (small, 398 cm(3); large, 89 liters), three soil types (sandy loam, SL; clay loam, CL; silt loam, SIL), and four amendments (poultry litter, PL; dairy manure liquids, DML; horse manure, HM; unamended). Amendments were applied to the surface of the soil in either small or large containers. Study 1, conducted in regularly irrigated small containers, showed that populations of gEc and attO157 (2.84 to 2.88 log CFU/g) in PL-amended soils were significantly (P < 0.05) greater than those in DML-amended (0.29 to 0.32 log CFU/g [dry weight] [gdw]) or unamended (0.25 to 0.28 log CFU/gdw) soils; soil type did not affect E. coli survival. Results from study 2, in large pots with CL and SIL, showed that PL-amended soils supported significantly higher attO157 and gEc populations compared with HM-amended or unamended soils. Study 3 compared results from small and large containers that received high inoculum simultaneously. Overall, in both small and large containers, PLamended soils supported higher gEc and attO157 populations compared with HM-amended and unamended soils. Populations of attO157 were significantly greater in small containers (1.83 log CFU/gdw) than in large containers (0.65 log CFU/gdw) at week 8, perhaps because small containers received more regular irrigation than large pots. Regular irrigation of small pots may have affected E. coli persistence in manure-amended soils. Overall, PL-amended soils in both small and large containers supported E. coli survival at higher populations compared with DML-, HM-, or unamended soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manan Sharma
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Building 173 BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA.
| | - Patricia D Millner
- Environmental Microbial and Food Safety Laboratory, Building 173 BARC-East, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - Fawzy Hashem
- Department of Agriculture, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland 21853, USA
| | - Mary Camp
- Northeast Area, Statistics Group, Building 005 BARC-West, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA
| | - Celia Whyte
- Department of Agriculture, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland 21853, USA
| | - Lorna Graham
- Department of Agriculture, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland 21853, USA
| | - Corrie P Cotton
- Department of Agriculture, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland 21853, USA
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Korir RC, Parveen S, Hashem F, Bowers J. Microbiological quality of fresh produce obtained from retail stores on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, United States of America. Food Microbiol 2016; 56:29-34. [PMID: 26919815 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the microbiological quality of six types of fresh produce obtained from three retail stores located on the Eastern Shore of Maryland, USA. A total of 414 samples representing basil, cilantro, lettuce, scallion, spinach, and parsley were analyzed for total aerobic bacteria (APC), total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and three pathogenic bacteria (E. coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, and Salmonella), using standard methods. Presumptive pathogenic isolates were confirmed using BAX Polymerase Chain Reaction. Total aerobic populations varied widely between samples, while 38.41% were positive for total coliforms and only 10.15% for E. coli. Median abundance (log CFU/g) of total coliforms and E. coli were less than the limit of detection and that of APC ranged from 5.78 to 6.61 over the six produce types. There was a statistically significant difference in prevalence of total coliforms among the retail stores, but not for abundance of APC or prevalence of E. coli. E. coli O157:H7 and L. monocytogenes were detected in one spinach sample each, while one parsley and one cilantro sample were positive for Salmonella. There were no statistically significant differences in microbiological quality among produce types. Although the results of this study provided some indices of sanitary and/or spoilage level, no relationship was observed among the total aerobic bacteria, total coliforms, E. coli, and the presence of pathogenic bacteria in the samples tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Cheruiyot Korir
- Food Science and Technology Ph.D. Program, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - Salina Parveen
- Food Science and Technology Ph.D. Program, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA.
| | - Fawzy Hashem
- Food Science and Technology Ph.D. Program, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, MD 21853, USA
| | - John Bowers
- U. S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD 20740, USA
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Abdrabbo M, Hashem F, Abul-Soud M, Abd-Elrahman S. Sustainable Production of Cabbage Using Different Irrigation Levels and Fertilizer Types Affecting Some Soil Chemical Characteristics. IJPSS 2015; 8:1-13. [DOI: 10.9734/ijpss/2015/17590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Al-Qattan MM, Al-Lazzam AM, Al Thunayan A, Al Namlah A, Mahmoud S, Hashem F, Tulbah A. CLASSIFICATION OF BENIGN FATTY TUMOURS OF THE UPPER LIMB. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 10:43-59. [PMID: 16106500 DOI: 10.1142/s0218810405002541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, the authors offer a classification of benign fatty tumours of the upper limb. There are three histologically distinct types of fat cells: immature fat cells which give rise to lipoblastomas, mature brown fat cells which give rise to hibernomas and mature white fat cells which give rise to lipomas. Lipomas are the most common and they are sub-classified according to the anatomic site of fat cells into dermal, subcutaneous and sub-fascial lipomas; or tumours directly related to muscle, bone, synovium or nerve. Finally, the authors review 67 patients with benign fatty tumours of the upper limb and provide clinical examples of these tumours including their characteristic histological and radiological features.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Al-Qattan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, King Saud University, King Fahad National Guard Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Abstract
Two tuft fractures of the distal phalanx had a unique fracture pattern with significant displacement of the proximal fracture fragment into the pulp of the finger. Both fractures were irreducible by closed means, probably due to entrapment of bony spikes within the fibrous septa of the pulp or overlapping of the proximal and distal fracture fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Al Qattan
- Division of Plastic Surgery, King Saud University and King Faisal Specialist Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Sedaghatian MR, Hashem F, Moshaddeque Hossain M. Bacille Calmette Guérin vaccination in pre-term infants. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1998; 2:679-82. [PMID: 9712284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccine in pre-term infants. DESIGN BCG vaccine was given to three groups of neonates: 1) 36 pre-terms born at different gestational ages (GA) vaccinated at birth, 2) 16 pre-terms vaccinated at 40 weeks post conceptional age, and 3) 20 full-terms vaccinated at birth. All of the infants were tested by purified protein derivative (PPD) 2-4 months post vaccination. RESULT The mean sizes of BCG scarring and PPD tuberculin induration were largest in full-term and smallest in pre-term infants vaccinated at birth. The pre-term infants of lower GA (27-33 weeks) had non-significantly smaller BCG scar and PPD induration than the pre-terms of higher GA (34-36 weeks). The results of logistic regression analyses revealed that female infants were more likely to have a BCG scar, and both birth weight and female sex were significantly associated with a reactive PPD induration. CONCLUSION This study indicates that male pre-term infants of lower GA (<33 weeks) are less likely to develop BCG scar and a reactive PPD tuberculin test after BCG vaccination. These findings do not support routine BCG vaccination at birth of pre-term neonates of GA <33 weeks. Studies including larger groups of infants are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Sedaghatian
- Department of Neonatal Medicine and Surgery, Mafraq Hospital, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Affiliation(s)
- S al-Hajjar
- Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Abstract
We report a patient suffering from necrotizing fasciitis. The principal pathogen was Streptococcus pneumoniae. As far as we are aware, this is the first reported case of necrotizing fasciitis (NF) attributable to this organism. We discuss the pathogenesis of NF, and review the literature relating to this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Choudhri
- Section of Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Chuang DC, Lee GW, Hashem F, Wei FC. Restoration of shoulder abduction by nerve transfer in avulsed brachial plexus injury: evaluation of 99 patients with various nerve transfers. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995; 96:122-8. [PMID: 7604091 DOI: 10.1097/00006534-199507000-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
During the 5-year period between 1987 and 1991, 99 patients with total root or upper root (C5, C6, or C7) injuries were treated by nerve transfer to obtain shoulder abduction. More than eight different combinations of coaptation between donor nerves (intercostal nerves, phrenic nerve, spinal accessory nerve, ipsilateral C7, or cervical motor nerves) and recipient nerves (suprascapular nerve, axillary nerve, and upper trunk or C5) were applied. All patients had at least 2 years of follow-up. Different results were obtained in each category. Simultaneous neurotization of the suprascapular and axillary nerves with the phrenic and spinal accessory nerves obtained much better and more reliable shoulder abduction. Neurotization of the C5 spinal nerve by multiple nerve transfers was another good option that yielded good shoulder abduction in a single patient. If the phrenic nerve was traumatized, neurotization of the suprascapular nerve solely with the spinal accessory nerve was still capable of achieving an acceptable range of shoulder abduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Chuang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Hashem F, Stranc M. Opponensplasty hypothenar muscles transfer. Plast Surg (Oakv) 1993. [DOI: 10.4172/plastic-surgery.1000010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Hashem F, Ramadan E, el-Said Y. Effect of suspending agents on the characteristics of some anti-inflammatory suspensions. Pharmazie 1987; 42:732-5. [PMID: 3438338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The effect of suspending agents on the physical stability and in vitro availability of mefenamic acid, flufenamic acid, glafenine, ibuprofen and azapropazone suspensions was studied. The ulcerogenic effect of these formulated suspensions on the stomach of rats was also investigated. The results revealed that 2% veegum and 2% sorbitol gave the best formulated suspension for glafenine as compared to other formulations. On the other hand, 2% veegum, 2% sobitol and 1% avicel was found to improve the physical stability of mefenamic acid and flufenamic acid suspensions. Also, the combination of 1% veegum, 1% sorbitol and 1% algin produced excellent suspension for ibuprofen and azapropazone as compared to other combinations. The results of in vitro release data proved an optimal availability of the above mentioned formulations. In addition, significant reduction in the gastric erosions in stomach of rats was observed in all mentioned suspensions except glafenine suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hashem
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, A.R.E
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