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Slim FA, Verso LL, Guay F. PSXVI-10 Influence of Carbohydrate Rich co-Products and Fiber on Growth Performance and fat Quality in Finishing Pigs. J Anim Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac247.630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In recent years, different strategies have been undertaken to reduce feed cost including incorporation of co-product. However, addition of large quantity of co-product can influence meat quality, especially fat quality. The main objective of the present study was to assess the effect of feeding high dairy/carbohydrate diets on growth performance and fat quality in finishing pigs.A total of 36 pigs [Yorkshire x Landrace(xDuroc)] were raised in commercial diets up to 75kg. At this time, pigs were distributed in six dietary treatments applied for 4 weeks. First three treatments were: a control diet (C) consisting of a corn-soybean meal diet, 25CoP containing 25% co-products (sucrose, whey and bakery meal) and 50CoP containing 50% co-products. Three other diets were formulated from 50CoP and supplemented with three sources of fiber: oat hull (50Oat),soy hull (50Soy) and wheat middling (50 Midd). Feed intake and average daily gain were recorded. After 4 weeks, pigs were slaughtered and a 5-cm strip of backfat was taken from each animal. A measurement of thermodynamic characteristics (melting behavior and solid fat content) were determined by differential scanning calorimetry. ADG and ADFI were reduced in 25CoP compared with 50CoP with intermediary value for C (P< 0.05). 50Soy had decreased ADFI while 50Oat had greater feed conversion than 50CoP (P< 0.05). Only meat lean yield tended to be increased in 25CoP and 50Soy compared with 50CoP (P< 0.09). Melting point onset and maximum were higher in 50CoP compared with C and 25CoP (P< 0.05). Fiber supplementation reduced these melting points compared with 50CoP (P< 0.01). Proportion of fat melted at -5°C and 5°C was decreased in 50CoP compared with C and 25CoP. Fiber increased these proportions of melted fat (P< 0.01). This project shows that diet containing around 50% of rich carbohydrate co-product can negatively affect fat quality and fiber supplementation to reach 12% NDF restore the fat quality.
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Ketata MA, Guay F, Létourneau-Montminy MP. 250 Effect of Dietary Zinc and Copper Supplements on Digestibility of Minerals in Growing Pigs. J Anim Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac247.212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Dietary zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) supplementation can affect the digestion and absorption of nutrients in pigs, especially of minerals. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary levels of Zn and Cu on their ileal (AID) and total tract (ATTD) digestibility and that of manganese (Mn), calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P). Six crossbred pigs were surgically equipped with a single-T cannula in their distal ileum. In cross over design, pigs received one of a four corn-soybean meal diets supplemented by two levels of Zn (100 and 500 mg/kg as Zn oxide) and two levels of Cu (40 and 80 mg / kg as Cu sulfate) for each period (7d with 2d for ileal digesta and feces collection). In this study, high level of Zn increased Zn and Mn AID (P< 0.01) but decreased Ca AID (P< 0.05). The high level of Cu improved Cu AID but only when high level of Zn was used (Zn x Cu, P< 0.051). The ATTD of Zn, Cu, Mn, and P were greater in pigs receiving 500 mg/kg of Zn (P< 0.01). The high level of Cu also increased its ATTD (P< 0.01) but reduced that of Ca when low level of Zn was added (Zn x Cu, P< 0.01). The post-ileal digestibility showed a significant absorption of Cu, Mn and Ca (digestibility different from 0). The post-ileal digestibility of Cu, Mn and Ca was greater when high level of Zn was added (P< 0.05). This study confirmed that the AID and ATTD of Cu and Zn could be affected by the dietary level of Zn and Cu in growing pigs. This study also showed that high levels of Cu and Zn reduced ATTD and AID of Ca but increased P ATTD. This last result is contradictory and must be confirmed by the analysis of phytic P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ali Ketata
- Animal Sciences Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Laval University (FSAA)
| | - Frederic Guay
- Animal Sciences Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Laval University (FSAA)
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Verso LL, Tanguay P, Guay F. PSXIII-15 Effects of Bovine Colostrum Administration on Piglet Growth and Intestinal Health During the Lactation and Post-Weaning Periods. J Anim Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac247.617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the potential of administering bovine colostrum to suckling and weanling piglets to modulate the growth, body composition, intestinal architecture, immunity, as well as remodeling and permeability. Twenty-four litters adjusted to 12 piglets each were selected at birth; one-half of them received liquid bovine colostrum (LC+) from d 5 to d 10, whereas the remaining litters did not receive any supplementation (LC-). Starting from d 11, all the litters received a creep feed either supplemented or not with 5% dehydrated bovine colostrum (BC+ and BC-, respectively). Animals were classified as “eaters” or “non eaters” according to their activity towards the feeders recorded by direct observation and presence of dietary marker (ferric oxide) in feces. At weaning (d 21), 16 LC+/BC+ and 16 LC-/BC- piglets (with an equal number of "eaters" and "non eaters" in each group) were selected and fed for 10 days with the same diets administered during lactation. Growth performance was recorded at d 0, 21 and 31. At d 31 bone mineral content, total body fat and lean contents were measured by dual X-ray absorptiometry; furthermore, animals were euthanized at d 31 and intestinal samples were collected to evaluate the intestinal morphology and concentration of TNFα, IL10, CXCL10, occludin, caspase 3 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Our results showed that LC+ and BC+ treatments increased creep feed consumption during lactation (P=0.01 and P=0.08, respectively) and affected litter weight at weaning (LC×BC interaction, P=0.04). Ten days after weaning, BC+ supplementation increased the intestinal villous to crypt ratio and reduced the occludin concentration (P<0.05). Piglets classified as creep feeding "eaters" showed greater intestinal occludin concentrations compared with "non eaters" animals (P=0.005). This study highlights the potential of bovine colostrum to increase piglet growth performance during lactation and affect the intestinal health in the peri-weaning period.
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Verso LL, Tanguay P, Létourneau-Montminy MP, Guay F. PSXV-17 Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Spray Dried Plasma, Dried Intestinal Hydrolysates or Bovine Colostrum on the Growth and Intestinal Health of Weanling Pigs. J Anim Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac247.618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the potential of supplementing weaning diets with spray dried porcine plasma, dried porcine intestinal hydrolysates or bovine colostrum to modulate piglet growth, intestinal morphology, antioxidant status, and immunity. At weaning, 96 piglets were housed three piglets per pen in 32 pens. Each pen was assigned to one of the following dietary treatments: 1) basal diet (CTRL); 2) basal diet containing spray dried porcine plasma at 50 g/kg feed (PP); 3) basal diet containing dried porcine intestinal hydrolysates at 50 g/kg feed (PIH); 4) basal diet containing bovine colostrum at 50 g/kg feed (BC). At d 0 and 14, piglets were weighed and feed intake was daily recorded. Eight pigs per treatment (one per pen) were euthanized at d 14 and intestinal samples were collected to evaluate the antioxidant status, intestinal morphology and concentration of TNFα, interleukin (IL) 4, IL17, occludin, caspase 3 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen. Our results showed that PP and BC supplementation increased the final weight and G:F ratio compared with the other dietary treatments, whereas the ADG was greater in the BC group compared with PIH animals (P< 0.05). Furthermore, feeding pigs with the PP diet partially affected the intestinal antioxidant status, as evidenced by the increased concentration of glutathione peroxidase compared with the BC group (P< 0.05). BC supplementation also increased intestinal villus height compared with CTRL and PIH animals, as well as villus to crypt ratio compared with the CTRL group (P< 0.05). No other dietary effect on immunity or intestinal morphology was recorded. This study highlights the potential of dietary supplementation, such as plasma proteins and bovine colostrum, to act as a valid alternative to in-feed antibiotics, to reduce effect of weaning stress and maintain gut health and performance in in the post-weaning period.
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Pelletier D, Gilbert W, Guay F, Falardeau É. Teachers, Parents and Peers Support in Reading Predicting Changes in Reading Motivation among Fourth to Sixth Graders: A Systematic Literature Review. Reading Psychology 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/02702711.2022.2106332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daisy Pelletier
- Department of Teaching and Learning Studies, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - William Gilbert
- School of Psychology, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frederic Guay
- Department of Educational Fundamentals and Practices, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Érick Falardeau
- Department of Teaching and Learning Studies, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
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Fortier M, Guay F, Saucier L. Effect of oregano oil and cranberry pulp supplementation in finishing pigs on the physicochemical quality of fresh loin during storage. Can J Anim Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2020-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oregano oil and cranberry pulp supplements were added to the diets of finishing pigs to determine their effects on the meat quality of fresh loins during storage. Two and three levels of oregano oil (250 and 500 mg·kg−1) and cranberry pulp (5, 10, and 20 g·kg−1) were tested, according to a factorial experimental design. The loin meat was vacuum packed and analyzed at 0 (after the 24 h chilling period post slaughter), 23, 45, and 60 d of storage. Samples were repackaged under aerobic conditions after 0 or 23 d and analyzed after 4, 8, and 12 d. Oregano and cranberry supplements did not affect lipid oxidation (microgram of malondialdehyde equivalent per kilogram of meat) during anaerobic or aerobic storage. On day 0, the fatty acid profile of the loin samples demonstrated that the addition of cranberries at a dose of 10 g·kg−1 was associated with a lower percentage of saturated fatty acids (P = 0.04; 42.97% vs. 40.99%) and a trend for a higher percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (P = 0.06; 47.26% vs. 46.09%). Considering the result obtained, feeding pigs with oregano and cranberry supplements had a limited effect on meat quality parameters measured during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- M.P. Fortier
- Department of Animal Science, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V0A6, Canada
- Institute of Nutraceutical and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V0A6, Canada
| | - F. Guay
- Department of Animal Science, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V0A6, Canada
| | - L. Saucier
- Department of Animal Science, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V0A6, Canada
- Institute of Nutraceutical and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V0A6, Canada
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Larivière-Lajoie AS, Cinq-Mars D, Guay F, Binggeli S, Dalmau A, Saucier L. Hierarchical clustering as a tool to develop a classification scheme for rabbit meat quality. World Rabbit Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.4995/wrs.2021.14368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
<p>This study aimed to characterise the quality of meat from commercially-raised rabbits. Animals came from five different producers and were laughtered in three different plants under provincial or federal inspection jurisdiction. Animal behaviour evaluated by scan sampling prior to feed withdrawal (FW) and transport, as well as blood lactate concentration at exsanguination, did not raise concerns with respect to stress. Stomach pH was higher (<em>P</em>=0.047) when the FW time was short (≤13.5 h), at a mean value of 2.23. All pH values measured 1 h post-mortem from the Biceps femoris (BF) and almost all (97.6%) from the Longissimus lumborum (LL) were higher than 6. Values for ultimate pH measured 24 h postmortem(pH<sub>u</sub>) ranged from 5.80 to 6.83 and from 5.70 to 6.70 for BF and LL muscles, respectively. The maximum meat drip loss recorded was 2.6%, while cooking loss reached 30%. Meat lightness (L*) and colour intensity (C*) for the long FW times (≥23 h) were no different from those with short and intermediate (15.5 to 17.3 h) FW times. However, these colour parameters were higher for the short FW time class compared to the intermediate FW time class (<em>P</em><0.02). A hierarchical cluster analysis based on pH<sub>u</sub>, cooking loss and lightness (L*) from 200 rabbit loins was performed. Of the four clusters created, clusters 1 and 2 had the best and second-best meat quality, respectively. Clusters 3 and 4 had the lowest meat quality and presented DFD-like (dark, firm and dry) characteristics. Meat did not exhibit PSE-like (pale, soft, exudative) characteristics, even for the slaughter lot with the minimum mean pH<sub>u</sub>. Of the eight slaughter lots evaluated, more than 50% of the meat from three of them fell into clusters 3 and 4; all three were in the intermediate FW time class. Overall, the quality of rabbit meat analysed was acceptable for commercial use, but rather variable. This suggests that there are factors within the value chain that are not yet fully controlled and require further investigation.</p>
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Aubé L, Guay F, Bergeron R, Bélanger G, Tremblay GF, Edwards SA, Guy JH, Devillers N. Feed restriction and type of forage influence performance and behaviour of outdoor gestating sows. Animal 2021; 15:100346. [PMID: 34547549 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Forages can contribute to the nutrient supply for sows but the extent to which they can replace concentrate feeding is not well known. The objective of this study was to assess the effect of level of feed restriction and type of forage on the performance and activity of gestating sows under outdoor conditions. A total of 45 sows were distributed among three treatments, with five replicates of three sows/treatment, from week 5 of gestation until farrowing. Treatments differed in the daily level of concentrate feed provided and the type of forage offered during gestation: 90% of metabolisable energy (ME) requirements provided by concentrates and free access to a pasture (P90); 40% of ME requirements provided by concentrates and free access to a pasture (P40); and 40% of ME requirements provided by concentrates and free access to a bare paddock with hay ad libitum (H40). From farrowing to weaning (5 weeks), concentrate feed was offered to all sows ad libitum. Body weight and backfat thickness (BF) were measured seven times during gestation and lactation. Postures of sows and time spent in the pasture were assessed at the beginning, middle and end of gestation. Forage intake was estimated with a method based on sow performance using the InraPorc® model. At farrowing, P90 sows were heavier and had greater BF than P40 and H40 sows. At weaning, P90 sows maintained a higher BW and tended to have greater BF than H40 sows, but no longer differed from P40 sows. Treatments did not influence litter size, but piglets from P40 sows were lighter at birth than those from P90 sows (1.44 vs. 1.69 kg, P = 0.004). In late gestation, P90 sows spent less time standing over 24 h and less time in the pasture during daytime than P40 sows, suggesting less foraging behaviour. Sows fed concentrates to meet 40% of ME requirements during gestation did not consume enough forage to maintain the same body condition as sows fed at 90% of ME requirements. Despite their inability to fully compensate for concentrate restriction during gestation by consuming more forage, P40 sows reached a similar body condition to P90 sows at weaning. In conclusion, forage intake for outdoor gestating sows can compensate a concentrate feed reduction of 10% and possibly more, but not as much as 60%.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Aubé
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke J1M 1Z3, QC, Canada; Department of Animal Science, Université Laval, 2325, rue de l'Université, G1V 0A6 Quebec City, QC, Canada.
| | - F Guay
- Department of Animal Science, Université Laval, 2325, rue de l'Université, G1V 0A6 Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - R Bergeron
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East ON, N1G 2W1 Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - G Bélanger
- Quebec Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2560, Boulevard Hochelaga, G1V 2J3 Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - G F Tremblay
- Quebec Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2560, Boulevard Hochelaga, G1V 2J3 Quebec City, QC, Canada
| | - S A Edwards
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - J H Guy
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, NE1 7RU Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - N Devillers
- Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, 2000 College Street, Sherbrooke J1M 1Z3, QC, Canada
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Conte S, Pomar C, Paiano D, Duan Y, Zhang P, Lévesque J, Guay F, Devillers N, Faucitano L. The effects of feeding finishing pigs of two genders with a high fiber and high fat diet on muscle glycolytic potential at slaughter and meat quality. Meat Sci 2021; 177:108484. [PMID: 33756246 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2021.108484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A total of 160 pigs, in groups of 8 pigs of mixed genders, were fed four finishing feeding strategies with the aim to reduce muscle glycolytic potential and improve meat quality. Pigs were fed a control diet (C; fat = 5.0%, ADF = 3.0%, NDF = 8.8%), a high-fat and high-fiber diet (HFF; fat = 11.2%, ADF = 9.1%, NDF = 19.5%), a blend of 50-50% C and HFF diets (fat = 8.2%, ADF = 6.7%, NDF = 14.2%) or the C diet and transferred to the HFF diet after a diet transition. Dietary treatments alone or in interaction with gender had no effect on pig growth performance, carcass quality traits, Longissimus and Semimembranosus muscle glycolytic potential and meat quality (P > 0.10). The inefficiency of the dietary treatments applied in this study may be due to the low ratio between fat and digestible carbohydrate in the diets combined with the mild pre-slaughter stress conditions pigs were exposed to.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Conte
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Candido Pomar
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Diovani Paiano
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Chapecó 89815-630, Brazil
| | - Yan Duan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Janie Lévesque
- Centre de Recherche en Sciences Animales, Deschambault, QC G0A 1S0, Canada
| | - Frederic Guay
- Université Laval, Department of Animal Science, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Nicolas Devillers
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada
| | - Luigi Faucitano
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC J1M 0C8, Canada.
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Blais M, Morissette B, Talbot G, Beaudoin F, Deschene K, Verso LL, Bissonnette N, Lauzon K, Guay F, Lessard M. Low weight piglets show differences in intestinal microbiota, intestinal transcriptome and immune cell profile compared to high weight piglets during the first two weeks of lactation. The Journal of Immunology 2019. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.202.supp.73.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Piglets born with lower weight and showing low performances during the first weeks of lactation are associated with higher risks of gastroenteric diseases after weaning. Therefore, we investigated the developmental differences between these pigs compared to the high weight piglets. Eight litters adjusted to 12 piglets were used. In each litter, piglets showing the lowest weight gain (LWG) or the highest weight gain (HWG)in the first week of life were selected. For each piglets enrolled, ileal gene expression, immune cell populations and microbiota profiles were studied. Results obtained from microarray and Q-PCR analysis showed that, at 16 days of age, the expression of genes involved in oxidative stress and immune response was altered in LWG piglets’ ileum. Analysis of the LH-PCR data of the microbiota using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMS) and blocked multiresponse permutation procedure (MRBP) revealed that the microbiota of the HWG and LWG piglets tended to differ in ileal mucosa (p = .097) and differed incolonic lumen (p = .024). From day 8 to 16, LWG piglets failed to show an increase of CD21+ B cells in their blood (P weight × day = 0.01), but showed an increase of CD4+CD8α-Th cells (P = 0.002), unlike the HWG piglets. Percentages of CD14+ monocytes and other MHC-II+ cells were respectively higher and lower on day 8 compared to day 16 (P < 0.01). Moreover, LPS activated PBMC from LWG piglets produced less IL-6 (P < 0.05). These results suggest that piglets low performances during lactation affect the development of their immune system and is associated with differences in intestinal gene expression profile and microbiota.
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Guay F, Létourneau Montminy MP, Bouchard M, Chorfi Y. 166 Effect of Deoxynivalenol (DON) and Sodium Metabisulfite, an Antimycotoxin Additive, on Nutrient Digestibility in Pigs. J Anim Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky073.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F Guay
- Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | | | | | - Y Chorfi
- Université de Montréal, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, St-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
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Vitali M, Conte S, Lessard M, Deschêne K, Benoit-Biancamano MO, Celeste C, Martelli G, Sardi L, Guay F, Faucitano L. Use of the spectrophotometric color method for the determination of the age of skin lesions on the pig carcass and its relationship with gene expression and histological and histochemical parameters. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:3873-3884. [PMID: 28991993 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of lesions on the pig carcass is an indicator of poor animal welfare and has economic impact as it downgrades the carcass value. The assessment of the age of lesions on the carcass may help identify risk factors and ultimately prevent their occurrence. The aim of this study was to assess the age of lesions on pig carcasses through spectrophotometric color evaluation and to relate the results with gene expression and histological and histochemical parameters. A total of 96 barrows were mixed 4 times over 3 d before slaughter and 80 lesions were selected after skin lesion observations to define 4 age categories: < 7 h (T1), 7-25 h (T2), 25-30 h (T3), and 49-54 h (T4). A nonlesioned skin area was used as a control. At slaughter, 3 biopsies per lesion and control skin were taken immediately after bleeding for analyses of gene expression (, , , , , , , , , ), skin histological characteristics (inflammation, erosion or ulceration, and necrosis), and enzyme activity (alkaline phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase). The number of lesions was counted on each carcass, and the color was assessed visually by a pictorial chart and instrumentally through a spectrophotometer. Delta values (Δ) were calculated as the difference between the value of the lesion and the value of the control for all measures, except for the histological analysis. Results indicated that visual color observation was not sufficiently accurate to discriminate lesions by time of infliction ( > 0.10), while the spectrophotometer ΔL* and Δa* values variation allowed the identification of < 7 h or > 25 h old lesions ( < 0.05). Similarly, the expression of , , , , and genes was higher ( < 0.05) in < 7 h old lesions, while gene expression was higher ( < 0.05) in < 25 h old lesions. As for the histological analysis, the severity of inflammation was correlated with the age of the lesion (lower score in < 7 h old lesions and higher score in > 25 h old lesions; < 0.05). To conclude, the spectrophotometric color assessment of the carcass lesions at slaughter appears to be a reliable method to discriminate between fresh and older lesions on the carcass at the abattoir.
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Vitali M, Conte S, Lessard M, Deschêne K, Benoit-Biancamano M, Celeste C, Martelli G, Sardi L, Guay F, Faucitano L. Use of the spectrophotometric color method for the determination of the age of skin lesions on the pig carcass and its relationship with gene expression and histological and histochemical parameters1. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2017.1813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Conte S, Pomar C, Paiano D, Duan Y, Zhang P, Lévesque J, Guay F, Ellis M, Devillers N, Faucitano L. 371 The effect of feeding a high-fiber and -fat diet on pig meat quality. J Anim Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.2527/asasann.2017.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Bissonnette N, Jiang X, Matte J, Guay F, Talbot G, Bontempo V, Gong J, Wang Q, Lessard M. Effect of a post-weaning diet supplemented with functional feed additives on ileal transcriptome activity and serum cytokines in piglets challenged with lipopolysaccharide. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2016; 182:136-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Talbot G, Lessard M, Yergeau E, Gagnon N, Lo Verso L, Lapointe J, Bissonnette N, Bueno Dalto D, Ouattara B, Guay F, Matte JJ. 1744 Effects of different sources and routes of administration of copper and vitamins A and D on piglets gut microbiota. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jam2016-1744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Pereira T, Devillers N, Sommavilla R, Friendship R, Guay F, Costa FD, Titto EA, Faucitano L. 0092 Effects of ventilation and water misting on the physiological response of pigs kept in a stationary trailer before unloading. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jam2016-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Abstract
Oilseed meal is an important source of essential amino acids (EAA) for livestock production. It is the second most important ingredient in pig feed after grains. Optimal use of these ingredients requires precise knowledge of amino acid standardized ileal digestibility (SID), which may vary depending on several factors including botanical variety or processing treatments. A meta-analysis was performed in order to derive models for predicting the SID of soybean, cotton and rapeseed meal EAA, based on chemical composition data such as CP, total concentration of each EAA and fibre (crude fibre, ADF and NDF) content. A database of 47 references (224 experimental treatments) was built. A model incorporating processing method of the meals (e.g. cold pressed, expeller pressed, solvent extracted), experimental surgical procedure (T-cannula, re-entrant cannula, post valve T-cannula and ileo-rectal anastomosis) and pig growth stage (BW⩽ or ⩾25 kg) was tested. Results indicated that neither processing nor BW affected EAA SID. NDF was the best predictor of SID (R 2=0.944, 0.836, 0.779, 0.899 and 0.814, respectively, for Lys, Met, Thr, Trp and Val). The total EAA content was the best predictor of digestible content (g/kg diet) for each EAA (R 2=0.990, 0.985, 0.977, 0.985 and 0.978, respectively, for Lys, Met, Thr, Trp and Val). This study shows that routine chemical analyses may be used to predict EAA digestibility with satisfactory accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Messad
- 1Département des sciences animales,Université Laval,Quebec City,Quebec,G1V 0A6,Canada
| | | | - E Charbonneau
- 1Département des sciences animales,Université Laval,Quebec City,Quebec,G1V 0A6,Canada
| | - D Sauvant
- 2INRA,AgroParisTech,UMR791 Physiologie de la Nutrition et alimentation,F-75231 Paris,France
| | - F Guay
- 1Département des sciences animales,Université Laval,Quebec City,Quebec,G1V 0A6,Canada
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Vitali M, Conte S, Lessard M, Martelli G, Guay F, Faucitano L. 1735 Assessment of the age of lesions on the pig carcass at the abattoir through spectrophotometric color assessment and gene expression analysis. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jam2016-1735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Lo Verso L, Matte JJ, Talbot G, Lapointe J, Bissonnette N, Guay F, Gagnon N, Ouattara B, Lessard M. 1740 Effects of different sources and routes of administration of copper and vitamins A and D on gut volatile fatty acids and gene expression involved in regulation of innate and acquired immunity in piglets. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/jam2016-1740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Kone AP, Cinq-Mars D, Desjardins Y, Guay F, Gosselin A, Saucier L. Effects of plant extracts and essential oils as feed supplements on quality and microbial traits of rabbit meat. World Rabbit Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.4995/wrs.2016.3665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The effects of dietary supplementation of onion, cranberry, strawberry and essentials oils on meat quality were analysed. Five groups of 48 Grimaud female weaned rabbits received the supplemented or the control ration; the experimental unit was a cage of 6 rabbits. Each experimental diet contained 10 ppm of added active ingredients. Rabbits were fed with the experimental diets for 4 wk before determining slaughter and carcass traits and determining the pH at 1 and 24 h post mortem (pHu) of the <em>Longissimus dorsi</em> (LD) and the <em>Biceps femoris</em> (BF) muscle, left and right, respectively. Cooking loss, drip loss and L*, a* and b* color parameters were obtained of the right<em> </em>LD and for ground meat and antioxidant status (TBARS, DNPH, Folin Ciocalteu). Only the pHu of the LD muscle for the strawberry supplemented group was significantly lower when compared to the control group (P=0.04). However, we note that for the pH of the LD, the average was less than 6 for the meat of animals who received a diet enriched in polyphenols, compared to the control group. Plant extract supplementation did not influence meat quality traits, growth performance or oxidative stability. But under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, our results indicate that diet supplementation with extracts rich in polyphenols, especially with essential oils, had a small bot sporadic positive effect in reducing bacterial microflora compared to the control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, plant extracts and essential oils can be used in a rabbit diet without adverse effects on performance and meat quality traits. This effect could be optimized by investigating higher doses.
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Matte JJ, Audet I, Ouattara B, Bissonnette N, Talbot G, Lapointe J, Guay F, Lo Verso L, Lessard M. 246 Sources and routes of administration of copper and vitamins A and D on metabolic status of these micronutrients in suckling piglets. J Anim Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.2527/msasas2016-246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Koné A, Cinq-Mars D, Desjardins Y, Guay F, Gosselin A, Saucier L. Improvement of rabbit meat microbial quality by feed supplementation with natural sources of polyphenols. Meat Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Homocysteine (Hcy) is an intermediary S-containing amino acid produced by the methylation process within all cells. It is known as a powerful pro-oxidant with multiple deleterious effects on immune and physiological functions. Blood plasma total Hcy (tHcy), the most common indicator of Hcy status, can be reduced by dietary folates or vitamin B(12) in pigs as in most mammalians. In humans, homocysteinemia is routinely assessed after an overnight fast (≥ 12 h) although information is not available on circadian tHcy changes. Using a subgroup of pigs from a study on portal appearance of vitamin B(12) after a single meal containing 0, 25 or 250 μg of cyanocobalamin, the present study aimed to report the circadian profile of postmeal blood plasma tHcy and estimate the contribution of portal drained viscera (PDV) to the systemic tHcy. Four pigs (39.7 ± 1.1 kg BW) were surgically equipped at 101.0 ± 8.2 d of age with catheters in the portal vein and carotid artery; an ultrasonic flow probe was also fitted around the portal vein for blood flow recordings. Blood samples were collected simultaneously from the 2 catheters once before meal and at least every hour during 24 h after ingestion of 1.2 kg of a vitamin-free semipurified diet. Arterial tHcy changed considerably during the 24-h postmeal period (P < 0.001; SE = 0.8). In fact, from 12.3 μM 10 min before meal, tHcy gradually reached a maximum of 23.4 μM 13 h postmeal and returned to 15.5 μM 23 h after the meal. Net fluxes of tHcy across PDV were not influenced by levels of dietary vitamin B(12), postprandial time, or their interaction (P > 0.25); average net flux did not differ from zero (P > 0.08). These results suggest that systemic Hcy following a meal originates from metabolic pools other than PDV. It appears that an overnight fast of 12 h will reflect the peak rather than the basal value for tHcy. The duration of the fasting period is therefore a critical factor for a reliable interpretation of tHcy homeostasis in pigs. Such information may be also relevant for human health and nutrition because pig is recognized as a reliable model for Hcy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Matte
- Dairy and Swine Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke, Québec J1M 1Z3, Canada.
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Fortier MP, Saucier L, Guay F. Effects on microbial quality of fresh pork loin during storage from oregano oil and cranberry pulp diet supplementation in pigs. Can J Anim Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2012-078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fortier, M. P., Saucier, L. and Guay, F. 2012. Effects on microbial quality of fresh pork loin during storage from oregano oil and cranberry pulp diet supplementation in pigs. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 465–471. Oregano oil and ground cranberry pulp supplements were added to the diets of finishing pigs to determine their antimicrobial effects on fresh loin during storage at 2±1°C. Two doses of oil (250 and 500 mg kg−1) and three doses of cranberry (5, 10 and 20 g kg−1) were tested according to a factorial experimental design. The control group did not receive any supplements. The meat was vacuum packed and analyzed after 0, 23, 45 and 60 d. Samples were re-packaged under aerobic conditions after 0 or 23 d and analyzed after 4, 8 and 12 d. Microbial analysis was performed periodically throughout the experiment. Initial cell counts were below detection level for total aerobic mesophilic (TAM) (<102 cfu g−1), Pseudomonas spp. (<102 cfu g−1), presumptive lactic acid bacteria (LAB) (<102 cfu g−1), and Escherichia coli and coliform counts (<101 cfu g−1). No significant difference in TAM counts was observed between all of the six different treatments and the control group except for samples packaged at day 0 under aerobic conditions after 12 d of storage where a significant effect of the supplementation was observed (P<0.03). Under anaerobic conditions, LAB were not affected and remained the predominant microflora despite antimicrobial treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. P. Fortier
- Department of Animal Science
- Institute of Nutraceutical and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1V0A6
| | - L. Saucier
- Department of Animal Science
- Institute of Nutraceutical and Functional Foods, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada G1V0A6
| | - F. Guay
- Department of Animal Science
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Abstract
Using Item Response Theory (IRT) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), the goal of this study was to select a reduced pool of items from the French Canadian version of the Self-Directed Search—Activities Section ( Holland, Fritzsche, & Powell, 1994 ). Two studies were conducted. Results of Study 1, involving 727 French Canadian students, showed that the psychometric qualities of the 66-item French Canadian version are equivalent to those of the original English version. Based on IRT and factor loadings derived from a CFA, 24 items were selected from the original 66 items. In Study 2 ( n = 339 French Canadian young adults), we tested and obtained support for the construct validity of the 24 selected items using CFA and correlational analyses among interests’ dimensions. We concluded that the selected pool of items accurately captured Holland’s theoretical framework and showed adequate psychometrics qualities and construct validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Caroline Poitras
- Department of Basic and Applied Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frederic Guay
- Department of Basic and Applied Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
| | - Catherine F. Ratelle
- Department of Basic and Applied Education, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada
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Matte JJ, Guay F, Le Floc'h N, Girard CL. Bioavailability of dietary cyanocobalamin (vitamin B12) in growing pigs1. J Anim Sci 2010; 88:3936-44. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-2979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Simard F, Guay F, Girard CL, Giguère A, Laforest JP, Matte JJ. Effects of concentrations of cyanocobalamin in the gestation diet on some criteria of vitamin B12 metabolism in first-parity sows1,2. J Anim Sci 2007; 85:3294-302. [PMID: 17709774 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2006-523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In swine nutrition, little is known about the role of vitamin B(12) in the reproductive processes. The current study was undertaken to obtain information on the dose-response pattern of different metabolic criteria related to the homeostasis of vitamin B(12) and homocysteine in gestating sows receiving various concentrations of dietary vitamin B(12) (cyanocobalamin). Homocysteine is a detrimental intermediate metabolite of the vitamin B(12)-dependent remethylation pathway of Met. Forty nulliparous (Large White x Landrace) sows were randomly assigned during gestation to dietary treatments containing 5 concentrations of cyanocobalamin (0, 20, 100, 200, or 400 microg/kg). During lactation, a diet containing 25 microg of cyanocobalamin/kg (as-fed) was given to all sows. During gestation, plasma vitamin B(12) increased as concentrations of dietary cyanocobalamin increased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.01) and the effect persisted during lactation (21 d postpartum) both in plasma (linear and quadratic, P < 0.05) and the liver (linear and quadratic, P < 0.04). Plasma homocysteine decreased with concentrations of cyanocobalamin provided to sows during gestation (linear, quadratic, and cubic, P < 0.01). At parturition, vitamin B(12) in colostrum increased as concentrations of cyanocobalamin increased (linear and quadratic, P < 0.01), but the treatment effect persisted (linear, P = 0.01) only up to 1 d postfarrowing. However, in piglets there was no treatment effect (P = 0.59) on plasma vitamin B(12) before colostrum intake, but a linear effect of concentrations of cyanocobalamin (P = 0.04) was observed 1 d later. Plasma homocysteine in piglets during lactation decreased with increasing concentrations of cyanocobalamin given to sows in gestation (linear and quadratic, P < 0.01). Based on a broken-line regression model, the concentrations of dietary cyanocobalamin that maximized plasma vitamin B(12) and minimized plasma homocysteine of sows during gestation were estimated to be 164 and 93 microg/kg, respectively. The maximal residual responses in sows and piglets during lactation were observed with treatments of 100 or 200 microg of cyanocobalamin/kg. The dietary cyanocobalamin concentration necessary to optimize the response of these metabolic criteria remains to be refined within lower and narrower ranges of cyanocobalamin concentrations (i.e., <200 mg/kg). Moreover, the biological significance of such concentrations of cyanocobalamin needs to be validated with performance criteria by using greater numbers of animals during several parities.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Simard
- Département des Sciences Animales, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
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Guay F, Trottier NL. Muscle growth and plasma concentrations of amino acids, insulin-like growth factor-I, and insulin in growing pigs fed reduced-protein diets. J Anim Sci 2006; 84:3010-9. [PMID: 17032795 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2005-559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Twenty barrows were used to determine if partial replacement of protein-bound AA with crystalline AA (CAA) reduces AA use for muscle tissue and whole-body growth. Barrows (44.2 +/- 1.3 kg of BW) were assigned to 4 diets in a randomized complete block design. Diets consisted of 16.1% CP with no CAA, and 12.8, 10.1, and 7.8% CP containing CAA. As the CP concentration decreased, CAA were gradually increased to meet requirements on a true ileal digestibility basis. Barrows were weighed on d 0 and 13. Blood samples were collected before the morning feeding on d 0, 6, and 12 (prefeeding), and 2 h after the morning feeding on d 13 (postfeeding). Pigs were euthanized on d 13, and liver and right LM were removed and weighed. The reduction in the dietary CP concentration linearly decreased (P < 0.01) ADG, G:F, LM weight, and the CP content of LM. Reducing the CP concentration decreased pre- and postfeeding plasma concentrations of IGF-I (linear, P < 0.01) and insulin (linear, P < 0.10). The reduction in the dietary CP concentration increased prefeeding plasma concentrations of Ala, Gln, Gly, and total AA but decreased Arg, Asn, His, Ile, Phe, Trp, and Tyr (linear, P < 0.05). Plasma concentration of total indispensable AA decreased initially and increased thereafter as the dietary CP concentration decreased from 16.1 to 7.8% (quadratic, P < 0.01). The reduction in the dietary CP concentration increased postfeeding plasma concentrations of Ala, Lys, Met (linear, P < 0.01), and Gly (linear, P = 0.073) and decreased Asn, Ser, Tyr, Arg, His, and Leu (linear, P < 0.05). Plasma concentrations of Ile, Phe, Thr, Trp, and Val decreased initially and increased thereafter as the dietary CP concentration decreased from 16.1 to 7.8% (quadratic, P < 0.05). In muscle tissue, concentrations of free Ala, Asp, Glu, Gln, Gly, and Lys increased (linear, P < 0.05) as the dietary CP concentration decreased. Concentrations of free His, Ile, Phe, Thr, Trp, and Val in muscle tissue decreased initially and increased thereafter as the dietary CP concentration decreased from 16.1 to 7.8% (quadratic, P < 0.05). In summary, the reduction in the dietary protein-bound AA decreased whole-body and LM growth, altered the free AA pool profile in muscle tissue, and decreased plasma insulin and IGF-I. As the replacement of protein-bound AA with CAA increased, 1) free Ala and Gln in muscle tissue increased, indicating an increase of muscle tissue protein breakdown; and 2) utilization of indispensable AA in muscle tissue decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Guay
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Guay F, Donovan SM, Trottier NL. Biochemical and morphological developments are partially impaired in intestinal mucosa from growing pigs fed reduced-protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids1. J Anim Sci 2006; 84:1749-60. [PMID: 16775059 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2005-558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if a reduction in dietary CP, with partial replacement of the intact protein with crystalline AA (CAA), would alter growth, morphology, and free or peptide-bound AA concentrations of intestinal mucosa in growing pigs. Twenty-four barrows (37.0 +/- 1.5 kg of BW) were fed 1 of 4 diets for 24 d: 16.1% CP with no CAA, or 12.8, 10.1, or 7.8% CP (analyzed values, as-fed) containing CAA. As CP decreased, CAA were gradually increased to meet requirements on a true ileal digestible basis. Pigs were euthanized 2 h postmeal on d 24, and mucosal samples from duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were collected. Reducing dietary CP decreased ADG, G:F, and final weight (linear, P < 0.05). With reduced dietary CP, mucosal protein concentration decreased in the jejunum (quadratic, P < 0.05) and tended to decrease in the ileum (linear, P = 0.062). Reduction of the dietary CP concentration from 16.1 to 7.8% tended to decrease the crypt depth (linear, P < 0.10) and decreased villus width (linear, P < 0.05) in duodenum and jejunum mucosa but did not reduce villus height or villus surface area in any regions of the small intestine. In the duodenum, a reduction in dietary CP increased free Lys, Met, and Thr (linear, P < 0.05) and peptide-bound Lys and Thr (quadratic, P < 0.10). In the jejunum, reducing CP decreased free Cys (linear P < 0.05) and tended to decrease free Asn and His (linear, P < 0.10) and peptide-bound His (quadratic, P = 0.061) and Ile, Leu, and Val (linear, P < 0.10). In the ileum, reducing CP decreased free Asn, Ser, Tyr, Arg, His, Phe (linear, P < 0.05), and Leu (linear, P = 0.054) and peptide-bound Gly and Ser (linear, P < 0.05) and tended to decrease peptide-bound Ile, Leu, Phe, Val (linear, P < 0.10), and Lys (linear P < 0.05). In conclusion, reduced-CP diets supplemented with CAA lead to a reduction in growth performance, associated with biochemical and morphological modifications of the intestinal mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Guay
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA
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Abstract
In pig nutrition, the present gaps in the information on B-complex vitamins have important implications for empiricism and disparities in dietary recommendations. This is particularly true for folic acid (B9) and vitamin B12. Recent studies suggest that the beneficial effects of B9 on sow prolificacy may be due to enhanced embryo development and survival. Embryo synthesis of estrogens and uterine secretions of prostanoids and cytokines during attachment appear to be key factors in vitamin B9 regulation of embryo development. Nevertheless, embryo and uterine responses to B9 are often more pronounced in multiparous sows than in gilts. This parity effect on B9 responses can be attributed to the metabolic interaction with another vitamin, specifically B12. The two vitamins are essential for modulating the transfer of one-carbon groups for protein and DNA synthesis, methylation and gene expression. The metabolic pathway involved is the remethylation of methionine from an intermediary metabolite, homocysteine. A deficiency in B9 or B12 mayinduce a local or systemic accumulation of homocysteine, a powerful pro-oxidant known to impair embryo development. It appears that B12 status, which is about two times lower in gilts than in multiparous sows, could be a limiting factor for the action of vitamin B9 on uterus and embryo metabolism during the first pregnancy. Vitamin B12 status is particularly critical since, in early gestation, the sow uterus drains off a massive amount of B12, representing two to three times the B12 plasma pool. Dietary B12, at levels 10 times higher than recommended, have been found to maximize B12 status and minimize homocysteine accumulation in first parity sows. It appears that an optimum B9:B12 ratio, which has yet to be estimated, would enable vitamin B9 to have full beneficial effects on sow prolificacy. In the future, it is likely that there will be an even greater need for updated information on the requirements for B-complex vitamins given the “dietary fine tuning” that is necessary for the highly producing pigs that have been selected in recent decades. Key words: Folic acid, vitamin B12, reproduction, pig
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Chabot V, Lambert RD, Laforest JP, St-Jacques S, Matte JJ, Guay F, Palin MF, Lessard M. Effect of oestrous cycle and early pregnancy on uterine production and expression of immune regulatory factors in gilts. Anim Reprod Sci 2004; 81:137-49. [PMID: 14749055 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2003.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to characterize uterine immune factors involved in the establishment of pregnancy in gilts. Thirty crossbred Yorkshire-Landrace gilts of similar age and weight were observed twice a day for oestrous behaviour with intact boars. On the day of first standing oestrus (Day 0) and 12h later, 15 gilts were inseminated with pooled semen from Duroc boars of proven fertility. Pregnant gilts were slaughtered either on Days 10, 15 or 25 of gestation (n=5 per day). The other 15 gilts were not inseminated and were slaughtered on either Days 0, 10 or 15 of the oestrous cycle (n=5 per day). Immediately after slaughter, endometrial tissue samples from the mesometrial side were removed for gene expression using RNase protection assay and in situ hybridization methodologies. The other uterine horn was flushed with 20 ml of PBS to collect the uterine fluid. In pregnant gilts, endometrial interleukin (IL)-6 mRNA expression was higher on Day 15 than on Days 10 and 25 (P<0.01 and P<0.1, respectively). On Day 15, IL-6 expression was also significantly higher (P<0.01) in pregnant gilts than in cyclic gilts. In both pregnant and cyclic gilts, transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta2 in uterine fluid was significantly higher (P<0.0001) on Day 15 than on Day 10. At the gene expression level, TGF-beta2 also increased between Days 10 and 15 in both cyclic and pregnant gilts but differences were not significant. On Day 15, concentrations of interferon-gamma and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) in uterine fluid were markedly higher (P<0.001) in pregnant gilts than in cyclic gilts, whereas the total amount of TGF-beta2 in uterine fluid and its endometrial expression were approximately 70% higher although this increase was not significant. Finally, tumour-necrosis factor-alpha and granulocyte-macrophage/colony-stimulating factor mRNA expressions were undetectable in all endometrial samples. In conclusion, production and/or expression of uterine TGF-beta2, IL-6 and PGE(2) increased during the embryonic attachment period and are coincidental with embryonic interferon-gamma production.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Chabot
- Centre de Recherche et de Développement sur le Bovin Laitier et le Porc, Agriculture et Agro-alimentaire Canada, Route 108 Est, Lennoxville,Que, Canada J1M 1Z3
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Guay F, Matte JJ, Girard CL, Palin MF, Giguère A, Laforest JP. Effect of folic acid and glycine supplementation on embryo development and folate metabolism during early pregnancy in pigs1. J Anim Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/ansci/80.8.2134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Guay F, Matte JJ, Girard CL, Palin MF, Giguère A, Laforest JP. Effect of folic acid and glycine supplementation on embryo development and folate metabolism during early pregnancy in pigs. J Anim Sci 2002; 80:2134-43. [PMID: 12211383 DOI: 10.2527/2002.8082134x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work aimed to determine if different levels of prolificacy either by parity or by genetic origin are linked to folate metabolism. Nulliparous Yorkshire-Landrace (YL) and multiparous YL, and multiparous Meishan-Landrace (ML) sows were randomly assigned to two treatments: 0 ppm or 15 ppm folic acid+0.6% glycine. Supplements were given from the estrus before mating until slaughter on d 25 of gestation. At slaughter, embryo and endometrial tissues were collected to determine concentrations of DNA, protein, and homocysteine. Allantoic fluid samples were also collected to determine concentrations of folates, vitamin B12 and amino acids. Blood samples were taken at first estrus, at mating, and on d 8, 16, and 25 of gestation to determine serum concentrations of folates, vitamin B12, and relative total folate binding capacity (TFBC). Over the entire experiment, multiparous YL sows had higher average serum concentrations of folates than nulliparous YL sows (P < 0.05) but had similar serum concentrations of relative TFBC. Concentrations of folates and relative TFBC averaged higher in ML measured over the entire experiment than in multiparous YL sows (P < 0.05). Concentrations of serum vitamin B12 were higher in multiparous YL than in ML sows or YL nulliparous sows (P < 0.05) over the entire experiment. In allantoic fluid, folates, vitamin B12, and essential amino acids contents were significantly lower in ML than in YL multiparous sows (P < 0.05). The folic acid+glycine supplement increased concentrations of serum folates, but the increase was more marked in nulliparous YL sows (nulliparous x folic acid+glycine, P < 0.05). The folic acid+glycine supplement had no effect on litter size and embryo survival, but it tended to increase embryo DNA in multiparous YL sows (P = 0.06) but not in ML and nulliparous YL sows. Homocysteine was decreased by folic acid+glycine supplement in embryos from all sows, but in endometrium, the folic acid+glycine effect was dependent on parity (nulliparous x folic acid+glycine, P < 0.05). The effects of folic acid+glycine on litter size and embryo development and survival and some aspects of folate metabolism suggest that the basal dietary content of folic acid+glycine was adequate for ML and nulliparous YL sows but not to optimize embryo development in YL multiparous sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Guay
- Department of Animal Science and Centre de Recherche en Biologie de la Reproduction, Laval University, Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada
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Guay F, Palin MF, Matte JJ, Laforest JP. Effects of breed, parity, and folic acid supplement on the expression of leptin and its receptors' genes in embryonic and endometrial tissues from pigs at day 25 of gestation. Biol Reprod 2001; 65:921-7. [PMID: 11514359 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod65.3.921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence has pointed toward a possible role of leptin (Lep) and its receptor (Lepr) in early gestation materno-fetal cross-talk. However, in gestating sows, exhaustive characterization of leptin mRNA expression in backfat and leptin-receptor mRNA expression in endometrial and embryonic tissues is still pending. The objectives of this study were to characterize the Lep, Lepr, and long Lepr-L isoform mRNA expression according to the breed and parity of gestating sows or to specific folic acid (B(9)) + glycine dietary treatments. To this end, nulliparous (GT) and multiparous occidental Yorkshire-Landrace (YL) sows as well as multiparous Chinese Meishan-Landrace (ML) sows were used. These sows were randomly assigned to two different dietary treatments: 0 or 15 ppm of B(9) + 0.6% glycine, given from the estrous preceding mating until slaughter on Day 25 of gestation. Jugular blood samples were collected at mating and on Day 25 of gestation and assayed for circulating leptin concentrations. Expression levels of Lep in backfat and of Lepr and Lepr-L in endometrial and embryonic tissues were performed using semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results demonstrated that on Day 25 of pregnancy, the ML sows showed higher concentrations of circulating leptin along with higher backfat thickness and higher expression of Lep in backfat tissue. Moreover, in embryonic tissues, the mRNA expression levels of Lepr and Lepr-L genes were higher in ML than in YL sows. Parity effects were observed for mRNA expression of Lepr in both endometrial and embryonic tissues, whereas mRNA levels were higher in YL than in GT sows. In addition, embryonic Lepr-L mRNA levels were higher in GT than in YL sows, and B(9) + glycine dietary supplement decreased the mRNA expression levels of Lep in backfat and of Lepr in embryonic tissues. These decreases were independent of breed or parity of the sows. The effect of B(9) + glycine on Lepr-L mRNA expression levels was only seen in YL sows, whereas the treatment lowered Lepr-L expression levels in both endometrial and embryonic tissues. These results indicate that leptin and its receptor may play a role during early stages of development of the pig embryo-fetus, and that these roles could be modulated according to the breed and parity of the sows. Moreover, the effects of B(9) + glycine on expression levels of embryonic and endometrial Lepr-L mRNA in YL sows may explain the previously reported effects of B(9) on embryo survival rate and litter size observed in occidental multiparous sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Guay
- Department of Animal Science and Centre de Recherche en Biologie de la Reproduction, Sainte-Foy, Québec, Canada G1K 7P4
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to propose and test a motivational model of high school dropout. The model posits that teachers, parents, and the school administration's behaviors towards students influence students' perceptions of competence and autonomy. The less autonomy supportive the social agents' behaviors are, the less positive the students' perceptions of competence and autonomy. In turn, the less positive students' perceptions are, the lower their level of self-determined school motivation are. Finally, low levels of self-determined motivation lead students to develop intentions to drop out of high school, which are later implemented, leading to actual dropout behavior. This model was tested with high school students (N = 4,537) by means of a prospective design. Results from analyses of variance and a structural equation modeling analysis (with LISREL) were found to support the model for all participants and for each gender separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Vallerand
- Département de Psychologie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada
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Abstract
Standard nonionic emulsifiers are heterogeneous by nature. Their reported molecular weight is unreliable, especially when several lots of the product are used in a study. The number-average molecular weights of two nonionic emulsifiers, poloxamer 188 and polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether were determined by vapor-phase osmometry. This determination is essential when the concentration should be given in molarity rather than in weight per volume. A discrepancy was noted between the number-average molecular weights of two lots of poloxamer 188. That difference is taken into account prior to the establishment of any comparison of the behavior of the emulsifiers.
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Beauchamp AL, Bélanger-Gariépy F, Charland JP, Guay F, Simard M. Complexes of the Ag+and CH3Hg+ions with methyl derivatives of cytosine, thymine and hypoxanthine. Acta Crystallogr A 1981. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767381097651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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