1
|
Hulmi JJ, Penna F, Pöllänen N, Nissinen TA, Hentilä J, Euro L, Lautaoja JH, Ballarò R, Soliymani R, Baumann M, Ritvos O, Pirinen E, Lalowski M. Muscle NAD + depletion and Serpina3n as molecular determinants of murine cancer cachexia-the effects of blocking myostatin and activins. Mol Metab 2020; 41:101046. [PMID: 32599075 PMCID: PMC7364159 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Cancer cachexia and muscle loss are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. In preclinical animal models, blocking activin receptor (ACVR) ligands has improved survival and prevented muscle wasting in cancer cachexia without an effect on tumour growth. However, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. This study aimed to identify cancer cachexia and soluble ACVR (sACVR) administration-evoked changes in muscle proteome. Methods Healthy and C26 tumour-bearing (TB) mice were treated with recombinant sACVR. The sACVR or PBS control were administered either prior to the tumour formation or by continued administration before and after tumour formation. Muscles were analysed by quantitative proteomics with further examination of mitochondria and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) metabolism. To complement the first prophylactic experiment, sACVR (or PBS) was injected as a treatment after tumour cell inoculation. Results Muscle proteomics in TB cachectic mice revealed downregulated signatures for mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and increased acute phase response (APR). These were accompanied by muscle NAD+ deficiency, alterations in NAD+ biosynthesis including downregulation of nicotinamide riboside kinase 2 (Nrk2), and decreased muscle protein synthesis. The disturbances in NAD+ metabolism and protein synthesis were rescued by treatment with sACVR. Across the whole proteome and APR, in particular, Serpina3n represented the most upregulated protein and the strongest predictor of cachexia. However, the increase in Serpina3n expression was associated with increased inflammation rather than decreased muscle mass and/or protein synthesis. Conclusions We present evidence implicating disturbed muscle mitochondrial OXPHOS proteome and NAD+ homeostasis in experimental cancer cachexia. Treatment of TB mice with a blocker of activin receptor ligands restores depleted muscle NAD+ and Nrk2, as well as decreased muscle protein synthesis. These results indicate putative new treatment therapies for cachexia and that although acute phase protein Serpina3n may serve as a predictor of cachexia, it more likely reflects a condition of elevated inflammation. Cachectic muscle proteome shows decreased OXPHOS and increased acute phase response. Cancer cachexia is characterized by lowered muscle Nrk2 expression and NAD+ levels. Blocking activin receptor 2B ligands rescues muscle NAD+ homeostasis in cachexia. Blocking activin receptor 2B ligands prevents affected protein synthesis in cachexia. Serpina3n predicts cachexia and cancer-induced APR independently from muscle atrophy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Hulmi
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, NeuroMuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - F Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - N Pöllänen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - T A Nissinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, NeuroMuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - J Hentilä
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, NeuroMuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - L Euro
- Stem Cells and Metabolism Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - J H Lautaoja
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, NeuroMuscular Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - R Ballarò
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - R Soliymani
- Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, HiLIFE, Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry and Developmental biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Baumann
- Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, HiLIFE, Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry and Developmental biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - O Ritvos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - E Pirinen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - M Lalowski
- Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, HiLIFE, Faculty of Medicine, Biochemistry and Developmental biology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ceprián M, Vargas C, García-Toscano L, Penna F, Jiménez-Sánchez L, Achicallende S, Elezgarai I, Grandes P, Hind W, Pazos MR, Martínez-Orgado J. Cannabidiol Administration Prevents Hypoxia-Ischemia-Induced Hypomyelination in Newborn Rats. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1131. [PMID: 31611802 PMCID: PMC6775595 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is a risk factor for myelination disturbances, a key factor for cerebral palsy. Cannabidiol (CBD) protects neurons and glial cells after HI insult in newborn animals. We hereby aimed to study CBD’s effects on long-lasting HI-induced myelination deficits in newborn rats. Thus, P7 Wistar rats received s.c. vehicle (HV) or cannabidiol (HC) after HI brain damage (left carotid artery electrocoagulation plus 10% O2 for 112 min). Controls were non-HI pups. At P37, neurobehavioral tests were performed and immunohistochemistry [quantifying mature oligodendrocyte (mOL) populations and myelin basic protein (MBP) density] and electron microscopy (determining axon number, size, and myelin thickness) studies were conducted in cortex (CX) and white matter (WM). Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) were analyzed by western blot at P14. HI reduced mOL or MBP in CX but not in WM. In both CX and WM, axon density and myelin thickness were reduced. MBP impairment correlated with functional deficits. CBD administration resulted in normal function associated with normal mOL and MBP, as well as normal axon density and myelin thickness in all areas. CBD’s effects were not associated with increased BDNF or GDNF expression. In conclusion, HI injury in newborn rats resulted in long-lasting myelination disturbance, associated with functional impairment. CBD treatment preserved function and myelination, likely as a part of a general neuroprotective effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Ceprián
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Health Research Institute Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Vargas
- Division of Neonatology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos - IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura García-Toscano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.,CIBER de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Federica Penna
- Department of DBSV, Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Laura Jiménez-Sánchez
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Health Research Institute Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Svein Achicallende
- School of Medicine and Nursery, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Izaskun Elezgarai
- School of Medicine and Nursery, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Pedro Grandes
- School of Medicine and Nursery, Universidad del País Vasco, Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - M Ruth Pazos
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Health Research Institute Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio de Apoyo a la Investigación, Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Martínez-Orgado
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Health Research Institute Puerta de Hierro Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.,Division of Neonatology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos - IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Prini P, Rusconi F, Zamberletti E, Gabaglio M, Penna F, Fasano M, Battaglioli E, Parolaro D, Rubino T. Adolescent THC exposure in female rats leads to cognitive deficits through a mechanism involving chromatin modifications in the prefrontal cortex. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2018; 43. [PMID: 29481316 PMCID: PMC5837889 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.170082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing cannabis consumption among adolescents, studies that link its early use with mental illnesses, and the political debate on cannabis legalization together call for an urgent need to study molecular underpinnings of adolescent brain vulnerability. The emerging role of epigenetic mechanisms in psychiatric diseases led us to hypothesize that epigenetic alterations could play a role in causes and subsequent development of the depressive/psychotic-like phenotype induced by adolescent, but not adult, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) exposure in female rats. METHODS We performed a time-course analysis of histone modifications, chromatin remodelling enzymes and gene expression in the prefrontal cortex of female rats after adolescent and adult THC exposure. We also administered a specific epigenetic drug (chaetocin) with THC to investigate its impact on THC-induced behavioural alterations. RESULTS Adolescent THC exposure induced alterations of selective histone modifications (mainly H3K9me3), impacting the expression of genes closely associated with synaptic plasticity. Changes in both histone modifications and gene expression were more widespread and intense after adolescent treatment, suggesting specific adolescent susceptibility. Adolescent THC exposure significantly increased Suv39H1 levels, which could account for the enhanced H3K9me3. Pharmacological blockade of H3K9me3 during adolescent THC treatment prevented THC-induced cognitive deficits, suggesting the relevant role played by H3K9me3 in THC-induced effects. LIMITATIONS Only female rats were investigated, and the expression studies were limited to a specific subset of genes. CONCLUSION Through a mechanism involving SUV39H1, THC modifies histone modifications and, thereby, expression of plasticity genes. This pathway appears to be relevant for the development of cognitive deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Prini
- From the Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio VA, Italy (Prini, Zamberletti, Gabaglio, Penna, Parolaro, Rubino); the Neuroscience Center, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio VA, Italy (Prini, Zamberletti, Gabaglio, Fasano, Parolaro, Rubino); the Department of Medical Biotecnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Segrate MI, Italy (Rusconi, Battaglioli); and the Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio VA, Italy (Fasano)
| | - Franceso Rusconi
- From the Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio VA, Italy (Prini, Zamberletti, Gabaglio, Penna, Parolaro, Rubino); the Neuroscience Center, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio VA, Italy (Prini, Zamberletti, Gabaglio, Fasano, Parolaro, Rubino); the Department of Medical Biotecnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Segrate MI, Italy (Rusconi, Battaglioli); and the Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio VA, Italy (Fasano)
| | - Erica Zamberletti
- From the Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio VA, Italy (Prini, Zamberletti, Gabaglio, Penna, Parolaro, Rubino); the Neuroscience Center, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio VA, Italy (Prini, Zamberletti, Gabaglio, Fasano, Parolaro, Rubino); the Department of Medical Biotecnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Segrate MI, Italy (Rusconi, Battaglioli); and the Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio VA, Italy (Fasano)
| | - Marina Gabaglio
- From the Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio VA, Italy (Prini, Zamberletti, Gabaglio, Penna, Parolaro, Rubino); the Neuroscience Center, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio VA, Italy (Prini, Zamberletti, Gabaglio, Fasano, Parolaro, Rubino); the Department of Medical Biotecnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Segrate MI, Italy (Rusconi, Battaglioli); and the Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio VA, Italy (Fasano)
| | - Federica Penna
- From the Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio VA, Italy (Prini, Zamberletti, Gabaglio, Penna, Parolaro, Rubino); the Neuroscience Center, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio VA, Italy (Prini, Zamberletti, Gabaglio, Fasano, Parolaro, Rubino); the Department of Medical Biotecnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Segrate MI, Italy (Rusconi, Battaglioli); and the Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio VA, Italy (Fasano)
| | - Mauro Fasano
- From the Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio VA, Italy (Prini, Zamberletti, Gabaglio, Penna, Parolaro, Rubino); the Neuroscience Center, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio VA, Italy (Prini, Zamberletti, Gabaglio, Fasano, Parolaro, Rubino); the Department of Medical Biotecnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Segrate MI, Italy (Rusconi, Battaglioli); and the Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio VA, Italy (Fasano)
| | - Elena Battaglioli
- From the Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio VA, Italy (Prini, Zamberletti, Gabaglio, Penna, Parolaro, Rubino); the Neuroscience Center, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio VA, Italy (Prini, Zamberletti, Gabaglio, Fasano, Parolaro, Rubino); the Department of Medical Biotecnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Segrate MI, Italy (Rusconi, Battaglioli); and the Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio VA, Italy (Fasano)
| | - Daniela Parolaro
- From the Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio VA, Italy (Prini, Zamberletti, Gabaglio, Penna, Parolaro, Rubino); the Neuroscience Center, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio VA, Italy (Prini, Zamberletti, Gabaglio, Fasano, Parolaro, Rubino); the Department of Medical Biotecnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Segrate MI, Italy (Rusconi, Battaglioli); and the Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio VA, Italy (Fasano)
| | - Tiziana Rubino
- From the Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio VA, Italy (Prini, Zamberletti, Gabaglio, Penna, Parolaro, Rubino); the Neuroscience Center, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio VA, Italy (Prini, Zamberletti, Gabaglio, Fasano, Parolaro, Rubino); the Department of Medical Biotecnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milano, Segrate MI, Italy (Rusconi, Battaglioli); and the Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio VA, Italy (Fasano)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Prini P, Penna F, Sciuccati E, Alberio T, Rubino T. Chronic Δ⁸-THC Exposure Differently Affects Histone Modifications in the Adolescent and Adult Rat Brain. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18102094. [PMID: 28976920 PMCID: PMC5666776 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescence represents a vulnerable period for the psychiatric consequences of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ⁸-THC) exposure, however, the molecular underpinnings of this vulnerability remain to be established. Histone modifications are emerging as important epigenetic mechanisms involved in the etiopathogenesis of psychiatric diseases, thus, we investigated the impact of chronic Δ⁸-THC exposure on histone modifications in different brain areas of female rats. We checked histone modifications associated to both transcriptional repression (H3K9 di- and tri-methylation, H3K27 tri-methylation) and activation (H3K9 and H3K14 acetylation) after adolescent and adult chronic Δ⁸-THC exposure in the hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, and amygdala. Chronic exposure to increasing doses of Δ⁸-THC for 11 days affected histone modifications in a region- and age-specific manner. The primary effect in the adolescent brain was represented by changes leading to transcriptional repression, whereas the one observed after adult treatment led to transcriptional activation. Moreover, only in the adolescent brain, the primary effect was followed by a homeostatic response to counterbalance the Δ⁸-THC-induced repressive effect, except in the amygdala. The presence of a more complex response in the adolescent brain may be part of the mechanisms that make the adolescent brain vulnerable to Δ⁸-THC adverse effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Prini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, VA, Italy.
- Neuroscience Center, University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, VA, Italy.
| | - Federica Penna
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, VA, Italy.
| | - Emanuele Sciuccati
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, VA, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Alberio
- Neuroscience Center, University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, VA, Italy.
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, VA, Italy.
| | - Tiziana Rubino
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, VA, Italy.
- Neuroscience Center, University of Insubria, 21052 Busto Arsizio, VA, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cachexia is a syndrome characterized by body weight loss, muscle wasting and metabolic abnormalities, that frequently complicates the management of people affected by chronic diseases. No effective therapy is actually available, although several drugs are under clinical evaluation. Altered energy metabolism markedly contributes to the pathogenesis of cachexia; it can be improved by exercise, which is able to both induce anabolism and inhibit catabolism. AREAS COVERED This review focuses on exercise mimetics and their potential inclusion in combined protocols to treat cachexia. The authors pay with particular reference to the cancer-associated cachexia. EXPERT OPINION Even though exercise improves muscle phenotype, most patients retain sedentary habits which are quite difficult to disrupt. Moreover, they frequently present with chronic fatigue and comorbidities that reduce exercise tolerance. For these reasons, drugs mimicking exercise could be beneficial to those who are unable to comply with the practice of physical activity. Since some exercise mimetics may exert serious side effects, further investigations should focus on treatments which maintain their effectiveness on muscle phenotype while remaining tolerable at the same time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Penna
- a Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy.,b Interuniversity Institute of Myology , Italy
| | - F Pin
- a Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy.,b Interuniversity Institute of Myology , Italy
| | - R Ballarò
- a Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy.,b Interuniversity Institute of Myology , Italy
| | - F M Baccino
- a Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy
| | - P Costelli
- a Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences , University of Turin , Turin , Italy.,b Interuniversity Institute of Myology , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Aversa Z, Pin F, Lucia S, Penna F, Verzaro R, Vuolo G, Rossi Fanelli F, Costelli P, Muscaritoli M. OP007: Autophagy is Induced in the Skeletal Muscle in Human Cancer Cachexia. Clin Nutr 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0261-5614(14)50007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
7
|
Garcia C, Toledo M, Espona-Fiedler M, Aylwin M, Soto-Cerrato V, Penna F, López-Soriano F, Argilés J, Pérez-Tomás R, Busquets S. 1007 Prodigiosin Increases Ubiquitin-ligases Gene Expression in Human Melanoma Cell Line SK-MEL-5. Eur J Cancer 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(12)71625-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
8
|
Penna F, Bonelli G, Baccino FM, Costelli P. Cytotoxic properties of clofibrate and other peroxisome proliferators: relevance to cancer progression. Curr Med Chem 2010; 17:309-20. [PMID: 20015045 DOI: 10.2174/092986710790192712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2009] [Accepted: 01/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The biological activity of peroxisome proliferators (PPs) is mediated by a class of receptors, known as PPARs (PP-Activated Receptor), belonging to the nuclear receptor superfamily. Upon ligand binding, PPARs dimerize with retinoid receptors, translocate to the nucleus, recognize specific PP-responsive elements on DNA and transactivate a number of genes. Several processes are regulated by PPARs, such as mitochondrial and peroxisomal fatty acid uptake and beta-oxidation, inflammation, intracellular lipid trafficking, cell proliferation and death. In addition, PPARs have been proposed to act as tumor suppressors or as tumor promoters, depending on the circumstances. In particular, PPs have been extensively studied for their hepatocarcinogenic action in rodents, most often ascribed to their antiapoptotic action. Recent evidence, however, has been provided about the antiproliferative, proapoptotic, and differentiation-promoting activities displayed by PPAR ligands. The present review will focus on the cytotoxic effects exerted by several PPs, among which clofibrate, on different types of tumor cells, with particular reference to the mechanisms of cell death and to their relevance to cancer induction and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Penna
- Department of Experimental, Medicine and Oncology, University of Torino, Corso Raffaello 30, Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Bonetto A, Penna F, Minero VG, Reffo P, Bonelli G, Baccino FM, Costelli P. Deacetylase inhibitors modulate the myostatin/follistatin axis without improving cachexia in tumor-bearing mice. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2009; 9:608-16. [PMID: 19508174 DOI: 10.2174/156800909789057015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Muscle wasting, as occurring in cancer cachexia, is primarily characterized by protein hypercatabolism and increased expression of ubiquitin ligases, such as atrogin-1/MAFbx and MuRF-1. Myostatin, a member of the TGFbeta superfamily, negatively regulates skeletal muscle mass and we showed that increased myostatin signaling occurs in experimental cancer cachexia. On the other hand, enhanced expression of follistatin, an antagonist of myostatin, by inhibitors of histone deacetylases, such as valproic acid or trichostatin-A, has been shown to increase myogenesis and myofiber size in mdx mice. For this reason, in the present study we evaluated whether valproic acid or trichostatin-A can restore muscle mass in C26 tumor-bearing mice. Tumor growth induces a marked and progressive loss of body and muscle weight, associated with increased expression of myostatin and ubiquitin ligases. Treatment with valproic acid decreases muscle myostatin levels and enhances both follistatin expression and the inactivating phosphorylation of GSK-3beta, while these parameters are not affected by trichostatin-A. Neither agent, however, counteracts muscle atrophy or ubiquitin ligase hyperexpression. Therefore, modulation of the myostatin/follistatin axis in itself does not appear sufficient to correct muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Bonetto
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Penna F, Reffo P, Muzio G, Canuto RA, Baccino FM, Bonelli G, Costelli P. Mechanisms of clofibrate-induced apoptosis in Yoshida AH-130 hepatoma cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 77:169-76. [PMID: 18983831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Revised: 10/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/06/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferators (PPs) are a class of compounds that exert their nominal effects through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors. PPs, among which clofibrate (CF), have been extensively studied for their hepatocarcinogenic properties in rodents, generally ascribed to their antiapoptotic action. However, previous results demonstrated that various PPs may also have apoptogenic properties. CF, in particular, promptly induces a massive apoptotic death in cell lines established from murine or human hepatomas and from breast or lung cancers as well. The present study was aimed at elucidating the apoptotic pathway(s) triggered by CF in AH-130 cells. The results show that CF-induced cell death is completely blocked by the poly-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk and that caspases 3, 8, and 9 are early activated. Consistently, cytochrome c is released from mitochondria, and CF cytotoxicity is inhibited by cyclosporine A, partially at least. In addition, the occurrence of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is suggested by the observation that the levels of phosphorylated eIF2alpha and JNK increase in CF-treated cells, while the caspase 2 precursor protein levels are concurrently reduced. Finally, some degree of calpain activation also takes place, as suggested by the appearance of fodrin cleavage products. The present findings demonstrate that CF-induced apoptosis in the Yoshida AH-130 cells basically is a caspase-dependent process that involves more than a single mechanisms. Activation of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and ER stress both play a major and concurrent role, while calpain activation seems to have only a marginal part in the process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Penna
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Costelli P, Muscaritoli M, Bonetto A, Penna F, Reffo P, Bossola M, Bonelli G, Doglietto GB, Baccino FM, Rossi Fanelli F. Muscle myostatin signalling is enhanced in experimental cancer cachexia. Eur J Clin Invest 2008; 38:531-8. [PMID: 18578694 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2008.01970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Myostatin belongs to the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily and negatively regulates skeletal muscle mass. Its deletion induces muscle overgrowth, while, on the contrary, its overexpression or systemic administration cause muscle atrophy. The present study was aimed at investigating whether muscle depletion as occurring in an experimental model of cancer cachexia, the rat bearing the Yoshida AH-130 hepatoma, is associated with modulations of myostatin signalling and whether the cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha may be relevant in this regard. MATERIALS AND METHODS Protein levels of myostatin, follistatin (myostatin endogenous inhibitor) and the activin receptor type IIB have been evaluated in the gastrocnemius of tumour-bearing rats by Western blotting. Circulating myostatin and follistatin in tumour hosts were evaluated by immunoprecipitation, while the DNA-binding activity of the SMAD transcription factors was determined by electrophoretic-mobility shift assay. RESULTS In day 4 tumour hosts muscle myostatin levels were comparable to controls, yet follistatin was reduced, and SMAD DNA-binding activity was enhanced. At day 7, both myostatin and follistatin increased in tumour bearers, while SMAD DNA-binding activity was unchanged. To investigate whether tumour necrosis factor-alpha contributed to induce such changes, rats were administered pentoxifylline, an inhibitor of tumour necrosis factor-alpha synthesis that partially corrects muscle depletion in tumour-bearing rats. The drug reduced both myostatin expression and SMAD DNA-binding activity in day 4 tumour hosts and up-regulated follistatin at day 7. CONCLUSIONS These observations suggest that myostatin pathway should be regarded as a potential therapeutic target in cancer cachexia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Costelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Oncology Università di Torino, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
We analyze the time decay of small amplitude density perturbations in systems of highly packed Brownian hard rods, relaxing towards a uniform density distribution. The results of Brownian dynamics simulations and those of the deterministic dynamic density functional (DDF) theory, are contrasted with a new theoretical approach beyond the DDF assumptions. We characterize dynamical correlation modes which, having the lowest relaxation time, determine the late time evolution of the system. The spectrum of possible time decays has a continuous band structure, with pockets of discrete values, near the minima of the DDF results, where the validity of that theory appears to be well established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Penna
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Harnau L, Penna F, Dietrich S. Colloidal hard-rod fluids near geometrically structured substrates. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2004; 70:021505. [PMID: 15447494 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.70.021505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Density functional theory is used to study colloidal hard-rod fluids near an individual right-angled wedge or edge as well as near a hard wall, which is periodically patterned with rectangular barriers. The Zwanzig model, in which the orientations of the rods are restricted to three orthogonal orientations but their positions can vary continuously, is analyzed by numerical minimization of the grand potential. Density and orientational order profiles, excess adsorptions, as well as surface and line tensions are determined. The calculations exhibit an enrichment [depletion] of rods lying parallel and close to the corner of the wedge (edge). For the fluid near the geometrically patterned wall, complete wetting of the wall-isotropic liquid interface by a nematic film occurs as a two-stage process in which first the nematic phase fills the space between the barriers until an almost planar isotropic-nematic liquid interface has formed separating the higher-density nematic fluid in the space between the barriers from the lower-density isotropic bulk fluid. In the second stage, a nematic film of diverging film thickness develops upon approaching bulk-isotropic-nematic coexistence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Harnau
- Max-Planck-Institut für Metallforschung, Heisenbergstr. 3, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Penna F, Dzubiella J, Tarazona P. Dynamic density functional study of a driven colloidal particle in polymer solutions. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2003; 68:061407. [PMID: 14754204 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.68.061407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic density functional (DDF) theory and standard Brownian dynamics simulations (BDS) are used to study the drifting effects of a colloidal particle in a polymer solution, both for ideal and interacting polymers. The structure of the stationary density distributions and the total induced current are analyzed for different drifting rates. We find good agreement with the BDS, which gives support to the assumptions of the DDF theory. The qualitative aspect of the density distribution are discussed and compared to recent results for driven colloids in one-dimensional channels and to analytical expansions for the ideal solution limit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Penna
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Penna F, Tarazona P. Dynamic density functional theory for steady currents: Application to colloidal particles in narrow channels. J Chem Phys 2003. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1582434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
16
|
Norton R, Leite J, Vieira E, Bambirra E, Moura C, Penna G, Penna F. Use of nucleotides in weanling rats with diarrhea induced by a lactose overload: effect on the evolution of diarrhea and weight and on the histopathology of intestine, liver and spleen. Braz J Med Biol Res 2001; 34:195-202. [PMID: 11175494 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2001000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Until recently, dietary sources of nucleotides were thought not to be essential for good nutrition. Certain states with higher metabolic demands may require larger amounts that cannot be provided by endogenous production. The objective of the present study was to determine the action of nucleotides on the recovery from lactose-induced diarrhea in weaned rats. Thirty-six weanling Fisher rats were divided into two groups. Group 1 received a standard diet and group 2 received a diet containing lactose in place of starch. On the 10th day, six animals per group were sacrificed for histopathological evaluation. The remaining animals were divided into two other subgroups, each with 6 animals, receiving a control diet, a control diet with nucleotides (0.05% adenosine monophosphate, 0.05% guanosine monophosphate, 0.05% cytidine monophosphate, 0.05% uridine monophosphate and 0.05% inosine monophosphate), a diet with lactose, and a diet with lactose and nucleotides. On the 32nd day of the experiment all animals were sacrificed. Animals with diarrhea weighed less than animals without diarrhea. The introduction of nucleotides did not lead to weight gain. Mean diet consumption was lower in the group that continued to ingest lactose, with the group receiving lactose plus nucleotides showing a lower mean consumption. Animals receiving lactose had inflammatory reaction and deposits of periodic acid-Schiff-positive material in intestinal, hepatic and splenic tissues. The introduction of nucleotides led to an improvement of the intestinal inflammatory reaction. In lactose-induced diarrhea, when the stimulus is maintained--lactose overload--the nucleotides have a limited action on the weight gain and on recovery of intestinal morphology, although they have a protective effect on hepatic injury and improve the inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Norton
- Departamento de Pediatria, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Carrizo R, Sosa ME, Favier LS, Penna F, Guerreiro E, Giordano OS, Tonn CE. Growth-inhibitory activities of benzofuran and chromene derivatives toward Tenebrio molitor. J Nat Prod 1998; 61:1209-1211. [PMID: 9784153 DOI: 10.1021/np9800248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Growth-inhibitory activities of selected natural benzofurans (4-9), trans-cinnamic acid derivatives (10-13), chromene compounds (14 and 16), and some semisynthetic derivatives were determined in last instar larvae of Tenebrio molitor via topical administration in Me2CO. The most inhibitory of the tested compounds were 3-gamma, gamma-dimethylallyl-p-coumaric acid (10) and the benzofuran derivative 12-(p-cumaroyloxy)-tremetone (5), the former compound acting on the pupae and the latter on the last instar larvae. Several developmental deficiencies were observed, and some structure-activity relationships are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Carrizo
- Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, Chacabuco y Pedernera, 5700, San Luis, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Drivers and companies operating in the heavy road transport industry were surveyed about drivers' hours of work and perceptions of the causes and magnitude of fatigue as an industry problem. These drivers were operating in a state which, at the time of the survey, did not restrict driving hours for heavy haulage drivers. On the day of the interview, estimates based on retrospective and prospective reports, suggest that in a 24 hour period about 38% of drivers exceed 14 hours of driving, and 51% exceed 14 hours of driving plus other non-driving work. About 12% of drivers reported less than 4 hours of sleep on one or more working days in the week preceding the interview. These drivers are likely to be operating their vehicles while having a significant sleep debt. About 20% of drivers reported less than 6 hours sleep before starting their current journey, but nearly 40% of dangerous events that occurred on the journey were reported by these drivers (p < 0.05). Many drivers and company representatives reported fatigue to be a problem for other drivers, but considered themselves or their companies' drivers to be relatively unaffected by fatigue. There were differences between drivers' and companies' perceptions about causes of fatigue, and strategies that should be used to manage it. The results obtained from these drivers in an unregulated state were compared with earlier findings from drivers in states where driving hours restrictions are in place.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P K Arnold
- Psychology Division, Murdoch University, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|