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Piacentini M, Amendola A, Ciccosanti F, Falasca L, Farrace MG, Mastroberardino PG, Nardacci R, Oliverio S, Piredda L, Rodolfo C, Autuori F. Type 2 transglutaminase and cell death. Prog Exp Tumor Res 2005; 38:58-74. [PMID: 15746529 DOI: 10.1159/000084233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica, IT-00133 Rome, Italy.
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2
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Abstract
Apoptosing cells are actively phagocytosed in parenchymal tissues, thus preventing the inflammatory reaction which could derive from their slow uncontrolled degradation. The molecular mechanisms by which an apoptotic cell is recognized and taken up are largely unknown. We propose that the recognition of apoptotic hepatocytes is mediated by the sugar recognition systems of the liver, particularly the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R). The results presented here demonstrated the participation of ASGP-R in the removal of apoptotic parenchymal cells, and indicate a new perspective for the understanding of its physiological role.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
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3
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Piacentini M, Rodolfo C, Farrace MG, Autuori F. "Tissue" transglutaminase in animal development. Int J Dev Biol 2001; 44:655-62. [PMID: 11061429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
The "tissue" transglutaminase is a multifunctional enzyme that in its cross-linking configuration catalyzes Ca2+ -dependent reactions resulting in post-translational modification of proteins by establishing epsilon(gamma-glutamyl) lysine cross-links and/or covalent incorporation of biogenic amines (di- and poly-amines and histamine) into proteins. Several laboratories have shown that in Vertebrates, "tissue" transglutaminase (tTG) gene expression specifically characterizes cells undergoing apoptosis or programmed cell death (PCD). The Ca2+ -dependent activation of this enzyme leads to the formation of detergent-insoluble cross-linked protein polymers in cells undergoing PCD. This insoluble protein scaffold could stabilize the integrity of the dying cells before their clearance by phagocytosis, preventing the non-specific release of harmful intracellular components (e.g. lysosomal enzymes, nucleic acids, etc.) and consequently inflammatory responses and scar formation in bystander tissues. In this review we attempt to present an overview of the current knowledge on tTG expression and regulation in animal reproduction and development. The data available so far further strengthen the relationship existing between tTG expression and the induction of PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy.
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4
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Lentini A, Autuori F, Mattioli P, Caraglia M, Abbruzzese A, Beninati S. Evaluation of the efficacy of potential antineoplastic drugs on tumour metastasis by a computer-assisted image analysis. Eur J Cancer 2000; 36:1572-7. [PMID: 10930806 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(00)00147-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Computerised image analysis, performed on histological sections of (C57BL6/N) mouse lungs that had been intravenously (i.v.) injected with B16-F10 melanoma cells was used to develop a novel method to quantify the efficacy of potential antineoplastic drugs. This procedure allowed the evaluation of the rate of inhibition of growth and the anti-invasive capability of new molecules, thus resulting in more accurate data than that obtained from common macroscopical counting of surface metastatic foci. Several morphological parameters can be measured by this method: the percentage of tissue area occupied by metastases, which accounts for tumour implantation into the organ; the growth index, related to the size of the metastases, and the invasion index, related to the frequency of foci. These morphometric data were found to be correlated to the levels of lung hydroxyproline and transglutaminase activity, well known markers of tumour invasion and cell differentiation, respectively. The main objective of this computerised procedure was to evaluate how the tumour cell is affected in the host by the drug under investigation. The use of the method is exemplified by an analysis of the antitumour activity of some methylxanthines.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata' Via della Ricerca Scientifica, 00133, Rome, Italy
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5
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Abstract
Enhanced apoptosis characterizes several pathologies affecting human liver. This study sought to determine whether apoptosis is involved in the formation of fibrotic lesions occurring in hepatic disease. The expression of Bcl-2 was analysed, and of 'tissue' transglutaminase (tTG), a cross-linking enzyme which recent evidence suggests plays a role in the formation of fibrotic lesions in experimental settings. Regardless of the degree of liver injury, tTG abnormally accumulated in the liver cells adjacent to fibrotic tissue. Many cells showing DNA fragmentation and morphological features of apoptosis were also observed near fibrotic lesions. Bcl-2 was detected predominantly in infiltrating lymphocytes within the liver tissue. Marked staining for both tTG protein and chromatin was also observed in the acellular fibrotic tissue, which suggested an active release of intracellular macromolecules from the dying cells into the extracellular matrix. This study indicates that fibrogenesis in the liver is associated with the release of tTG from dying cells. By cross-linking extracellular matrix proteins, this enzyme might play a role in the formation of fibrotic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Piacentini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy.
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6
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Assisi L, Autuori F, Botte V, Farrace MG, Piacentini M. Hormonal control of "tissue" transglutaminase induction during programmed cell death in frog liver. Exp Cell Res 1999; 247:339-46. [PMID: 10066361 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1998.4358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we show that sex hormones (testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone) act as physiological modulators of programmed cell death (PCD) during the frog liver involution observed postvitellogenesis. PCD in parenchymal cells is paralleled by the specific induction of the "tissue" transglutaminase (tTG) gene. tTG protein specifically accumulates in hepatocytes showing the morphological features of apoptosis. The hormone-dependent increase of both PCD and tTG was reproduced in ovariectomized frogs. Treatment of castrated animals with testosterone, estradiol, and progesterone inhibited the induction of both tTG and PCD, thus indicating that in vivo the drop in the circulating sex hormone is the signal favoring the involution phase of the maternal frog liver after mating. Although an affinity-purified polyclonal antibody raised against mammalian transglutaminase reacts in frog liver with a 55- to 60-kDa protein, concomitant with the onset of PCD, tTG cleavage products were detected, suggesting a proteolytic processing of the enzyme protein. These results represent the first evidence indicating that the physiological involution occurring postvitellogenesis of frog liver takes place by programmed cell death and that this, together with the concomitant induction of tTG gene expression, is regulated by sex hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Assisi
- Department of Zoology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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7
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Autuori F, Farrace MG, Oliverio S, Piredda L, Piacentini M. "Tissue" transglutaminase and apoptosis. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 1998; 62:129-36. [PMID: 9755643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we discuss the role of "tissue" transglutaminase (tTG) in apoptosis. This enzyme by catalizing the Ca(2+)-dependent cross-linking of intracellular proteins leads to the formation of the SDS-insoluble protein scaffold in cells undergoing programmed cell death. These intracellular structures confer resistance to mechanical and chemical attack to the polipeptides involved in the linkages. tTG is induced during apoptosis, in fact, tTG mRNA is transcripted as a consequence of apoptosis induction. Overexpression of tTG in many cell lines enhances their susceptibility to apoptosis, indicating a pivotal role for tTG in this process. In keeping with these findings transfection of the human tTG complementary DNA in antisense orientation leads in a pronounced decrease of both spontaneous as well as induced apoptosis. Interestingly, the identification of the tTG substrate proteins in cells undergoing apoptosis has evidenced that many of the tTG proteins are also substrates of caspases.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Autuori
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
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8
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Piacentini M, Autuori F. Immunohistochemical localization of tissue transglutaminase and Bcl-2 in rat uterine tissues during embryo implantation and post-partum involution. Differentiation 1994; 57:51-61. [PMID: 7915242 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-0436.1994.5710051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Rat pregnancy is characterized by a progressive continuous induction of apoptosis in the maternal tissues lining the conceptus. Different cell types (decidual cells, giant cells, epithelial cells, etc.) undergo apoptosis at the different stages of development. We demonstrated here that, independently from their origin and stage of pregnancy, the dying cells were invariably characterized by the presence of 'tissue' transglutaminase (tTG) and negligible amounts of Bcl-2 proteins. This finding confirms the antithetic roles played by these two gene products within the apoptotic pathway. It is noteworthy that Bcl-2 was detected in decidual cells just after the implant; however, starting from day 9, its positive detection was reduced in the maternal tissues and appeared in the embryonal ones. The apoptotic nature of death was also suggested by the presence of a high phagocytic activity in the maternal involuting regions and by morphological observations showing that the tTG positive cell remnants displayed typical phenotypic features of apoptosis. The possibility that the cells lining the conceptus that die by apoptosis could be envisaged as an inert barrier between the maternal and fetal tissues is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Italy
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9
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Mastino A, Piacentini M, Grelli S, Favalli C, Autuori F, Tentori L, Oliverio S, Garaci E. Induction of apoptosis in thymocytes by prostaglandin E2 in vivo. Dev Immunol 1994; 2:263-71. [PMID: 1364176 PMCID: PMC2275867 DOI: 10.1155/1992/80863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In vivo administration in mice of a synthetic analog of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) caused a selective and dramatic decrease of CD4+CD8+ double-positive, CD3/T-cell-receptor-alpha beta(lo) cells in the thymus. This loss was corticosteroid-independent and not affected by Cyclosporin A. The disappearance of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes was strictly correlated with the induction of apoptosis inside the thymus as shown by morphological studies and by the induction of intracellular transglutaminase expression. Considering that PGE2 has been found to be produced by different cell populations inside the thymus, these results indicate that PGE2 may act as endogenous signals for apoptosis during T-cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mastino
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
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10
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Dini L, Falasca L, Lentini A, Mattioli P, Piacentini M, Piredda L, Autuori F. Galactose-specific receptor modulation related to the onset of apoptosis in rat liver. Eur J Cell Biol 1993; 61:329-37. [PMID: 8223721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of the asialoglycoprotein receptor of hepatocytes and the galactose-specific receptors of non-parenchymal liver cells during the onset of apoptosis in liver of rats treated with lead nitrate was studied. During the involution of lead nitrate-induced hyperplasia in rat liver (occurring at 5 days after the injection) a significant increase of asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP-R) expression on hepatocytes coincided with the massive death by apoptosis of the same cells. The increase in the receptor expression was sustained by a large increase in the level of its specific mRNA. As a consequence of lead nitrate injection, we also detected a drastic change of the galactose-specific receptor expression and distribution on the surface of rat liver sinusoidal cells. However, the modulation of the receptor expression on the Kupffer cells did not parallel that observed for the ASGP-R: the peak of surface expression measured on hepatocytes always followed the one observed on Kupffer cells. Our data show a first evidence of a receptor modulation during the process of apoptosis. In fact, the entire carbohydrate recognition system of the liver is modulated during the onset of apoptosis induced by lead nitrate injection, but the pattern of modulation depends on the cellular types. We suggest that a physiological role for the hepatic carbohydrate recognition systems is related to the apoptosis of liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
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Lentini A, Falasca L, Autuori F, Dini L. The simultaneous exposition of galactose and mannose-specific receptors on rat liver macrophages is developmentally regulated. Biosci Rep 1992; 12:453-61. [PMID: 1338496 DOI: 10.1007/bf01122033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied the simultaneous binding of galactose and mannose-exposing ligands in sinusoidal rat liver cells during development and aging. The galactose-specific receptors were visualized using 17 nm diameter colloidal gold particles coupled with Lactosylated bovine serum albumine (LacBSA), while mannose-specific receptors were localized by means of 5 nm diameter particles adsorbed with mannan. We observed the presence of four different classes of Kupffer cells in relation to the ligands bound. The percentage of each group of Kupffer cells varied in relation to the age of the subject from which the sample was taken. There were few double-labelled cells in the livers from newborn rats, with numbers increasing with age to adulthood, and decreasing again in the older animals. Cells without labelling were in the majority after birth, but they decreased in number up to adulthood and increased again during subsequent aging. The numbers of single-labelled cells did not change significantly during liver maturation. We hypothesize that the exposition of galactose and mannose-specific receptorial systems is regulated by developmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata
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12
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Ghibelli L, Nosseri C, Oliverio S, Piacentini M, Autuori F. Cycloheximide can rescue heat-shocked L cells from death by blocking stress-induced apoptosis. Exp Cell Res 1992; 201:436-43. [PMID: 1353455 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(92)90292-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cultured mouse L cells undergo apoptosis upon 1 h heat shock at 43 and 45 degrees C. Morphologically characteristic apoptotic cells begin to appear soon after the shock. Immunohistochemistry with anti-transglutaminase antibody shows that in most treated cells the enzyme is induced. Its activation results in the formation of highly cross-linked detergent-resistant apoptotic bodies during recovery. Cycloheximide added during hyperthermic stress inhibits the appearance of apoptotic bodies, showing that heat-shock-induced apoptosis is dependent on protein neosynthesis. The analysis of colony-forming ability of heat-shocked L cells shows a survival of 5% at 43 degrees C and less than 0.02% at 45 degrees C. When protein synthesis is inhibited during heat shock the fraction of surviving cells increases to 23% at 43 degrees C and 0.9% at 45 degrees C. This suggest that part of the cells that die upon heat shock are not heavily damaged and would have survived in the presence of a block in protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ghibelli
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Roma Tor Vergata, Italy
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13
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Fesus L, Tarcsa E, Kedei N, Autuori F, Piacentini M. Degradation of cells dying by apoptosis leads to accumulation of epsilon(gamma-glutamyl)lysine isodipeptide in culture fluid and blood. FEBS Lett 1991; 284:109-12. [PMID: 1676376 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(91)80773-v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
epsilon(gamma-Glutamyl)lysine isodipeptide, the end-product of proteolytic digestion of proteins cross-linked by transglutaminase, was detected in culture fluid of neonatal rat hepatocytes and plasma of adult rats. The concentration of the isodipeptide was significantly increased in both when high rate of apoptosis with phagocytosis of dying hepatocytes was produced either by epidermal growth factor in the culture or by lead nitrate-induced hyperplasia with subsequent involution in rats. Specific induction of tissue transglutaminase and the consequent formation of highly cross-linked protein envelopes in apoptotic cells have been previously demonstrated by us in both systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fesus
- Department of Biochemistry, University School of Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
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Piacentini M, Autuori F, Dini L, Farrace MG, Ghibelli L, Piredda L, Fesus L. "Tissue" transglutaminase is specifically expressed in neonatal rat liver cells undergoing apoptosis upon epidermal growth factor-stimulation. Cell Tissue Res 1991; 263:227-35. [PMID: 1672508 DOI: 10.1007/bf00318764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that activation of "tissue" transglutaminase (EC 2.3.2.13; tTG) in liver cells undergoing apoptosis determines extensive cross-linking of cellular proteins resulting in the formation of SDS-insoluble shells in the so-called "apoptotic bodies". In attempt to obtain further insight into the role played by tTG in apoptosis of liver cells, we investigated its expression in primary cultures of neonatal rat liver cells stimulated with epidermal growth factor (EGF). EGF-treatment of neonatal rat liver cells induces first hyperplasia of hepatocytes, followed by involution characterized by a high incidence of apoptosis. The proliferative phase of hepatocytes is paralleled by a 10-fold increase in tTG mRNA level, which is followed, during the phase of involution, by sequential increases in enzyme activity and levels of SDS-insoluble apoptotic bodies. tTG immunostaining at both the light- and electron-microscopic levels shows that the most intensive reaction is present in globular structures showing the typical morphological appearance of mature apoptotic bodies. In early apoptotic stages, tTG protein is localized in the perinuclear region of the cell. Intense immunostaining is also found in the apoptotic bodies present inside phagosomes within the cytoplasm of neighboring cells. This evidence confirms and extends our previous findings, indicating that tTG induction and activation specifically takes place in cells undergoing apoptosis, suggesting a key role for the enzyme in the apoptotic program.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
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Pacini L, Spinedi A, Piacentini M, Limatola C, Farrace MG, Autuori F, Luly P. Ca2(+)-dependence of arachidonic acid redistribution among phospholipids of cultured mouse keratinocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1990; 1045:213-8. [PMID: 2117470 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2760(90)90122-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mouse keratinocytes cultured in a medium containing less than 0.1 mM Ca2+ (low Ca2+) incorporated [1-14C]arachidonic acid (AA) into phospholipids by kinetics including; (i) a rapid labelling of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns), phosphatidylserine (PtdSer) and both acid-stable and alkenylacyl forms of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho); and (ii) a slow but long-lasting radiolabel incorporation into both acid-stable and alkenylacyl forms of phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn), partly associated with a net radioactivity loss from acid stable-PtdCho. Under low Ca2+ conditions no radioactivity transfer apparently occurred between PtdIns and other phospholipid classes. When cells were prelabelled for 24 h with [1-14C]AA and reincubated in label-free medium containing 1.2 mM Ca2+ (normal Ca2+), an early and extensive loss of radioactivity from PtdIns was observed, reasonably in connection with Ca2+ stimulation of phosphoinositide turnover. Cell shift to normal Ca2+ did not result in an increased synthesis of labelled eicosanoids, but was consistent with an increase of radioactivity incorporation into diacylglycerol (DAG) and with a complex pattern of [1-14C]AA redistribution, eventually leading to a marked radioactivity incorporation into acid stable-PtdEtn (but not into alkenylacyl-PtdEtn) and to a labelling decrease of acid stable-PtdCho. The possible mechanisms driving AA recycling after cell shift to normal Ca2+ are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pacini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
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Piacentini M, Farrace MG, Imparato M, Piredda L, Autuori F. Polyamine-dependent post-translational modification of proteins in differentiating mouse epidermal cells. J Invest Dermatol 1990; 94:694-9. [PMID: 2109018 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12876271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to get a better understanding of the role played by polyamines in calcium-induced epidermal cell differentiation, the time course of their metabolism was investigated. Results demonstrate that differentiating epidermal cells are characterized by time-dependent changes in polyamine concentrations. An early polyamine catabolic phase, characterized by increased total putrescine concentration and drastic reduction of both spermidine and spermine levels, is followed by active spermidine biosynthesis. The differences in putrescine and, in particular, spermidine metabolism are reflected in a time-dependent modulation of protein-bound polyamine derivatives. In fact, upon addition of calcium to the culture medium, hypusine N epsilon-(4-amino-2-hydroxybutyllysine) is rapidly reduced to undetectable levels. The very low hypusine level is paralleled by an increase in gamma-glutamyl putrescine derivatives and followed by a large increase in gamma-glutamyl spermidine derivatives; in addition, there is a remarkable concomitant biosynthesis of transglutaminase-catalyzed mono and bis gamma-glutamyl spermidine derivatives and epsilon(gamma-glutamyl)lysine cross-links. The effect of TPA and RA on hypusine formation is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome, Tor Vergata, Italy
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17
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Cerù MP, Piacentini M, Piredda L, Farace MG, Autuori F, Fesus L. Modulation of transglutaminase by retinoic acid in liver cells. Ital J Biochem 1989; 38:278A-280A. [PMID: 2573584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M P Cerù
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università L'Aquila
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18
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Fesus L, Thomazy V, Autuori F, Ceru MP, Tarcsa E, Piacentini M. Apoptotic hepatocytes become insoluble in detergents and chaotropic agents as a result of transglutaminase action. FEBS Lett 1989; 245:150-4. [PMID: 2564346 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(89)80210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Physiological deletion of cells ensues programmed death which involves formation of apoptotic bodies with fragmented DNA. Here we report that apoptotic hepatocytes are insoluble in detergents, urea, guanidine hydrochloride, reducing agents and thereby can be isolated from rat liver following collagenase treatment. They are wrinkled, spherical structures similar to cornified envelopes of epidermis by phase-contrast microscopy and show irregular, globular morphology by scanning-electron microscopy. Part of their DNA content is cleaved into nucleosomal and oligonucleosomal fragments. Their insolubility, like that of the cornified envelope, is evoked by epsilon-(gamma-glutamyl)lysine and N1,N8-bis(gamma-glutamyl)spermidine protein cross-linking bonds formed by transglutaminase.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fesus
- Department of Biochemistry, University School of Medicine, Debrecen, Hungary
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19
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Abstract
The incorporation of 3H-proline in cells of liver biopsy specimens from patients with chronic active liver diseases has been studied by light and electron microscopic autoradiography. The labeled proline is incorporated by hepatocytes of the external rows of the residual liver lobule, by the cells of the proliferating bile ductule and very actively by the plasma cells localized at the boundary between the inflammatory infiltrate and the liver lobule. These plasma cells, which are often in close contact with the hepatocytes at the edge of the liver lobule, appear to be either negative or positive after the immunohistochemical tests for the k and lambda chains of immunoglobulins. Results are discussed in relation to both the synthesis of collagen and the role of the immunocompetent cells during the process of the piecemeal necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hassan
- Centro Studi Malattie del Fegato, Ospedale S. Giacomo, Roma, Italy
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20
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Beninati S, Piacentini M, Cocuzzi ET, Autuori F, Folk JE. Covalent incorporation of polyamines as gamma-glutamyl derivatives into CHO cell protein. Biochim Biophys Acta 1988; 952:325-33. [PMID: 2892533 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(88)90134-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The possible role of polyamines in the covalent modification of proteins in CHO cells was investigated by metabolic labeling with [3H]putrescine. A single radiolabeled protein band with an apparent relative molecular mass of 18,000 Da was observed by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Almost all the radioactivity covalently linked to this protein was recovered as hypusine. The labeling of this protein was increased several-fold when cells were cultured with alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) or with this drug plus methylglyoxal bis(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG), as a result of increase in specific radioactivity of the hypusine immediate precursor, spermidine. Also labeled under the latter condition were other cellular proteins. These were aggregates on the top both of the stacking gel and of the running gel, and protein-like materials with relative molecular masses of 36 and 8 kDa. The radioactivity covalently associated with these proteins was recovered after acid hydrolysis as polyamines. The identification of gamma-glutamylputrescine and gamma-glutamylspermidines in proteolytic digests of the acid-insoluble fraction of treated cells indicates that polyamines are covalently linked to these cellular protein. Several possible cellular functions of gamma-glutamylpolyamine protein components are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Beninati
- Enzyme Chemistry Section, National Institute of Dental Research, Bethesda, MD
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Piacentini M, Ceru'-Argento MP, Farrace MG, Autuori F. Post-translational modifications of cellular proteins by polyamines and polyamine-derivatives. Adv Exp Med Biol 1988; 231:185-98. [PMID: 3046245 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-9042-8_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Piacentini
- Dipartimento di Biologia, II Universita' di Roma Tor Vergata, Italia
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Beninati S, Piacentini M, Argento-Cerù MP, Russo-Caia S, Autuori F. Presence of di- and polyamines covalently bound to protein in rat liver. Biochim Biophys Acta 1985; 841:120-6. [PMID: 2861856 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(85)90281-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Acid hydrolysis of trichloroacetic acid precipitate from rat tissue (liver, kidney and testis) homogenate released significant amounts of acid-insoluble putrescine, spermidine and spermine. Following incubation of liver homogenate with [1,4-14C]putrescine, 1.4% of total radioactivity and 1.0% of labelled diamine were recovered in the acid-insoluble fraction. Exhaustive digestion of acid-precipitable material with proteinases (Pronase, aminopeptidase M, carboxypeptidase A, B and Y) revealed the presence of di- and polyamines and of N1-(gamma-glutamyl)spermidine, N1-(gamma-glutamyl)spermine and N1,N12-bis(gamma-glutamyl)spermine. These derivatives were identified both by chromatographic analysis and by enzymatic digestion with purified gamma-glutamylamine cyclotransferase. The finding of di- and polyamine gamma-glutamyl derivatives in the proteinase-digested acid-insoluble fraction of homogenate may be considered as a proof of the in vivo transglutaminase-catalyzed binding of polyamines to proteins. This evidence suggests that di- and polyamines might have an important role in mammalian tissues through covalent binding to proteins by either one or both the primary amino groups.
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Scapin S, Autuori F, Baldini P, Incerpi S, Luly P, Sartori C. Tyrosine aminotransferase activity of frog (Rana esculenta) liver. III. A circannual study. Comp Biochem Physiol B 1984; 79:369-74. [PMID: 6150807 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(84)90390-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A circannual study of tyrosine aminotransferase and other metabolic enzymes in frog liver is reported. The subcellular distribution of all enzymatic activities under investigation was also studied. Results show significant oscillations of all enzymatic activities throughout the year; in particular tyrosine aminotransferase has a marked summer maximum. The subcellular distribution of tyrosine aminotransferase shows significant variations: the soluble activity of the enzyme presents a bimodal circannual distribution, which has its counterpart in an increased activity of heavier fractions.
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Piacentini M, Spinedi A, Beninati S, Autuori F. Mechanism of release of integral proteins from rat liver microsomal membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1983; 731:151-60. [PMID: 6303417 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(83)90004-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The release of three integral enzymatic activities (NADH- and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase and 5'-nucleotidase) and total protein from washed rat liver microsomal membranes, upon simple incubation at 37 degrees C in aqueous media, was investigated. Release does not depend on contaminating proteases and is enhanced by alkaline pH. Total protein and enzyme release is consistent with a loss of phospholipids which are not recovered in the soluble phase. Following incubation at pH 9.0 large amounts of free fatty acids were recovered in the soluble phase, accounting for a ratio of 1/1 (w/w) with released protein. This evidence, together with the data available about densities (1.07-1.08 g/ml) and molecular weights (1 700 000-700 000) of the released enzymes, suggests that they are solubilized from microsomal membranes in the form of mixed micelles mostly formed by free fatty acids and integral proteins, probably owing to the activity of endogenous phospholipases on membrane lipids. Release of total protein and enzymatic activities is decreased by Ca2+, whose possible role in the phenomenon is discussed.
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Autuori F, Brunk U, Peterson E, Dallner G. Fractionation of isolated liver cells after disruption with a nitrogen bomb and sonication. J Cell Sci 1982; 57:1-13. [PMID: 6185514 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.57.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes from rat liver were prepared by perfusion with collagenase, and rough and smooth microsomes and mitochondria were prepared after cell disruption. By applying 1000 lb/in2 (1 lb/in2 = 6.9 kPa) in a nitrogen bomb followed by decompression, 75% of the cells were disrupted after four consecutive treatments. Intact mitochondria, and rough and smooth microsomes with little contamination were prepared from the homogenate. A more rapid disruption was attained by a short sonication with a low output, thus increasing the efficiency of homogenization. The microsomal subfractions prepared from this homogenate were comparable to those obtained after decompression. Sonication resulted in smooth microsomes, which exhibited a higher contamination with non-microsomal membranes. These, however, were partly removed by additional centrifugation with a discontinuous sucrose gradient containing divalent cations.
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Scapin S, Autuori F, Baldini P, Incerpi S, Luly P, Sartori C. Tyrosine aminotransferase activity of frog (Rana esculenta) liver--II. Comparative aspects of intracellular distribution. Comp Biochem Physiol B 1982; 73:779-83. [PMID: 6129941 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(82)90317-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
1. A subcellular fractionation procedure for frog liver is reported and validated by the distribution pattern of several marker enzymes, also in comparison with rat liver. 2. The subcellular distribution of tyrosine aminotransferase was investigated in frog liver as compared to rat liver: a different distribution of the enzyme was observed, being the activity mostly recovered in mitochondrial and cytosolic compartments. 3. Results indicate that mitochondrial tyrosine aminotransferase of both frog and rat liver is a matrix enzyme, even if differences are observed concerning its release from the organelles upon detergent treatment.
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Autuori F, Baldini P, Luzzatto AC, Devirgiliis LC, Dini L, Incerpi S, Luly P. Insulin binding and internalization in rat hepatocytes during prenatal and postnatal life. Biochim Biophys Acta 1981; 678:1-6. [PMID: 7030405 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(81)90040-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Insulin binding to isolated rat hepatocytes was studied during prenatal and postnatal life. Results show that in hepatocytes isolated from prenatal, postnatal and adult rat there is a constant increase in the number of insulin binding sites per cell, whereas the affinity of plasma membrane receptors for the hormonal ligand remains unaltered from prenatal to adult hepatocytes. Autoradiographic studies indicate a greater internalization of hormone during prenatal life and, taking into account the increase of cell size, suggest an unchanged surface density of receptor sites before and after birth.
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Mavelli I, Autuori F, Dini L, Spinedi A, Ciriolo MR, Rotilio G. Correlation between superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase in isolated rat hepatocytes during fetal development. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1981; 102:911-6. [PMID: 7306196 DOI: 10.1016/0006-291x(81)91624-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Beninati S, Piacentini M, Spinedi A, Autuori F. Urinary polyamine excretion in man: I. Influence of sex and age. Biomedicine 1980; 33:140-3. [PMID: 7437492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Urinary di- and polyamines were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography in 63 normal volunteers. Subjects were divided into two age groups for each sex (males: from 18 to 40 years, and 40 to 70; females from 15 to 35 and 35 to 50), in order to establish age and sex dependent variations in the normal excretion of polyamines. Age appears to have some influence only in the excretion of spermine in male subjects. Sex on the contrary, has a considerable influence on urinary polyamines. Mean values of excretion for putrescine and spermine in female subjects are higher than those in males and show a wide variation in standard deviations.
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Hendmont H, Piacentini M, Spinedi A, Bergstrand A, Autuori F. Release of rat liver endoplasmic reticulum membrane proteins into the cytosol. Ital J Biochem 1980; 29:313-28. [PMID: 6259088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A membrane-free supernatant is prepared from rat liver cell homogenate by centrifugation at 230,000 x g. AMPase, NADH- and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activities are demonstrated in the supernatant. These enzymes can be released from rough microsomal membranes by incubation in 0.25 M sucrose at 37 degrees C for 30 minutes. This release is time and temperature dependent and decreases in presence of phospholipase inhibitors. These results indicate that transfer of membrane enzymes from membranes to the cytosol may take place also in vivo. The process seems to be due to an enzymatic digestion of membranes and may be a mechanism for membrane turnover in addition to autophagocytosis.
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Autuori F, Ciofi-Luzzatto A, Conti-Devirgiliis L, Dini L, Leoni S, Spagnuolo S, Stefanini S. Isolation of rat hepatocytes: description of a simple method and analysis of the criteria employed in the evaluation of cell integrity. Riv Biol 1979; 72:329-60. [PMID: 554312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Svensson H, Elhammer A, Autuori F, Dallner G. Biogenesis of microsomal membrane glycoproteins in rat liver. IV. Characteristics of a cytoplasmic lipoprotein having properties of a membrane precursor. Biochim Biophys Acta 1976; 455:383-98. [PMID: 999921 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(76)90313-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The supernatant fraction from a rat liver homogenate contains a lipoprotein complex which can be incorporated into microsomal membranes in vitro. The lipoprotein can be purified by gel filtration and flotation in a NaBr solution. The isolated lipoprotein has an equilibrium density in the range of 1.07-1.14 g/ml, a sedimentation coefficient of 4.9 S and a calculated molecular weight of 210 000. The isolated complex contains 44% lipid by weight, half of which is phospholipid. The protein also has covalently bound sugar moieties, namely mannose, galactose, glucosamine, and sialic acid. The complex is unstable and may dissociate during the isolation procedure. The complex and its fragments contain two peptides with molecular weights of 11-13000 and 67-69000. These two components have practically identical amino acid compositions.
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Autuori F, Svensson H, Dallner G. Biogenesis of microsomal membrane glycoproteins in rat liver. I. Presence of glycoproteins in microsomes and cytosol. J Cell Biol 1975; 67:687-99. [PMID: 172515 PMCID: PMC2111650 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.67.3.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The glycoproteins of microsomes and cytosol were studied. Various washing procedures did not release the proteins from the microsomes, and immunological tests demonstrated that the sialoproteins are not serum components. Low concentrations of deoxycholate and incubation in 0.25 M sucrose solution liberated a small amount of microsomal sialoprotein and this fraction exhibited a high degree of labeling of protein-bound N-acetylneuraminic acid. A part of the glycoprotein fraction could not be solubilized, even with a high concentration of the detergent. Thoroughly perfused rat liver contained sialoproteins in the particle-free supernate. The level of sialoprotein present could not be due to contamination with serum or broken organelles. The high in vivo incorporation of [3H]glucosamine into protein-bound sialic acid of Golgi membranes and cytosol was paralleled by a delayed and lesser rate of incorporation into the rough and smooth microsomal membranes. This incorporation pattern suggests the possibility that the glycoproteins of cytosol and Golgi may later be incorporated into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Elhammer A, Svensson H, Autuori F, Dallner G. Biogenesis of microsomal membrane glycoproteins in rat liver. III. Release of glycoproteins from the Golgi fraction and their transfer to microsomal membranes. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 1975; 67:715-24. [PMID: 1202020 PMCID: PMC2111665 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.67.3.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence in the Golgi fraction of glycoproteins destined to be incorporated into the microsomal membrane was investigated. When incubated in sucrose, washed Golgi vesicles released four major, weakly acidic glycoproteins, some of which could be incorporated into microsomal membranes by incubation. Double labeling with [3H]glucosamine and [14C]leucine demonstrated the incorporation of both protein and oligosaccharide moieties, and the main peak of radioactivity was associated with the 70,000 mol wt region after SDS-gel electrophoresis. The proteins that could be incorporated into microsomes were probably associated to a large extent with the outer surface of the Golgi membrane. Centrifugation of the proteins released from the Golgi in a KBr solution (p = 1.24) resulted in a separation of glycoproteins, those in the top layer most actively incorporated into microsomes. The lipoglycoproteins in the top layer that could be incorporated appeared in the 70,000 mol wt region after SDS-gel electrophoresis, as did the corresponding proteins isolated from the supernate. These results suggest that glycoproteins with completed oligosaccharide chains are released from the Golgi system to the cytosol and are subsequently transferred to microsomes as constitutive membrane components.
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Autuori F, Svensson H, Dallner G. Biogenesis of microsomal membrane glycoproteins in rat liver. II. Purification of soluble glycoproteins and their incorporation into microsomal membranes. J Cell Biol 1975; 67:700-14. [PMID: 1202019 PMCID: PMC2111644 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.67.3.700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialoproteins isolated from the soluble fraction of rat liver could be incorporated into microsomal membranes. This incorporation was dependent on protein concentration, time, and temperature. Sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis of membrane proteins after in vitro incorporation showed four major sugar-containing peaks and was similar to that found after in vivo labeling. Most of the incorporated protein was tightly bound to the microsomal membrane. Gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography revealed the presence of several cytosolic glycoproteins that could be incorporated into microsomes. During prolonged centrifugation in a KBr solution with a density of 1.21 a highly labeled ([3H]glucosamine) protein (mole wt approximately to 70,000) that was actively incorporated into microsomes could be recovered in the upper region of the tube. These results demonstrate that several cytoplasmic glycoproteins of rat liver are transferred into microsomal membranes and that one of these is a lipoprotein.
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Rotilio G, Calabrese L, Finazzi Agrò A, Argento-Cerù MP, Autuori F, Mondovì B. Intracellular localization of superoxide dismutase and its relation to the distribution and mechanism of hydrogen peroxide-producting enzymes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1973; 321:98-102. [PMID: 4356312 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2744(73)90063-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Conti L, Ciofi-Luzzatto A, Autuori F. Ultrastructural and histochemical observations on spermathecal gland of Dytiscus marginalis L. (Coleoptera). Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 1972; 134:85-96. [PMID: 4634680 DOI: 10.1007/bf00307236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Autuori F, Ciofi-Luzzatto A, Conti L, Leone F. [Morphological study of the spermathecal gland of Dytiscus marginalis L. (Coleoptera)]. Riv Biol 1971; 64:243-69. [PMID: 4111885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Autuori F, Argento-Cerù MP. [Intracellular location of histamine in the liver in rats]. Ric Sci 1968; 38:139-46. [PMID: 5736358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Autuori F, Autuori-Pezzoli V. [Intracellular localization of some acid hydrolases in the rat placenta]. Ric Sci 1966; 36:1035-41. [PMID: 6011600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Autuori F, Paola Cerù M. [Behavior of some phosphatases in the rat placenta]. Ric Sci 1966; 36:620-5. [PMID: 6006090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Autuori F, Bertolini B. A study of some acid hydrolases in the liver of the larval and adult lamprey. Z Zellforsch Mikrosk Anat 1965; 68:818-29. [PMID: 4290825 DOI: 10.1007/bf00343933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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