Delivery in a vertical birth chair supported by freedom of movement during labor: A randomized control trial

To evaluate the effect of delivery in a vertical birth chair (VBC) and traditional delivery table (DT) supported by women's movement during labor on the labor process, fetal outcome, maternal hormone levels, birth comfort, and satisfaction. This randomized controlled trial was conducted with 1:1:1 allocation. Group 1: in the VBC in upright position, Group 2: on the DT in supine position, these groups supported by freedom of movement, control group: on the DT in supine position, labor in bed. The duration of second stage of labor was not different between the groups (p = 0.246). The occurrence of instrumental birth, episiotomy, and perineal laceration was also not different among the groups (p = 0.772, p = 0.953, and p = 0.124). The use of uterotonic was observed in control group (p = 0.001). 1 and 5 APGAR scores of newborns were not different in all groups (p = 0.121, p = 0.268). The lowest pain score was observed in Group 1 (p = 0.001). Birth comfort and satisfaction were higher in Group 1 (p = 0.001 and p = 0.001). Decreased postpartum prolactin levels and increased postpartum oxytocin levels were observed in the control and Group 1 (p = 0.004, p = 0.006). Freedom of movement during labor and delivery using VBC in upright position can play birth-promoting and supporting role. There were no negative effects on the fetal outcome.

The effect of COVID-19 vaccinations on menstrual cycle and serum anti-Mullerian hormone levels in reproductive age women

The aim of this prospective cohort study was to investigate the effect of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations on menstrual cycle and ovarian reserve in reproductive aged-women. Health care providers (n = 258) vaccinated with inactivated (CoronaVac) and mRNA based (Pfizer-BioNTech®) COVID-19 vaccines were included. All subjects completed a gynaecological and menstrual history questionnaire and Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) levels were measured in serum samples collected before first vaccination and at 1st, 3rd, 6th and 9th months. The prevalence of new-onset menstrual dysregulation following vaccination was 20.6% and it was statistically significant compared to baseline (p = 0.001). Menstrual pattern turned back to normal in 59.6% of vaccinated women. Serum AMH levels gradually decreased until 6th month of follow-up compared to baseline (p < 0.001). A significant increase in serum AMH level was observed at 9th month of follow-up compared to 6th month follow-up levels (p < 0.001). The decrease in serum AMH level was statistically significant regardless of serum anti SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels, subgroups of age, occupation, menstrual dysregulation following vaccination and presence of gynaecological diseases. In conclusion, vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 causes a transient decrease on serum AMH levels and moderate irregularities in menstrual pattern increasing with age and is mostly reversible.

The level pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory biomarkers in patients with chronic mechanical low back pain under pulse radiofrequency therapy

Low back pain is a frequent and recurrent condition, often with a non-specific cause. Conventional treatment methods are generally insufficient in the treatment of chronic low back pain. The aim of the study was to estimate the level of IFN, IL-1, IL-6 (proinflammatory), IL-10, IL-4 (anti-inflammatory) and VEGF proteins in the serum of patients with chronic mechanical low back pain under Pulse radiofrequency (PRF) therapy. The study was carried out on 40 patients 20-60 years old, diagnosed with chronic low back pain for at least 4 months, primary complaint on lumbosacral low back pain, pain intensity VAS (visual analog scale) score of 5 and above, not responding well to conservative treatment (analgesic drugs, physiotherapy, etc.). Therapeutic Radiofrequency applications were carried out with an RF generator (RFG 3C Plus, Radionics). Blood samples were taken 1 day before interventional treatment (control), then 1 day (group1) and 15 days (group 2) after. The serum level of IFN, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-4 and VEGF l was analyzed with ELISA test. It was shown that as a result of PRF treatment the level of IL-1 was decreased while the levels of IL-4 and IL-6 were increased. It was concluded that the increase in serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines may be correlated with the severity of pain and that the increase in the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines reduces pain by reducing inflammation. Keywords: chronic low back pain, cytokines, radiofrequency therapy

The effect of postpartum period back massage on serum ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin and visfatin levels

In addition to the initiation and continuity of lactation, hormones transferred from mother plasma to milk during breastfeeding are also important. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of back massage on maternal serum ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin and visfatin levels in women giving birth. A total of 60 mothers, participated in this experimental study. Massage was applied in the first 3-4 h after birth. Blood sample was taken in the postnatal routine. It was determined that the intervention group did not make a statistically significant difference in ghrelin (1.37 ± 0.7, 1.00 ± 0.2), leptin (0.76 ± 0.5, 0.70 ± 0.1), adiponectin (3.55 ± 0.8, 3.05 ± 0.5) levels compared to the control group (p > 0.05). However, visfatin (10.53 ± 2.4, 9.97 ± 2.0) levels were statistically higher than the control group (p < 0.05). Back massage was found to be beneficial in terms of increased growth factors in breast milk production and content.

THE EFFECT OF TREATMENT ON CYTOKINE LEVELS IN NON MUSCLE INVASIVE BLADDER CANCER.. [DOI: 10.22541/au.160666762.21229852/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0]

Objectives The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of treatment on IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and neopterin levels in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Methods Thirty patients with NMIBC and 30 age-matched controls were included in the study. Preoperative, postoperative first control (at two weeks after second transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT)) and second control (at the end of intravesical immunotherapy) blood samples were analyzed by ELISA to determine IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and neopterin levels. The mean cytokine levels of the patients were statistically compared as well as comparing the patients’ and controls’ levels. Results There were no statistically significant differences between the mean IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and neopterin levels of the patient and control group before initial TURBT. In the patient group, there were no statistically significant differences in the IL-6 and IL-8 levels after both TURBT and intravesical BCG therapy. The mean of preoperative IL-1 and neopterin levels significantly decrease after TURBT (p<0.05=). However this reduction do not continue after intravesical BCG instillations. Conclusions The finding of this study showed that the IL-1, IL-6, IL-8 and neopterin levels of the patients with NMIBC were similar to the levels of healthy controls. The IL-1 and neopterin levels significantly decreased after TURBT. But this reductions did not continue after intravesical BCG instillation. These findings demonstrate that IL-1 and neopterin levels decrease after TURBT due to the reduction of tumor weight or tumor removal.

In vitro investigation of the effect of matrix molecules on the behavior of colon cancer cells under the effect of geldanamycin derivative

The chaperone-binding drug, 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, has recently come into clinical use. It is a derivative of geldanamycin, an ansamycin benzoquinone antibiotic with anti-carcinogenic effect. Understanding the effect of this drug on the cancer cells and their niche is important for treatment. We applied 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin to colon cancer cell line (Colo 205) on matrix molecules to investigate the relationship of apoptosis with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling immunocytochemistry and related gene expression. We used laminin and collagen I for matrix molecules and vascular endothelial growth factor for angiogenic structure. We also examined apoptosis-related signaling pathway including mitochondrial proteins, cytochrome c, Bcl-2, caspase-9, Apaf-1 expression using real-time polymerase chain reaction. There was clear effect of 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin that killed more cells on tissue culture plastic compared to matrix molecules. The IC₅₀ value was 0.58 µg/mL for tissue culture plastic compared with 0.64 µg/mL for laminin and 0.75 µg/mL for collagen I. The analyses showed that more cells on matrix molecules underwent apoptosis compared to that on tissue culture plastic. Apoptosis-related gene expression was similar in which Bcl-2 expression decreased and proapoptotic gene expression of the cells on matrix molecules increased compared to that on tissue culture plastic. However, the application of 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin was more effective for the cells on collagen I compared to the cells on laminin. There was also a decrease in angiogenesis as shown by the vascular endothelial growth factor staining. This was more pronounced by coating of the tissue culture plastic with matrix molecules. Our results supported the anti-cancer effect of 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin, and this effect depended on matrix molecules. This effect occurs through apoptosis, and related genes were also altered. All these genes may serve for novel target under the effect of matrix substrate. However, correct interpretation of the results requires further studies.

Apoptosis of colon cancer cells under the effect of geldanamycin derivate

AIM

The apoptotic effect of geldanamycin derivative may be important for the colorectal cancer therapy. The mechanisms of apoptosis require understanding of the behavior of colon cancer cell line Colo-205 which mimics colon adenocarcinoma. Therefore, the effect of IC50 dose of 17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG) on the colon cancer cells in vitro was studied for its anti-apoptotic activity.

METHOD

Apoptotic ratio of the Colo-205 cells was determined after 17-AAG application with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining and apoptosis related genes. Apoptosis signal path related key mitochondrial proteins, cytochrome c, bcl-2, caspase 9 and Apaf-1 expression were examined with RT-PCR method.

RESULTS

17-AAG caused induction of cell death. Apoptotic related genes such as cytochrome-c, Apaf-1 and caspase-9 protein expressions were increased significantly (p < 0.05) and anti-apoptotic bcl-2 expression was decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Our results indicated that the application of 17-AAG on Colo-205 cells showed anticancer effect by the apoptosis due to alteration of apoptotic genes.

CONCLUSION

The apoptotic effect of 17-AAG as an natural product for alternative medicine would be very important for the success and quality of life during the treatment of colon carcinoma with the combination of anticancer drugs (Tab. 1, Fig. 2, Ref. 32).

Abstract 2177: Rutin enhances the antiproliferative effect of 5-FU and oxaliplatin in colon cancer cells

Background: Rutin is a strong antioxidant molecule and it has advantageous over other flavonoids due to it is a nontoxic and nonoxidizable molecule. The concept of dual therapy of anti-cancer drugs with natural compounds has become a very promising approach in new strategy to treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiproliferative and apoptotic effects of rutin flavonoids and its efficacy in enhancing the anticancer effects of 5-FU (5-fluorouracil) and oxaliplatin against colon cancer cells.

Material and Methods: Caco-2 human colon cancer cells were treated with rutin and/or anticancer drugs (5-FU and oxaliplatin), cell viability and apoptotic parameters were examined. Cell viability was determined by MTT assay. Apoptotic markers (cleaved caspase 3, cleaved PARP and phosphor-Bad) were determined using specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Caspase-8 and caspase-9 were analyzed by colorimetric activity assay kit. DNA fragmentation was analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis.

Results: The exposure Caco-2 human colon cancer cells to rutin, 5-FU and oxaliplatin resulted growth inhibition in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Cell viability assay shows that rutin inhibiting growth of Caco-2 cells at high concentrations (over 1000 μM). Combination with rutin markedly enhanced 5-FU and oxaliplatin growth inhibiting effects on Caco-2 cells. Results suggested that rutin had significant anticancer abilities; such rutin were capable of causing multifold decreases in the half maximal inhibitory concentration IC50 value of 5-FU and oxaliplatin. This flavonoid increased the levels of proteins associated with apoptotic cell death (phospho-Bad, cleaved caspase 3 and cleaved PARP) alone and combination. The activities of caspase 8 and caspase 9 were stimulated by the combination treatment of rutin and oxaliplatin then alone. DNA fragmentation was observed only on combination treatment.

Conclusions: Combined treatment with rutin and anticancer drugs (5-FU and/or oxaliplatin) is more effective than the individual treatments of drugs at inhibiting growth of Caco-2 cells. The use of lower 5-FU and oxaliplatin doses, with similar effects, could be also useful to reduce possible adverse effects of these drugs. However, further studies at molecular level are required to elucidate chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects of rutin on colon cancer.

Citation Format: Farnoud Nasiri, Gorkem Kismali, Merve Alpay, Funda Kosova, Dilek Ulker Cakir, Tevhide Sel. Rutin enhances the antiproliferative effect of 5-FU and oxaliplatin in colon cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2177.

Abstract 2808: Oxidative status of mouse azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis-associated cancer model and the effects of COX-2 inhibitor

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is becoming increasingly common in Asian and European countries and still remains the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. The prevention of carcinogenesis by anti-inflammatory agents including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors, and natural products is an area of considerable interest and research. Numerous anti-inflammatory agents have been identified as potential CRC chemopreventive agents but vary in their mechanism of action.The objective of this study is to explore the oxidative status of the mouse model of azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis-associated cancer, and effects of COX-2 inhibitor in these animals.

Materials and Methods: Totally 40 mice were randomized divided to four groups All animals except control and Cox-2 inhibitor alone group received AOM/DSS to establish colitis-associated cancer model as reported elsewhere. Control group animals were fed with conventional mice diet. COX-2 preferential inhibitor meloxicam was used to minimize side effects such as gastrointestinal hemorrhage Meloxicam were used i.p. 5mg/kg tree times in a week for meloxicam alone and AOM/DSS + meloxicam group. Oxidative stress markers Superoxide dismutase (SOD), Glutation peroxidase (GPx), Malondialdehyde (MDA) and Advanced Oxidation Protein Products (AOPP) were measured by spectrophotometrically in sera.

Results: The combination treatment of Meloxicam and AOM/DSS significantly increased (p&lt;0,05) SOD activities. GPx activities were found significantly increased (p&lt;0,001) in mice treatment with Meloxicam and AOM/DSS combinations or alone. There were no differences between the control and treatment groups of MDA levels. Advanced Oxidation Protein Products levels of Meloxicam and AOM/DSS combination group were found higher than the other groups.

Conclusion: Meloxicam and /or AOM/DSS treatment not caused lipid peroxidation, but increased the antioxidant enzymes and Advanced Oxidation Protein Products levels.

Citation Format: Gorkem Kismali, Aykut Gokturk Uner, Ogunc Meral, Merve Alpay, Dilek Ulker Cakir, Funda Kosova, Tevhide Sel. Oxidative status of mouse azoxymethane (AOM)/dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis-associated cancer model and the effects of COX-2 inhibitor. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2808.

Abstract 2184: The effects of specific heterocyclic compounds on angiogenesis and apoptosis factors in cancer cells

Introduction: Benzoxazole have received considerable attention during last few decades as they are endowed with variety of biological activities and have wide range of therapeutic properties. The present study aimed to evaluate cytotoxic and antiapoptotic activities of new synthesize benzoxazole derivative in breast cancer cell lines.

Material and Method: In this study, the breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB and MCF-7 were used. Cytotoxic activities of novel benzoxazole-derived compound were analyzed with MTT assay. Additionally, the level of its effects on NF-κB and apoptosis-related proteins were examined by the western blot. Immunohistochemical stainings were done for VEGF, eNOS proteins and Tunnel assay was performed to show DNA damage.

Results: The structure of the compound synthesized in our study 5-amino-2-(p-bromophenyl)-benzoxazole was proved by elemental analysis, IR, 1H NMR and mass

spectroscopy analysis methods. Novel benzoxazole analogue detected cytotoxic on breast cancer cells dose dependent manner, MCF-7 cells were found more sensitive by MTT assay. When the protein was examined in immunohistochemistry with regard to VEGF, eNOS and TUNEL, it was observed that it caused a reduction in VEGF and an increase in eNOS and TUNEL. We observed that it wasn't between groups in Apaf-1 and BCL-2 levels, but down regulation was observed in caspase 3 and Nfkβ levels compared to control group. Novel benzoxazole compound increased Cytochrome C level in treated cells compared to the control group in MDA-MB cells but not in the MCF-7 cells.

Conclusion: In summary, It is felt that this newly synthesized heterocyclic compound increases apoptozis by reducing the activation of Nfkβ, and in this way has shown an effect of inhibiting tumor growth in cancer treatment.

Key Words: Heterocyclic Compounds, NF-κB, APAF-1, Cytochrome C, Caspase-3, bcl-2

Citation Format: Funda Kosova, Özlem Temiz-Arpacı, İbrahim TUĞLU, Ercüment ÖLMEZ, Feyzan ÖZDAL KURT, Gorkem KISMALI, Zeki Ari, Mustafa ARISOY. The effects of specific heterocyclic compounds on angiogenesis and apoptosis factors in cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 2184.

Abstract 3217: Capsaicin inhibits proliferation and chemosensitizes gastric carcinoma cells to 5-Fluorouracil

Background: Capsaicin (trans-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is the principal pungent component in hot peppers. The role of capsaicin in carcinogenic processes is quite controversial. Although some investigators suspect that capsaicin is a carcinogen, co-carcinogen, or tumor promoter, others have reported that it has chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects. Interestingly, capsaicin has been found to preferentially repress the growth of some transformed human and mouse cells. Although the antiproliferative activity of capsaicin has been ascribed to its ability to induce apoptosis. For example, The American Association for Cancer Research reports studies suggesting capsaicin is able to kill prostate cancer and lung cancer cells by causing them to undergo apoptosis. The present study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and chemosensitizing activities of capsaicin alone and on 5-Flourouracil (5-FU) treated gastric carcinoma cells.

Material and methods: In this study, the gastric cancer cell line HGC-27 was used. Cytotoxicity and chemosensitizing activities were analyzed with MTT assay. Capsaicin used a chemosensitizer and 5-FU was used as chemotherapeutic agent. Supernatant levels of Lactate dehydrogenases (LDH), Glucose (GLU) were detected as biochemical markers of cell viability. Additionally, cytochrome c and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) were evaluated with western blot. Colonigenic assay and wound healing assays were also employed.

Results: Capsaicin and 5-FU both detected cytotoxic and anticolonigenic on HGC-27 cells dose dependent manner after 24h/48h incubation. Both compounds were found more effective at 48h incubation. Furthermore, it is observed that the concentration of capsaicin higher than 12 µM may cause sensitization to 5-FU. Results suggested that capsaicin had significant anticancer and chemosensitizing abilities; such capsaicin were capable of causing multi-fold decreases in the half maximal inhibitory concentration IC50 value of 5-FU. The chemosensitizing ability of the capsaicin on HGC-27 metastatic lymph node from a gastric cancer patient diagnosed histological as undifferentiated carcinoma cells, in the present study is notable. The cytotoxic effect of capsaicin was observed cytochrome c activation dependent pathway.

Conclusions: The continuing controversy surrounding consumption or topical application of capsaicin clearly suggests that more well-controlled epidemiologic studies are needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of capsaicin use. In summary, the present study demonstrated that capsaicin has the potential to be used in chemosensitization for treating gastric carcinoma in vitro.

Citation Format: Gorkem Kismali, Merve Alpay, Ogunc Meral, Funda Kosova, Dilek Ulker Cakir, Tevhide Sel. Capsaicin inhibits proliferation and chemosensitizes gastric carcinoma cells to 5-Fluorouracil. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3217. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3217

Capsaicin inhibits cell proliferation by cytochrome c release in gastric cancer cells

Capsaicin (trans-8-methyl-N-vanillyl-6-nonenamide) is the principal pungent component in hot peppers. The role of capsaicin in carcinogenesis is quite controversial. Although some investigators suspect that capsaicin is a carcinogen, co-carcinogen, or tumor promoter, others have reported that it has chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects. The present study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxicity and chemosensitizing activities of capsaicin alone and on 5-flourouracil (5-FU)-treated gastric cancer cells. In this study, the gastric cancer cell line HGC-27 was used and capsaicin used as a chemosensitizer and 5-flourouracil (5-FU) was used as chemotherapeutic. Cytotoxicity and chemosensitizing activities were analyzed with MTT assay; supernatant levels of LDH and glucose were detected as biochemical markers of cell viability; cytochrome c and AIF were evaluated with western blot; and additionally, wound-healing assays were employed. Results suggested that capsaicin had significant anticancer abilities; such capsaicin were capable of causing multifold decreases in the half maximal inhibitory concentration IC50 value of 5-FU. The continuing controversy surrounding consumption or topical application of capsaicin clearly suggests that more well-controlled epidemiologic studies are needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of capsaicin use. In summary, the present study demonstrated that capsaicin has the potential to be used for treating gastric carcinoma with 5-FU in vitro.

Adipocytokine levels of colon cancer patients before and after treatment

AIMS AND BACKGROUND

In the present study, we investigated the associations between pre- and post-treatment levels of adiponectin, ghrelin, resistin, visfatin and leptin levels in malign and benign groups.

METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN

20 malign colon carcinoma groups and 20 benign groups were included in this study. Serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, resistin, ghrelin, and visfatin were measured by Elisa kits (Milipore Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA).

RESULTS

In the malign group, serum ghrelin (71.90±23.7) levels significantly decreased (p<0.05) when compared to those in the benign (88.00±16.9) group. However, serum resistin (4.92±2.2, 3.39±1.1) levels increased statistically significantly (p<0.05). In the malign group, serum visfatin (0.85±0.6, 0.83±0.5), adiponektin (60.31±23.1, 56.39±25.9) and leptin (3.08±1.4, 3.74±1.3) levels were not statistically significantly different from those in the benign group. In the malign treatment group, serum adiponectin (102.64±50.3, 66.64±27.0) levels were increased significantly (p<0.05); however, serum visfatin (1.17±0.9, 0.68±0.3), ghrelin (85.52±29.5, 82.18±18.0), leptin (5.65±2.8, 3.16±1.1), and resistin (5.96±2.8, 5.65±1.7) levels did not change significantly (p<0.05) compared to those in the respective benign treatment group.

CONCLUSIONS

We showed that adipocytokines were involved in the carcinogenic process. The present results suggest that resistin and ghrelin may be important biomarkers of colon cancer. Furthermore, an in vitro study will also be necessary to evaluate the direct function of these adipocytokines in cancer cells. In addition, it will be appropriate to conduct new studies with a large number of patients at different stages (Tab. 1, Fig. 2, Ref. 24).

Possible relations between oxidative damage and apoptosis in benign prostate hyperplasia and prostate cancer patients

Cancer has been described as the twentieth century plague, and is a very common health problem. It has been reported that ROS and ROS products play a key role in cancer and that oxidative damage is effective in apoptosis initiation. In this study we aimed to evaluate the relationship between MDA (malondialdehyde), DNA damage (8-hydroxyguanine, 8-OH-dG), and caspase-3 in BHP and prostate cancer patients. Twenty male patients with prostate cancer and 20 male patients with benign prostate hyperplasia were included into this study. The MDA (nanomole), DNA damage (nanograms per millilitre), and caspase-3 (nanograms per millilitre) levels were measured in prostate cancer and benign prostate hyperplasia using Elisa kits (Millipore Corporation, Billerica, MA, USA). In the prostate cancer group, serum MDA (30.96 ± 9.25) and DNA damage (4.42 ± 0.36) levels were significantly raised (p < 0.05) when compared to the benign prostate hyperplasia group (24.05 ± 8.06, 3.99 ± 0.54). However, in the prostate cancer group, serum caspase-3 (2.36 ± 0.82) levels were statistically significantly lowered (p < 0.05) compared with the benign prostate hyperplasia group (3.15 ± 1.04). We observed that altered prooxidant, DNA damage levels may lead to an increase in oxidative damage and may consequently play an important role in prostate carcinogenesis. These findings indicate that, although the triggering of these changes is unknown, changes in the levels of MDA, DNA damage, and caspase-3 in the blood are related to prostatic carcinoma development. In addition, it would be appropriate to conduct new studies with a large number of patients at different stages.

Thyroid hormones-mediated effects of insulin on antioxidant enzymes from diabetic rat hearts

Free radicals, oxidative stress, and antioxidants have become commonly used terms in modern discussion of disease mechanisms. Accumulation of evidence suggests that toxic oxygen-derived reactive free radicals (superoxide, peroxide and hydroxyl radicals) play a crucial role in etiology of diabetes and its complication. Thus, it was aimed to determine the role of thyroid hormones in reversal of antioxidatant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation alterations observed in experimentally induced diabetic rat hearts. The present study investigates the antioxidant enzyme activities such as SOD, CAT, GSH-Px and lipid peroxidation products in cardiac tissues of streptozotosin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats before and after thyroidectomy. Our results showed that CAT, GPx enzyme activities and FOX, MDA levels were increased (p<0.05) during diabetes, hypothyroidism and hypothyroidism with diabetes, which can be regulated in different percentages with treatment of insulin and various doses of thyroid hormone ((p<0.05). In conclusion, in this study, the possible contribution of thyroid hormones to the insulin effect of normalizing the induced diabetic changes in cardiac tissue and serum of rat has been seen (Tab. 5, Ref. 32).

Serum copper levels in benign and malignant thyroid diseases

OBJECTIVE

To examine the changes in serum copper (Cu) levels in benign and malignant thyroid disease in humans.

BACKGROUND

Thyroid hormones influence the metabolism of trace elements including copper.

METHODS

47 papillary thyroid cancer and 43 benign multinodular goitre patients who underwent total thyroidectomy and 37 healthy control subjects were included into this study. All of the patients and controls were females. Serum Cu levels were detected with atomic absorption spectrophotometer.

RESULTS

In the papillary thyroid cancer group serum level of Cu was 131.61 ± 33.9 μg/dL before surgery and 120.81 ± 30.4 μg/dL after 20 days from surgery. In the benign group serum Cu level was 84.75 ± 12.1 μg/dL and 68.01 ± 9.4 μg/dL postoperatively.These results were compared to healthy control's value of 105.87 ± 10.68 μg/dL. In the papillary thyroid cancer group pre- and postoperative serum Cu level was significantly higher when compared to control group (p<0.05). Postoperative serum Cu level significantly decreased when compared to pre-operative level(p<0.05), in which, it was still higher than the control(p<0.05). In the benign group pre- and postoperative serum Cu level was significantly lower than in the control group (p<0.05).Postoperative serum Cu level significantly decreased when compared to pre-operative level in the benign group (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION

This is a pioneer study to examine serum Cu level in benign and malignant thyroid patients compared to controls. In our small groups serum Cu levels increased in malignant thyroid patients and decreased in the benign group (Tab. 1, Ref. 18).

Oxidative DNA damage: the thyroid hormone-mediated effects of insulin on liver tissue

Thyroid hormone affects glucose homeostasis with its actions between the skeletal muscle and liver and the altered oxidative and non-oxidative glucose metabolism. In our study three chemicals are considered biomarkers associated with oxidative stress for protein modifications were measured; 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyyguanosine (8-OHdG), a major lesion that can be generated by reactive oxygen species for DNA damage, protein carbonyl content (PCO), products of protein oxidation and advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) a dithyrosine containing cross-linked protein products. The purpose of the recent study was to determine the effects of insulin and T4 or their combination in diabetic, thyroidectomized, or diabetic-thyroidectomized rats and possible relations with oxidative DNA and protein damages. For this purpose, rats were assigned to eight groups: Group 1; control, Group 2; diabetes, Group 3; diabetes+insulin, Group 4; surgically thyroidectomized control, Group 5; thyroidectomized+diabetes, Group 6; thyroidectomized+diabetes+insulin, Group 7; thyroidectomized+diabetes+insulin+thyroid hormone, levothyroxin sodium, 2.5 μg/kg and Group 8; thyroidectomized+diabetes+insulin+thyroid hormone, levothyroxin sodium, 5.0 μg/kg for 5 weeks. After the genomic DNA of liver tissues was extracted, the ratio of 8-OHdG to deoxyguanosine and liver tissue protein oxidation markers was determined. The main findings of our recent study were the increased 8-OHdG levels during the diabetes, hypothyroidism, and hypothyroidism with diabetes, which can be regulated in different percentages with the treatment of 2.5 and 5.0 μg/kg doses of thyroid hormone and the altered protein carbonyl and AOPP levels of liver tissue. Consequently, it was observed that the DNA and protein damage induced by oxidative stress in diabetes could be regulated by dose-dependent thyroid hormone-mediated effects to insulin treatment.

Leptin levels in thyroid cancer

BACKGROUND

Leptin has physiological roles in multiple systems, and has possible effects on several carcinogenesis steps. The aim of this study was to investigate the leptin levels in thyroid papillary carcinoma (TPC) patients.

METHODS

Forty-three female TPC patients and 30 healthy female control subjects were recruited for the study. TPC was diagnosed by fine needle aspiration biopsy. TPC patients had a bilateral total thyroidectomy operation and their leptin levels were measured before and 20 days after the operation.

RESULTS

Serum leptin levels of TPC patients were higher than in control group subjects (21.15 +/- 14.12 ng/mL vs. 9.89 +/- 0.21 ng/mL, p < 0.05). The leptin levels decreased after total thyroidectomy (13.92 +/- 10.55 ng/mL) compared to prethyroidectomy levels (22.94 +/- 14.67 ng/mL) in 34 patients who came to the follow-up visit (p < 0.05). However, the decreased post-thyroidectomy levels of leptin were still statistically significantly higher than the control group levels. Multivariate regression analysis showed that the leptin levels in TPC patients were not related to age, menopausal status or pathologic occult status but were directly related to the cancer group.

CONCLUSION

Leptin levels were elevated in thyroid cancer, decreased after total thyroidectomy, and might be associated with thyroid papillary carcinogenesis.

Oxidant/antioxidant balance in patients with thyroid cancer

PURPOSE

To compare the antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and the levels of lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) in blood samples of thyroid cancer patients compared to healthy controls.

METHODS

43 control subjects (mean age 44+/-13 years) and 43 patients (43+/-13 years) presented with multinodular goiter whose fine needle aspiration revealed malignant cytology were included into this study. The SOD, MDA and GSH-Px activities were measured in control subjects, and before/20 days after thyroidectomy in thyroid cancer patients.

RESULTS

SOD activities of pre-thyroidectomy, post-thyroidectomy and control groups were not different (p>0.05). Before thyroidectomy GSH-Px activities were lower (p<0.05) and MDA levels were higher (p<0.05) than the control group. In post- thyroidectomy, GSH-Px activity (p<0.05) increased, and MDA levels (p<0.05) decreased compared to prethyroidectomy levels. After thyroidectomy GSH-Px activity was significantly higher than the control group (p<0.05). Although post-thyroidectomy MDA levels significantly decreased, they were still higher than the control group (p<0.05).

CONCLUSION

The superoxide dismutase does not seem to change with thyroid cancer and thyroidectomy but both antioxidant glutathione peroxidase and lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde do. These preliminary findings may point out oxidant/antioxidant imbalance associated with thyroid cancer.

The thyroid hormone mediated effects of insulin on serum leptin levels of diabetic rats

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the possible relations of serum leptin and thyroid hormones on insulin treatment of surgically thyroidectomized and streptozotosin induced diabetic group of rats and whether the thyroid hormones control the leptin levels or leptin levels affect the thyroid hormones in DM. The Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to eight groups: group 1, control; group 2, diabetes (injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with streptozotocin (stz) 55 mg/kg); group 3, diabetes + insulin (rats were treated with insulin, 7-10 U/kg/day, subcutaneously); group 4, surgically thyroidectomized control; group 5, thyroidectomized + diabetes (3 weeks after the surgical operation, injected i.p. with stz); group 6, thyroidectomized + diabetes + insulin; group 7, thyroidectomized + diabetes + insulin + thyroid hormone (after diabetes induction, rats were treated with insulin and thyroid hormone, levothyroxin sodium (T4; 2.5 microg/kg); group 8, thyroidectomized + diabetes + insulin + thyroid hormone (T4; 5 microg/kg). The free and total T3 and T4 levels were measured in serum samples by otoanalyzer, and leptin levels were determined by ELISA method. The main finding of our recent study is that the decreased levels of serum leptin during the diabetes, hypothyroidism, and hypothyroidism with diabetes can be regulated in different percentages with the treatment of insulin and various doses of thyroid hormone. The observations in our study suggest the idea that during diabetic hypothyroidism, without thyroid hormone treatment, insulin is not sufficient to balance the metabolic pathways so mediated effects of insulin in leptin regulation via thyroid hormones are an increased possibility.

Advanced Oxidation Protein Products, Ferrous Oxidation in Xylenol Orange, and Malondialdehyde Levels in Thyroid Cancer

AIMS AND BACKGROUND

The oxidation of protein plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of an important number of degenerative and cancer diseases, which is now widely recognized. The aim is to examine advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), lipid peroxidation products malondialdehyde (MDA), and ferrous oxidation in xylenol orange (FOX) in blood samples of papillary thyroid cancer patients compared with healthy controls to determine the oxidation status and the change after thyroidectomy.

METHODS

Thirty-five female thyroid cancer patients who underwent total thyroidectomy and 39 female control subjects were included into this study. Prethyroidectomy and postthyroidectomy, AOPP, FOX, and MDA levels were studied.

RESULTS

Prethyroidectomy AOPP, FOX, and MDA levels were significantly higher compared to control (P < .05). In postthyroidectomy AOPP, FOX, and MDA levels were significantly decreased compared with prethyroidectomy levels (P < .05). However, postthyroidectomy levels on the 20th day were still significantly higher, compared to control subjects (P < .05).

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, all of AOPP, FOX, and MDA levels that are markers of protein oxidation and lipid hyperoxidation may induce thyroid cancer development and begin to decrease after thyroidectomy.

The effect of the sulfonylurea glyburide on glutathione-S-transferase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat liver

Free radical-induced lipid peroxidation has been associated with numerous disease processes including diabetes mellitus. Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) catalyses the conjugation of glutathione with a variety of organic peroxides to form more water-soluble compounds. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) is essential to control intracellular reductive potential by increasing glutathione intracellular levels, which in turn decrease the amount of reactive oxygen species. Glyburide decreases glucose production and enhances insulin action in liver. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of glyburide on the antioxidant enzyme activities in the liver tissue of diabetic rat. We investigated the activities of GST and G6PDH in the liver of both control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Forty male albino rats were included in this study. Liver GST and G6PDH activities decreased significantly in five-week diabetic rats (p<0.001 and p<0.001 respectively) compared to controls and glyburide therapy restored these activities (p<0.001 for GST and p<0.001 for G6PDH). Elevations of hepatic antioxidant enzymes with glyburide administration suggest that glyburide may directly alter hepatic enzyme activities.

The effects of the sulfonylurea glyburide on glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in the heart tissue of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat

Oxygen free radicals have been suggested to be a contributory factor in diabetes complications. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of glyburide on the antioxidant enzyme activities in the heart tissue of diabetic rats. We investigated the activities of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase) in the hearts of both control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. In the heart of diabetic rats, the activity of total superoxide dismutase decreased significantly (p < 0.005), whereas the activity of catalase and glutathione peroxidase increased to a large extent (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.05, respectively) at the end of the fourth week compared with the control group. Glyburide treatment of diabetic rats for 4 weeks corrected the changes observed in diabetic heart. In addition, blood glucose levels of untreated diabetic rats decreased following the glyburide treatment. These results demonstrate that the sulfonylurea glyburide is capable of exerting direct insulin-like effect on heart superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities of diabetic rats in vivo.