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Deguire S, Sandford GN, Bieuzen F. Anaerobic Speed Reserve and Performance Relationships Between International and World-Class Short-Track Speed Skating. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023; 18:1196-1205. [PMID: 37536677 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Short-track speed skating race distances of 500, 1000, and 1500 m that last ∼40 seconds to ∼2.5 minutes and require a maximal intensity at speeds beyond maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max). Recently, the anaerobic speed reserve (ASR) has been applied by scientists and coaches in middle-distance sports to deepen understanding of 1- to 5-minute event performance where different physiological profiles (speed, hybrid, and endurance) can have success. METHODS World-class (women, n = 2; men, n = 3) and international-level (women, n = 4; men, n = 5) short-track speed skaters completed maximal aerobic speed and maximal skating speed tests. ASR characteristics were compared between profiles and associated with on-ice performance. RESULTS World-class athletes raced at a lower %ASR in the 1000- (3.1%; large; almost certainly) and 1500-m (1.8%; large; possibly) events than international athletes. Men's and women's speed profiles operated at a higher %ASR in the 500-m than hybrid and endurance profiles, whereas in the 1500-m, endurance profiles worked at a substantially lower %ASR than hybrid and speed profiles. Women's 500-m performance is very largely associated with maximal skating speed, while women's maximal aerobic speed appears to be a key determining factor in the 1000- and 1500-m performance. CONCLUSION World-class short-track speed skaters can be developed in speed, hybrid, and endurance profiles but achieve their performance differently by leveraging their strongest characteristics. These results show nuanced differences between men's and women's 500-, 1000- and 1500-m event performance across ASR profile that unlock new insights for individualizing athlete performance in these disciplines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Deguire
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, Montréal, QC,Canada
- Speed Skating Canada, Montréal, QC,Canada
| | | | - François Bieuzen
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, Montréal, QC,Canada
- Speed Skating Canada, Montréal, QC,Canada
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2
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Legrand FD, Dugué B, Costello J, Bleakley C, Miller E, Broatch JR, Polidori G, Lubkowska A, Louis J, Lombardi G, Bieuzen F, Capodaglio P. Evaluating safety risks of whole-body cryotherapy/cryostimulation (WBC): a scoping review from an international consortium. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:387. [PMID: 37770960 PMCID: PMC10537204 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01385-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the two last decades, whole-body cryotherapy/cryostimulation (WBC) has emerged as an exciting non-pharmacological treatment influencing inflammatory events at a cellular and physiological level, which can result in improved sleep quality, faster neuromuscular recovery after high-intensity exercise, and chronic pain relief for patients suffering different types of diseases (fibromyalgia, rheumatism, arthritis). Some evidence even suggests that WBC has benefits on mental health (depression, anxiety disorders) and cognitive functions in both adults and older adults, due to increased circulating BDNF levels. Recently, some safety concerns have been expressed by influential public health authorities (e.g., FDA, INSERM) based on reports from patients who developed adverse events upon or following WBC treatment. However, part of the data used to support these claims involved individuals whose entire body (except head) was exposed to extreme cold vaporized liquid nitrogen while standing in a narrow bathtub. Such a procedure is known as partial-body cryotherapy (PBC), and is often erroneously mistaken to be whole-body cryotherapy. Although having similarities in terms of naming and pursued aims, these two approaches are fundamentally different. The present article reviews the available literature on the main safety concerns associated with the use of true whole-body cryotherapy. English- and French-language reports of empirical studies including case reports, case series, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified through searches of PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science electronic databases. Five case reports and two RCTs were included for a total of 16 documented adverse events (AEs). A critical in-depth evaluation of these AEs (type, severity, context of onset, participant's medical background, follow-up) is proposed and used to illustrate that WBC-related safety risks are within acceptable limits and can be proactively prevented by adhering to existing recommendations, contraindications, and commonsense guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien D Legrand
- Laboratoire C2S, EA 6291, Université de Reims Champagne Ardennes, 51100, Reims, France.
| | - Benoît Dugué
- Laboratoire Mobilité Vieillissement, Exercice (MOVE), UR 20296, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Université de Poitiers, 86000, Poitiers, France
| | - Joe Costello
- Extreme Environments Laboratory, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, England, UK
| | - Chris Bleakley
- Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, Ulster University, York St, Belfast, BT15 1ED, UK
| | - Elzbieta Miller
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, Milionowa 14, Lodz, Poland
| | - James R Broatch
- Institute for Health and Sport (IHES), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Anna Lubkowska
- Department of Functional Diagnostics and Physical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 54, 71-210, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, L3 3AF, UK
| | - Giovanni Lombardi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, 20157, Milan, Italy
| | - François Bieuzen
- Service des Sciences du Sport, Institut National du Sport du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Paolo Capodaglio
- Laboratorio di Ricerca in Biomeccanica, Riabilitazione ed Ergonomia, Università di Torino, Torino, Italy
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Poignard M, Guilhem G, Jubeau M, Martin E, Giol T, Montalvan B, Bieuzen F. Cold-water immersion and whole-body cryotherapy attenuate muscle soreness during 3 days of match-like tennis protocol. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1895-1909. [PMID: 37088821 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05190-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effect of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC), cold-water immersion (CWI) and passive recovery (PAS) on tennis recovery. METHODS Thirteen competitive male tennis players completed three consecutive match-like tennis protocols, followed by recovery (WBC, CWI, PAS) in a crossover design. Five tennis drills and serves were performed using a ball machine to standardize the fatiguing protocol. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) peak torque, creatine kinase activity (CK), muscle soreness, ball accuracy and velocity together with voluntary activation, low- and high-frequency torque and EMG activity were recorded before each protocol and 24 h following the third protocol. RESULTS MVC peak torque (- 7.7 ± 11.3%; p = 0.001) and the high- to low-frequency torque ratio (- 10.0 ± 25.8%; p < 0.05) decreased on Day 1 but returned to baseline on Day 2, Day 3 and Day 4 (p = 0.052, all p > 0.06). The CK activity slightly increased from 161.0 ± 100.2 to 226.0 ± 106.7 UA L-1 on Day 1 (p = 0.001) and stayed at this level (p = 0.016) across days with no differences between recovery interventions. Muscle soreness increased across days with PAS recovery (p = 0.005), while no main effect of time was neither observed with WBC nor CWI (all p > 0.292). The technical performance was maintained across protocols with WBC and PAS, while it increased for CWI on Day 3 vs Day 1 (p = 0.017). CONCLUSION Our 1.5-h tennis protocol led to mild muscle damage, though neither the neuromuscular function nor the tennis performance was altered due to accumulated workload induced by consecutive tennis protocols. The muscle soreness resulting from tennis protocols was similarly alleviated by both CWI and WBC. TRIAL REGISTRATION IRB No. 2017-A02255-48, 12/05/2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Poignard
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), 11 Avenue du Tremblay, 75012, Paris, France.
- French Tennis Federation, Paris, France.
| | - Gaël Guilhem
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), 11 Avenue du Tremblay, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Marc Jubeau
- Nantes University, Movement-Interactions-Performance, MIP, UR 4334, 44000, Nantes, France
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Deguire S, Billaut F, Bieuzen F. Time Decay in the Performance Benefits From Repeated-Sprint Training in Hypoxia in World-Class Short-Track Speed Skaters. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2023:1-7. [PMID: 37185453 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE In short-track speed skating, athletes need to possess specific physiological capabilities to perform explosive starts and to finish races with faster lap times than their opponents. Repeated-sprint training in hypoxia (RSH) can enhance repeated-sprint ability and high-intensity performance. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between on- and off-ice performance indicators for training and testing purposes and how these are optimized with RSH in world-class short-track speed skaters including world and Olympic champions. METHODS RSH training was administered for 3 consecutive weeks, 3 times per week, at 3500 m of simulated altitude. Testing sessions (on-ice: 3-lap, 27-lap; off-ice: cycling incremental test, 7-s and 30-s Wingate) were performed immediately before and 2 and 4 weeks after RSH to determine the time course of decay. RESULTS On-ice top speed showed a small and possibly beneficial change of ∼0.9% for the women and large and almost certain ∼0.7% improvement for the men 2 weeks post-RSH. Cycling peak power showed a moderate and probable ∼5.4% improvement for the men 2 weeks after RSH. These adaptations reverted to baseline 4 weeks post-RSH. Wingate average power showed a small and possibly beneficial gain (∼3.4%) in performance 4 weeks post-RSH. CONCLUSION Although scientific controls could not be added due to the extremely high caliber of these athletes and low sample size of the national team, this study suggests that cycling RSH can be added immediately after on-ice training and can transfer into meaningful improvements on the ice in both male and female skaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Deguire
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, Montréal, QC,Canada
- Speed Skating Canada, Montréal, QC,Canada
| | - François Billaut
- Speed Skating Canada, Montréal, QC,Canada
- Département de Kinésiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, QC,Canada
| | - François Bieuzen
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, Montréal, QC,Canada
- Speed Skating Canada, Montréal, QC,Canada
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Briand J, Deguire S, Gaudet S, Bieuzen F. Monitoring Variables Influence on Random Forest Models to Forecast Injuries in Short-Track Speed Skating. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:896828. [PMID: 35911375 PMCID: PMC9329998 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.896828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Injuries limit the athletes' ability to participate fully in their training and competitive process. They are detrimental to performance, affecting the athletes psychologically while limiting physiological adaptations and long-term development. This study aims to present a framework for developing random forest classifier models, forecasting injuries in the upcoming 1 to 7 days, to assist the performance support staff in reducing injuries and maximizing performance within the Canadian National Female Short-Track Speed Skating Program. Forty different variables monitored daily over two seasons (2018-2019 and 2019-2020) were used to develop two sets of forecasting models. One includes only training load variables (TL), and a second (ALL) combines a wide array of monitored variables (neuromuscular function, heart rate variability, training load, psychological wellbeing, past injury type, and location). The sensitivity (ALL: 0.35 ± 0.19, TL: 0.23 ± 0.03), specificity (ALL: 0.81 ± 0.05, TL: 0.74 ± 0.03) and Matthews Correlation Coefficients (MCC) (ALL: 0.13 ± 0.05, TL: -0.02 ± 0.02) were computed. Paired T-test on the MCC revealed statistically significant (p < 0.01) and large positive effects (Cohen d > 1) for the ALL forecasting models' MCC over every forecasting window (1 to 7 days). These models were highly determined by the athletes' training completion, lower limb and trunk/lumbar injury history, as well as sFatigue, a training load marker. The TL forecasting models' MCC suggests they do not bring any added value to forecast injuries. Combining a wide array of monitored variables and quantifying the injury etiology conceptual components significantly improve the injury forecasting performance of random forest models. The ALL forecasting models' performances are promising, especially on one time windows of one or two days, with sensitivities and specificities being respectively above 0.5 and 0.7. They could add value to the decision-making process for the support staff in order to assist the Canadian National Female Team Short-Track Speed Skating program in reducing the number of incomplete training days, which could potentially increase performance. On longer forecasting time windows, ALL forecasting models' sensitivity and MCC decrease gradually. Further work is needed to determine if such models could be useful for forecasting injuries over three days or longer.
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Martens G, Delvaux F, Forthomme B, Kaux JF, Urhausen A, Bieuzen F, Leclerc S, Winkler L, Brocherie F, Nedelec M, Morales-Artacho AJ, Ruffault A, Macquet AC, Guilhem G, Hannouche D, Tscholl PM, Seil R, Edouard P, Croisier JL. Exercise-Based Injury Prevention in High-Level and Professional Athletes: Narrative Review and Proposed Standard Operating Procedure for Future Lockdown-Like Contexts After COVID-19. Front Sports Act Living 2021; 3:745765. [PMID: 34977567 PMCID: PMC8718545 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2021.745765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In regular times, implementing exercise-based injury prevention programs into the training routine of high-level and professional athletes represents a key and challenging aspect to decrease injury risk. Barriers to implementing such prevention programs have previously been identified such as lack of resources, logistic issues or motivation. The COVID-19 pandemic associated with restrictions on daily life dramatically impacted sports participation from training to competition. It is therefore reasonable to assume that such lockdown-like context has exacerbated the challenge to implement exercise-based injury prevention programs, potentially leading to a greater musculoskeletal injury risk. In this narrative review, recommendations are proposed for building an expertise- and evidence-based Standard Operating Procedure for injury prevention in lockdown-like contexts for high-level and professional athletes. The following recommendations can be provided: (1) assess the global and sport-specific risks in the light of the ongoing cause of isolation; (2) adapt remote training materials and programs; (3) ensure regular quality communication within the staff, between athletes and the staff as well as between athletes; (4) follow the athlete's mental well-being; and (5) plan for a safe return-to-sports as well as for an ongoing monitoring of the load-recovery balance. These key domains should further be addressed to comply with local policies, which are subject to change over time in each individual country. The use of these recommendations may improve the readiness of athletes, coaches, physicians and all sports stakeholders for future lockdown-like contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Martens
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
| | - François Delvaux
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Physical Medicine and Sport Traumatology Department, SportS, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Fédération Internationale de Médecine du Sport (FIMS) Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Liège and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Forthomme
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Physical Medicine and Sport Traumatology Department, SportS, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Fédération Internationale de Médecine du Sport (FIMS) Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Liège and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jean-François Kaux
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Physical Medicine and Sport Traumatology Department, SportS, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Fédération Internationale de Médecine du Sport (FIMS) Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Liège and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Axel Urhausen
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Luxembourg Institute of Research in Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Science, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Clinique du Sport, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Human Motion, Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Digital Methods, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - François Bieuzen
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Medico-Scientific Department, Institut National du Sport du Québec (INS), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Suzanne Leclerc
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Medico-Scientific Department, Institut National du Sport du Québec (INS), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Laurent Winkler
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Franck Brocherie
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Nedelec
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Antonio J. Morales-Artacho
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Alexis Ruffault
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
- Unité de Recherche Interfacultaire Santé et Société (URiSS), Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anne-Claire Macquet
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Gaël Guilhem
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Didier Hannouche
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Philippe M. Tscholl
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Romain Seil
- Luxembourg Institute of Research in Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Science, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Human Motion, Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Digital Methods, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
- Service de Chirurgie Orthopédique, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Pascal Edouard
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Sports Medicine Unit, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Science (LIBM EA 7424), University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, Saint Etienne, France
| | - Jean-Louis Croisier
- Réseau Francophone Olympique de la Recherche en Médecine du Sport (ReFORM) International Olympic Committee (IOC) Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Liège, Belgium
- Physical Medicine and Sport Traumatology Department, SportS, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Fédération Internationale de Médecine du Sport (FIMS) Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, University of Liège and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Human Motion Analysis, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
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Dong L, Paradelo D, Delorme A, Oliveira J, Parillo B, Croteau F, Romeas T, Dubé E, Bieuzen F, Billaut F, Berryman N. Sport-Specific Agility and Change of Direction in Water Polo: The Reliability and Validity of Two Newly Developed Tests. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:S111-S118. [PMID: 34846332 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Dong, L, Paradelo, D, Delorme, A, Oliveira, J, Parillo, B, Croteau, F, Romeas, T, Dubé, E, Bieuzen, F, Billaut, F, and Berryman, N. Sport-specific agility and change of direction in water polo: The reliability and validity of two newly developed tests. J Strength Cond Res 35(12S): S111-S118, 2021-There is a gap in water-based agility testing that considers both the change-of-direction (COD) and perceptive-reactive components of agility. This study sought to develop easily implementable, sport-specific in-water agility tests for water polo and to verify the reliability and validity of these new tests: the in-water Stop and Go (SG) and Jump and Go (JG). Female water polo athletes at the Senior (n = 12, age = 22.1 ± 2.1 years), Junior (n = 19, age = 18.5 ± 1.0 years), and Youth (n = 11, age = 16.5 ± 0.8 years) national levels performed 3 trials of each of the SG, JG, and the existing Functional Test for Agility Performance (FTAP). Senior athletes performed an additional experimental session to assess reliability parameters. Relative reliability for agility and COD versions of the SG and JG was high or very high (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.76-0.95). For construct validity analyses, significant between-group differences for each of the new tests (p < 0.05) were found. In contrast, the FTAP was moderately reliable (ICC = 0.57) and was unsuccessful in discriminating between playing levels. Considering the favorable metrological properties of the SG and JG, their fidelity to in-game demands, and their accessible setups, these new tests represent viable options to implement at grassroots and elite levels for the assessment and training of water polo-specific agility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Dong
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Institut national du sport du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Alain Delorme
- Institut national du sport du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Water Polo Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Félix Croteau
- Institut national du sport du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Water Polo Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Thomas Romeas
- Institut national du sport du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,School of Optometry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Evelyne Dubé
- Institut national du sport du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - François Billaut
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Nicolas Berryman
- Institut national du sport du Québec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Quebec in Montreal (UQAM), Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Sports Studies, Bishop's University, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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8
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Martens G, Edouard P, Tscholl P, Bieuzen F, Winkler L, Cabri J, Urhausen A, Guilhem G, Croiser JL, Thoreux P, Leclerc S, Hannouche D, Kaux JF, Le Garrec S, Seil R. Translation and synthesis of the IOC consensus statements: The first mission of ReFORM for a better knowledge dissemination to the Francophonie. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Paquette M, Bieuzen F, Billaut F. The effect of HIIT vs. SIT on muscle oxygenation in trained sprint kayakers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:2743-2759. [PMID: 34145486 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04743-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the performance change and physiological adaptations following nine sessions of short high-intensity interval training (HIIT) or sprint-interval training (SIT) in sprint kayakers. METHODS Twelve trained kayakers performed an incremental test and 3 time trials (200 m, 500 m and 1000 m) on a kayak ergometer. Oxygen consumption (V̇O2) and muscle oxygenation of the latissimus dorsi, biceps brachii, and vastus lateralis were measured. Athletes were then paired for sex and V̇O2max and randomized into a HIIT or a SIT training group, and performed nine training sessions before repeating the tests. RESULTS Training improved performance in HIIT (200 m: + 3.8 ± 3.1%, p = 0.06; 500 m: + 2.1 ± 4.1%, p = 0.056; 1000 m: + 3.0 ± 4.6%, p = 0.13) but changes in performance remained within the smallest worthwhile change in SIT (200 m: + 0.8 ± 4.1%, p = 0.59; 500 m: + 0.5 ± 4.1%, p = 0.87; 1000 m: + 1.3 ± 4.6%, p = 0.57). In the 1000 m, training led to a greater deoxygenation in the biceps brachii and vastus lateralis in HIIT, and in the latissimus dorsi in SIT. In HIIT, the best predictors of improvements in 1000 m performance were increases in latissimus dorsi and vastus lateralis maximal deoxygenation. CONCLUSION In a group of trained sprint kayakers, greater improvements in performance can be obtained with HIIT compared with SIT, for any distance. Training did not change V̇O2peak, but increased muscle maximal deoxygenation, suggesting both HIIT and SIT elicit peripheral adaptations. Performance improvement in the 1000 m was associated with increased maximal muscle deoxygenation, reinforcing the contribution of peripheral adaptations to performance in sprint kayaking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Paquette
- Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - François Billaut
- Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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10
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Poignard M, Guilhem G, de Larochelambert Q, Montalvan B, Bieuzen F. The Impact of Recovery Practices Adopted by Professional Tennis Players on Fatigue Markers According to Training Type Clusters. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:109. [PMID: 33345098 PMCID: PMC7739815 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Modern tennis players face congested schedules that force the adoption of various recovery strategies. Thus, recovery must be fine-tuned with an accurate quantification of its impacts, especially with regards to training-induced fatigue. The present study aimed to examine the training type clusters and recovery practices adopted by elite tennis players under ecological training conditions. The respective impacts of training type clusters and recovery techniques on subjective variables, which reflect the players' recovery perceptions, were subsequently determined. Methods: During 15 consecutive months, a total of 35 elite tennis players filled out questionnaires to report their daily training load, training session content, adopted recovery modalities after training, and perceived recovery. Results: The hierarchical analysis identified three clusters: “combined tennis and S&C training,” “predominant tennis training” and “predominant S&C training.” Muscle soreness and perceived fatigue were not significantly different among these three clusters (p = 0.07–0.65). Across the 146 recorded training and recovery sessions, players primarily employed a combination of 2 or 3 modalities, with cooling strategies being the most widely used technique (87.6%). Mixed linear models revealed that independent of training clusters, cooling strategies significantly reduced muscle soreness (Δmuscle soreness: β = −1.00, p = 0.02). Among the cooling techniques used, whole-body cryotherapy induced a greater perceived recovery than cold-water immersion (p = 0.02). Conclusion: These results showed that perceived recovery was not sensitive to training clusters or the associated acute training load. However, cooling strategies were relevant for the alleviation of tennis training-induced soreness. This study represents an initial step toward a periodized approach of recovery interventions, based on the interactions between training load, training contents, and perceived recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Poignard
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France.,French Tennis Federation, Paris, France
| | - Gaël Guilhem
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Paris, France
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11
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Martens G, Edouard P, Tscholl P, Bieuzen F, Winkler L, Cabri J, Urhausen A, Guilhem G, Croisier JL, Thoreux P, Leclerc S, Hannouche D, Kaux JF, Le Garrec S, Seil R. Document, create and translate knowledge: the mission of ReFORM, the Francophone IOC Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:187-188. [PMID: 33184110 PMCID: PMC7873422 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2020-103087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Martens
- ReFORM IOC Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Pascal Edouard
- ReFORM IOC Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France.,Department of Clinical and Exercise Physiology, Sports Mecicine Unit, University Hospital of Saint-Etienne, Saint-Etienne, France.,Inter-university Laboratory of Human Movement Science (LIBM EA 7424), University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Philippe Tscholl
- ReFORM IOC Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, University Hospitals Geneva Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology of the Musculoskeletal System, Geneve, Switzerland
| | - François Bieuzen
- ReFORM IOC Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Institut National du Sport du Quebec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Laurent Winkler
- ReFORM IOC Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
| | - Jan Cabri
- ReFORM IOC Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Luxembourg Institute of Research in Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Science, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Axel Urhausen
- ReFORM IOC Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Luxembourg Institute of Research in Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Science, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Clinique du Sport, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Human Motion, Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Digital Methods, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Gaël Guilhem
- ReFORM IOC Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France.,Laboratory Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Croisier
- ReFORM IOC Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Physical Medicine and Sports Traumatology Department, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, FIMS Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, University and University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Patricia Thoreux
- ReFORM IOC Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France.,Centre d'Investigations en Médecine du Sport (CIMS), Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu APHP, Paris, France.,Arts et Métiers Institute of Technology, Institut de Biomécanique Humaine Georges Charpak, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Paris, France
| | - Suzanne Leclerc
- ReFORM IOC Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Institut National du Sport du Quebec, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Didier Hannouche
- ReFORM IOC Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, University Hospitals Geneva Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology of the Musculoskeletal System, Geneve, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Kaux
- ReFORM IOC Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Physical Medicine and Sports Traumatology Department, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, FIMS Collaborative Centre of Sports Medicine, University and University Hospital of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Le Garrec
- ReFORM IOC Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Institut National du Sport de l'Expertise et de la Performance, Paris, France
| | - Romain Seil
- ReFORM IOC Research Centre for Prevention of Injury and Protection of Athlete Health, Luxembourg Institute of Research in Orthopedics, Sports Medicine and Science, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Clinique du Sport, Centre Hospitalier de Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Centre Hopsitalier de Luxembourg, Clinique d'Eich, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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12
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Aloulou A, Leduc C, Duforez F, Piscione J, Cheradame J, Bieuzen F, Thomas C, Chennaoui M, VAN Beers P, Nedelec M. Effect of an Innovative Mattress and Cryotherapy on Sleep after an Elite Rugby Match. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:2655-2662. [PMID: 32472928 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study aimed to explore the relationship between elite rugby union match and postmatch sleep architecture and to investigate the effects of a high-heat capacity mattress (MAT) and a whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) session on postmatch sleep architecture. METHODS Nineteen elite male U23 rugby union players performed in three official matches, followed by three experimental conditions, in a randomized order: MAT, WBC, and no intervention (CONT). Match load was evaluated using GPS trackers and video analyses. Sleep architecture was assessed by polysomnography (PSG). Core body temperature (CBT) and mattress surface temperature were monitored during sleep. Linear mixed-effects models were conducted to assess the effects of each experimental condition on sleep, with match load variables as covariates. RESULTS A lower wake after sleep onset (β = -10.5 min, P < 0.01) and higher rapid eye movement sleep proportion (β = +2.8%, P < 0.05) were reported for MAT compared with CONT. Moreover, lower mean CBT (β = -0.135°C, P < 0.001) and mean mattress surface temperature (β = -2.736°C, P < 0.001) during sleep were observed for MAT compared CONT. WBC did not affect nocturnal CBT nor interfere with sleep architecture. For every 100-m increase in high-speed running distance, a higher slow wave sleep (β = +1.1%, P = 0.05) and lower light sleep proportion (β = -1.2%, P < 0.05) proportion were observed. Conversely, for every 10 supplementary collisions, lower slow wave sleep (β = -1.9, P = 0.09) and higher light sleep (β = +2.9%, P < 0.001) proportion were observed. CONCLUSION MAT use had a positive effect on sleep architecture after an elite rugby union match, potentially through a more efficient nocturnal heat transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anis Aloulou
- Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, FRANCE
| | - Cédric Leduc
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Center, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Julien Piscione
- Research Department, French Rugby Federation (FFR), Marcoussis, FRANCE
| | - Jeremy Cheradame
- Research Department, French Rugby Federation (FFR), Marcoussis, FRANCE
| | | | | | | | | | - Mathieu Nedelec
- Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance (EA 7370), French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, FRANCE
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13
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Paquette M, Bieuzen F, Billaut F. Effect of a 3-Weeks Training Camp on Muscle Oxygenation, V ˙ O 2 and Performance in Elite Sprint Kayakers. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:47. [PMID: 33345039 PMCID: PMC7739601 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Peripheral adaptations, as assessed via near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) derived changes in muscle oxygenation (SmO2), are good predictors of sprint kayak performance. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to assess changes in SmO2 andV ˙ O2 following a training camp in elite sprint kayakers to evaluate if the training prescribed elicits peripheral adaptations, and to assess associations between training-induced changes in physiological responses and performance. Methods: Eight male elite sprint kayakers, members of the Canadian National Team, performed a 200-m and 1,000-m on-water time trial (TT) before and after a 3-weeks winter training camp. Change in performance,V ˙ O2 and SmO2 of the biceps brachii were assessed in relation to training load. Results: Training load and intensity were increased by ~20% over the course of the training camp, which resulted in a 3.7 ± 1.7% (ES 1.2) and 2.8 ± 2.4% (ES 1.3) improvement in 200-m and 1,000-m performance, respectively. Performance improvement in the 200-m was concomitant to a reduced SmO2, an increasedV ˙ O2 peak and an increased reoxygenation rate after the TT. The 1,000-m TT performance improvement was concurrent with a reduced SmO2 in the last half of the TT and an increasedV ˙ O2 in the first minute of the TT. Conclusion: Our results strongly suggest that peripheral skeletal muscle adaptations occurred in these athletes with the proposed training plan. This further attests the benefit of using portable NIRS as a monitoring tool to track training-induced adaptations in muscle oxygen extraction in elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Paquette
- Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | | | - François Billaut
- Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, Montréal, QC, Canada
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14
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Paquette M, Bieuzen F, Billaut F. Sustained Muscle Deoxygenation vs. Sustained High VO 2 During High-Intensity Interval Training in Sprint Canoe-Kayak. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:6. [PMID: 33344930 PMCID: PMC7739754 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data suggests that peripheral adaptations, i.e., the muscle ability to extract and use oxygen, may be a stronger predictor of canoe-kayak sprint performance compared to VO2max or central adaptations. If maximizing the time near VO2max during high-intensity interval training (HIIT) sessions is believed to optimize central adaptations, maximizing the time near maximal levels of muscle desaturation could represent a critical stimulus to optimize peripheral adaptations. Purpose: Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the VO2, muscle oxygenation and cardiac output responses to various HIIT sessions, and to determine which type of HIIT elicits the lowest muscle oxygenation and the longest cumulated time at low muscle O2 saturation. Methods: Thirteen well-trained canoe-kayak athletes performed an incremental test to determine VO2max and peak power output (PPO), and 4 HIIT sessions (HIIT-15: 40x[15 s at 115%PPO, 15 s at 30%PPO]; HIIT-30: 20x[30 s at 115%PPO, 30 s at 30%PPO]; HIIT-60: 6x[1 min at 130%PPO, 3 min rest]; sprint interval training (SIT): 6x[30 s all-out, 3 min 30 rest]) on a canoe or kayak ergometer. Portable near-infrared spectroscopy monitors were placed on the Latissimus dorsi (LD), Biceps brachii (BB), and Vastus lateralis (VL) during every session to assess changes in muscle O2 saturation (SmO2, % of physiological range). Results: HIIT-15 and HIIT-30 elicited a longer time >90%VO2max (HIIT-15: 8.1 ± 6.2 min, HIIT-30: 6.8 ± 4.6 min), compared to SIT (1.7 ± 1.3 min, p = 0.006 and p = 0.035) but not HIIT-60 (4.1 ± 1.7 min). SIT and HIIT-60 elicited the lowest SmO2 in the VL (SIT: 0 ± 1%, HIIT-60: 8 ± 9%) compared to HIIT-15 (26 ± 12%, p < 0.001 and p = 0.007) and HIIT-30 (25 ± 12%, p < 0.001 and p = 0.030). SIT produced the longest time at >90% of maximal deoxygenation in all 3 muscles, with effect sizes ranging from small to very large. Conclusions: Short HIIT performed on a canoe/kayak ergometer elicits the longest time near VO2max, potentially conducive to VO2max improvements, but SIT is needed in order to maximize muscle deoxygenation during training, which would potentially conduct to greater peripheral adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Paquette
- Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Institut National du sport du Québec, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - François Billaut
- Département de kinésiologie, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada.,Institut National du sport du Québec, Montreal, QC, Canada
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15
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Bieuzen F, Hausswirth C, Dugué B. Circulating soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) after exercise-induced muscular damage: Does the use of whole-body cryostimulation influence its concentration in blood? Cryobiology 2019; 87:120-122. [PMID: 30707962 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2019.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
As soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) was recently hypothesized to be a key player in the mechanisms involved in exercise-induced muscular damage (EIMD), we investigated its circulating concentration changes in athletes before and after EIMD with and without the use of whole-body cryostimulation (WBC; 3 min at -110 °C) at the exercise end and repeated once a day during 4 days. We previously characterized plasma specimens from 11 endurance athletes who performed twice (randomized crossover design) strenuous running leading to EIMD, followed by passive recovery or WBC. Muscle soreness and inflammatory response were observed in both cases but the use of WBC induced a significant reduction in these responses (PlosOne 2011; 6:e22748). We now found that sICAM-1 concentration slightly increased in both circumstances and remained elevated for 24 h (p < 0.01). However, no significant WBC effect was observed concerning sICAM-1 changes indicating that this compound is not a major player both in EIMD and WBC physiological impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bieuzen
- French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance - EA 7370, Research Department, Paris, France; Québec National Institute of Sport, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - C Hausswirth
- French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance - EA 7370, Research Department, Paris, France; Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education Sport and Health - EA 6312, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; Mouratoglou Tennis Academy, Medical Center, Biot, France
| | - B Dugué
- University of Poitiers, Laboratoire Mobilité Vieillissement Exercice (MOVE)-EA6314, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Poitiers, France.
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16
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Paquette M, Bieuzen F, Billaut F. Muscle Oxygenation Rather Than VO2max as a Strong Predictor of Performance in Sprint Canoe-Kayak. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:1299-1307. [PMID: 29745773 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2018-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To characterize the relationships between muscle oxygenation and performance during on- and off-water tests in highly trained sprint canoe-kayak athletes. METHODS A total of 30 athletes (19 kayakers and 11 canoeists) performed a maximal incremental test on a canoe or kayak ergometer for determination of VO2max and examination of the relation between peak power output (PPO) and physiological parameters. A subset of 21 athletes also performed a 200- and a 500- (for women) or 1000-m (for men) on-water time trial (TT). Near-infrared spectroscopy monitors were placed on the latissimus dorsi, biceps brachii, and vastus lateralis during all tests to assess changes in muscle O2 saturation (SmO2) and deoxyhemoglobin concentration ([HHb]). The minimum O2 oxygenation (SmO2min) and maximal O2 (Δ[HHb] extraction) were calculated for all subjects. RESULTS PPO was most strongly correlated with VO2max (R = .9), but there was also a large correlation between PPO and both SmO2min and Δ[HHb] in latissimus dorsi (R = -.5, R = .6) and vastus lateralis (R = -.6, R = .6, all P < .05). Multiple regression showed that 90% of the variance in 200-m performance was explained by both Δ[HHb] and SmO2min in the 3 muscles combined (P < .01) and 71% of the variance in 500-/1000-m performance was explained by Δ[HHb] in the 3 muscles (P < .01). This suggests that O2 extraction is a better predictor of performance than VO2max in sprint canoe-kayak. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the importance of peripheral adaptations in both short and long events and stress the relevance of adding muscle oxygenation measurements during testing and racing in sprint canoe-kayak.
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18
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Borne R, Hausswirth C, Costello JT, Bieuzen F. Low-frequency electrical stimulation combined with a cooling vest improves recovery of elite kayakers following a simulated 1000-m race in a hot environment. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 25 Suppl 1:219-28. [PMID: 25943673 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study compared the effects of a low-frequency electrical stimulation (LFES; Veinoplus(®) Sport, Ad Rem Technology, Paris, France), a low-frequency electrical stimulation combined with a cooling vest (LFESCR ) and an active recovery combined with a cooling vest (ACTCR ) as recovery strategies on performance (racing time and pacing strategies), physiologic and perceptual responses between two sprint kayak simulated races, in a hot environment (∼32 wet-bulb-globe temperature). Eight elite male kayakers performed two successive 1000-m kayak time trials (TT1 and TT2), separated by a short-term recovery period, including a 30-min of the respective recovery intervention protocol, in a randomized crossover design. Racing time, power output, and stroke rate were recorded for each time trial. Blood lactate concentration, pH, core, skin and body temperatures were measured before and after both TT1 and TT2 and at mid- and post-recovery intervention. Perceptual ratings of thermal sensation were also collected. LFESCR was associated with a very likely effect in performance restoration compared with ACTCR (99/0/1%) and LFES conditions (98/0/2%). LFESCR induced a significant decrease in body temperature and thermal sensation at post-recovery intervention, which is not observed in ACTCR condition. In conclusion, the combination of LFES and wearing a cooling vest (LFESCR ) improves performance restoration between two 1000-m kayak time trials achieved by elite athletes, in the heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Borne
- Research Department, Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance, French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
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Bieuzen F, Borne R, Hausswirth C. High-intensity Lower Body Performance Recovery Is Related To Leg Blood Flow. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014. [DOI: 10.1249/01.mss.0000494000.30434.a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) involves short exposures to air temperatures below −100°C. WBC is increasingly accessible to athletes, and is purported to enhance recovery after exercise and facilitate rehabilitation postinjury. Our objective was to review the efficacy and effectiveness of WBC using empirical evidence from controlled trials. We found ten relevant reports; the majority were based on small numbers of active athletes aged less than 35 years. Although WBC produces a large temperature gradient for tissue cooling, the relatively poor thermal conductivity of air prevents significant subcutaneous and core body cooling. There is weak evidence from controlled studies that WBC enhances antioxidant capacity and parasympathetic reactivation, and alters inflammatory pathways relevant to sports recovery. A series of small randomized studies found WBC offers improvements in subjective recovery and muscle soreness following metabolic or mechanical overload, but little benefit towards functional recovery. There is evidence from one study only that WBC may assist rehabilitation for adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder. There were no adverse events associated with WBC; however, studies did not seem to undertake active surveillance of predefined adverse events. Until further research is available, athletes should remain cognizant that less expensive modes of cryotherapy, such as local ice-pack application or cold-water immersion, offer comparable physiological and clinical effects to WBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Bleakley
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland
| | - François Bieuzen
- Research Department, Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance, French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Science Research Institute, Faculty of Life and Health Sciences, University of Ulster, Newtownabbey, Northern Ireland
| | - Joseph T Costello
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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21
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Hausswirth C, Schaal K, Le Meur Y, Bieuzen F, Filliard JR, Volondat M, Louis J. Parasympathetic activity and blood catecholamine responses following a single partial-body cryostimulation and a whole-body cryostimulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72658. [PMID: 23991134 PMCID: PMC3749989 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a single whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) and a partial-body cryostimulation (PBC) (i.e., not exposing the head to cold) on indices of parasympathetic activity and blood catecholamines. Two groups of 15 participants were assigned either to a 3-min WBC or PBC session, while 10 participants constituted a control group (CON) not receiving any cryostimulation. Changes in thermal, physiological and subjective variables were recorded before and during the 20-min after each cryostimulation. According to a qualitative statistical analysis, an almost certain decrease in skin temperature was reported for all body regions immediately after the WBC (mean decrease±90% CL, -13.7±0.7°C) and PBC (-8.3±0.3°C), which persisted up to 20-min after the session. The tympanic temperature almost certainly decreased only after the WBC session (-0.32±0.04°C). Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were very likely increased after the WBC session, whereas these changes were trivial in the other groups. In addition, heart rate almost certainly decreased after PBC (-10.9%) and WBC (-15.2%) sessions, in a likely greater proportion for WBC compared to PBC. Resting vagal-related heart rate variability indices (the root-mean square difference of successive normal R-R intervals, RMSSD, and high frequency band, HF) were very likely increased after PBC (RMSSD: +54.4%, HF: +138%) and WBC (RMSSD: +85.2%, HF: +632%) sessions without any marked difference between groups. Plasma norepinephrine concentrations were likely to very likely increased after PBC (+57.4%) and WBC (+76.2%), respectively. Finally, cold and comfort sensations were almost certainly altered after WBC and PBC, sensation of discomfort being likely more pronounced after WBC than PBC. Both acute cryostimulation techniques effectively stimulated the autonomic nervous system (ANS), with a predominance of parasympathetic tone activation. The results of this study also suggest that a whole-body cold exposure induced a larger stimulation of the ANS compared to partial-body cold exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Hausswirth
- Research department, Sport Expertise and Performance (SEP) Laboratory, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Karine Schaal
- Research department, Sport Expertise and Performance (SEP) Laboratory, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
- Sports Performance Laboratory, Sports Medicine Program, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Yann Le Meur
- Research department, Sport Expertise and Performance (SEP) Laboratory, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - François Bieuzen
- Research department, Sport Expertise and Performance (SEP) Laboratory, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Jean-Robert Filliard
- Medical department, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Marielle Volondat
- Medical department, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Julien Louis
- Research department, Sport Expertise and Performance (SEP) Laboratory, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Bieuzen F, Borne R, Toussaint JF, Hausswirth C. Positive effect of specific low-frequency electrical stimulation during short-term recovery on subsequent high-intensity exercise. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 39:202-10. [PMID: 24476476 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to test how low-frequency electrical stimulation (LFES; Veinoplus Sport (AdRem Technology, Paris, France)) of the calf muscles affects recovery indices compared with 2 other commonly used recovery methods (active, ACT; passive, PAS). The tests used assessed predominantly anaerobic performance after short-term (15 min) recovery, and the kinetics of blood markers. Fourteen highly trained female handball players completed 2 Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery tests (level 2; YYIR2) separated by a 15-min recovery period. During recovery, 1 of 3 recovery methods (ACT, LFES or PAS) was randomly selected. Performance (i.e., distance run) was measured at the end of each YYIR2 test. Blood lactate, pH, bicarbonate concentrations, heart rate, respiratory gas exchange and tissue saturation index for the lateral gastrocnemius were recorded. LFES showed a very likely beneficial effect on performance during the second YYIR2 relative to PAS and a possible beneficial effect relative to ACT (distance Pre vs. Post; LFES: -1.8%; ACT: -7.6%; PAS: -15.9%). Compared with PAS recovery, LFES and ACT recovery clearly showed a faster return to baseline for blood lactate, pH and bicarbonate concentrations during the recovery period. LFES of the calf muscles and, to a lesser extent, ACT recovery appear to effectively improve short-term recovery between 2 bouts of exhausting exercises. These methods could be of benefit if applied during half-time, for sports involving successive rounds, or where only a limited recovery period is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Bieuzen
- Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance, French Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), 11 ave. du Tremblay, 75012 Paris, France
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Bieuzen F, Bleakley CM, Costello JT. Contrast water therapy and exercise induced muscle damage: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e62356. [PMID: 23626806 PMCID: PMC3633882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0062356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to examine the effect of Contrast Water Therapy (CWT) on recovery following exercise induced muscle damage. Controlled trials were identified from computerized literature searching and citation tracking performed up to February 2013. Eighteen trials met the inclusion criteria; all had a high risk of bias. Pooled data from 13 studies showed that CWT resulted in significantly greater improvements in muscle soreness at the five follow-up time points (<6, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours) in comparison to passive recovery. Pooled data also showed that CWT significantly reduced muscle strength loss at each follow-up time (<6, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours) in comparison to passive recovery. Despite comparing CWT to a large number of other recovery interventions, including cold water immersion, warm water immersion, compression, active recovery and stretching, there was little evidence for a superior treatment intervention. The current evidence base shows that CWT is superior to using passive recovery or rest after exercise; the magnitudes of these effects may be most relevant to an elite sporting population. There seems to be little difference in recovery outcome between CWT and other popular recovery interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Bieuzen
- Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance, Institut National du Sport, de l'Expertise et de la Performance (INSEP), Paris, France.
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Bieuzen F, Pournot H, Roulland R, Hausswirth C. Recovery after high-intensity intermittent exercise in elite soccer players using VEINOPLUS sport technology for blood-flow stimulation. J Athl Train 2013; 47:498-506. [PMID: 23068586 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-47.4.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Electric muscle stimulation has been suggested to enhance recovery after exhaustive exercise by inducing an increase in blood flow to the stimulated area. Previous studies have failed to support this hypothesis. We hypothesized that the lack of effect shown in previous studies could be attributed to the technique or device used. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effectiveness of a recovery intervention using an electric blood-flow stimulator on anaerobic performance and muscle damage in professional soccer players after intermittent, exhaustive exercise. DESIGN Randomized controlled clinical trial. SETTING National Institute of Sport, Expertise, and Performance (INSEP). PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Twenty-six healthy professional male soccer players. INTERVENTION(S) The athletes performed an intermittent fatiguing exercise followed by a 1-hour recovery period, either passive or using an electric blood-flow stimulator (VEINOPLUS). Participants were randomly assigned to a group before the experiment started. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES(S) Performances during a 30-second all-out exercise test, maximal vertical countermovement jump, and maximal voluntary contraction of the knee extensor muscles were measured at rest, immediately after the exercise, and 1 hour and 24 hours later. Muscle enzymes indicating muscle damage (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase) and hematologic profiles were analyzed before and 1 hour and 24 hours after the intermittent fatigue exercise. RESULTS The electric-stimulation group had better 30-second all-out performances at 1 hour after exercise (P = .03) in comparison with the passive-recovery group. However, no differences were observed in muscle damage markers, maximal vertical countermovement jump, or maximal voluntary contraction between groups (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS Compared with passive recovery, electric stimulation using this blood-flow stimulator improved anaerobic performance at 1 hour postintervention. No changes in muscle damage markers or maximal voluntary contraction were detected. These responses may be considered beneficial for athletes engaged in sports with successive rounds interspersed with short, passive recovery periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Bieuzen
- Research Department, National Institute of Sport, Expertise, and Performance, 11 Avenue du Tremblay, 75012 Paris, France.
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Schaal K, Le Meur Y, Bieuzen F, Petit O, Hellard P, Toussaint JF, Hausswirth C. Effect of recovery mode on postexercise vagal reactivation in elite synchronized swimmers. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 38:126-33. [PMID: 23438222 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2012-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of whole-body cryostimulation (WBC), contrast-water therapy (CWT), active recovery (ACT), and passive condition (PAS) protocols on the parasympathetic reactivation and metabolic parameters of recovery in elite synchronized swimmers who performed 2 simulated competition ballets (B1 and B2) separated by 70 min. After determining maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O(2max400)) and blood lactate concentrations ([La(-)](b400)) during a 400-m swim trial, 11 swimmers performed 1 protocol per week in randomized order. Heart rate variability (HRV) was measured at rest (PreB1), 5 min after B1 (PostB1), before B2 (PreB2), and 5 min after B2 (PostB2). V̇O(2peak) was measured at PostB1 and PostB2, and [La(-)](b) was measured at PostB1, PreB2, and PostB2. PostB1 V̇O(2peak) and V̇O(2max400) were similar, but PostB1 [La(-)](b) was higher than [La(-)](b400) (p = 0.004). Each ballet caused significant decreases in HRV indices. At PreB2, all HRV indices had returned to PreB1 levels in the CWT, PAS, and ACT protocols, whereas the WBC protocol yielded a 2- to 4-fold increase in vagal-related HRV indices, compared with PreB1. WBC and ACT both increased [La(-)](b) recovery, compared with PAS (p = 0.06 and p = 0.04, respectively), and yielded an increased V̇O(2peak) from B1 to B2; however, it decreased after PAS (+5.4%, +3.4%, and -3.6%; p < 0.01). This study describes the physiological response to repeated maximal work bouts that are highly specific to elite synchronized swimming. In the context of short-term recovery, WBC yields a strong parasympathetic reactivation, and shows similar effectiveness to ACT on the metabolic parameters of recovery and subsequent exercise capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Schaal
- Research Department, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
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Hausswirth C, Duffield R, Pournot H, Bieuzen F, Louis J, Brisswalter J, Castagna O. Postexercise cooling interventions and the effects on exercise-induced heat stress in a temperate environment. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 37:965-75. [PMID: 22827512 DOI: 10.1139/h2012-077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of cool water immersion (20 °C; CWI) while wearing a cooling jacket (Cryovest;V) and a passive control (PAS) as recovery methods on physiological and thermoregulatory responses between 2 exercise bouts in temperate conditions. Nine well-trained male cyclists performed 2 successive bouts of 45 min of endurance cycling exercise in a temperate environment (20 °C) separated by 25 min of the respective recovery interventions. Capillary blood samples were obtained to measure lactate (La⁻), sodium (Na⁺), bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) concentrations and pH, whilst body mass loss (BML), core temperature (T(core)), skin temperature (T(skin)), heart rate (HR), oxygen uptake , and minute ventilation were measured before (Pre), immediately after the first exercise bout (Ex1), the recovery (R), and after the second exercise bout (Ex2). V and CWI both resulted in a reduction of T(skin) at R (-2.1 ± 0.01 °C and -11.6 ± 0.01 °C, respectively, p < 0.01). Despite no difference in final values post-Ex2 (p > 0.05), V attenuated the rise in HR, minute ventilation, and oxygen uptake from Ex1 to Ex2, while T(core) and T(skin) were significantly lower following the second session (p < 0.05). Further, CWI was also beneficial in lowering T(core), T(skin), and BML, while a rise in Na⁺ was observed following Ex2 (p < 0.05). Overall results indicate that cooling interventions (V and CWI) following exercise in a temperate environment provide a reduction in thermal strain during ensuing exercise bouts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Hausswirth
- National Institute of Sport, for Expertise and Performance, Research Department, Paris, France.
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Hausswirth C, Louis J, Bieuzen F, Pournot H, Fournier J, Filliard JR, Brisswalter J. Effects of whole-body cryotherapy vs. far-infrared vs. passive modalities on recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage in highly-trained runners. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27749. [PMID: 22163272 PMCID: PMC3233540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhanced recovery following physical activity and exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) has become a priority for athletes. Consequently, a number of post-exercise recovery strategies are used, often without scientific evidence of their benefits. Within this framework, the purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of whole body cryotherapy (WBC), far infrared (FIR) or passive (PAS) modalities in hastening muscular recovery within the 48 hours after a simulated trail running race. In 3 non-adjoining weeks, 9 well-trained runners performed 3 repetitions of a simulated trail run on a motorized treadmill, designed to induce muscle damage. Immediately (post), post 24 h, and post 48 h after exercise, all participants tested three different recovery modalities (WBC, FIR, PAS) in a random order over the three separate weeks. Markers of muscle damage (maximal isometric muscle strength, plasma creatine kinase [CK] activity and perceived sensations [i.e. pain, tiredness, well-being]) were recorded before, immediately after (post), post 1 h, post 24 h, and post 48 h after exercise. In all testing sessions, the simulated 48 min trail run induced a similar, significant amount of muscle damage. Maximal muscle strength and perceived sensations were recovered after the first WBC session (post 1 h), while recovery took 24 h with FIR, and was not attained through the PAS recovery modality. No differences in plasma CK activity were recorded between conditions. Three WBC sessions performed within the 48 hours after a damaging running exercise accelerate recovery from EIMD to a greater extent than FIR or PAS modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Hausswirth
- Research Department, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France.
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Pournot H, Bieuzen F, Louis J, Fillard JR, Barbiche E, Hausswirth C. Time-course of changes in inflammatory response after whole-body cryotherapy multi exposures following severe exercise. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22748. [PMID: 21829501 PMCID: PMC3145670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Accepted: 06/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of the present investigation was to analyze the effect of two different recovery modalities on classical markers of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) and inflammation obtained after a simulated trail running race. Endurance trained males (n = 11) completed two experimental trials separated by 1 month in a randomized crossover design; one trial involved passive recovery (PAS), the other a specific whole body cryotherapy (WBC) for 96 h post-exercise (repeated each day). For each trial, subjects performed a 48 min running treadmill exercise followed by PAS or WBC. The Interleukin (IL) -1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), protein C-reactive (CRP) and white blood cells count were measured at rest, immediately post-exercise, and at 24, 48, 72, 96 h in post-exercise recovery. A significant time effect was observed to characterize an inflammatory state (Pre vs. Post) following the exercise bout in all conditions (p<0.05). Indeed, IL-1β (Post 1 h) and CRP (Post 24 h) levels decreased and IL-1ra (Post 1 h) increased following WBC when compared to PAS. In WBC condition (p<0.05), TNF-α, IL-10 and IL-6 remain unchanged compared to PAS condition. Overall, the results indicated that the WBC was effective in reducing the inflammatory process. These results may be explained by vasoconstriction at muscular level, and both the decrease in cytokines activity pro-inflammatory, and increase in cytokines anti-inflammatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hervé Pournot
- Research Department, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
- Laboratory of Physiological Adaptations, Motor Performance and Health (EA 3837), Faculty of Sport Sciences of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - François Bieuzen
- Research Department, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | - Julien Louis
- Laboratory of Physiological Adaptations, Motor Performance and Health (EA 3837), Faculty of Sport Sciences of Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Jean-Robert Fillard
- Medical Department, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
| | | | - Christophe Hausswirth
- Research Department, National Institute of Sport, Expertise and Performance (INSEP), Paris, France
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Louis J, Hausswirth C, Bieuzen F, Brisswalter J. Influence d’une supplémentation en vitamines sur performance musculaire maximale au cours d’un programme d’entraînement en force chez des athlètes masters. Sci Sports 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2010.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Louis J, Hausswirth C, Bieuzen F, Brisswalter J. Vitamin and mineral supplementation effect on muscular activity and cycling efficiency in master athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2010; 35:251-60. [DOI: 10.1139/h10-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The influence of vitamin and mineral complex supplementation on muscular activity and cycling efficiency was examined in elderly endurance-trained master athletes during a heavy cycling trial. Master athletes were randomly assigned in a double-blind process to 1 of 2 treatment groups: antioxidant supplementation (n = 8: As group) or placebo (n = 8: Pl group) for 21 days. After that time, each subject had to perform a 10-min session of cycling on a cycloergometer at a heavy constant intensity. Twenty-four to 48 h after this session, subjects performed an isometric maximal voluntary contraction before and immediately after a fatiguing strength training (leg press exercise) and the same 10-min cycling test after fatigue. Isometric maximal voluntary force (MVF) of knee extensors was assessed before and after fatigue. Electromyographic (EMG) activity of the vastus medialis, the vastus lateralis (VL), and the biceps femoris was recorded with surface EMG. The knee-extensors MVF after the fatiguing exercise was reduced in similar proportions for both groups (As, –10.9%; Pl, –11.3%, p < 0.05). This MVF loss was associated with a significant reduction in EMG frequency parameters for both groups, with a lower decrease for the As group. Muscular activity and cycling efficiency during the cycling bouts were affected by the treatment. Cycling efficiency decreased significantly and the oxygen uptake slow component was higher after the fatiguing exercise for both groups. Furthermore, a decrease in cycling efficiency was associated with an increase in VL activity. However, these changes were significantly lower for the As group. The results of the present study indicate an overall positive effect of vitamin and mineral complex supplementation on cycling efficiency after fatigue, in the endurance-trained elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Louis
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education, and Health, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, BP 3259, 06205 Nice, France
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique et de Physiologie, Institut National du Sport et de L’Education Physique (INSEP), Paris 75012, France
| | - Christophe Hausswirth
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education, and Health, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, BP 3259, 06205 Nice, France
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique et de Physiologie, Institut National du Sport et de L’Education Physique (INSEP), Paris 75012, France
| | - François Bieuzen
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education, and Health, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, BP 3259, 06205 Nice, France
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique et de Physiologie, Institut National du Sport et de L’Education Physique (INSEP), Paris 75012, France
| | - Jeanick Brisswalter
- Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education, and Health, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, BP 3259, 06205 Nice, France
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique et de Physiologie, Institut National du Sport et de L’Education Physique (INSEP), Paris 75012, France
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Hausswirth C, Argentin S, Bieuzen F, Le Meur Y, Couturier A, Brisswalter J. Endurance and strength training effects on physiological and muscular parameters during prolonged cycling. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2010; 20:330-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Bieuzen F, Hausswirth C, Louis J, Brisswalter J. Age-related changes in neuromuscular function and performance following a high-intensity intermittent task in endurance-trained men. Gerontology 2009; 56:66-72. [PMID: 19940455 DOI: 10.1159/000262286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2008] [Accepted: 02/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Much attention has been focused on the need to design strategies to increase functional capacities in older populations. This has raised several questions regarding the ability of regular endurance training to preserve functional capacity with age. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the age-associated changes in neuromuscular function in endurance-trained men before and after a high-intensity, intermittent fatiguing task. METHOD Twenty-six healthy endurance-trained male subjects: 16 older (59-79 years) and 10 young (20-34 years) men performed a high-intensity, intermittent fatiguing exercise corresponding to 10 sets of 10 repetitions on a horizontal leg press at 70% of the individual one-repetition maximum. Maximal voluntary contractions and evoked contractions of the knee extensor muscles were performed before and after the exercise. RESULTS Decreases in maximum voluntary contractions (older: -9.7%; young: -14.3%) and electromyographic activity were not different between groups. Peak twitch torque was reduced only for the older men and no changes in voluntary activation and M-wave properties were recorded in either group. CONCLUSION The present study indicates that in endurance-trained men aged 59-79 years, muscle functional capacities are maintained despite losses in strength and contractile function related to the age.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Bieuzen
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique et de Physiologie, Institut National du Sport et de L'Education Physique, Paris, France.
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Louis J, Bieuzen F, Sultana F, Brisswalter J. Évolution des coordinations musculaires au cours du pédalage chez le sujet âgé régulièrement entraîné en endurance. Sci Sports 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Bieuzen F, Lepers R, Vercruyssen F, Hausswirth C, Brisswalter J. Muscle activation during cycling at different cadences: Effect of maximal strength capacity. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2007; 17:731-8. [PMID: 16996277 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2006.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2006] [Revised: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of maximal strength capacity on muscle activation, during cycling, at three selected cadences: a low cadence (50 rpm), a high cadence (110 rpm) and the freely chosen cadence (FCC). Two groups of trained cyclists were selected on the basis of the different maximal isokinetic voluntary contraction values (MVCi) of their lower extremity muscles as follow: F(min) (lower MVCi group) and F(max) (higher MVCi group). All subjects performed three 4-min cycling exercises at a power output corresponding to 80% of the ventilatory threshold under the three cadences. Neuromuscular activity of vastus lateralis (VL), rectus femoris (RF) and biceps femoris (BF) was studied quantitatively (integrated electromyography, IEMG) and qualitatively (timing of muscle bursts during crank cycle). Cadence effects were observed on the EMG activity of VL muscle and on the burst onset of the BF, VL and RF muscles. A greater normalized EMG activity of VL muscle was observed for the F(min) group than the F(max) group at all cadences (respectively F(min) vs. F(max) at 50 rpm: 17+/-5% vs. 38+/-6%, FCC: 22+/-7% vs. 44+/-5% and 110 rpm: 21+/-6% vs. 45+/-6%). At FCC and 110 rpm, the burst onset of BF and RF muscles of the F(max) group started earlier in the crank cycle than the F(min) group These results indicate that in addition to the cadence, the maximal strength capacity influences the lower extremity muscular activity during cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Bieuzen
- Laboratoire d'Ergonomie Sportive, EA 3162, Université du Sud Toulon-Var, Avenue de l'Université, BP 132, 83957 LA Garde Cedex, France
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Bieuzen F, Hausswirth C, Couturier A, Brisswalter J. Prior muscular exercise affects cycling pattern. Int J Sports Med 2007; 29:401-7. [PMID: 17879882 DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-965568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of concentric or eccentric fatiguing exercise on cycling pattern. Eleven well trained cyclists completed three sessions of cycling (control cycling test [CTRL], cycling following concentric [CC] or eccentric [ECC] knee contractions) at a mean power of 276.8 +/- 26.6 Watts. Concentric and eccentric knee contractions were performed at a load corresponding to 80 % of one repetition maximum with both legs. Before and after CTRL, CC or ECC knee contractions and after cycling, a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) test was performed. Cardiorespiratory, mechanical and electromyographic activity (EMG) of the rectus femoris, vastus lateralis and biceps femoris muscles were recorded during cycling. A significant decrease in MVC values was observed after CC and ECC exercises and after the cycling. ECC exercise induced a significant decrease in EMG root mean square during MVC and a decrease in pedal rate during cycling. EMG values of the three muscles were significantly higher during cycling exercise following CC exercise when compared to CTRL. The main finding of this study was that a prior ECC exercise induces a greater neuromuscular fatigue than a CC exercise, and changes in cycling pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bieuzen
- Department of Ergonomics, University of Toulon Var, avenue de l'Université, La Garde Cedex, Toulon, France
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Brisswalter J, Bieuzen F, Giacomoni M, Tricot V, Falgairette G. Morning-to-evening differences in oxygen uptake kinetics in short-duration cycling exercise. Chronobiol Int 2007; 24:495-506. [PMID: 17612947 DOI: 10.1080/07420520701420691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This study analyzed diurnal variations in oxygen (O(2)) uptake kinetics and efficiency during a moderate cycle ergometer exercise. Fourteen physically active diurnally active male subjects (age 23+/-5 yrs) not specifically trained at cycling first completed a test to determine their ventilatory threshold (T(vent)) and maximal oxygen consumption (VO(2max)); one week later, they completed four bouts of testing in the morning and evening in a random order, each separated by at least 24 h. For each period of the day (07:00-08:30 h and 19:00-20:30 h), subjects performed two bouts. Each bout was composed of a 5 min cycling exercise at 45 W, followed after 5 min rest by a 10 min cycling exercise at 80% of the power output associated with T(vent). Gas exchanges were analyzed breath-by-breath and fitted using a mono-exponential function. During moderate exercise, the time constant and amplitude of VO(2) kinetics were significantly higher in the morning compared to the evening. The net efficiency increased from the morning to evening (17.3+/-4 vs. 20.5+/-2%; p<0.05), and the variability of cycling cadence was greater during the morning than evening (+34%; p<0.05). These findings suggest that VO(2) responses are affected by the time of day and could be related to variability in muscle activity pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanick Brisswalter
- Laboratoire Ergonomie Sportive et Performance, UFR STAPS, Université du Sud Toulon-Var. La Garde Cedex, France.
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between strength capacity and preferred and optimal cadence in well trained cyclists. Eighteen cyclists participated in this study. Each subject completed three sessions. The initial session was to evaluate the maximal isokinetic voluntary contraction level of lower limb. The second session was an incremental test to exhaustion. During the third session subjects performed a constant cycling exercise (20 min) conducted at five randomly cadences (50, 70, 90, 110 rpm) and at the preferred cadence (FCC) at the power reached at ventilatory threshold. Cardiorespiratory and EMG values were recorded. A metabolic optimum (EOC) was observed at 63.5 +/- 7.8 rpm different from preferred cadence (FCC, 90.6 +/- 9.1 rpm). No difference was found between FCC and the neuromuscular optimal cadence (NOC, 93.5 +/- 4). Significant relationships were found between EOC, NOC and strength capacities (r = - 0.75 and - 0. 63), whereas FCC was only related with VO2max (r = 0.59). The main finding of this study was that during submaximal cycling energetically optimal cadence or neuromuscular optimum in trained cyclists was significantly related with strength capacity and whereas preferred cadence seems to be related with endurance training status of cyclists.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bieuzen
- Department of Ergonomics, University of Toulon Var, Toulon, France
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Argentin S, Hausswirth C, Hug F, Bieuzen F, Brisswalter J. Influence de l'expertise sur l'évolution de la cadence de pédalage au cours d'un test progressif maximal. Sci Sports 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Argentin S, Hausswirth C, Bernard T, Bieuzen F, Leveque JM, Couturier A, Lepers R. Relation between preferred and optimal cadences during two hours of cycling in triathletes. Br J Sports Med 2006; 40:293-8; discussion 298. [PMID: 16556781 PMCID: PMC2586163 DOI: 10.1136/bjsm.2005.020487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether the integrated electromyographic signal of two lower limb muscles indicates preferred cadence during a two hour cycling task. METHODS Eight male triathletes performed right isometric maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) knee extension and plantar flexion before (P1) and after (P2) a two hour laboratory cycle at 65% of maximal aerobic power. Freely chosen cadence (FCC) was also determined, also at 65% of maximal aerobic power, from five randomised three minute sessions at 50, 65, 80, 95, and 110 rpm. The integrated electromyographic signal of the vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius lateralis muscles was recorded during MVC and the cycle task. RESULTS The FCC decreased significantly (p<0.01) from P1 (87.4 rpm) to P2 (68.6 rpm), towards the energetically optimal cadence. The latter did not vary significantly during the cycle task. MVC of the vastus lateralis and gastrocnemius lateralis decreased significantly (p<0.01) between P1 and P2 (by 13.5% and 9.6% respectively). The results indicate that muscle activation at constant power was not minimised at specific cadences. Only the gastrocnemius lateralis muscle was affected by a two hour cycling task (especially at 95 and 110 rpm), whereas vastus lateralis remained stable. CONCLUSION The decrease in FCC observed at the end of the cycle task may be due to changes in the muscle fibre recruitment pattern with increasing exercise duration and cadence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Argentin
- Laboratoire de Biomécanique et de Physiologie, Institut National du Sport et de l'Education Physique, 75012 Paris, France
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