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Alpay B, Cimen B, Akaydin E, Onat F, Bolay H, Sara Y. Extrasynaptic δGABAA receptors mediate resistance to migraine-like phenotype in rats. J Headache Pain 2024; 25:75. [PMID: 38724972 PMCID: PMC11083752 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-024-01777-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GABA, a key inhibitory neurotransmitter, has synaptic and extrasynaptic receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. Background GABA, which spills over from the synaptic cleft, acts on extrasynaptic delta subunit containing GABAA receptors. The role of extrasynaptic GABAergic input in migraine is unknown. We investigated the susceptibility to valid migraine-provoking substances with clinically relevant behavioral readouts in Genetic Absence Epilepsy of Rats Strasbourg (GAERS), in which the GABAergic tonus was altered. Subsequently, we screened relevant GABAergic mechanisms in Wistar rats by pharmacological means to identify the mechanisms. METHODS Wistar and GAERS rats were administered nitroglycerin (10 mg/kg) or levcromakalim (1 mg/kg). Mechanical allodynia and photophobia were assessed using von Frey monofilaments and a dark-light box. Effects of GAT-1 blocker tiagabine (5 mg/kg), GABAB receptor agonist baclofen (2 mg/kg), synaptic GABAA receptor agonist diazepam (1 mg/kg), extrasynaptic GABAA receptor agonists gaboxadol (4 mg/kg), and muscimol (0.75 mg/kg), T-type calcium channel blocker ethosuximide (100 mg/kg) or synaptic GABAA receptor antagonist flumazenil (15 mg/kg) on levcromakalim-induced migraine phenotype were screened. RESULTS Unlike Wistar rats, GAERS exhibited no reduction in mechanical pain thresholds or light aversion following nitroglycerin or levcromakalim injection. Ethosuximide did not reverse the resistant phenotype in GAERS, excluding the role of T-type calcium channel dysfunction in this phenomenon. Tiagabine prevented levcromakalim-induced mechanical allodynia in Wistar rats, suggesting a key role in enhanced GABA spillover. Baclofen did not alleviate mechanical allodynia. Diazepam failed to mitigate levcromakalim-induced migraine phenotype. Additionally, the resistant phenotype in GAERS was not affected by flumazenil. Extrasynaptic GABAA receptor agonists gaboxadol and muscimol inhibited periorbital allodynia in Wistar rats. CONCLUSION Our study introduced a rat strain resistant to migraine-provoking agents and signified a critical involvement of extrasynaptic δGABAergic receptors. Extrasynaptic δ GABAA receptors, by mediating constant background inhibition on the excitability of neurons, stand as a novel drug target with a therapeutic potential in migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkay Alpay
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, 06320, Türkiye
- Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Excellence Joint Application and Research Center (NÖROM), Ankara, 06560, Türkiye
| | - Bariscan Cimen
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, 06320, Türkiye
- Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Excellence Joint Application and Research Center (NÖROM), Ankara, 06560, Türkiye
| | - Elif Akaydin
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, 06320, Türkiye
- Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Excellence Joint Application and Research Center (NÖROM), Ankara, 06560, Türkiye
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, 34752, Türkiye
| | - Hayrunnisa Bolay
- Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Excellence Joint Application and Research Center (NÖROM), Ankara, 06560, Türkiye.
- Department of Neurology and Algology, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, 06560, Türkiye.
| | - Yildirim Sara
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Sihhiye, Ankara, 06320, Türkiye.
- Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Excellence Joint Application and Research Center (NÖROM), Ankara, 06560, Türkiye.
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Sitnikova E, Onat F, van Luijtelaar G. Editorial: Epileptic seizure disorders in animal models: advances in translational approaches. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1414940. [PMID: 38711553 PMCID: PMC11070563 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1414940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Evgenia Sitnikova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Health Sciences, Acıbadem University Istanbul, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Yavuz M, Akkol S, Onat F. Alpha-2a adrenergic receptor activation in genetic absence epilepsy: An absence status model? Epilepsia Open 2024; 9:534-547. [PMID: 38071480 PMCID: PMC10984306 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to propose a candidate animal model of absence status epilepticus induced by specific alpha-2a adrenergic receptor (α2AR) activation. We also aim to investigate the responsiveness of this model to classical anti-status or anti-absence medications. METHODS An α2AR agonist, dexmedetomidine (DEX), was injected intracerebroventricularly into adult rats with genetic absence epilepsy, and their electroencephalography (EEG) was recorded. The total duration, number, and mean duration of each spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) were evaluated. The blocks of absence status events were classified as the initial and second sets of absence statuses. Ethosuximide (ETX) was administered as a pretreatment to another group of rats and later injected with 2.5 μg DEX. In addition, ETX, valproic acid (VPA), diazepam (DIAZ), and atipamezole (ATI) were administered after induced status-like events following DEX administration. Power spectral characteristics and coherence analysis were performed on the EEG to assess the absence status events and sleep. RESULTS The 2.5 μg dose of DEX increased the total SWD duration and induced continuous SWDs up to 26 min. Following the initial absence status event, sleep was induced; then, the second period of absence status-like activities were initiated. ETX pretreatment blocked the occurrence of absence status-like activities. Power spectral density analyses revealed that DEX-induced post-sleep activities had higher power in delta frequency band (1-4 Hz) and attenuated power of 7 Hz harmonics (14 and 21 Hz) than the pre-injection seizure. The mean duration of SWDs were decreased in all the groups, but occasional prolonged activities were seen in ETX or VPA-injected rats but not with DIAZ or ATI. SIGNIFICANCE This study presents an absence status epilepticus animal model that is activated by α2AR activation to investigate the pathophysiological role of absence status. Unlike other agents ATI switched off the second set of absence statuses to normal SWDs, without sedation or lethargy, can show it may preferentially block absence status-like activity. THE PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY This study proposes a rat model for prolonged seizures, resembling absence status epilepticus. Activating the brain's alpha-2a adrenergic receptor with dexmedetomidine induced seizures lasting up to 26 minutes. Ethosuximide pretreatment and post-treatment with valproic acid, diazepam, and atipamezole decreased induced seizures. The findings suggest this model is valuable for studying absence status epilepticus. In addition, atipamezole normalized abnormal seizures without sedation, hinting at its potential for targeted treatment and further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Yavuz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of PharmacyAcibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University UniversityIstanbulTurkey
| | - Serdar Akkol
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of Alabama at Birmingham Medical CenterBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of MedicineMarmara UniversityIstanbulTurkey
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of MedicineAcibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar UniversityIstanbulTurkey
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Özen B, Us Z, Toplu A, Vizdiklar C, Selalmaz Y, Çulpan Y, Aşik ZT, Kaşkal M, Açikgöz BN, Gülçebi Idriz Oğlu M, Karaalp A, Onat F, Yananli HR, Gülhan R. Favipiravir does not appear to be a major teratogen: Case series from Türkiye. J Gynecol Obstet Hum Reprod 2024; 53:102693. [PMID: 37984519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogoh.2023.102693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Favipiravir has gained attention during the Coronavirus Disease-2019 pandemic due to its potential antiviral effect against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2. Favipiravir has been identified as a teratogen in animal studies, but there is limited human data. We aimed to evaluate the pregnancy outcomes of women exposed to favipiravir during the pandemic. MATERIAL AND METHODS Pregnant women who were exposed to favipiravir and applied to Marmara University School of Medicine Medical Pharmacology Outpatient Clinic Teratology Information Service between December 2020-September 2021 are included in the study. The demographic information, medical and obstetric histories of patients were acquired during admission, the outcomes of the pregnancies and the characteristics of the infants were gathered by regular phone calls. The infants whose parents consented were evaluated by a pediatrician for general well-being and congenital anomalies. RESULTS 22 pregnant women were included in this study. 81.8 % received the recommended favipiravir dose (8000 mg in 5 days), in the first trimester. Two patients were lost to follow-up, there was one elective termination and 19 live births. Congenital anomalies were found in 2 infants, one of whom had 9q34 duplication syndrome. Except for these, all newborns examined by the pediatrician were healthy. DISCUSSION Within a limited case series, a subset of the infants exposed to favipiravir prenatally were followed up to 1 year of age. Two infants exhibited congenital malformations that cannot be directly linked to favipiravir due to confounding variables. Considering the limited data published, favipiravir does not appear to be a major teratogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berna Özen
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Zeynep Us
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Aylin Toplu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Caner Vizdiklar
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | | | - Yekta Çulpan
- Turkish Medicines and Medical Devices Agency, Ankara, Türkiye; Department of Medical Biology and Genetic, Institute of Health Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Zehranur Turgan Aşik
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Mert Kaşkal
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Büşra Nazli Açikgöz
- Unit of Pediatric Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Medical Faculty, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Medine Gülçebi Idriz Oğlu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye; Epilepsy Research and Implementation Centre, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Atila Karaalp
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Biruni University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye; Epilepsy Research and Implementation Centre, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Hasan Raci Yananli
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye; Epilepsy Research and Implementation Centre, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Rezzan Gülhan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye; Epilepsy Research and Implementation Centre, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye.
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Yavuz M, İyiköşker P, Mutlu N, Kiliçparlar S, Şalci ÖH, Dolu G, Kaymakçilar EN, Akkol S, Onat F. Dexmedetomidine, an alpha 2A receptor agonist, triggers seizures unilaterally in GAERS during the pre-epileptic phase: does the onset of spike-and-wave discharges occur in a focal manner? Front Neurol 2023; 14:1231736. [PMID: 38146441 PMCID: PMC10749324 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1231736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The genetic absence epilepsy rat from Strasbourg (GAERS) is a rat model for infantile absence epilepsy with spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs). This study aimed to investigate the potential of alpha 2A agonism to induce seizures during the pre-epileptic period in GAERS rats. Methods Stereotaxic surgery was performed on male pups and adult GAERS rats to implant recording electrodes in the frontoparietal cortices (right/left) under anesthesia (PN23-26). Following the recovery period, pup GAERS rats were subjected to electroencephalography (EEG) recordings for 2 h. Before the injections, pup epileptiform activity was examined using baseline EEG data. Dexmedetomidine was acutely administered at 0.6 mg/kg to pup GAERS rats 2-3 days after the surgery and once during the post-natal (PN) days 25-29. Epileptiform activities before injections triggered unilateral SWDs and induced sleep durations, and power spectral density was evaluated based on EEG traces. Results The most prominent finding of this study is that unilateral SWD-like activities were induced in 47% of the animals with the intraperitoneal dexmedetomidine injection. The baseline EEGs of pup GAERS rats had no SWDs as expected since they are in the pre-epileptic period but showed low-amplitude non-rhythmic epileptiform activity. There was no difference in the duration of epileptiform activities between the basal EEG groups and DEX-injected unilateral SWD-like-exhibiting and non-SWD-like activities groups; however, the sleep duration of the unilateral SWD-like-exhibiting group was shorter. Power spectrum density (PSD) results revealed that the 1.75-Hz power in the left hemisphere peaks significantly higher than in the right. Discussion As anticipated, pup GAERS rats in the pre-epileptic stage showed no SWDs. Nevertheless, they exhibited sporadic epileptiform activities. Specifically, dexmedetomidine induced SWD-like activities solely within the left hemisphere. These observations imply that absence seizures might originate unilaterally in the left cortex due to α2AAR agonism. Additional research is necessary to explore the precise cortical focal point of this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Yavuz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Pelin İyiköşker
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Nursima Mutlu
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetics, Institute of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Serra Kiliçparlar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Öykü Hazal Şalci
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Gökçen Dolu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | | | - Serdar Akkol
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Institute of Neurosciences, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Toplu A, Mutlu N, Erdeve ET, Sariyildiz Ö, Çelik M, Öz-Arslan D, Akman Ö, Molnár Z, Çarçak N, Onat F. Involvement of orexin type-2 receptors in genetic absence epilepsy rats. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1282494. [PMID: 38107640 PMCID: PMC10721972 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1282494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Orexin is a neuropeptide neurotransmitter that regulates the sleep/wake cycle produced by the lateral hypothalamus neurons. Recent studies have shown the involvement of orexin system in epilepsy. Limited data is available about the possible role of orexins in the pathophysiology of absence seizures. This study aims to understand the role of orexinergic signaling through the orexin-type 2 receptor (OX2R) in the pathophysiology of absence epilepsy. The pharmacological effect of a selective OX2R agonist, YNT-185 on spike-and-wave-discharges (SWDs) and the OX2R receptor protein levels in the cortex and thalamus in adult GAERS were investigated. Methods The effect of intracerebroventricular (ICV) (100, 300, and 600 nmol/10 μL), intrathalamic (30 and 40 nmol/500 nL), and intracortical (40 nmol/500 nL) microinjections of YNT-185 on the duration and number of spontaneous SWDs were evaluated in adult GAERS. The percentage of slow-wave sleep (SWS) and spectral characteristics of background EEG were analyzed after the ICV application of 600 nmol YNT-185. The level of OX2R expression in the somatosensory cortex and projecting thalamic nuclei of adult GAERS were examined by Western blot and compared with the non-epileptic Wistar rats. Results We showed that ICV administration of YNT-185 suppressed the cumulative duration of SWDs in GAERS compared to the saline-administered control group (p < 0.05). However, intrathalamic and intracortical microinjections of YNT-185 did not show a significant effect on SWDs. ICV microinjections of YNT-185 affect sleep states by increasing the percentage of SWS and showed a significant treatment effect on the 1-4 Hz delta frequency band power during the 1-2 h post-injection period where YNT-185 significantly decreased the SWDs. OXR2 protein levels were significantly reduced in the cortex and thalamus of GAERS when compared to Wistar rats. Conclusion This study investigated the efficacy of YNT-185 for the first time on absence epilepsy in GAERS and revealed a suppressive effect of OX2R agonist on SWDs as evidenced by the significantly reduced expression of OX2R in the cortex and thalamus. YNT-185 effect on SWDs could be attributed to its regulation of wake/sleep states. The results constitute a step toward understanding the effectiveness of orexin neuropeptides on absence seizures in GAERS and might be targeted by therapeutic intervention for absence epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Toplu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Sciences Institute, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Nursima Mutlu
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Genetics, Institute of Science, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Elif Tuğçe Erdeve
- Department of Pharmacology, Health Sciences Institute, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Özge Sariyildiz
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Sciences Institute, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Musa Çelik
- Department of Biophysics, Health Sciences Institute, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Devrim Öz-Arslan
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Sciences Institute, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Biophysics, Health Sciences Institute, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Özlem Akman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Demiroglu Bilim University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Zoltan Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nihan Çarçak
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Sciences Institute, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Neuroscience, Health Sciences Institute, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Pişkin ŞA, Korkmaz HY, Ulusoy CA, Şanlı E, Küçükali CI, Onat F, Tüzün E, Çarçak N. Antibody induced seizure susceptibility and impaired cognitive performance in a passive transfer rat model of autoimmune encephalitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1268986. [PMID: 38035091 PMCID: PMC10684964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1268986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Autoimmune encephalitis (AE) is a distinct neuro-immunological disorder associated with the production of autoantibodies against neuronal proteins responsible for pharmacoresistant seizures, cognitive decline and behavioral problems. To establish the causal link between leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) antibody and seizures, we developed an in-vivo antibody-mediated AE rat model in which serum antibodies (IgG) obtained from blood samples of leucine-rich glioma inactivated 1 (LGI1) protein antibody (IgG) positive encephalitis patients were passively transferred into non-epileptic Wistar rats. Serum IgG of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibody positive patients were used as positive control since the pathogenicity of this antibody has been previously shown in animal models. Methods Total IgG obtained from the pooled sera of NMDAR and LGI1-IgG positive patients with epileptic seizures and healthy subjects was applied chronically every other day for 11 days into the cerebral lateral ventricle. Spontaneous seizure development was followed by electroencephalography. Behavioral tests for memory and locomotor activity were applied before and after the antibody infusions. Then, pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) was administered intraperitoneally to evaluate seizure susceptibility. Immunohistochemistry processed for assessment of hippocampal astrocyte proliferation and expression intensity of target NMDAR and LGI1 antigens. Results No spontaneous activity was observed during the antibody infusions. PTZ-induced seizure stage was significantly higher in the NMDAR-IgG and LGI1-IgG groups compared to control. Besides, memory deficits were observed in the NMDAR and LGI1-IgG groups. We observed enhanced astrocyte proliferation in NMDAR- and LGI1-IgG groups and reduced hippocampal NMDAR expression in NMDAR-IgG group. Significance These findings suggest that neuronal surface auto-antibody administration induces seizure susceptibility and disturbed cognitive performance in the passive transfer rat model of LGI1 AE, which could be a potential in-vivo model for understanding immune-mediated mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis and highlight the potential targets for immune-mediated seizures in AE patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şura Akat Pişkin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Hande Yüceer Korkmaz
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Canan Aysel Ulusoy
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istabul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Elif Şanlı
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Cem Ismail Küçükali
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istabul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Deparment of Neuroscience, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University Health Sciences Institute, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Erdem Tüzün
- Department of Neuroscience, Aziz Sancar Institute of Experimental Medicine, Istabul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Nihan Çarçak
- Deparment of Neuroscience, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University Health Sciences Institute, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye
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Çarçak N, Onat F, Sitnikova E. Astrocytes as a target for therapeutic strategies in epilepsy: current insights. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1183775. [PMID: 37583518 PMCID: PMC10423940 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1183775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are specialized non-neuronal glial cells of the central nervous system, contributing to neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission (gliotransmission). Astrocytes play a key roles in epileptogenesis and seizure generation. Epilepsy, as a chronic disorder characterized by neuronal hyperexcitation and hypersynchronization, is accompanied by substantial disturbances of glial cells and impairment of astrocytic functions and neuronal signaling. Anti-seizure drugs that provide symptomatic control of seizures primarily target neural activity. In epileptic patients with inadequate control of seizures with available anti-seizure drugs, novel therapeutic candidates are needed. These candidates should treat epilepsy with anti-epileptogenic and disease-modifying effects. Evidence from human and animal studies shows that astrocytes have value for developing new anti-seizure and anti-epileptogenic drugs. In this review, we present the key functions of astrocytes contributing to neuronal hyperexcitability and synaptic activity following an etiology-based approach. We analyze the role of astrocytes in both development (epileptogenesis) and generation of seizures (ictogenesis). Several promising new strategies that attempted to modify astroglial functions for treating epilepsy are being developed: (1) selective targeting of glia-related molecular mechanisms of glutamate transport; (2) modulation of tonic GABA release from astrocytes; (3) gliotransmission; (4) targeting the astrocytic Kir4.1-BDNF system; (5) astrocytic Na+/K+/ATPase activity; (6) targeting DNA hypo- or hypermethylation of candidate genes in astrocytes; (7) targeting astrocytic gap junction regulators; (8) targeting astrocytic adenosine kinase (the major adenosine-metabolizing enzyme); and (9) targeting microglia-astrocyte communication and inflammatory pathways. Novel disease-modifying therapeutic strategies have now been developed, such as astroglia-targeted gene therapy with a broad spectrum of genetic constructs to target astroglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihan Çarçak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Filiz Onat
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Neuroscience, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Evgenia Sitnikova
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Baser O, Yavuz M, Ugurlu K, Onat F, Demirel BU. Automatic detection of the spike-and-wave discharges in absence epilepsy for humans and rats using deep learning. Biomed Signal Process Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2022.103726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Çarçak N, Karanfil C, Akat Ş, Akman Ö, Onat F. The effect of chronic treatment with sodium channel blocker lacosamide on early development of absence seizures in genetic absence epilepsy rats. Epilepsy Res 2022; 182:106896. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.106896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Yavuz M, Aydın B, Çarçak N, Onat F. Decreased Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channel 2 Activity in a Rat Model of Absence Epilepsy and the Effect of ZD7288, an Ih Inhibitor, on the Spike-and-Wave Discharges. Pharmacology 2022; 107:227-234. [PMID: 35008085 DOI: 10.1159/000520059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channel currents of Ih and absence epilepsy seizures are associated, but studies reveal differential results. OBJECTIVE In our study, we aimed to investigate the role of the HCN channels on the expression of spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) using the Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) model. METHODS HCN isoform levels from isolated brains of both naïve nonepileptic Wistar and GAERS groups were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. ZD7288, an Ih inhibitor as well as an HCN channel antagonist, was administered intracerebroventricularly to the adult GAERS groups, and to evaluate their SWD activities, electroencephalography was recorded. The effect of ZD7288 on the cumulative total duration and number of SWDs and the mean duration of each SWD complex was evaluated. RESULTS The HCN2 levels in the cortex and hippocampus of the GAERS group were lower compared to the naïve nonepileptic Wistar group (p < 0.05). ZD7288 increased the number of SWDs at the 20th and 120th min with the highest administered dose of 7 μg (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The Ih inhibitor ZD7288 increased the number of SWDs in a genetic absence epilepsy rat model, although this increase may not be significant due to the inconsistent time-dependent effects. In GAERS, the cortical and hippocampal HCN2 channel levels were significantly lower compared to the control group. Further studies are needed with higher doses of ZD7288 to determine if the effects will increase drastically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Yavuz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Banu Aydın
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nihan Çarçak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Epilepsy Research Centre (EPAM), Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Gülhan R, Eryüksel E, Gülçebi İdriz Oğlu M, Çulpan Y, Toplu A, Kocakaya D, Tigen E, Ertürk Şengel B, Sili U, Olgun Yıldızeli Ş, Balcan MB, Elçi A, Bulut C, Karaalp A, Yananlı HR, Güner AE, Hatipoğlu M, Karakurt S, Korten V, Ratnaraj N, Patsalos P, Ay P, Onat F. Pharmacokinetic characterization of favipiravir in patients with COVID-19. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:3516-3522. [PMID: 35014080 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.15227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This prospective observational study describes the pharmacokinetic characteristics of favipiravir in adult patients hospitalized for mild to moderate COVID-19 with a positive RT-PCR test. Favipiravir was administered for 5 days, with a loading dose of 3200 mg and a maintenance dose of 1200 mg/day. Serial blood samples were collected on Day-2 and Day-4 of the therapy. Laboratory findings of the patients (n=21) and in-hospital mortality were recorded. Favipiravir concentrations exhibited substantial variability and a significant decrease during the treatment of COVID-19. The median favipiravir trough concentration (C0-trough ) on Day-2 was 21.26 (IQR, 8.37-30.78) μg/mL whereas it decreased significantly to 1.61 (IQR, 0.00-6.41) μg/mL on Day-4, the area under the concentration versus time curve decreased by 68.5%. Day-2-C0-trough of female patients was higher than male patients. Our findings indicate that favipiravir concentrations show significant variability during the treatment of COVID-19 and therapeutic drug monitoring may be necessary to maintain targeted concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezzan Gülhan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emel Eryüksel
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Yekta Çulpan
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aylin Toplu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Derya Kocakaya
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Tigen
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Buket Ertürk Şengel
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Uluhan Sili
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Şehnaz Olgun Yıldızeli
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Baran Balcan
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdullah Elçi
- Istanbul Health Directorate Public Health Laboratory-3, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cenk Bulut
- Istanbul Health Directorate Public Health Laboratory-3, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Atila Karaalp
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasan Raci Yananlı
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Sait Karakurt
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Critical Care, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Volkan Korten
- Department of Infectious Disease and Clinical Microbiology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Neville Ratnaraj
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Patsalos
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, University College London Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pınar Ay
- Department of Public Health, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Medical Pharmacology, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Cilingir-Kaya OT, Moore C, Meshul CK, Gursoy D, Onat F, Sirvanci S. Neurogenesis is Enhanced in Young Rats with Genetic Absence Epilepsy: An Immuno-electron Microscopic Study. Turk Neurosurg 2021; 31:623-633. [PMID: 33978223 DOI: 10.5137/1019-5149.jtn.31996-20.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate neurogenesis in both adult and 3-week-old genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) to determine if newly formed neurons within the dentate gyrus (DG) form synaptic contacts with GABAergic (gamma aminobutyric acid) and glutamatergic nerve terminals and compared to the control (non-GAERS) Wistar rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS Brain tissue was processed for electron microscopic assessment. Thin sections from the hippocampal DG were double-labelled for anti-GABA or anti-VGLUT1 (vesicular glutamate transporter 1) and anti-doublecortin (DCX) antibodies using immunogold methodology and examined with the transmission electron microscope for morphological changes and to quantify the density of gold labeling. RESULTS DCX immunoreactivity was demonstrated within axon terminals, dendrites and somata in all groups. DCX and GABA or VGLUT1 were found to be co-localized in the axon terminals in all groups. We observed that DCX-immunoreactive (-ir) profiles formed synaptic contacts with GABAergic and glutamatergic terminals. The percentage of DCX labeling in dendrites, compared to axons, and the percentage of DCX-ir terminal profiles forming asymmetrical synapses, compared to those forming symmetrical synapses, were increased in all groups compared to the control group. DCX immunoreactivity in the 21-day-old GAERS group was found to be increased compared to the Wistar group. CONCLUSION We conclude that newly born neurons are incorporated into the local hippocampal network in both the GAERS and the control Wistar rats. The results suggest that the neurogenesis taking place in the hippocampus may also be involved in the mechanism underlying absence seizures in GAERS.
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Gulcebi MI, Bartolini E, Lee O, Lisgaras CP, Onat F, Mifsud J, Striano P, Vezzani A, Hildebrand MS, Jimenez-Jimenez D, Junck L, Lewis-Smith D, Scheffer IE, Thijs RD, Zuberi SM, Blenkinsop S, Fowler HJ, Foley A, Sisodiya SM, Berkovic S, Cavalleri G, Correa DJ, Martins Custodio H, Galovic M, Guerrini R, Henshall D, Howard O, Hughes K, Katsarou A, Koeleman BP, Krause R, Lowenstein D, Mandelenaki D, Marini C, O'Brien TJ, Pace A, De Palma L, Perucca P, Pitkänen A, Quinn F, Selmer KK, Steward CA, Swanborough N, Thijs R, Tittensor P, Trivisano M, Weckhuysen S, Zara F. Climate change and epilepsy: Insights from clinical and basic science studies. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 116:107791. [PMID: 33578223 PMCID: PMC9386889 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.107791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is with us. As professionals who place value on evidence-based practice, climate change is something we cannot ignore. The current pandemic of the novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, has demonstrated how global crises can arise suddenly and have a significant impact on public health. Global warming, a chronic process punctuated by acute episodes of extreme weather events, is an insidious global health crisis needing at least as much attention. Many neurological diseases are complex chronic conditions influenced at many levels by changes in the environment. This review aimed to collate and evaluate reports from clinical and basic science about the relationship between climate change and epilepsy. The keywords climate change, seasonal variation, temperature, humidity, thermoregulation, biorhythm, gene, circadian rhythm, heat, and weather were used to search the published evidence. A number of climatic variables are associated with increased seizure frequency in people with epilepsy. Climate change-induced increase in seizure precipitants such as fevers, stress, and sleep deprivation (e.g. as a result of more frequent extreme weather events) or vector-borne infections may trigger or exacerbate seizures, lead to deterioration of seizure control, and affect neurological, cerebrovascular, or cardiovascular comorbidities and risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy. Risks are likely to be modified by many factors, ranging from individual genetic variation and temperature-dependent channel function, to housing quality and global supply chains. According to the results of the limited number of experimental studies with animal models of seizures or epilepsy, different seizure types appear to have distinct susceptibility to seasonal influences. Increased body temperature, whether in the context of fever or not, has a critical role in seizure threshold and seizure-related brain damage. Links between climate change and epilepsy are likely to be multifactorial, complex, and often indirect, which makes predictions difficult. We need more data on possible climate-driven altered risks for seizures, epilepsy, and epileptogenesis, to identify underlying mechanisms at systems, cellular, and molecular levels for better understanding of the impact of climate change on epilepsy. Further focussed data would help us to develop evidence for mitigation methods to do more to protect people with epilepsy from the effects of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medine I. Gulcebi
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emanuele Bartolini
- USL Centro Toscana, Neurology Unit, Nuovo Ospedale Santo Stefano, Via Suor Niccolina Infermiera 20, 59100 Prato, Italy.
| | - Omay Lee
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Christos Panagiotis Lisgaras
- New York University Langone Health, 100 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA; The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Center for Dementia Research, 140 Old Orangeburg Rd., Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA.
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey,Department of Medical Pharmacology, Acibadem University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Janet Mifsud
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Malta, Msida MSD2040, Malta.
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Paediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, DINOGMI-Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, IRCCS “Giannina Gaslini” Institute, Genova, Italy
| | - Annamaria Vezzani
- Laboratory of Experimental Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, IRCCS 'Mario Negri' Institute for Pharmacological Research, Milan, Italy.
| | - Michael S. Hildebrand
- Department of Medicine (Austin Health), University of Melbourne, and Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Diego Jimenez-Jimenez
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK and Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Bucks, UK.
| | - Larry Junck
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - David Lewis-Smith
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
| | - Ingrid E. Scheffer
- University of Melbourne, Austin Health and Royal Children’s Hospital, Florey Institute and Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Roland D. Thijs
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre (LUMC), PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sameer M. Zuberi
- Paediatric Neurosciences Research Group, Royal Hospital for Children & Institute of Health & Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Fraser of Allander Neurosciences Unit, Royal Hospital for Children, UK
| | | | - Hayley J. Fowler
- Centre for Earth Systems Engineering Research, School of Engineering, Newcastle University, UK
| | - Aideen Foley
- Department of Geography, Birkbeck College University of London, London, UK.
| | - Epilepsy Climate Change ConsortiumBalestriniSimonaaaBerkovicSamuelabCavalleriGianpieroacCorreaDaniel JoséadMartins CustodioHelenaaeGalovicMarianafGuerriniRenzoagHenshallDavidahHowardOlgaaiHughesKelvinajKatsarouAnnaakKoelemanBobby P.C.alKrauseRolandamLowensteinDanielanMandelenakiDespoinaaoMariniCarlaapO’BrienTerence J.aqPaceAdrianarDe PalmaLucaasPeruccaPieroatPitkänenAslaauQuinnFinolaavSelmerKaja KristineawStewardCharles A.axSwanboroughNicolaayThijsRolandazTittensorPhilbaTrivisanoMarinabbWeckhuysenSarahbcZaraFedericobdDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK and Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Bucks, UKEpilepsy Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaDepartment of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; The FutureNeuro Research Centre, Dublin 2, IrelandSaul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, 1410 Pelham Parkway South, K-312, Bronx, NY 10461, USADepartment of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Bucks, UKUniversity Hospital Zurich, SwitzerlandDepartment of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, University of Pisa and IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, 56018 Calambrone, Pisa, ItalyFutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, 123 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin D02 YN77, IrelandUCB Pharma Ltd, Slough, UKDravet Syndrome UK, UKLaboratory of Developmental Epilepsy, Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USAUniversity Medical Center, Utrecht, The NetherlandsLuxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Esch-sur-Alzette, LuxembourgDepartment of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USADepartment of Pediatric Neurology, Queen Fabiola Children’s University Hospital, Brussels, Brussels Capital Region, BelgiumNeuroscience Department, Children’s Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Florence, ItalyMelbourne Brain Centre, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, AustraliaGozo General Hospital, MaltaNeurology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, ItalyDepartment of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Departments of Medicine and Neurology, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Department of Neurology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC, AustraliaA.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, PO Box 1627, FIN-70211 Kuopio, FinlandILAE-IBE Congress Secretariat, Dublin, IrelandNational Centre for Rare Epilepsy-related Disorders, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, Oslo, NorwayCongenica Ltd, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1DR, UK; Wellcome Sanger InstituteWellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UKEpilepsy Society, Bucks, UKStichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, Netherlands; Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands; NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UKRoyal Wolverhampton NHS Trust, Wolverhampton, UKRare and Complex Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, ItalyNeurogenetics Group, Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, University of Antwerp, Antwerp 2610, BelgiumUnit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy; Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DINOGMI), University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Sanjay M. Sisodiya
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, WC1N 3BG, UK and Chalfont Centre for Epilepsy, Bucks, UK,Corresponding author at: Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
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15
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Erkanli Senturk G, Cilingir-Kaya OT, Sirvanci S, Isler C, Kemerdere R, Ulu MO, Umay C, Onat F, Ozkara C, Uzan M, Ercan F. Ultrastructural investigation of synaptic alterations in the rat hippocampus after irradiation and hyperthermia. Ultrastruct Pathol 2020; 44:372-378. [PMID: 33121293 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2020.1839151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate ultrastructural synaptic alterations in rat hippocampus after in utero exposure to irradiation (IR) and postnatal exposure to hyperthermia (HT). There were four groups in each of the time points (3rd and 6th months). IR group: Pregnant rats were exposed to radiation on the 17th gestational day. HT group: Hyperthermia was applied to the rat pups on the 10th day after their birth. IR+HT group: Both IR and HT were applied at the same time periods. Control group: No IR or HT was applied. Rat pups were sacrificed after 3 and 6 months. Thin sections from the dentate gyrus (DG) and the CA3 of hippocampus were evaluated for synapse numbers by electron microscopy. Synapses were counted, and statistical analysis was performed. Abnormalities in myelin sheath, mossy terminals and neuropil were observed in the CA3 and DG of all groups. The synapses in the CA3 region were significantly increased in the IR-3rd month, IR-6th month, and IR+HT-3rd month groups vs control group. Synapses were significantly increased in the DG of HT-3rd month group. A trend for an increase in synapse numbers was seen in the CA3 and DG. Increased number of synapses in the rat hippocampus may be due to mossy fiber sprouting, possibly caused by in utero irradiation and/or postnatal hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gozde Erkanli Senturk
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa , Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Serap Sirvanci
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cihan Isler
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rahsan Kemerdere
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Onur Ulu
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cenk Umay
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University , Izmir, Turkey
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Ozkara
- Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Department of Neurology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Uzan
- Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa , Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Feriha Ercan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University , Istanbul, Turkey
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Sirvanci S, Akakin D, Gulcebi İdrizoglu M, Kaya OT, Karamahmutoglu T, Turgan Aşık ZN, Onat F. Ultrastructural GABA immunogold labeling in the substantia nigra pars reticulata of kindled genetic absence epilepsy rats. Ultrastruct Pathol 2020; 44:379-386. [PMID: 33118420 DOI: 10.1080/01913123.2020.1839153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) is a well-known animal model of absence epilepsy and they are resistant to electrical kindling stimulations. The present study aimed to examine possible differences in gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels and synapse counts in the substantia nigra pars reticulata anterior (SNRa) and posterior (SNRp) regions between GAERS and Wistar rats receiving kindling stimulations. Animals in the kindling group either received six stimulations in the amygdala and had grade 2 seizures or they were kindled, having grade five seizures. Rats were decapitated one hour after the last stimulation. SNR regions were obtained after vibratome sectioning of the brain tissue. GABA immunoreactivity was detected by immunogold method and synapses were counted. Sections were observed by transmission electron microscope and analyzed by Image J program. GABA density in the SNRa region of fully kindled GAERS and Wistar groups increased significantly compared to that of their corresponding grade 2 groups. The number of synapses increased significantly in kindled and grade 2 GAERS groups, compared to kindled and grade 2 Wistar groups, respectively, in the SNRa region. GABA density in the SNRp region of kindled GAERS group increased significantly compared to that of GAERS grade 2 group. In the SNRp region, both kindled and grade 2 GAERS groups were found to have increased number of synapses compared to that of GAERS control group. We concluded that both SNRa and SNRp regions may be important in modulating resistance of GAERS to kindling stimulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Sirvanci
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University , Maltepe, Turkey
| | - Dilek Akakin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University , Maltepe, Turkey
| | | | - Ozlem Tugce Kaya
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University , Maltepe, Turkey
| | - Tugba Karamahmutoglu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University , Maltepe, Turkey
| | - Zehra Nur Turgan Aşık
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University , Maltepe, Turkey
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University , Maltepe, Turkey
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17
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Yavuz M, Aydın B, Çarçak N, Akman Ö, Raci Yananlı H, Onat F. Atipamezole, a specific α 2A antagonist, suppresses spike-and-wave discharges and alters Ca 2⁺ /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in the thalamus of genetic absence epilepsy rats. Epilepsia 2020; 61:2825-2835. [PMID: 33098125 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The role of α2A adrenergic receptors (α2A ARs) in absence epilepsy is not well characterized. Therefore, we investigated the outcomes of the specific antagonism of α2A ARs on the spike-and-wave discharges (SWDs) in genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERSs), together with its influence on the behavior and second messenger systems, which may point to the mechanisms to which a possible SWD modulation can be related. METHODS Atipamezole, an α2A AR antagonist, was administered intracerebroventricularly to the adult GAERSs, and electroencephalography (EEG) was conducted. The cumulative duration and number of SWDs, and the mean duration of each SWD complex were counted. The relative power of the EEG frequency bands and behavioral activity after the acute application of two doses (12 and 31 μg/5 μL) of atipamezole were evaluated. The levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) were measured in the cortex, thalamus, and hippocampus of naive Wistar rats and GAERSs, administered with artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) as a vehicle, or either acute or chronic atipamezole (12 μg), the latter being administered for 5 consecutive days. RESULTS Atipamezole significantly suppressed SWDs dose-dependently, without affecting the relative power values of EEG frequency spectrum. The stereotypic activity was significantly lower in both naive Wistar rats and GAERSs receiving the highest dose (31 μg) of atipamezole compared to GAERSs receiving aCSF. In GAERSs, CaMKII levels were found to be higher in the thalamus after the acute and chronic application of SWD-suppressing doses of atipamezole (12 and 31 μg) compared to aCSF. SIGNIFICANCE This study emphasizes the α2 AR-related modulation of absence epilepsy and particularly the significance of α2 AR antagonism in suppressing SWDs. Atipamezole's SWD-suppressive actions may be through CaMKII-mediated second messenger systems in the thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Yavuz
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Banu Aydın
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nihan Çarçak
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özlem Akman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Demiroglu Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasan Raci Yananlı
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Epilepsy Research Center, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Yavuz M, Albayrak N, Özgür M, Gülçebi İdriz Oğlu M, Çavdar S, Onat F. The effect of prenatal and postnatal caffeine exposure on pentylentetrazole induced seizures in the non-epileptic and epileptic offsprings. Neurosci Lett 2019; 713:134504. [PMID: 31539618 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine, a central nervous system stimulant, has been reported to modulate seizure activity in various studies. In this study the effects of caffeine exposure on the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) induced seizure thresholds and seizure stages in the Wistar and genetic absence epilepsy model offsprings were examined. Adult female and male Wistar rats and genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) consumed caffeine dissolved in water (0.3 g/L) before conception, during the gestational periods and lactation period whereas control groups of each strain received tap water. All offsprings at postnatal day 30 (PN30) subjected to 70 mg/kg of PTZ were evaluated in terms of overall seizure stages, the latency to the first generalized seizure and the c-Fos protein activity in the brain regions of somatosensorial cortex (SSCx), reticular thalamic nucleus (Rt), ventrobasal thalamus (VB), centromedial nucleus (CM) and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). The Wistar caffeine group had significantly shorter latency to the first generalized seizure (1.53 ± 0.49 min) comparing to the Wistar control offsprings (3.40 ± 0.68 min). GAERS caffeine group (6.52 ± 2.48 min) showed significantly longer latency comparing to Wistar caffeine group (1.53 ± 0.49 min). Although statistically not significant, GAERS caffeine group showed a longer latency comparing to the GAERS control group (4.71 ± 1.82 min). In all regions of SSCx, Rt, VB, CM and LGN, GAERS caffeine group had lower c-Fos protein expression comparing to the GAERS control group (p < 0.05). Wistar caffeine rats had lower expression of c-Fos protein comparing to the Wistar control group only in SSCx. In CM, GAERS rats expressed lower c-Fos protein comparing to the Wistar control (p < 0.05). In conclusion differential effects of caffeine in the seizure modulation may involve c-Fos protein activity-dependent protection mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Yavuz
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nazlı Albayrak
- School of Medicine, Acibadem M. A. Aydınlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Özgür
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Medine Gülçebi İdriz Oğlu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; Epilepsy Research Centre (EPAM), Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Safiye Çavdar
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey; Epilepsy Research Centre (EPAM), Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Çavdar S, Kuvvet Y, Sur-Erdem I, Özgür M, Onat F. Relationships between astrocytes and absence epilepsy in rat: An experimental study. Neurosci Lett 2019; 712:134518. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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20
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Bay HH, Özkan M, Onat F, Çavdar S. Do the Dento-Thalamic Connections of Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg Differ from Those of Control Wistar Rats? Brain Connect 2019; 9:703-710. [PMID: 31591912 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2019.0694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The thalamo-cortical circuit is important in the genesis of absence epilepsy. This circuit can be influenced by connecting pathways from various parts of central nervous system. The aim of the present study is to define the dento-thalamic connections in Wistar animals and compare the results with genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) using the biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) tracer. We injected BDA into the dentate nucleus of 13 (n = 6 Wistar and n = 7 GAERS) animals. The dento-thalamic connections in the Wistar animals were denser and were connected to a wider range of thalamic nuclei compared with GAERS. The dentate nucleus was bilaterally connected to the central (central medial [CM], paracentral [PC]), ventral (ventral medial [VM], ventral lateral [VL], and ventral posterior lateral [VPL]), and posterior (Po) thalamic nuclei in Wistar animals. The majority of these connections were dense contralaterally and scarce ipsilaterally. Contralateral connections were present with the parafascicular (PF), ventral posterior medial, ventral anterior (VA), and central lateral (CL) thalamic nuclei in Wistar animals. Whereas in GAERS, bilateral connections were observed with the VL and CM. Contralateral connections were present with the PC, VM, VA, and PF thalamic nuclei in GAERS. The CL, VPL, and Po thalamic nucleus connections were not observed in GAERS. The present study showed weak/deficit dento-thalamic connections in GAERS compared with control Wistar animals. The scarce information flow from the dentate nucleus to thalamus in GAERS may have a deficient modulatory role on the thalamus and thus may affect modulation of the thalamo-cortical circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mazhar Özkan
- Department of Anatomy, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinic Pharmacology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Safiye Çavdar
- Department of Anatomy, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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21
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Çarçak N, Ali I, Powell K, Zheng T, Onat F, O'Brien TJ. Ca
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3.2 T‐type calcium channel mutation influences kindling‐induced thalamic neuronal firing patterns in Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats From Strasbourg. Epilepsia 2019; 60:1378-1386. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.16076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nihan Çarçak
- Department of Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology Royal Melbourne Hospital University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Idrish Ali
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology Royal Melbourne Hospital University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology Central Clinical School Alfred Health Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Kim Powell
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology Royal Melbourne Hospital University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology Central Clinical School Alfred Health Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
| | - Thomas Zheng
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology Royal Melbourne Hospital University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology Faculty of Medicine Marmara University Istanbul Turkey
- Marmara University Epilepsy Research Center Istanbul Turkey
| | - Terence J. O'Brien
- Departments of Medicine and Neurology Royal Melbourne Hospital University of Melbourne Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Departments of Neuroscience and Neurology Central Clinical School Alfred Health Monash University Clayton Victoria Australia
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Gul F, Oglu Gulcebi MI, Gulhan R, Karaalp A, Goren MZ, Onat F, Cinel I. WITHDRAWN: A Case Report: Toxic Levels of Tacrolimus and Genetic Polymorphism of the Metabolizing Enzymes In a Pulmonary Transplantation Patient. Transplant Proc 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2019.01.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Sehirli US, Kirazli O, Tezcan K, Sakalli E, Onat F. Differences in Neurodegeneration Between Kainic Acid-Injected GAERS and Wistar Rats. Turk Neurosurg 2019; 29:478-485. [PMID: 30649800 DOI: 10.5137/1019-5149.jtn.23019-18.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare neurodegenerative changes using the Fluoro-Jade B staining, following status epilepticus induced by intraamygdaloid injection of kainic acid in Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) and non-epileptic control Wistar rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS A single unilateral intra-amygdaloid kainic acid (750 ng) was administered in adult male GAERS and Wistar rats to induce status epilepticus. We recorded electroencephalogram (EEG) and behavioral changes throughout the experiments. After 1 week of the kainic acid injection, rats were sacrificed, and the brains were removed. We obtained 20μm sections and processed them for Fluoro-Jade B and Nissl staining, which were evaluated semi-quantitatively. RESULTS Following kainic acid injections, status epilepticus developed in all rats. In GAERS rats, motor seizures were considerably delayed, with no statistically significant difference in the number of seizures. However, statistically significant differences were observed in the Fluoro-Jade B staining in GAERS rats between contralateral and ipsilateral sides of the CA3, CA1, somatosensory cortex, entorhinal cortex, piriform cortex, reticular nucleus, putamen, and claustrum. In Wistar rats, the CA3, CA1, somatosensory cortex, entorhinal cortex, piriform cortex, reticular nucleus, amygdala, and laterodorsal nucleus exhibited significant differences. Comparing GAERS and Wistar rats, a statistically significant difference was observed for both sides of CA1. In both groups, the staining was prominent ipsilaterally, except for the claustrum in GAERS rats. However, the motor cortex remained unaffected in both groups. Neurodegenerative changes were not associated with the severity of seizures in both groups following the intra-amygdaloid kainic acid administration. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that CA1 is the only region exhibiting a statistically significant difference between Wistar and GAERS rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umit S Sehirli
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Istanbul, Turkey
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24
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Duman NC, Tekin N, Ozkula S, Gulcebi MI, Gulhan R, Goren Z, Onat F, Karaalp A. The patient inadvertently treated goserelin and tamoxifen during pregnancy: A case report. Reprod Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2018.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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25
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Onat F, Oğlu MGİ, Çavdar S. Thalamic branches of corticofugal axons from view of a critical eye and great mentor, Ray Guillery. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:964-968. [PMID: 29806968 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Onat
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Safiye Çavdar
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
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26
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David F, Çarçak N, Furdan S, Onat F, Gould T, Mészáros Á, Di Giovanni G, Hernández VM, Chan CS, Lőrincz ML, Crunelli V. Suppression of Hyperpolarization-Activated Cyclic Nucleotide-Gated Channel Function in Thalamocortical Neurons Prevents Genetically Determined and Pharmacologically Induced Absence Seizures. J Neurosci 2018; 38:6615-6627. [PMID: 29925625 PMCID: PMC6067077 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0896-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels and the Ih current they generate contribute to the pathophysiological mechanisms of absence seizures (ASs), but their precise role in neocortical and thalamic neuronal populations, the main components of the network underlying AS generation, remains controversial. In diverse genetic AS models, Ih amplitude is smaller in neocortical neurons and either larger or unchanged in thalamocortical (TC) neurons compared with nonepileptic strains. A lower expression of neocortical HCN subtype 1 channels is present in genetic AS-prone rats, and HCN subtype 2 knock-out mice exhibit ASs. Furthermore, whereas many studies have characterized Ih contribution to "absence-like" paroxysmal activity in vitro, no data are available on the specific role of cortical and thalamic HCN channels in behavioral seizures. Here, we show that the pharmacological block of HCN channels with the antagonist ZD7288 applied via reverse microdialysis in the ventrobasal thalamus (VB) of freely moving male Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg decreases TC neuron firing and abolishes spontaneous ASs. A similar effect is observed on γ-hydroxybutyric acid-elicited ASs in normal male Wistar rats. Moreover, thalamic knockdown of HCN channels via virally delivered shRNA into the VB of male Stargazer mice, another genetic AS model, decreases spontaneous ASs and Ih-dependent electrophysiological properties of VB TC neurons. These findings provide the first evidence that block of TC neuron HCN channels prevents ASs and suggest that any potential anti-absence therapy that targets HCN channels should carefully consider the opposite role for cortical and thalamic Ih in the modulation of absence seizures.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels play critical roles in the fine-tuning of cellular and network excitability and have been suggested to be a key element of the pathophysiological mechanism underlying absence seizures. However, the precise contribution of HCN channels in neocortical and thalamic neuronal populations to these nonconvulsive seizures is still controversial. In the present study, pharmacological block and genetic suppression of HCN channels in thalamocortical neurons in the ventrobasal thalamic nucleus leads to a marked reduction in absence seizures in one pharmacological and two genetic rodent models of absence seizures. These results provide the first evidence that block of TC neuron HCN channels prevents absence seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- François David
- Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom,
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, CNRS UMR 5292-INSERM U1028-Université Claude Bernard, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Nihan Çarçak
- Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Szabina Furdan
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical 34452 Pharmacology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul 81326, Turkey
| | - Timothy Gould
- Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Ádám Mészáros
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta, and
| | - Vivian M Hernández
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Robert H Lurie Medical Research Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - C Savio Chan
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Robert H Lurie Medical Research Center, Chicago, Illinois 60611
| | - Magor L Lőrincz
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Neuroscience, University of Szeged, Szeged 6726, Hungary
| | - Vincenzo Crunelli
- Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom,
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Malta, Msida MSD 2080, Malta, and
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Kirazlı Ö, Bay HH, Çakmak YÖ, Onat F, Çavdar S. Comparison of cerebral ventricular volumes and cortical thicknesses in normal rats and Genetic Absence Epilepsy (GAERS): A developmental study. Int J Dev Neurosci 2018; 68:98-105. [PMID: 29792913 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventricular enlargement and cortical atrophy have been associated with various central nervous system diseases. The aim of the present study was to measure the volumes of the lateral (LV) and third (3V) ventricles and to determine the cortical thickness for the motor (MCx), somatosensory (SSCx), visual (VCx) and auditory (AuCx) cortex and the striatum of Wistar rats, in a developmental series at 10, 20, 30, and 60 days postnatal, and to compare them with similar data from genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS). Serial sections were taken from the brains of Wistar and GAERS animals and were Nissl stained. Photographs were taken from specific sections of the brain for measurements of ventricular volume, cortical and striatal thickness. The image-j computer program was used for the volume and thickness measurements. The data was statistically analyzed by 3-way ANOVA using SPSS 15. Comparison of the measurements of GAERS and Wistar animals showed no statistically significant differences at any of the developmental stages regarding the ventricular (LV and 3V) volumes. However, at P60 and P30 of the MCx, P30 of the SSCx, P20 of the VCx and AuCx showed a significantly thinner cortical thickness in the GAERS than in the Wistar animals. The striatal measurements showed significant decrease in thickness of the striatum at P30 and P60. Further, brain size measurements (between the two temporal poles) showed significant decrease in the size at P30 and P60 of GAERS animals. The presence of thinner cortical and striatal thicknesses and smaller brain size in GAERS animals may suggests that these changes could be involved in the mechanism of epileptogenicity or be a result of the epileptogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Kirazlı
- Department of Anatomy, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | | | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul - Turkey
| | - Safiye Çavdar
- Department of Anatomy, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
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28
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Sarica C, Ozkan M, Hacioglu Bay H, Sehirli U, Onat F, Ziyal MI. Prelimbic Cortex Deep Brain Stimulation Reduces Binge Size in a Chronic Binge Eating Rat Model. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2018. [PMID: 29533964 DOI: 10.1159/000486965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge eating (BE) involves the consumption of a large amount of food in a short period of time and a loss of control during the binge episode. It is a key feature of the major subtypes of eating disorders like bulimia nervosa, BE disorder, anorexia nervosa binge/purge type. Alterations in the mesocorticolimbic pathway play a crucial role in its pathophysiology. OBJECTIVES We hypothesized that BE rats receiving deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the prelimbic cortex, a functional analog of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in humans, would have a reduced binge size compared with those receiving sham stimulation. METHODS Eight male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with a DBS electrode in the left prelimbic cortex. A protocol which included limited access to a "sweet-fat" diet was used to achieve a chronic BE state in the rats. After reaching a stable binge size, each rat had undergone sham, low-frequency stimulation (60 Hz), and high-frequency (130 Hz) stimulation for 3 sessions each, and 2 consecutive treatments were separated by at least 2 empty sessions to allow a washout of the effects. A one-way ANOVA was used for the data analysis. RESULTS Low-frequency (60 Hz) stimulation of the prelimbic cortex significantly reduced the binge size compared to the sham stimulation (p < 0.0001). High-frequency DBS (130 Hz) had no significant influence on this behavior when compared to sham stimulation (p = 0.9). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that low-frequency prelimbic cortex stimulation in BE would be useful for correcting prefrontal hypofunction which is strongly associated with BE and addiction pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Sarica
- Department of Neurosurgery, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Institute of Neurological Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mazhar Ozkan
- Department of Anatomy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Husniye Hacioglu Bay
- Department of Anatomy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Institute of Neurological Sciences, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Umit Sehirli
- Department of Anatomy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Pharmacology, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - M Ibrahim Ziyal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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29
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Kirazlı Ö, Çavdar S, Yıldızel S, Onat F, Kaptanoğlu E. A developmental study of glutamatergic neuron populations in the ventrobasal and the lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus: Comparing Genetic Absence Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) and normal control wistar rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 2016; 56:35-41. [PMID: 27939427 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An imbalance of GABAergic inhibition and glutamatergic excitation is suspected to be the cause of absence epileptic seizures. Absence seizures are known to be generated in thalamocortical circuitry. In the present study we used light microscopy immunohistochemistry to quantify the density of glutamate+ve neurons at two developmental stages (P10 and P60) in two thalamic nuclei, the ventrobasal (VB) and lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) in Wistar rats and compared the results with similar data obtained from genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS). Rats were perfused transcardially with glutaraldehyde and paraformaldehyde fixative, then samples from VB and LGN were removed from each animal and sectioned. The glutamatergic neurons were labelled using light-microscopic glutamate immunohistochemistry. The disector method was used to quantify the glutamate+ve neurons in VB and LGN of GAERS and Wistar rats. The data were statistically analyzed. The distribution of the glutamate+ve neurons in the VB thalamic nucleus showed a significant reduction in the neuronal profiles per unit thalamic area from P10 to P60 in both Wistar and GAERS. The decrease was greater in the GAERS compared to the Wistar animals. However, in the LGN no reduction was observed either in the Wistar or in the GAERS. Comparing the density of glutamate+ve neurons in the VB thalamic nucleus of P10 of Wistar animals with of P10 GAERS showed statistically significant greater densities of these neurons in GAERS than in the Wistar rats. However no significant difference was present at P60 between the Wistar and GAERS animals. The disproportional decrease in GAERS may be related to the onset of absence seizures or may be related to neurogenesis of absence epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özlem Kirazlı
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Safiye Çavdar
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Sercan Yıldızel
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erkan Kaptanoğlu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Marmara University, School of Medicine, Institute of Neurological Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey
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30
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Çavdar S, Özgür M, Kirazlı Ö, Karahüseyinoğlu S, Onat F. Comparing glutamatergic neuron population in the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus of genetic absence epilepsy rats from strasbourg (GAERS) and normal control Wistar rats. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 77:93-99. [PMID: 27262783 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An imbalance between GABAergic inhibition and glutamatergic excitation is suspected to play a role in the genesis of epileptic processes. In the present study we quantified the number of glutamate+ve neurons in the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus (MD) of genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) and compared these with values for normal Wistar rats. The MD thalamic nucleus was removed from each animal and the glutamatergic neurons were labelled using light-microscopy glutamate immunohistochemistry. The disector method was used to quantify the glutamate+ve neurons in the MD thalamic nucleus of GAERS and Wistar rats. The data were statistically analyzed. In the Wistar animals glutamate+ve neurons formed 89% and in GAERS 92.3% of the total neurons in 1000μm3 of MD thalamic nucleus. In GAERS glutamate+ve neurons showed statistically significant increase in the MD thalamic nucleus compared to Wistar animals. In Wistar animals the glutamate-ve neurons formed 11% and in GAERS 7.7% of the total neurons in 1000μm3 of MD thalamic. No significant difference was observed in glutamate-ve neurons between the two strains. The average diameter of glutamate+ve neurons showed no significance, while glutamate-ve neurons were significant between the two strains. The results of the present study, on genetic absence epilepsy model, GAERS, confirms the role of MD thalamic nucleus in chemically induced absence epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiye Çavdar
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Koç University, Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Merve Özgür
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Koç University, Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Özlem Kirazlı
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Serçin Karahüseyinoğlu
- Department of Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, Koç University, Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinic Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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31
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Uyar R, Turk CC, Isik N, Kalelioglu M, Onat F, Ozek M. The Acute and Delayed Effects of Vagal Nerve Stimulation on an Absence Epilepsy Model in WAG/Rij. Turk Neurosurg 2016; 26:352-6. [PMID: 27161460 DOI: 10.5137/1019-5149.jtn.12947-14.0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) is an effective method of treatment for epilepsy patients either unresponsive to medical therapy or not suitable for resective surgeries. We designed an experimental study on Wistar Albino Glaxo rats from Rijswijk (WAGRij) to investigate the effects of VNS on a non-convulsive epilepsy model. MATERIAL AND METHODS The experiment was performed on six WAG/Rij rats, a validated strain for genetic absence seizures. The animals were underwent VNS and the effects were investigated on electroencephalography (EEG) recordings at 22, 24, 26 hours of stimulation and 15 days after the cessation, for duration of spike and wave complexes (SWC), the numbers, mean duration of SWC and frequencies in an hour. RESULTS EEG recordings demonstrated that the mean duration of SWC was 353.1 seconds and the number of activity per hour was 62 at the baseline. There were statistically significant decreases in the total duration of SWC and the number of activities (61.8% and 78% decrease, respectively). There were no significant decreases in the mean duration of SWC and the frequencies. CONCLUSION The acute stimulation of the vagal nerve caused a statistically significant decrease both in overall duration of SWC and the number of complexes in an hour. Moreover, the positive effects seemed to last even 15 days after the cessation of the stimulation. Further studies focusing on different stimulation parameters and delayed effects of the VNS on human absence seizures are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramazan Uyar
- Antalya Education and Research Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery, Antalya, Turkey
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Gülçebi İdriz Oğlu M, Küçükibrahimoğlu E, Karaalp A, Sarikaya Ö, Demirkapu M, Onat F, Gören MZ. Potential drug-drug interactions in a medical intensive care unit of a university hospital. Turk J Med Sci 2016; 46:812-9. [PMID: 27513261 DOI: 10.3906/sag-1504-147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) can impact patient safety. Occurrence of clinically important DDIs is higher for intensive care unit (ICU) patients. This observational study aimed to evaluate the potential DDIs in medical ICU patients of a university hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Medical Pharmacology Department organized consultation reports for ICU patients in order to detect the DDIs. To focus on clinically important DDIs, interactions in the C, D, or X risk rating categories of the Lexi-Interact online database were analyzed. Frequency and clinical risk rating categories of DDIs were detected. Relationship between number of prescriptions and DDIs were assessed. The most frequent drug/drug groups were identified. RESULTS Of 101 ICU patients, 45.5% were found to have DDIs. We detected 125 C (72.2%), 37 D (21.4%), and 11 X (6.4%) risk category interactions. A statistically significant increase in the number of DDIs was shown with the number of prescriptions (P = 0.002). The most frequent DDIs were between agents acting on the cardiovascular system and corticosteroids (12.8%). CONCLUSION Results of this study show that pharmacological consultation plays a critical role in the recognition of DDIs for improvement of medication management and effective therapeutic endpoints without any adverse or toxic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Esra Küçükibrahimoğlu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Atila Karaalp
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Özlem Sarikaya
- Department of Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mahluga Demirkapu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Zafer Gören
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
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Duman NC, Gulcebi MI, Ayhan GB, Ozkula S, Asık ZT, Gulhan R, Onat F, Goren MZ, Karaalp A. Assessment of colchicine use during pregnancy and breastfeeding in a University Hospital. Reprod Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Yuce-Dursun B, Danis O, Demir S, Ogan A, Onat F. Proteomic changes in the cortex membrane fraction of genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg. J Integr Neurosci 2015; 13:633-44. [PMID: 25352154 DOI: 10.1142/s021963521450023x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a serious neurodegenerative disorder with a high incidence and a variety of presentations and causes. Studies on brain from various animal models including chronic models: Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) are very useful for understanding the fundamental mechanisms associated with human epilepsy. Individual regions of the brain have different protein composition in different conditions. Therefore, proteomic analyses of the brain compartments are preferred for the development of new therapeutic targets in different pathophysiological conditions like neurodegenerative disorders. In this study, we describe a proteomic profiling of membrane fraction of cortex tissue from epileptic GAERS and non-epileptic Wistar rat brain by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis coupled with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectroscopy. Comparing the optical density of spots between groups, we found that one protein expression was significantly down-regulated (guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(I)/G(S)/G(T) subunit beta-1) and one protein expression was significantly up-regulated (14-3-3 protein epsilon isoform) in GAERS group. Our results indicate that these proteins might have played a significant role in epilepsy and may be considered as valuable therapeutic targets in the absence of epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basak Yuce-Dursun
- Marmara University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 34722, Istanbul, Turkey
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Powell KL, Tang H, Ng C, Guillemain I, Dieuset G, Dezsi G, Çarçak N, Onat F, Martin B, O'Brien TJ, Depaulis A, Jones NC. Seizure expression, behavior, and brain morphology differences in colonies of Genetic Absence Epilepsy Rats from Strasbourg. Epilepsia 2014; 55:1959-68. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.12840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim L. Powell
- Department of Medicine; The University of Melbourne; Royal Melbourne Hospital; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Howard Tang
- Department of Medicine; The University of Melbourne; Royal Melbourne Hospital; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Caroline Ng
- Department of Medicine; The University of Melbourne; Royal Melbourne Hospital; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Isabelle Guillemain
- Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences; Inserm U836 - University Joseph Fourier; Grenoble France
| | - Gabriel Dieuset
- Inserm; U1099; Rennes France
- University of Rennes 1; LTSI; Rennes France
| | - Gabi Dezsi
- Department of Medicine; The University of Melbourne; Royal Melbourne Hospital; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Nihan Çarçak
- Department of Pharmacology; Istanbul University Faculty of Pharmacy; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Medicine; Marmara University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Benoît Martin
- Inserm; U1099; Rennes France
- University of Rennes 1; LTSI; Rennes France
| | - Terence J. O'Brien
- Department of Medicine; The University of Melbourne; Royal Melbourne Hospital; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Antoine Depaulis
- Grenoble Institute of Neurosciences; Inserm U836 - University Joseph Fourier; Grenoble France
| | - Nigel C. Jones
- Department of Medicine; The University of Melbourne; Royal Melbourne Hospital; Parkville Victoria Australia
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Taylor H, Schmiedt JT, Carçak N, Onat F, Di Giovanni G, Lambert R, Leresche N, Crunelli V, David F. Investigating local and long-range neuronal network dynamics by simultaneous optogenetics, reverse microdialysis and silicon probe recordings in vivo. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 235:83-91. [PMID: 25004203 PMCID: PMC4164909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics and microdialysis can be successfully combined. How to manipulate circuits of spontaneous and evoked activities with drugs and lights? Thalamic control of delta waves and sleep spindles.
Background The advent of optogenetics has given neuroscientists the opportunity to excite or inhibit neuronal population activity with high temporal resolution and cellular selectivity. Thus, when combined with recordings of neuronal ensemble activity in freely moving animals optogenetics can provide an unprecedented snapshot of the contribution of neuronal assemblies to (patho)physiological conditions in vivo. Still, the combination of optogenetic and silicone probe (or tetrode) recordings does not allow investigation of the role played by voltage- and transmitter-gated channels of the opsin-transfected neurons and/or other adjacent neurons in controlling neuronal activity. New method and results We demonstrate that optogenetics and silicone probe recordings can be combined with intracerebral reverse microdialysis for the long-term delivery of neuroactive drugs around the optic fiber and silicone probe. In particular, we show the effect of antagonists of T-type Ca2+ channels, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channels and metabotropic glutamate receptors on silicone probe-recorded activity of the local opsin-transfected neurons in the ventrobasal thalamus, and demonstrate the changes that the block of these thalamic channels/receptors brings about in the network dynamics of distant somatotopic cortical neuronal ensembles. Comparison with existing methods This is the first demonstration of successfully combining optogenetics and neuronal ensemble recordings with reverse microdialysis. This combination of techniques overcomes some of the disadvantages that are associated with the use of intracerebral injection of a drug-containing solution at the site of laser activation. Conclusions The combination of reverse microdialysis, silicone probe recordings and optogenetics can unravel the short and long-term effects of specific transmitter- and voltage-gated channels on laser-modulated firing at the site of optogenetic stimulation and the actions that these manipulations exert on distant neuronal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Taylor
- Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Joscha T Schmiedt
- Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Nihan Carçak
- Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Instanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Malta, Malta
| | - Régis Lambert
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), Paris F-75005, France; CNRS, UMR 8246, NPS, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Nathalie Leresche
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UM CR18, Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), Paris F-75005, France; CNRS, UMR 8246, NPS, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Vincenzo Crunelli
- Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
| | - Francois David
- Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK.
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Çarçak N, Zheng T, Ali I, Abdullah A, French C, Powell KL, Jones NC, van Raay L, Rind G, Onat F, O'Brien TJ. The effect of amygdala kindling on neuronal firing patterns in the lateral thalamus in the GAERS model of absence epilepsy. Epilepsia 2014; 55:654-665. [DOI: 10.1111/epi.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nihan Çarçak
- Department of Pharmacology; Faculty of Pharmacy; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Thomas Zheng
- Department of Medicine; Royal Melbourne Hospital; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Idrish Ali
- Department of Medicine; Royal Melbourne Hospital; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Ahmad Abdullah
- Department of Medicine; Royal Melbourne Hospital; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Chris French
- Department of Medicine; Royal Melbourne Hospital; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
- Department of Neurology; Royal Melbourne Hospital; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Kim L. Powell
- Department of Medicine; Royal Melbourne Hospital; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Nigel C. Jones
- Department of Medicine; Royal Melbourne Hospital; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Leena van Raay
- Department of Medicine; Royal Melbourne Hospital; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Gil Rind
- Department of Medicine; Royal Melbourne Hospital; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Filiz Onat
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology; Marmara University School of Medicine; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Terence J. O'Brien
- Department of Medicine; Royal Melbourne Hospital; University of Melbourne; Melbourne Vic. Australia
- Department of Neurology; Royal Melbourne Hospital; Melbourne Vic. Australia
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Cavdar S, Bay HH, Yildiz SD, Akakin D, Sirvanci S, Onat F. Comparison of numbers of interneurons in three thalamic nuclei of normal and epileptic rats. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:451-60. [PMID: 24526659 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1402-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory sources in the thalamic nuclei are local interneurons and neurons of the thalamic reticular nucleus. Studies of models of absence epilepsy have shown that the seizures are associated with an excess of inhibitory neurotransmission in the thalamus. In the present study, we used light-microscopic gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunocytochemistry to quantify the interneurons in the lateral geniculate (LGN), ventral posteromedial (VPM), and ventral posterolateral (VPL) thalamic nuclei, and compared the values from normal Wistar rats and genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS). We found that in both Wistar rats and GAERS, the proportion of interneurons was significantly higher in the LGN than in the VPM and VPL. In the LGN of Wistar rats, 16.4% of the neurons were interneurons and in the GAERS, the value was 15.1%. In the VPM, the proportion of interneurons was 4.2% in Wistar and 14.9% in GAERS; in the VPL the values were 3.7% for Wistar and 11.1% for the GAERS. There was no significant difference between Wistar rats and the GAERS regarding the counts of interneurons in the LGN, whereas the VPM and VPL showed significantly higher counts in GAERS. Comparison of the mean areas of both relay cells and interneuronal profiles showed no significant differences between Wistar rats and GAERS. These findings show that in the VPL and the VPM there are relatively more GABAergic interneurons in GAERS than in Wistar rats. This may represent a compensatory response of the thalamocortical circuitry to the absence seizures or may be related to the production of absence seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiye Cavdar
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Koç University, Sarıyer-Istanbul, Turkey,
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Onat F. Astrocytes and absence epilepsy. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:1086-7. [PMID: 23145977 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED This commentary discusses the importance of a new study entitled 'ONO-2506 inhibits spike-wave discharges in a genetic animal model without affecting traditional convulsive tests via gliotransmission regulation' by Yamamura et al. () from Dr Okada's laboratory. The results from this study suggest that specific astrocyte modulating approaches should be developed for managing non-convulsive forms of epilepsy. In addition, the authors have advanced our understanding of astrocytic signalling and glial transmission. Their findings point to kynurenic acid as one of the key transmitters in the bi-directional communication between astrocytes and neurons. LINKED ARTICLE This article is a commentary on the research paper by Yamamura et al., pp. 1088-1100 of this issue. To view this paper visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02132.x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Onat
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Sirvanci S, Canillioglu Y, Akakin D, Midillioglu S, Yildiz SD, Onat F, San T. Glutamic acid decarboxylase immunoreactivity in the mossy fiber terminals of the hippocampus of genetic absence epileptic rats. Turk Neurosurg 2011; 21:499-503. [PMID: 22194107 DOI: 10.5137/1019-5149.jtn.4353-11.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM Genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) provide a model of absence epilepsy. Although excessive GABA mediation within the thalamo-cortico-thalamic circuit has been shown to play a role in absence epilepsy, neuronal networks of hippocampus have recently received attention. Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) was previously shown to be increased after convulsive seizures in the mossy fiber terminals (MFTs) of hippocampus. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the change in the level of this enzyme in convulsive seizures is also observed in rats having genetic absence epilepsy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Hippocampal CA3 and dentate regions were processed for transmission electron microscopic evaluations. Thin sections were incubated with anti-GAD65/67 antibody. The NIH Image Analysis program was used for the quantitative analysis. RESULTS It was observed that GAD65/67 immunoreactivity was positive in CA3 and dentate gyrus MFTs of both groups and the difference in the density of immunolabeling between the groups was not statistically significant. CONCLUSION The present study demonstrated that GABA synthesizing enzyme, GAD, is found in MFTs of Wistar and GAERS hippocampus and this enzyme does not show an increase in these terminals in absence epilepsy, in contrast to convulsive seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serap Sirvanci
- Marmara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Senturk GE, Isler C, Kemerdere R, Ulu MO, Umay C, Ozkaymakci A, Aker GR, Ercan F, Ozkara C, Onat F, Uzan M. Hippocampal neuronal damage in rats exposed to a double hit: irradiation and hyperthermia. Turk Neurosurg 2011; 21:454-60. [PMID: 22194099 DOI: 10.5137/1019-5149.jtn.4012-10.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM In utero irradiation models induce diffuse neuronal damage. Experimental studies have shown that hyperthermia induced seizures are easily elicited and have high mortality accompanied by neuronal loss. Neuronal damage and loss are the results of cell death coupled with cortical development in altered cellular development. The aim of the study was to investigate the changes in hippocampus that was exposed to irradiation and hyperthermia. MATERIAL AND METHODS Four groups were studied: 1) The irradiation group was exposed to 225 cGy irradiation on the 17th gestational day; 2) The hyperthermia group was exposed to hyperthermia on the 10th postnatal day; 3) The hyperthermia plus irradiation group was exposed to in utero irradiation and postnatal hyperthermia; 4) The control group was sham operated. Animals were examined 3 and 6 months later. RESULTS The hippocampus was atrophic with neuronal loss in CA regions and ectopic neurons were in irradiation group. Severe damage with the most atrophy was demonstrated in all regions of the irradiation plus hyperthermia group. In long term, damage was severe in all groups. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated more damage in hippocampi exposed to both irradiation and hyperthermia that may be taken as an evidence for the double hit hypothesis in the development of hippocampal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gozde Erkanli Senturk
- Marmara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Histoogy and Embryology, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Gulcebi MI, Ketenci S, Linke R, Hacıoğlu H, Yanalı H, Veliskova J, Moshé SL, Onat F, Çavdar S. Topographical connections of the substantia nigra pars reticulata to higher-order thalamic nuclei in the rat. Brain Res Bull 2011; 87:312-8. [PMID: 22108631 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNR) is the ventral subdivision of the substantia nigra and contains mostly GABAergic neurons. The present study explores whether the SNR relates to all dorsal thalamic nuclei equally or just to a particular group of nuclei, such as first or higher-order nuclei. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) were made into the SNR of 10 male adult rats. The distribution of anterogradely labelled axon terminals in the thalamic nuclei was documented. The projections of the SNR to the thalamic nuclei were exclusively to some motor higher-order, but not to first-order thalamic relays. There were bilateral projections to the ventromedial (VM), parafascicular (PF), centromedian (CM) and paracentral (PC) nuclei and unilateral projections to the centrolateral (CL), mediodorsal (MD) and thalamic reticular nucleus (Rt). Labelled axon terminals in the thalamic nuclei ranged from numerous to sparse in VM, PF, CM, CL, PC, MD and Rt. Further, injections into the SNR along its rostral-caudal axis showed specific topographical connections with the thalamic nuclei. The rostral SNR injections showed labelled axon terminals of VM, PF, CL, PC, CM, MD and Rt. Caudal SNR injections showed labelling of VM, PF, PC, CM and MD. All injections showed labelled axons and terminals in the zona incerta. The nigrothalamic GABAergic neurons can be regarded as an important system for the regulation of motor activities. The SNR is in a position to influence large areas of the neocortex by modulating some of the motor higher-order thalamic nuclei directly or indirectly via Rt.
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Cavdar S, Hacıoğlu H, Doğukan SY, Onat F. Do the quantitative relationships of synaptic junctions and terminals in the thalamus of genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) differ from those in normal control Wistar rats. Neurol Sci 2011; 33:251-9. [PMID: 21720899 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-011-0666-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal functional properties of the thalamocortical connections were reported in the absence of epilepsy. The present study compares the ratios of terminals ('RL'-round vesicles, large terminals, 'RS'-round vesicles, small terminals and 'F'-flattened vesicles) and synapse in three first-order (ventrobasal, lateral geniculate and anteroventral) and in three higher-order (posterior, lateral posterior and mediodorsal) thalamic nuclei of genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS) with our earlier quantitative studies of normal Wistar rats to show whether quantitative differences were present in GAERS as compared to Wistar rat. Rats were perfused transcardially, the brains were removed and cut as 300 μm coronal sections. Parts of the six thalamic nuclei were removed for routine electron microscopy and GABA immunocytochemistry. Twenty photographs from each section at 20,000× magnification were taken, and the terminals were identified as RL, RS or F. (1) In normal Wistar rats (as in cats), the proportion of driver terminals (RL) and synapses is lower in higher-order than in first-order thalamic nuclei, but this difference is not present in GAERS animals. (2) The proportions of RS terminals and synapses for each thalamic nucleus showed no significant differences between GAERS and Wistar rats for any of the thalamic nuclei. (3) In GAERS, the proportion of inhibitory F terminals and synapses was significantly high in the VB and low in the LP thalamic nucleus. These abnormal ratios in the GAERS may be the cause of the spike-and-wave discharges of absence seizures or may represent a compensatory response of the thalamocortical circuitry to the absence seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiye Cavdar
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Koç, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Danış Ö, Demir S, Günel A, Aker RG, Gülçebi M, Onat F, Ogan A. Changes in intracellular protein expression in cortex, thalamus and hippocampus in a genetic rat model of absence epilepsy. Brain Res Bull 2011; 84:381-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Akakin D, Sirvanci S, Gurbanova A, Aker R, Onat F, San T. Ultrastructural GABA immunocytochemistry in the mossy fiber terminals of Wistar and genetic absence epileptic rats receiving amygdaloid kindling stimulations. Brain Res 2010; 1377:101-8. [PMID: 21195064 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/21/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The existence of absence epilepsy and temporal lobe epilepsy in the same patient is not common in clinical practice. The reason why both types of seizures are rarely seen in the same patient is not well understood. Therefore, we aimed to investigate kindling in a well known model of human absence epilepsy, genetic absence epilepsy rats from Strasbourg (GAERS). In the present study, we analyzed whether the GABA content of GAERS that received kindling stimulations was altered in the hippocampal mossy fiber terminals compared to non-epileptic control (NEC) Wistar rats. For this purpose, we used an immunocytochemical technique at the ultrastructural level. Ultrathin sections were immunolabeled with anti-GABA antibody and transmission electron microscopy was used for the ultrastructural examination. The number of gold particles per nerve terminal was counted and the area of the nerve terminal was determined using NIH image analysis program. The GABA density was found to be higher in sham-operated GAERS than sham-operated Wistar rats. The density was increased in kindling Wistar group compared to sham-operated Wistar and kindling GAERS groups. No statistical difference was observed between sham-operated GAERS and kindling GAERS groups. The increase in GABA levels in stimulated Wistar rats may be a result of a protective mechanism. Furthermore, there may be strain differences between Wistar rats and GAERS and our findings addressing different epileptogenesis mechanisms in these strains might be a basis for future experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Akakin
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Çarçak N, Onat F, Pinault D, French C, Gulhan R, O’Brien Terence J. 26. In vivo study of the impact of amygdala kindling on the firing pattern of single neurons in the thalamus in a genetic absence epilepsy rat model. J Clin Neurosci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2009.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Erkanli G, Ercan F, Sirvanci S, Yananli HR, Onat F, San T. Time-dependent changes in distribution of basic fibroblast growth factor immunoreactive cells in rat hippocampus after status epilepticus. Neurol Res 2008; 29:816-23. [PMID: 18078594 DOI: 10.1179/174313213x13789811969229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we aimed to examine time-dependent morphologic changes and quantitative alterations in the density of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-immunoreactive (ir) astrocytes and CA2 pyramidal neurons in dorsal hippocampus of rats after status epilepticus (SE) induced by kainic acid (KA) injection. METHODS Wistar albino rats were injected with saline or KA i.p. to investigate time-dependent alterations in morphology and the number of bFGF-ir astrocytes and neurons in the dorsal hippocampus 15, 30 and 90 days after KA injection. RESULTS Fifteen days after KA injection, gliosis was present throughout the hippocampus and neuronal loss was evident in CA1 and CA3 regions, which was more severe after 30 and 90 days. KA-injected rats demonstrated significantly increased number of both bFGF-ir astrocytes throughout the hippocampus and pyramidal neurons in CA2 after 15 days and decreased number after 30 and 90 days. CONCLUSION The decrease in the number of bFGF-ir astroglia and neurons in long term after KA injection may indicate a decrease in the production of bFGF and/or number of bFGF-ir cells, suggesting that protective effects of bFGF might be altered during epileptogenesis in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gozde Erkanli
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
Ethosuximide, 2-ethyl-2-methylsuccinimide, has been used extensively for "petit mal" seizures and it is a valuable agent in studies of absence epilepsy. In the treatment of epilepsy, ethosuximide has a narrow therapeutic profile. It is the drug of choice in the monotherapy or combination therapy of children with generalized absence (petit mal) epilepsy. Commonly observed side effects of ethosuximide are dose dependent and involve the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system. Ethosuximide has been associated with a wide variety of idiosyncratic reactions and with hematopoietic adverse effects. Typical absence seizures are generated as a result of complex interactions between the thalamus and the cerebral cortex. This thalamocortical circuitry is under the control of several specific inhibitory and excitatory systems arising from the forebrain and brainstem. Corticothalamic rhythms are believed to be involved in the generation of spike-and-wave discharges that are the characteristic electroencephalographic signs of absence seizures. The spontaneous pacemaker oscillatory activity of thalamocortical circuitry involves low threshold T-type Ca2+ currents in the thalamus, and ethosuximide is presumed to reduce these low threshold T-type Ca2+ currents in thalamic neurons. Ethosuximide also decreases the persistent Na+ and Ca2+ -activated K+ currents in thalamic and layer V cortical pyramidal neurons. In addition, there is evidence that in a genetic absence epilepsy rat model ethosuximide reduces cortical gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels. Also, elevated glutamate levels in the primary motor cortex of rats with absence epilepsy (but not in normal animals) are reduced by ethosuximide.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zafer Gören
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Epilepsy Research Center, Marmara University, Haydarpaşa, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Erkanli G, Ercan F, Sirvanci S, Salik E, Yananli HR, Onat F, San T. Time-dependent changes in distribution of basic fibroblast growth factor immunoreactive cells in hippocampus after kainic acid injection in rat pups. Int J Dev Neurosci 2007; 25:399-407. [PMID: 17881182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2007.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 06/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Five-day-old Wistar albino rats were injected with kainic acid (KA) or saline i.p. to investigate time-dependent alterations in morphology and number of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) immunoreactive (-ir) astrocytes and neurons in hippocampus at 15, 30, and 90 days after the injections. Sections were stained with cresyl violet for morphological evaluation and bFGF immunohistochemistry was used for quantitative evaluation of bFGF-ir cell density. Fifteen days after KA injection, there was gliosis but no neuronal loss although disorganization in CA1, CA3, CA4 pyramidal layers and neuronal loss were evident 30 and 90 days after the injection. KA injected rats demonstrated significantly increased number of bFGF-ir astrocytes throughout the hippocampus and pyramidal neurons in CA2 after 15 days and decreased number of bFGF-ir cells after 30 and 90 days. The decrease in the number of bFGF-ir astroglia and neurons in long term after KA injection may indicate a decrease in the production of bFGF and/or number of bFGF-ir cells suggesting that protective effects of bFGF may be altered during epileptogenesis in hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gozde Erkanli
- Marmara University, School of Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Haydarpaşa 34668, Istanbul, Turkey
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Abstract
This study demonstrated that there is a pathway from the zona incerta to the thalamic reticular nucleus. Injections of horseradish peroxidase or Fluorogold were made, using stereotaxic coordinates, into the rostral, intermediate or caudal regions of the thalamic reticular nucleus of adult Sprague-Dawley rats. The results show that the different regions of the thalamic reticular nucleus have distinct patterns of connections with the sectors of the zona incerta. In terms of the relative strength of the connections, injections made into the rostral regions of the thalamic reticular nucleus showed the highest number of labelled cells within the rostral and ventral sectors of the zona incerta; injections made into the intermediate regions of the thalamic reticular nucleus showed labelled cells in the dorsal and ventral sectors; while injections to the caudal regions of the thalamic reticular nucleus showed only a few labelled cells in the caudal sector of the zona incerta. Previous studies have shown that the zona incerta projects to the higher order thalamic nuclei but not first order thalamic nuclei. The labelling observed in the present study may represent collaterals of zona incerta to higher order thalamic nuclei projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safiye Cavdar
- Department of Anatomy, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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