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Petersen SL, Chen TT, Lawrence DA, Marsters SA, Gonzalvez F, Ashkenazi A. TRAF2 is a biologically important necroptosis suppressor. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:1846-57. [PMID: 25882049 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) triggers necroptotic cell death through an intracellular signaling complex containing receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIPK) 1 and RIPK3, called the necrosome. RIPK1 phosphorylates RIPK3, which phosphorylates the pseudokinase mixed lineage kinase-domain-like (MLKL)-driving its oligomerization and membrane-disrupting necroptotic activity. Here, we show that TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2)-previously implicated in apoptosis suppression-also inhibits necroptotic signaling by TNFα. TRAF2 disruption in mouse fibroblasts augmented TNFα-driven necrosome formation and RIPK3-MLKL association, promoting necroptosis. TRAF2 constitutively associated with MLKL, whereas TNFα reversed this via cylindromatosis-dependent TRAF2 deubiquitination. Ectopic interaction of TRAF2 and MLKL required the C-terminal portion but not the N-terminal, RING, or CIM region of TRAF2. Induced TRAF2 knockout (KO) in adult mice caused rapid lethality, in conjunction with increased hepatic necrosome assembly. By contrast, TRAF2 KO on a RIPK3 KO background caused delayed mortality, in concert with elevated intestinal caspase-8 protein and activity. Combined injection of TNFR1-Fc, Fas-Fc and DR5-Fc decoys prevented death upon TRAF2 KO. However, Fas-Fc and DR5-Fc were ineffective, whereas TNFR1-Fc and interferon α receptor (IFNAR1)-Fc were partially protective against lethality upon combined TRAF2 and RIPK3 KO. These results identify TRAF2 as an important biological suppressor of necroptosis in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Petersen
- Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - T T Chen
- Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - D A Lawrence
- Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - S A Marsters
- Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - F Gonzalvez
- Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - A Ashkenazi
- Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Gonzalvez F, D'Aurelio M, Boutant M, Moustapha A, Puech JP, Landes T, Arnauné-Pelloquin L, Vial G, Taleux N, Slomianny C, Wanders RJ, Houtkooper RH, Bellenguer P, Møller IM, Gottlieb E, Vaz FM, Manfredi G, Petit PX. Barth syndrome: cellular compensation of mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis inhibition due to changes in cardiolipin remodeling linked to tafazzin (TAZ) gene mutation. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:1194-206. [PMID: 23523468 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Cardiolipin is a mitochondrion-specific phospholipid that stabilizes the assembly of respiratory chain complexes, favoring full-yield operation. It also mediates key steps in apoptosis. In Barth syndrome, an X chromosome-linked cardiomyopathy caused by tafazzin mutations, cardiolipins display acyl chain modifications and are present at abnormally low concentrations, whereas monolysocardiolipin accumulates. Using immortalized lymphoblasts from Barth syndrome patients, we showed that the production of abnormal cardiolipin led to mitochondrial alterations. Indeed, the lack of normal cardiolipin led to changes in electron transport chain stability, resulting in cellular defects. We found a destabilization of the supercomplex (respirasome) I+III2+IVn but also decreased amounts of individual complexes I and IV and supercomplexes I+III and III+IV. No changes were observed in the amounts of individual complex III and complex II. We also found decreased levels of complex V. This complex is not part of the supercomplex suggesting that cardiolipin is required not only for the association/stabilization of the complexes into supercomplexes but also for the modulation of the amount of individual respiratory chain complexes. However, these alterations were compensated by an increase in mitochondrial mass, as demonstrated by electron microscopy and measurements of citrate synthase activity. We suggest that this compensatory increase in mitochondrial content prevents a decrease in mitochondrial respiration and ATP synthesis in the cells. We also show, by extensive flow cytometry analysis, that the type II apoptosis pathway was blocked at the mitochondrial level and that the mitochondria of patients with Barth syndrome cannot bind active caspase-8. Signal transduction is thus blocked before any mitochondrial event can occur. Remarkably, basal levels of superoxide anion production were slightly higher in patients' cells than in control cells as previously evidenced via an increased protein carbonylation in the taz1Δ mutant in the yeast. This may be deleterious to cells in the long term. The consequences of mitochondrial dysfunction and alterations to apoptosis signal transduction are considered in light of the potential for the development of future treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Gonzalvez
- INSERM U-747 et Université Paris V-Descartes, Centre de Recherche des Saint-Pères, 45 Rue des Saint-Pères, 75006 Paris, France
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Schug ZT, Gonzalvez F, Houtkooper RH, Vaz FM, Gottlieb E. BID is cleaved by caspase-8 within a native complex on the mitochondrial membrane. Cell Death Differ 2011; 18:538-48. [PMID: 21072056 PMCID: PMC3132005 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-8 stably inserts into the mitochondrial outer membrane during extrinsic apoptosis. Inhibition of caspase-8 enrichment on the mitochondria impairs caspase-8 activation and prevents apoptosis. However, the function of active caspase-8 on the mitochondrial membrane remains unknown. In this study, we have identified a native complex containing caspase-8 and BID on the mitochondrial membrane, and showed that death receptor activation by Fas or tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induced the cleavage of BID (tBID formation) within this complex. tBID then shifted to separate mitochondria-associated complexes that contained other BCL-2 family members, such as BAK and BCL-X(L). We report that cells stabilize active caspase-8 on the mitochondria in order to specifically target mitochondria-associated BID, and that BID cleavage on the mitochondria is essential for caspase-8-induced cytochrome c release. Our findings indicate that during extrinsic apoptosis, caspase-8 can specifically target BID where it is mostly needed, on the surface of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z T Schug
- Laboratory of Apoptosis and Tumour Metabolism, Cancer Research UK, The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - F Gonzalvez
- Laboratory of Apoptosis and Tumour Metabolism, Cancer Research UK, The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - R H Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F M Vaz
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Gottlieb
- Laboratory of Apoptosis and Tumour Metabolism, Cancer Research UK, The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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Abstract
Apoptosis ligand 2 tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (Apo2L/TRAIL) belongs to a small subset of proapoptotic protein ligands in the TNF superfamily. This subset, which also includes Fas ligand and TNF-alpha, can activate the extrinsic apoptotic cell death pathway on binding to cognate death receptors at the cell surface. Over the past 10 years, Apo2L/TRAIL has emerged as a promising candidate for cancer therapy, on the basis of its unique ability to trigger apoptosis in various types of cancer cells without significant toxicity toward normal cells. Herein, we review key advances in understanding the molecular events that control apoptosis signaling by Apo2L/TRAIL, which may aid in the development of cancer therapies based on the extrinsic apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gonzalvez
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Gonzalvez F, Pariselli F, Jalmar O, Dupaigne P, Sureau F, Dellinger M, Hendrickson EA, Bernard S, Petit PX. Mechanistic issues of the interaction of the hairpin-forming domain of tBid with mitochondrial cardiolipin. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9342. [PMID: 20179769 PMCID: PMC2825271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The pro-apoptotic effector Bid induces mitochondrial apoptosis in synergy with Bax and Bak. In response to death receptors activation, Bid is cleaved by caspase-8 into its active form, tBid (truncated Bid), which then translocates to the mitochondria to trigger cytochrome c release and subsequent apoptosis. Accumulating evidence now indicate that the binding of tBid initiates an ordered sequences of events that prime mitochondria from the action of Bax and Bak: (1) tBid interacts with mitochondria via a specific binding to cardiolipin (CL) and immediately disturbs mitochondrial structure and function idependently of its BH3 domain; (2) Then, tBid activates through its BH3 domain Bax and/or Bak and induces their subsequent oligomerization in mitochondrial membranes. To date, the underlying mechanism responsible for targeting tBid to mitochondria and disrupting mitochondrial bioenergetics has yet be elucidated. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The present study investigates the mechanism by which tBid interacts with mitochondria issued from mouse hepatocytes and perturbs mitochondrial function. We show here that the helix alphaH6 is responsible for targeting tBid to mitochondrial CL and disrupting mitochondrial bioenergetics. In particular, alphaH6 interacts with mitochondria through electrostatic interactions involving the lysines 157 and 158 and induces an inhibition of state-3 respiration and an uncoupling of state-4 respiration. These changes may represent a key event that primes mitochondria for the action of Bax and Bak. In addition, we also demonstrate that tBid required its helix alphaH6 to efficiently induce cytochrome c release and apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide new insights into the mechanism of action of tBid, and particularly emphasize the importance of the interaction of the helix alphaH6 with CL for both mitochondrial targeting and pro-apoptotic activity of tBid. These support the notion that tBid acts as a bifunctional molecule: first, it binds to mitochondrial CL via its helix alphaH6 and destabilizes mitochondrial structure and function, and then it promotes through its BH3 domain the activation and oligomerization of Bax and/or Bak, leading to cytochrome c release and execution of apoptosis. Our findings also imply an active role of the membrane in modulating the interactions between Bcl-2 proteins that has so far been underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Gonzalvez
- Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104 (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), INSERM U 567, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Fabrizio Pariselli
- Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104 (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), INSERM U 567, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Jalmar
- Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104 (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), INSERM U 567, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Dupaigne
- Université Paris Descartes, UPR2228 CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Paris, France
| | - Franck Sureau
- BioMoCeti, CNRS UMR7033 (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Université Paris VI - Université Paris XIII, GENOPOLE Campus 1, Site SERONO, RN 7, Evry, France
| | - Marc Dellinger
- USM 504 Biologie Fonctionnelle des Protozoaires, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Eric A. Hendrickson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sophie Bernard
- UPR 2228 CNRS (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Université Paris Descartes, IFR 95, Paris, France
| | - Patrice X. Petit
- Institut Cochin, CNRS UMR8104 (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), INSERM U 567, Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Petit PX, Dupaigne P, Pariselli F, Gonzalvez F, Etienne F, Rameau C, Bernard S. Interaction of the alpha-helical H6 peptide from the pro-apoptotic protein tBid with cardiolipin. FEBS J 2009; 276:6338-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a mitochondria-specific phospholipid which is known to be intimately linked with the mitochondrial bioenergetic machinery. Accumulating evidence now suggests that this unique lipid also has active roles in several of the mitochondria-dependent steps of apoptosis. CL is closely associated with cytochrome c at the outer leaflet of the mitochondrial inner membrane. This interaction makes the process of cytochrome c release from mitochondria more complex than previously assumed, requiring more than pore formation in the mitochondrial outer membrane. While CL peroxidation could be crucial for enabling cytochrome c dissociation from the mitochondrial inner membrane, cytochrome c itself catalyzes CL peroxidation. Moreover, peroxy-CL directly activates the release of cytochrome c and other apoptogenic factors from the mitochondria. CL is also directly involved in mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization by enabling docking and activation of pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. It appears therefore that CL has multiple roles in apoptosis and that CL metabolism contributes to the complexity of the apoptotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Gonzalvez
- Cancer Research UK, The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Choi SY, Gonzalvez F, Jenkins GM, Slomianny C, Chretien D, Arnoult D, Petit PX, Frohman MA. Cardiolipin deficiency releases cytochrome c from the inner mitochondrial membrane and accelerates stimuli-elicited apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2006; 14:597-606. [PMID: 16888643 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4402020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a mitochondria-specific phospholipid synthesized by CL synthase (CLS). We describe here a human gene for CLS and its analysis via RNAi knockdown on apoptotic progression. Although mitochondrial membrane potential is unchanged in cells containing only 25% of the normal amount of CL, free cytochrome c (cyt. c) is detected in the intermembrane space and the mitochondria exhibit signs of reorganized cristae. However, the release of cyt. c from the mitochondria still requires apoptotic stimulation. Increased sensitivity to apoptotic signals and accelerated rates of apoptosis are observed in CL-deficient cells, followed by elevated levels of secondary necrosis. Apoptosis is thought to progress via binding of truncated Bid (tBid) to mitochondrial CL, followed by CL oxidation which results in cyt. c release. The exaggerated and accelerated apoptosis observed in CL-deficient cells is matched by an accelerated reduction in membrane potential and increased cyt. c release, but not by decreased tBid binding. This study suggests that the CL/cyt. c relationship is important in apoptotic progression and that regulating CL oxidation or/and deacylation could represent a possible therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Y Choi
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Center for Developmental Genetics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Gonzalvez F, Bessoule JJ, Rocchiccioli F, Manon S, Petit PX. Role of cardiolipin on tBid and tBid/Bax synergistic effects on yeast mitochondria. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12:659-67. [PMID: 15818414 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The apoptotic effector Bid regulates cell death at the level of mitochondria. Under its native state, Bid is a soluble cytosolic protein that undergoes proteolysis and yields a 15 kDa-activated form tBid (truncated Bid). tBid translocates to mitochondria and participates in cytochrome c efflux by a still unclear mechanism, some of them at least mediated by Bax. Using mitochondria isolated from wild-type and cardiolipin (CL)-synthase-less yeast strains, we observed that tBid perturbs mitochondrial bioenergetics by inhibiting state-3 respiration and ATP synthesis and that this effect was strictly dependent on the presence of CL. In a second set of experiments, heterologous coexpression of tBid and Bax in wild-type and CL-less yeast strains showed that (i) tBid binding and the subsequent alteration of mitochondrial bioenergetics increased Bax-induced cytochrome c release and (ii) the absence of CL favors Bax effects independently of the presence of t-Bid. These data support recent views suggesting a dual function of CL in mitochondria-dependent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gonzalvez
- Institut Cochin, Team 'Cancer, Apoptosis and Mitochondria', CNRS UMR 8104/INSERM U567/Université ParisV, R. Descartes--24 rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, Paris, France
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Gonzalvez F, Pariselli F, Dupaigne P, Budihardjo I, Lutter M, Antonsson B, Diolez P, Manon S, Martinou JC, Goubern M, Wang X, Bernard S, Petit PX. tBid interaction with cardiolipin primarily orchestrates mitochondrial dysfunctions and subsequently activates Bax and Bak. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12:614-26. [PMID: 15818416 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
TNFR1/Fas engagement results in the cleavage of cytosolic Bid to truncated Bid (tBid), which translocates to mitochondria. We demonstrate that recombinant tBid induces in vitro immediate destabilization of the mitochondrial bioenergetic homeostasis. These alterations result in mild uncoupling of mitochondrial state-4 respiration, associated with an inhibition the adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-stimulated respiration and phosphorylation rate. tBid disruption of mitochondrial homeostasis was inhibited in mitochondria overexpressing Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL. The inhibition of state-3 respiration is mediated by the reorganization of cardiolipin within the mitochondrial membranes, which indirectly affects the activity of the ADP/ATP translocator. Cardiolipin-deficient yeast mitochondria did not exhibit any respiratory inhibition by tBid, proving the absolute requirement for cardiolipin for tBid binding and activity. In contrast, the wild-type yeast mitochondria underwent a similar inhibition of ADP-stimulated respiration associated with reduced ATP synthesis. These events suggest that mitochondrial lipids rather than proteins are the key determinants of tBid-induced destabilization of mitochondrial bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gonzalvez
- Département de Génétique, Développement et Pathologies Moléculaires, Institut Cochin, INSERM U567/CNRS UMR 8104, 24, rue du Faubourg Saint-Jacques, 750014 Paris, France
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