1
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Nizami T, Aluisio A, Jay G, Bhatt R, Feroze T, Suarez E, Basso K, Berenson R, Beaudoin F. 112 Evaluation of MicroMend Wound Closure Device in Repairing Skin Lacerations. Ann Emerg Med 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2020.09.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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2
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Rudd GD, Haverkamp W, Mason JW, Wenger T, Jay G, Hebert D, Doty P, Horstmann R. Lacosamide cardiac safety: clinical trials in patients with partial-onset seizures. Acta Neurol Scand 2015; 132:355-63. [PMID: 25933358 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cardiac safety of adjunctive lacosamide in a large pool of adults with partial-onset seizures (POS). METHODS Post-randomization changes from baseline for electrocardiographic (ECG) measurements, diagnostic findings, and relevant adverse events (AEs) were compared for pooled data from three randomized, placebo-controlled trials of adjunctive lacosamide for the treatment of POS. RESULTS Lacosamide did not prolong the QTc interval or affect heart rate as determined by an analysis of data from patients randomized to lacosamide 200, 400, or 600 mg/day (n = 944) compared with placebo (n = 364). After 12-week maintenance treatment, mean changes from baseline for QRS duration were similar between the placebo and lacosamide 200 and 400 mg/day groups (0.0, -0.2, and 0.4 ms), but slightly increased for lacosamide 600 mg/day (2.3 ms). A small, dose-related mean increase in PR interval was observed (-0.3, 1.4, 4.4, and 6.6 ms for the placebo and lacosamide 200, 400, and 600 mg/day groups, respectively). First-degree atrioventricular (AV) block was reported as a non-serious AE in 0.0%, 0.7%, 0.2%, and 0.5% of patients in the same respective groups. Second- or higher degree AV block was not observed. There was no evidence of a PR-interval-related pharmacodynamic interaction of lacosamide with either carbamazepine or lamotrigine. CONCLUSIONS Evaluation of the pooled cardiac safety data from patients with POS showed that adjunctive lacosamide at the maximum recommended dose (400 mg/day) was not clearly associated with any cardiac effect other than a small, dose-related increase in PR interval that had no evident symptomatic consequence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - W. Haverkamp
- Department of Cardiology; Campus Virchow Clinic; Charite′-University Medicine Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - J. W. Mason
- Cardiology Division; Department of Medicine; University of Utah; Salt Lake City UT USA
| | | | - G. Jay
- RAPID Pharmaceuticals; Rockville MD USA
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3
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Abstract
Infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) and exposure to dietary aflatoxin B-1 (AFB(1)) have both been implicated by epidemiological studies to be important risk factors in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Our ability to derive transgenic mice which develop liver cancer as a consequence of the expression of a single gene from HBV, the HBx gene, provides an opportunity to use this animal model to test whether AFB(1) can induce p53 mutations, particularly at codon 249, which are frequently detected in HCC and, as a result, act synergistically with HBV to accelerate the manifestation of disease. While AFB(1) significantly shortened the latency of tumor development in the HBx transgenic mice, the tumors did not have p53 mutations. As in tumors from the untreated transgenic mice, the p53 tumor suppressor protein is found bound to the HBx protein and sequestered in the cytoplasmic compartment of the tumor cell. Despite the frequent involvement of ras mutations in mouse tumors, we also have not detected activation of the ms p21 protein in the tumors from the AFB(1)-treated mice. We conclude that although AFB(1) can act as a co-factor with HBx to induce HCC in mice, its mode of action in vivo remains obscure.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ueda
- AMER RED CROSS,JEROME H HOLLAND LAB,DEPT VIROL,ROCKVILLE,MD 20855. NCI,HUMAN CARCINOGENESIS LAB,BETHESDA,MD 20892
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4
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients have a very high incidence (>90%) of neoplastic and non-neoplastic skin disorders. The proliferative lesions frequently involve the epidermis and include squamous and basal cell carcinomas, and the papulosquamous diseases of seborrheic dermatitis and psoriasis. Although the role played by HIV in the development of these proliferative skin lesions is not clear, there are several lines of evidence suggesting that HIV may play a causative role. We show that transgenic mice carrying the HIV tat gene under the control of the viral LTR constitutively express the tnt gene in keratinocytes. When a single subthreshold dose of a carcinogen initiator is topically applied to these mice, tumor promoters are no longer required to induce the development of epidermal skin tumors, suggesting that Tat expression in keratinocytes is capable of substituting for phorbol ester tumor promoters in the two-step carcinogenesis skin cancer model. Together, Tat and phorbol ester have additive effects in promoting tumors in transgenic mice first initiated with carcinogens. We conclude that although Tat alone is insufficient to cause epidermal tumors, it functions as a tumor promoter and predisposes these mice to develop tumors following an initiating event.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Vogel
- AMER RED CROSS,JEROME H HOLLAND LAB,DEPT VIROL,ROCKVILLE,MD 20855. UNIV MAINZ,DEPT DERMATOL,D-55101 MAINZ,GERMANY
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5
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Duffy S, McMurdy J, Kollet M, Jay G, Crawford G. Using Spectroscopy to Assess the Ages of Bruises. Acad Emerg Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1197/j.aem.2007.03.809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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6
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Racht J, McMurdy J, Mathews Z, Hughes A, Crawford G, Jay G, Suner S. Noninvasive Measurement of Hemoglobin Concentration in Emergency Department Patients using Fiber Optic Spectral Analysis of the Tarsal Plate. Acad Emerg Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1197/j.aem.2007.03.803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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7
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Jay G, Elsaid K, Fleming B, Oksendahl H, Fadale P, Hulstyn M, Shalvoy R, Warman M. Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury is Associated with Lack of Boundary Lubrication by Lubricin. Acad Emerg Med 2007. [DOI: 10.1197/j.aem.2007.03.1094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Mason-Plunkett J, Sidman R, Mermel L, Jay G. Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Among Emergency Department Health Care Workers. Ann Emerg Med 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2005.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Durfey N, Demelis M, Sidman R, Jay G, Spitalnic S. Xanthrochromia: By which method? A comparison of the visual and spectrophotometric determination of xanthrochromia. Ann Emerg Med 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.07.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Takeda Y, Okoshi S, Suzuki K, Yano M, Gangemi JD, Jay G, Asakura H, Aoyagi Y. Effect of interferon alpha and cell cycle progression on translation mediated by the hepatitis C virus 5' untranslated region: a study using a transgenic mouse model. J Viral Hepat 2004; 11:33-44. [PMID: 14738556 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2893.2003.00472.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
The effect of interferon alpha (IFN alpha) and the progression of the cell cycle on translation mediated by the 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) was evaluated in a transgenic mouse model containing the beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) gene under the control of the mouse albumin promoter and HCV 5'UTR. The transgene was exclusively expressed in the liver and specifically in hepatocytes around the periportal area. IFN alpha significantly suppressed the expression of both the beta-gal gene product and its enzymatic activity at 6 h after the treatment of the mice. The mRNA level of the transgene and endogenous albumin gene expression were not affected, so this suppression was considered to be specific to 5'UTR-directed translation. Phosphorylation of the Stat1 protein was observed in the liver extract 20 min after the treatment, thus confirming a specific known effect of IFN alpha in vivo. We suggest that suppression of 5'UTR-directed translation may be one of the mechanisms whereby IFN alpha exerts its anti-viral activity. We further investigated whether the restriction of 5'UTR-directed translation in periportal hepatocytes may be explained by the proliferative state of the cell. Transgene expression was slightly enhanced in the liver 48 h after partial hepatectomy when a substantial number of hepatocytes entered cell cycle progression. However, 5'UTR-directed translation could not be detected in hepatocellular carcinoma lesions in transgenic mice that were induced to develop such tumours. We suggest that the state of differentiation of the cell, and not its proliferative capacity, is important for supporting HCV expression. This animal model may be a useful tool to dissect the control of HCV expression and to search for ways to block viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Takeda
- The Third Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan
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11
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Huddart RA, Lau FN, Guerrero-Urbano T, Jay G, Norman A, Horwich A, Dearnaley DP. Accelerated chemotherapy in the treatment of urothelial cancer. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2002; 13:279-83. [PMID: 11554626 DOI: 10.1053/clon.2001.9269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate an alternative treatment for advanced or metastatic urothelial cancers, a dose-intensive combination chemotherapy regimen using carboplatin, methotrexate, vincristine and cisplatin was given to 60 patients over a 3-year period (1990 to 1993). There were 26 patients with locally advanced disease and 34 with metastatic disease; 49 patients were evaluable for response. A complete response was noted in four patients (8%) and a partial response in 15 (31%), for an overall response rate of 39%. The median survival was 12 months. Two- and 5-year survival rates were 25.5% (95% confidence interval CI) 15.2-37.0) and 7.3% (95% CI 2.2-16.4) respectively. Failure-free survival was 15.3% (95% CI 7.5-25.6) at 2 years and 5.9% (95% CI 1.6-14.4) at 5 years, with a median of 8 months. For the responders, the median duration of response was 14 months, with a range of 2-59+ months. Toxicity included myelosuppression (28% grade 4/5 neutropenia, 19% grade 4 thrombocytopenia), peripheral neuropathy (54% grade 1 and 23% grade 2/3) and ototoxicity (21% grade 1, 19% grade 2). This schedule of dose-intensified platinum-based chemotherapy for bladder cancer resulted in significant neurotoxicity without evidence of enhanced response rates or survival. Regimens such as methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin and cisplatin should remain standard. Accelerated regimens may be useful in situations were it is necessary to administer chemotherapy over a short time (e.g. as part of combined modality treatment).
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Huddart
- Academic Unit of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Royal Marsden Hospital, NHS Trust, Sutton, UK
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12
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The 5' untranslated region (5' UTR) of the hepatitis C virus genome is thought to be important for the control of viral gene expression and a likely target for therapeutic interception. A functional role of this viral gene segment was analyzed both in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Transgenic mice carrying a reporter gene that contains the complete 5' UTR sequence were made. Cellular protein(s) which associate with the 5' UTR were analyzed by gel shift analysis and a following affinity purification. RESULTS Transgenic mice revealed protein accumulation only in periportal hepatocytes around the portal triad and not in perivenous hepatocytes around the central vein. Gel shift analysis using mouse liver extracts provides further evidence that trans-acting proteins, which recognize a specific cis-acting element with the 5' UTR (an apparent stemmed structure formed by two noncontiguous RNA sequences), are present in adult mice but not in young mice. A similar 5' UTR RNA-protein complex was also detected with human liver extracts. CONCLUSION The presence of cellular factor(s) which allow HCV 5' UTR to express in tissue and differentiation state-specific manner was suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Okoshi
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Niigata University School of Medicine, Niigata, Japan.
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13
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Wears RL, Janiak B, Moorhead JC, Kellermann AL, Yeh CS, Rice MM, Jay G, Perry SJ, Woolard R. Human error in medicine: promise and pitfalls, part 1. Ann Emerg Med 2000; 36:58-60. [PMID: 10874237 DOI: 10.1067/mem.2000.aem36158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R L Wears
- Department of Emergency Medicine University of Florida Health Science Center Jacksonville, FL 32209, USA.
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14
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Cook AM, Huddart RA, Jay G, Norman A, Dearnaley DP, Horwich A. The utility of tumour markers in assessing the response to chemotherapy in advanced bladder cancer. Br J Cancer 2000; 82:1952-7. [PMID: 10864203 PMCID: PMC2363245 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In patients with advanced bladder cancer receiving chemotherapy, early assessment of response can avoid unnecessary toxicity. The aim of this study was to assess the role of tumour markers in monitoring response. Serum levels of one or more of markers beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (betahCG), carcinoembryomic antigen (CEA), CA125 and CA19.9 were measured in 74 patients with advanced bladder cancer receiving chemotherapy from 1992 to 1997. Forty-three of 74 (58%) of patients had at least one raised marker (1.5 times upper limit of normal range). This was more common in patients with extra-pelvic disease than in those with disease confined to the pelvis (P = 0.002). Thirty-eight of 78 (49%) assessable patients had a radiological response. Neither clinical response (P = 0.81) nor survival (P = 0.16) differed between marker-negative and marker-positive patients. Clinical response was strongly related to marker response in the 35 comparable patients (P = 0.0001). No patient had a clinical response without response of at least one marker. Ninety per cent of patients who achieved a marker response had done so by 8 weeks. Monitoring of tumour markers in patients with advanced bladder cancer can help predict the response to chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Cook
- The Royal Marsden NHS Trust and Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey, UK
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15
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Arlotta P, Tai AK, Manfioletti G, Clifford C, Jay G, Ono SJ. Transgenic mice expressing a truncated form of the high mobility group I-C protein develop adiposity and an abnormally high prevalence of lipomas. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:14394-400. [PMID: 10747931 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m000564200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosomal translocations in human lipomas frequently create fusion transcripts encoding high mobility group (HMG) I-C DNA-binding domains and C-terminal sequences from different presumed transcription factors, suggesting a potential role for HMG I-C in the development of lipomas. To evaluate the role of the HMG I-C component, the three DNA-binding domains of HMG I-C have now been expressed in transgenic mice. Despite the ubiquitous expression of the truncated HMG I-C protein, the transgenic mice develop a selective abundance of fat tissue early in life, show marked adipose tissue inflammation, and have an abnormally high incidence of lipomas. These findings demonstrate that the DNA-binding domains of HMG I-C, in the absence of a C-terminal fusion partner, are sufficient to perturb adipogenesis and predispose to lipomas. We provide data supporting the central utility of this animal model as a tool to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of one of the most common kind of human benign tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Arlotta
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology & Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women's Hospital, and Committee on Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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16
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Johansson MH, Bieberich C, Kâse-Sjöström A, Yoshioka T, Höglund E, Christy BA, Scangos G, Kärre K, Jay G, Höglund P. Differential effects on T cell and NK cell development by tissue-specific expression of H-2D(d) transgene. Eur J Immunol 2000; 30:525-33. [PMID: 10671208 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200002)30:2<525::aid-immu525>3.0.co;2-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The effect of tissue-specific expression of the MHC class I molecule H-2D(d) on T cell and NK cell specificity was studied in transgenic mice expressing the H-2D(d) gene under the control of the mouse metallothionein-I promoter. MTD mice expressed high amounts of H-2D(d) in the liver, intestine and testis, but only minute amounts in the thymus, spleen and kidney. Zinc administration resulted in a 1.5- and 8.5-fold increase in H-2D(d) expression in the liver and the intestine, respectively, but did not affect expression in the other organs tested. T cell tolerance developed towards H-2D(d) in MTD mice, even in the absence of zinc. In contrast, NK cell-mediated natural resistance against lymphoma grafts was not seen in MTD mice, despite zinc administration. NK cells in MTD mice also failed to develop self tolerance to H-2D(d). The lack of functional effects did not result from inability of NK cells in MTD mice to interact with H-2D(d), as down-regulation of Ly49A receptor expression was observed on liver NK cells in MTD mice. Our data reveal a difference between T cells and NK cells in their requirements for MHC class I molecules in specificity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Johansson
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center (MTC), Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Jose CC, Price A, Norman A, Jay G, Huddart R, Dearnaley DP, Horwich A. Hypofractionated radiotherapy for patients with carcinoma of the bladder. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 1999; 11:330-3. [PMID: 10591821 DOI: 10.1053/clon.1999.9075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In order to develop a low toxicity regimen of bladder radiotherapy for the palliation of patients with poor performance status we carried out a Phase II study of weekly 6 Gy fractions to a maximum dose of 30-36 Gy in 65 patients with T(2)-T(4) bladder cancer (median age 81 years). A complete response was obtained in 23/37 (62%) assessable patients at cystoscopy. Local control was achieved in 16/65 (25%) patients. The median survival of all 65 patients was 35 weeks, and the 2-year actuarial survival 21%. The main acute toxicity was urinary frequency as often as hourly at the peak of the reaction (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) grade 3) in seven patients, and urinary obstruction (RTOG grade 4) in one. The reactions may have been compounded by the effects of locally advanced tumour. Late bladder toxicity amongst the 16 patients who were evaluable after 1 year included four patients with persisting frequency, one with severe haematuria (RTOG grade), and one with a bladder capacity <100 ml (RTOG grade 4). One patient experienced RTOG grade 4 late bowel and bladder morbidity. Weekly 6 Gy fractions to a total dose of 30-36 Gy is a satisfactory palliative regimen for patients with advanced bladder cancer who cannot tolerate standard radical radiotherapy, but it may produce significant late bladder morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Jose
- The Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, UK
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18
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Abstract
In a comprehensive human ecological study, primary liver cancer has been shown to be highly significantly associated with 1) the prevalence of persistent infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and 2) plasma cholesterol concentrations that are, in turn, associated with the consumption of animal based foods. In rat studies, aflatoxin-induced hepatocellular carcinoma is substantially prevented by decreasing the intake of animal based protein (casein), a hypercholesterolemic nutrient. Thus the development of primary liver cancer associated with persistent HBV infection or with aflatoxin exposure may be controlled by reduced intake of animal-based proteins. Transgenic mice transfected with an HBV gene fragment containing the viral transactivator of hepatis B virus, HBx, which induces the formation of hepatocellular carcinoma, were used to examine the ability of dietary casein to modify tumor formation. Reducing the concentration of dietary casein to 6% from the traditional level of 22% markedly inhibited (by 75%) hepatic tumor formation in these transgenic mice. Tumor development also was substantially altered by interchanging dietary casein concentration well after tumor development had begun (at 8 months), increasing by 173% from the expected yield when casein intake was increased and decreasing by 99% when casein was reduced. These findings suggest that the development of liver tumor formation among individuals persistently infected with HBV may be controlled by minimizing or eliminating the intake of animal protein-based foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Cheng
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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19
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Jay G. Clinical genetics, IV. Alzheimer's disease: from gene to pathology. Am J Psychiatry 1997; 154:1359. [PMID: 9326816 DOI: 10.1176/ajp.154.10.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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20
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Johansson MH, Bieberich C, Jay G, Kärre K, Höglund P. Natural killer cell tolerance in mice with mosaic expression of major histocompatibility complex class I transgene. J Exp Med 1997; 186:353-64. [PMID: 9236187 PMCID: PMC2199002 DOI: 10.1084/jem.186.3.353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
We have studied natural killer (NK) cell tolerance in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I transgenic line, DL6, in which the transgene product was expressed on only a fraction of blood cells. In contrast with transgenic mice expressing the same transgene in all cells, NK cells from mosaic mice failed to reject transgene-negative bone marrow or lymphoma grafts. However, they retained the capability to reject cells with a total missing-self phenotype, i.e., cells lacking also wild-type MHC class I molecules. Tolerance against transgene-negative cells was demonstrated also in vitro, and could be broken if transgene-positive spleen cells of mosaic mice were separated from negative cells before, or after 4 d of culture in interleukin-2. The results provide support for selective NK cell tolerance to one particular missing-self phenotype but not to another. We suggest that this tolerance is determined by NK cell interactions with multiple cells in the environment, and that it is dominantly controlled by the presence of cells lacking a specific MHC class I ligand. Furthermore, the tolerant NK cells could be reactivated in vitro, which suggests that the tolerance occurs without deletion of the potentially autoreactive NK cell subset(s), and that it may be dependent upon the continuous presence of tolerizing cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Ly
- Antigens, Surface/biosynthesis
- Carrier Proteins/biosynthesis
- Cell Separation
- Clonal Deletion
- Genes, MHC Class I/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/biosynthesis
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphoma, T-Cell
- Membrane Proteins/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mosaicism/immunology
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like
- Transgenes/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Johansson
- Microbiology and Tumor Biology Center, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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21
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LaFerla FM, Troncoso JC, Strickland DK, Kawas CH, Jay G. Neuronal cell death in Alzheimer's disease correlates with apoE uptake and intracellular Abeta stabilization. J Clin Invest 1997; 100:310-20. [PMID: 9218507 PMCID: PMC508193 DOI: 10.1172/jci119536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) are characterized by extracellular deposition of beta-amyloid protein (Abeta), intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, and loss of neurons. To study molecular markers associated with dying cells in the AD brain, in situ DNA labeling techniques were used to visualize cells with DNA fragmentation. We observed that intracellular accumulation of apolipoprotein E (apoE) is correlated with the detection of intracellular Abeta-like immunoreactivity within the same cytoplasmic granules, suggesting that uptake of lipids may have stabilized the hydrophobic Abeta protein within the cell. These apoE-containing neurons also exhibit high expression of a cell surface receptor, gp330, which is known to bind apoE. Cells containing significant nuclear DNA fragmentation express the highest level of cell surface gp330. Extracellular deposition of Abeta is detected only upon neuronal cell death, initially as halos of Abeta immunoreactivity around individual dying neurons, and subsequently as Abeta plaques containing numerous neuronal cell ghosts. Based on our in situ analysis of nuclear DNA fragmentation, we conclude that neuronal cell death likely occurs before the extracellular deposition of Abeta in AD brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M LaFerla
- Department of Virology, Jerome H. Holland Laboratory, Rockville, Maryland 20855, USA
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22
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Abstract
Transgenic mice carrying an HIV provirus, with selective deletion of all three structural genes, developed extensive lymphoid depletion which was detected not only in the spleen and lymph nodes but also in the thymus. Mice with a high level of HIV gene expression developed acute disease which resulted in premature death, and mice with a low level of viral transcripts developed chronic disease with long-term survival. Neither HIV replication nor the envelope glycoprotein (gp120) was required for T cell depletion. Despite abundant viral gene expression early in life, cell death did not become evident until about the time of full lymphoid maturation, suggesting that thymopoiesis was not affected. The more mature T cells in the peripheral lymphoid organs and in the thymic medulla were less sensitive to the apoptotic process than the immature T cells in the thymic cortex. Gradual depletion of the T cell compartment in the peripheral lymphoid organs was intimately accompanied by the reciprocal expansion of the B cell compartment, resulting in the almost complete replacement of T lymphocytes with B immunoblasts in lymph nodes. Unlike T cells, which showed abundant HIV gene expression, B cells did not. The transgenic approach may help identify the HIV nonstructural gene(s) responsible for immune deficiency and help facilitate dissection of its role in inducing apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Tinkle
- Department of Virology, Jerome H. Holland Laboratory, Rockville, Maryland 20855, USA
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Abstract
There is substantial clinical evidence for the development of vascular disorders in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, particularly in the form of vasculitis. Transgenic mice carrying a replication-defective HIV-1 provirus with selective deletion of the gag, pol, and env genes developed extensive vasculopathy. Restricted expression of HIV nonstructural genes in smooth muscle cells was accompanied by the migration and proliferation of these cells in blood vessels of all sizes and at different body sites. The frequent infiltration observed in the hypertrophic vessel walls occurred predominantly in the adventitia and was composed of primarily T cells and occasionally plasma cells. The intimal thickening generated significant luminal narrowing in some vessels, and the restricted blood flow led to ischemia in the affected tissues. Interestingly, the endothelium did not appear to support HIV gene expression or be involved in the pathological process. This transgenic model provides an opportunity to dissect the mechanism underlying HIV-associated vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Tinkle
- Department of Virology, Jerome H. Holland Laboratory, Rockville, Maryland 20855, USA
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24
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Jay G. Alzheimer's disease: a dissection of its etiology. J Neurovirol 1997; 3 Suppl 1:S41-2. [PMID: 9179790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G Jay
- Department of Virology, Jerome H. Holland Laboratory, Rockville, Maryland 20855, USA
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25
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Abstract
A new member of the mouse NK family of homeobox genes that is related to Drosophila NK-3 has been identified. Expression of this gene, termed Nkx-3.1, is largely restricted to the prostate gland in adult animals. The level of Nkx-3.1 mRNA decreases markedly in response to castration, suggesting that its expression is androgen-dependent. In situ hybridization analyses demonstrated that expression of Nkx-3.1 in the prostate is confined to epithelial cells. In newborns, Nkx-3.1 mRNA is detected in the urethral epithelium that is being induced by the surrounding mesenchyme to invaginate to form prostatic buds. Together, these observations suggest that the Nkx-3.1 protein, which likely functions as a transcription factor, plays a prominent role both in the initiation of prostate development and in the maintenance of the differentiated state of prostatic epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Bieberich
- Department of Virology, Jerome H. Holland Laboratory, Rockville, Maryland 20855, USA
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26
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Liu DT, Jay G. Pharmaceutical biotechnology. Curr Opin Biotechnol 1996; 7:581-2. [PMID: 8939646 DOI: 10.1016/s0958-1669(96)80067-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- DT Liu
- Institute of Biological Chemistry Academia Sinica Taipei 115 Taiwan Republic of China
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27
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LaFerla FM, Hall CK, Ngo L, Jay G. Extracellular deposition of beta-amyloid upon p53-dependent neuronal cell death in transgenic mice. J Clin Invest 1996; 98:1626-32. [PMID: 8833912 PMCID: PMC507596 DOI: 10.1172/jci118957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The finding that intracellular expression of the beta-amyloid protein (Abeta) under a neuron-specific promoter led progressively to degeneration and death of neurons in the brains of transgenic mice provides a unique opportunity to utilize this animal model to both understand the mechanism that underlies neuronal cell death and define the complexity of events which may ensue. We observed a correlation between Abeta accumulation in selective neurons and activation of p53, a protein that has been implicated in the induction of apoptosis. Histological and immunohistochemical evaluations of adjacent brain sections suggest that expression of p53 is accompanied by nuclear DNA fragmentation. In certain regions with marked neuronal cell death, extracellular deposition of A(beta) became evident, together with the local activation of astrocytes. Interestingly, the neuritic structures underlying the Abeta deposits showed altered synaptophysin immunoreactivity and morphologic evidence for damage. This transgenic mouse model suggests that intracellular generation of the Abeta protein not only leads to the death of the neuron but may also functionally impair neighboring neurons as well. It further offers a mechanism whereby neuritic plaques may be derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M LaFerla
- Department of Virology, Jerome H. Holland Laboratory, Rockville, Maryland 20855, USA
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28
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Feigenbaum L, Fujita K, Collins FS, Jay G. Repression of the NF1 gene by Tax may expain the development of neurofibromas in human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 transgenic mice. J Virol 1996; 70:3280-5. [PMID: 8627811 PMCID: PMC190194 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.70.5.3280-3285.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In familial neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), individuals with a germ line-transmitted NF1 mutation develop multiple neurofibromas. To explain the observation that transgenic mice expressing the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) tax gene under the control of the viral regulatory element also develop multiple neurofibromas, we demonstrate that the Tax trans-regulator can functionally repress NF1 gene expression through a cis-acting element located immediately upstream of its transcriptional start site, thereby allowing the development of benign neurofibromas without the need for direct mutations in NF1. We propose that such a mechanism would suffice to epigenetically alter NF1 gene expression. The fact that transgenic animals have localized rather than diffuse neurofibroma formation, however, suggests that additional genetic or epigenetic events may be required for neurofibroma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Feigenbaum
- Department of Virology, Jerome H. Holland Laboratory, Rockville, Maryland 20855, USA
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29
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Yoo YD, Ueda H, Park K, Flanders KC, Lee YI, Jay G, Kim SJ. Regulation of transforming growth factor-beta 1 expression by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) X transactivator. Role in HBV pathogenesis. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:388-95. [PMID: 8567959 PMCID: PMC507029 DOI: 10.1172/jci118427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
TGF-beta 1 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of liver disease. The high frequency of detection of the hepatitis B virus X (HBx) antigen in liver cells from patients with chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer suggested that expression of HBx and TGF-beta 1 may be associated. To test this possibility, we examined the expression of TGF-beta 1 in the liver of transgenic mice expressing the HBx gene. We show that the patterns of expression of TGF-beta 1 and Hbx protein are similar in these mice and that HBx activates transcription of the TGF-beta 1 gene in transfected hepatoma cells. The cis-acting element within the TGF-beta 1 gene that is responsive to regulation by Hbx is the binding site for the Egr family of transcription factors. We further show that the Egr-1 protein associates with the HBx protein, allowing HBx to participate in the transcriptional regulation of immediate-early genes. Our results suggest that expression of Hbx might induce expression of TGF-beta 1 in the early stages of infection and raise the possibility that TGF-beta 1 may play a role in hepatitis B virus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y D Yoo
- Laboratory of Chemoprevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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30
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Horwich A, Jose C, Price A, Norman A, Jay G, Deamaley D. 236Hypofractionated radiotherapy for primary carcinoma of the bladder in geriatric patients. Radiother Oncol 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(96)80245-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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LaFerla FM, Tinkle BT, Bieberich CJ, Haudenschild CC, Jay G. The Alzheimer's A beta peptide induces neurodegeneration and apoptotic cell death in transgenic mice. Nat Genet 1995; 9:21-30. [PMID: 7704018 DOI: 10.1038/ng0195-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To test whether the hypothesis that the Alzheimer's A beta peptide is neurotoxic, we introduced a transgene into mice to direct expression of this peptide to neurons. We show that the transgene is expressed in brain regions which are severely affected in Alzheimer's disease resulting in extensive neuronal degeneration. Morphological and biochemical evidence indicates that the eventual death of these cells occurs by apoptosis. Coincident with the cell degeneration and cell death is the presence of a striking reactive gliosis. Over 50% of the transgenic mice die by 12 months of age, half the normal life span of control mice. These data show that A beta is neurotoxic in vivo and suggest that apoptosis may be responsible for the accompanying neuronal loss, the principal underlying cellular feature of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M LaFerla
- Department of Virology, Jerome H. Holland Laboratory, Rockville, Maryland 20855
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Tinkle
- Department of Virology, Jerome H. Holland Laboratory, American Red Cross, Rockville, MD 20855, USA
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33
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Ueda H, Ullrich SJ, Gangemi JD, Kappel CA, Ngo L, Feitelson MA, Jay G. Functional inactivation but not structural mutation of p53 causes liver cancer. Nat Genet 1995; 9:41-7. [PMID: 7704023 DOI: 10.1038/ng0195-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Structural mutations in the p53 gene are seen in virtually every form of human cancer. To determine whether such mutations are important for initiating tumorigenesis, we have been studying hepatocellular carcinoma, in which most cases are associated with chronic hepatitis B virus infections. Using a transgenic mouse model where expression of a single HBV gene product, the HBx protein, induces progressive changes in the liver, we show that tumour development correlates precisely with p53 binding to HBx in the cytoplasm and complete blockage of p53 entry into the nucleus. Analysis of tumour cell DNA shows no evidence for p53 mutation, except in advanced tumours where a small proportion of cells may have acquired specific base substitutions. Our results suggest that genetic changes in p53 are late events which may contribute to tumour progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ueda
- Department of Virology, Jerome H. Holland Laboratory, Rockville, Maryland 20855
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34
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Rhim JS, Peehl DM, Webber MM, Jay G, Dritschilo A. In vitro multistep human prostate epithelial cell models for studying prostate carcinogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/roi.2970030615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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35
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Rhim JS, Webber MM, Bello D, Lee MS, Arnstein P, Chen LS, Jay G. Stepwise immortalization and transformation of adult human prostate epithelial cells by a combination of HPV-18 and v-Ki-ras. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1994; 91:11874-8. [PMID: 7991549 PMCID: PMC45338 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.91.25.11874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent investigations have shown the presence of ras gene mutations and human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in prostate carcinomas. In the present study, secondary adult human prostatic epithelial cells, upon transfection with a plasmid containing the entire HPV-18 genome, acquired an indefinite life-span in culture but did not undergo malignant conversion. Subsequent infection of these immortalized cells with the Kirsten murine sarcoma virus, which contains an activated Ki-ras oncogene, induced morphological transformation that led to the acquisition of neoplastic properties. These findings demonstrate the malignant transformation of adult human prostate epithelial cells in culture by a combination of viral oncogenes and the successive roles of HPV infection and Ki-ras activation in a multistep process responsible for prostate carcinogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Animals
- Blotting, Southern
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Cells, Cultured
- DNA-Binding Proteins
- Epithelial Cells
- Epithelium/pathology
- Gene Expression
- Genes, ras
- Genome, Viral
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Middle Aged
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/analysis
- Oncogene Proteins, Viral/biosynthesis
- Papillomaviridae/genetics
- Prostate/cytology
- Prostate/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/analysis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/biosynthesis
- Transfection
- Transplantation, Heterologous
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Rhim
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
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36
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Abstract
During the last decade, an understanding of the causes of many human diseases has progressed rapidly, in large measure because of the development of technologies that allow us to identify the genes that are involved. Identification of a gene that is suspected to play an important role in a particular disease opens up a whole new dimension of research to understand the molecular events that underlie the cause of that disorder. A crucial step in this process is often the development of an animal model of the disease. Again, the last decade has seen rapid advances in our ability to create such models, particularly in mice. Technologies that allow for the addition, alteration, or elimination of individual genes from the genome to create a transgenic mouse are now routine. The advantages of having a transgenic mouse model of a human disease are many. These animals often provide the first unequivocal proof that a particular gene is responsible for causing the pathological changes that occur with disease. They also can provide a system to carefully dissect the successive events that lead to the disease state, and can provide a custom-designed whole animal system to test potential therapies to treat and eventually cure the disease. Most important, new concepts relating to gene expression and gene function in disease often emerge from such transgenic studies. This review will illustrate several examples in which transgenic animals have contributed significantly to the evolution of concepts of the underlying mechanisms of human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Kappel
- Department of Virology, Jerome H. Holland Laboratory, Rockville, Maryland 20855
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37
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Ullrich SJ, Zeng ZZ, Jay G. Transgenic mouse models of human gastric and hepatic carcinomas. Semin Cancer Biol 1994; 5:61-8. [PMID: 8186389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of human cancer is a complex process which has been difficult to define in vivo. The use of animal models of human cancer may prove useful in elucidating the mechanisms associated with malignant transformation. Transgenic mice with either the adenovirus 12 (Ad12) E1a/E1b genes or the human hepatitis B virus (HBV) HBx gene were developed. Expression of these viral genes resulted in the development of malignant tumors in restricted tissues; in the case of the HBx transgenic mice, hepatocellular carcinomas and in the E1a/E1b transgenic mice, gastric carcinomas. With the E1a/E1b transgenic mice, tumors were found to arise near the junction between the squamous and columnar epithelia, as found in several human cancers, including cervical and esophageal carcinomas, and thus appear to be an ideal animal model for determining why the squamocolumnar junction is such a hot spot for the development of human tumors of epithelial derivation. The HBx transgenic mice showed progressive changes in the liver, beginning with preneoplastic lesions, through benign adenomas, and finally to malignant carcinomas. These mice appear particularly suited for defining epigenetic rather than genetic events underlying the progression of human cancers. These transgenic models address two fundamental observations which are becoming increasingly important for our understanding of the mechanism of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Ullrich
- Department of Virology, Jerome H Holland Laboratory, American Red Cross, Rockville, MD 20855
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38
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Ruddle NH, Li CB, Horne WC, Santiago P, Troiano N, Jay G, Horowitz M, Baron R. Mice transgenic for HTLV-I LTR-tax exhibit tax expression in bone, skeletal alterations, and high bone turnover. Virology 1993; 197:196-204. [PMID: 8212554 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1993.1580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
HTLV-I infection can result in adult T cell leukemia with accompanying hypercalcemia and increased bone resorption. A viral etiology has also been invoked for Paget's disease, a disease of high bone turnover. Delineation of pathogenetic mechanisms of viral-associated bone diseases has been impeded by the complexity of viral and host factors. In order to consider the relationship of HTLV-I infection to skeletal changes we have evaluated the role of a single viral gene in mice transgenic for HTLV-I tax under the control of the viral promoter. Tax mice exhibited severe skeletal abnormalities characterized by high bone turnover, increases in osteoblast and osteoclast numbers and activity, and myelofibrosis. These changes were apparent as early as two months of age. Tax mRNA and protein were highly expressed in bone but not in bone marrow nor in any other tissues except, as previously reported, salivary gland and neurofibromas when they did develop. Within bone, tax protein was detected in only two cell types, mature osteoclasts and spindle-shaped cells within the endosteal myelofibrosis. These observations suggest that local expression of the tax gene, which encodes a viral regulatory protein known to influence host gene expression, can induce within the bone environment marked changes in bone cell activity, resulting in profound skeletal alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N H Ruddle
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06510
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39
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Abstract
The human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) Tax protein is a transcriptional regulatory protein that has been suggested to play a causal role in the development of several HTLV-I-associated diseases. Tax regulates expression of its own LTR and of certain cellular promoters perhaps by usurping the function of the host transcriptional machinery. We have established a transgenic mouse model system to define the spectrum of tissues in vivo that are capable of supporting Tax-mediated transcriptional transactivation. Transgenic mice carrying the HTLV-I LTR driving expression of the Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (beta gal) gene were generated, and this LTR-beta gal gene was transcriptionally inactive in all tissues. When LTR-beta gal mice were mated to transgenic mice carrying the same LTR driving expression of the HTLV-I tax gene, mice that carried both transgenes showed restricted expression of the beta gal reporter gene in several tissues including muscle, bone, salivary glands, skin, and nerve. In addition, a dramatic increase in the number of beta gal-expressing cells was seen in response to wounding. These observations provide direct evidence for viral transactivation in vivo, delimit the tissues capable of supporting that transactivation, and provide a model system to study the mechanism of gene regulation by Tax.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Bieberich
- Jerome H. Holland Laboratory, American Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland 20855
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40
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Montag AG, Oka T, Baek KH, Choi CS, Jay G, Agarwal K. Tumors in hepatobiliary tract and pancreatic islet tissues of transgenic mice harboring gastrin simian virus 40 large tumor antigen fusion gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:6696-700. [PMID: 8393573 PMCID: PMC46999 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.14.6696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrin is expressed in the gastric antrum and in fetal pancreatic islets but not in adult islets. We have now identified the hepatobiliary tract as another, previously unknown, potential site of gastrin gene expression. Two human gastrin simian virus 40 large tumor antigen (SV40 T antigen) fusion genes containing 1.5 kb of 5' flanking sequence and 10.5 kb that included 5.5 kb upstream, 1.5 kb downstream, and the entire transcribed region were used to generate transgenic mice. Analysis of several transgenic lines, derived from both fusion genes, revealed development of transmissible hepatobiliary tract tumors and pancreatic islet cell tumors. Analysis of each of the tumor cells demonstrates expression of SV40 T antigen but no expression of gastrin. Of the two fusion genes, only the 10.5-kb sequence induces hyperplasia of gastrin-producing cells in the antrum. Analysis of these cells demonstrates expression of SV40 T antigen and gastrin, suggesting that the 10.5-kb sequence is sufficient for gastrin cell hyperplasia in the antrum. These data raise the possibility that gastrin is transiently expressed in the hepatobiliary tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Montag
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, IL 60637
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41
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Huang SK, Martin FJ, Jay G, Vogel J, Papahadjopoulos D, Friend DS. Extravasation and transcytosis of liposomes in Kaposi's sarcoma-like dermal lesions of transgenic mice bearing the HIV tat gene. Am J Pathol 1993; 143:10-4. [PMID: 8317543 PMCID: PMC1886946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic mice bearing the HIV tat gene develop dermal lesions resembling a common malignant tumor in AIDS, Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). To evaluate the permeability characteristics of these lesions and the therapeutic potential of drug-carrying liposomes, we have studied the localization of sterically stabilized liposomes, which show long circulation time in blood and increased accumulation in tumors. Liposomes encapsulating colloidal gold were injected intravenously into transgenic mice bearing KS lesions, and tissues were processed 24 hours later for both electron microscopy and for light microscopy with silver enhancement. Liposomes and silver marker were detected predominantly in the dermis surrounding the early and mature KS lesions, which were characterized by a proliferation of fibroblast-like spindle cells and abnormal blood vessels close to the epidermis. The silver-enhanced gold marker often surrounded vascular channels and scattered erythrocytes. As determined by electron microscopy, some spindle cells and macrophages had ingested intact liposomes. Transendothelial transport of liposomes was observed both through open channels between endothelial cells and also through endothelial cells lining intact vessels. Both extravasation and transcytosis of liposomes through irregular endothelium were much higher in KS lesions than in the adjacent normal skin. The high accumulation of sterically stabilized liposomes in KS lesions and their intracellular uptake by some spindle cells enhances their potential as carriers of chemotherapeutic agents against this neoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- S K Huang
- Cancer Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco
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42
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Abstract
This study seeks to replicate and extend research on the stress process by examining the relationships among stress, social support, physical exercise, and depressive symptoms with data provided by a recent nationwide survey of older adults in Japan. The findings reveal that more frequent physical exercise is associated with less psychological distress. Moreover, the data suggest that some (but not all) types of stressors tend to diminish the frequency of physical activity. Finally, and perhaps most important, the results reveal that social support tends to promote more frequent exercise. This can occur in two ways. First, more emotional support was related to better exercise habits. In addition, negative interaction was also associated with more frequent exercise, suggesting that informal social sanctions can foster positive health behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Krause
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109-2029
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43
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Abstract
A patient with primary axillary vein thrombosis was treated successfully in the emergency department with a single IV bolus of anistrepalase followed by continuous IV heparin. The patient's symptoms resolved quickly, and a repeat venogram 16 hours later showed near-complete resolution of the venous obstruction. We discuss briefly the role of thrombolytic therapy in the treatment of upper-extremity deep-vein thrombosis and the potential advantages of using anistrepalase.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Pires
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester
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44
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Lee MS, Yang JH, Salehi Z, Arnstein P, Chen LS, Jay G, Rhim JS. Neoplastic transformation of a human keratinocyte cell line by the v-fos oncogene. Oncogene 1993; 8:387-93. [PMID: 8426745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
To analyze the role of the fos oncogene in the growth of human epithelial cells, we have transfected a non-tumorigenic human epidermal keratinocyte line (RHEK-1) immortalized by the Ad12-SV40 hybrid virus with a plasmid carrying the v-fos gene together with plasmid pSV2-neo which confers resistance to neomycin. Individual neomycin-resistant clones were isolated and characterized with respect to morphological alteration. Of 16 independent clones analyzed, two appeared morphologically transformed and formed foci in culture. Only the two clones with a transformed phenotype were found by Southern blot hybridization analysis to contain the transfected v-fos gene. These clones formed colonies in soft agar and induced tumors when transplanted into nude mice. Analysis of fos specific mRNA and protein demonstrated that the transfected v-fos gene was expressed in these two clonal lines. These findings suggest that expression of the v-fos gene might facilitate the process of neoplastic transformation of human epithelial cells in culture. This appears to represent the first demonstration of the transforming potential of the v-fos gene in human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Lee
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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45
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Abstract
To investigate the function of region-specific patterns of mouse homeobox gene expression during embryogenesis, we programmed a minimal change in the distribution of Hox3.1 transcripts along the anteroposterior body axis in transgenic mice. Regulatory sequences from Hox1.4, a gene normally expressed more anteriorly than Hox3.1, were chosen to direct expression of a Hox3.1 transgene. Offspring of independent transgenic lines expressed the transgene more anteriorly than the Hox3.1 gene. Rather than predicted posterior transformations, we observed anterior transformations of vertebrae in newborn mice. Transgenic mice also developed profound gastrointestinal tissue malformations, which may provide a molecular explanation for human developmental disorders often involving these same two regions. Paradoxically, vertebral transformations in the transgenic mice were strikingly similar to those reported in mice homozygous for a null mutation of the Hox3.1 gene. This observation suggests that Hox genes may be regulated antipodally, with over- or underexpression resulting in similar phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Pollock
- Jerome H. Holland Laboratory, American Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland 20855
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46
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Abstract
Regardless of the field of application, the raison d'etre of transgenic animals is to study gene regulation and function. With increasing frequency, mammalian genes are being isolated with no concomitant knowledge of their function. The human genome mapping initiative will undoubtedly produce a cornucopia of such genes. While the merit of taking a transgenic route to study genes of unknown function is axiomatic, the choices of strategies for gene regulation in vivo may not be fully appreciated. This review will address two main points: first, the targeted and regulated expression of genes, and second, the structural and functional ablation of genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Kappel
- Laboratory of Virology, Jerome H. Holland Laboratory, Rockville, MD 20855
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47
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Kim CM, Vogel J, Jay G, Rhim JS. The HIV tat gene transforms human keratinocytes. Oncogene 1992; 7:1525-9. [PMID: 1630815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Skin disorders are frequently seen in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Since many of these cutaneous manifestations are accompanied by an early onset of epidermal hyperplasia, the keratinocyte is a candidate for infection by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We now report that the HIV tat gene, under the control of the viral long terminal repeat (LTR), can efficiently transform human keratinocytes in culture. Our finding suggests that this activity of the tat gene may be responsible for the epidermal hyperplasia that accompanies psoriasis and precedes the development of squamous cell and basal cell carcinomas in AIDS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Kim
- Laboratory of Virology, Jerome H. Holland Laboratory, Rockville, Maryland 20855
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Green JE, Baird AM, Hinrichs SH, Klintworth GK, Jay G. Adrenal medullary tumors and iris proliferation in a transgenic mouse model of neurofibromatosis. Am J Pathol 1992; 140:1401-10. [PMID: 1605307 PMCID: PMC1886554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The expression of the human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) tax gene in transgenic mice has been shown to result in the development of neurofibromas. Further characterization of these transgenic mice has revealed other significant pathologic similarities between this transgenic mouse model and human neurofibromatosis (NF). Pheochromocytomas of the adrenal medulla and hamartomas of the iris are well-recognized manifestations of human NF. Adrenal medullary tumors have been found in 68% of transgenic animals that were studied. They appear, however, not to be pheochromocytomas, but rather composed of undifferentiated spindle cells. Proliferation of fibroblastlike cells in the iris also occurs in one-half of the transgenic animals surviving more than 6 months. Melanocytes, however, have not been found in the transgenic iris lesion, although they are characteristically found in the Lisch nodules of human NF. The similarities between human neurofibromatosis and this transgenic mouse model (in which the overexpression of a single gene results in neoplasia) are discussed. This transgenic system may provide further insights into molecular mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of neurofibromatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Green
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702-1201
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Miyazawa M, Nishio J, Wehrly K, Jay G, Melvold RW, Chesebro B. Detailed mapping of the Rfv-1 gene that influences spontaneous recovery from Friend retrovirus-induced leukaemia. Eur J Immunogenet 1992; 19:159-64. [PMID: 1627536 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.1992.tb00054.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Using H-2 recombinant and mutant mice, the Rfv-1 gene influencing spontaneous recovery from Friend retrovirus (FV)-induced leukaemia was mapped in the D locus. Two Db alleles were required for full recovery, and a single Dd transgene did not convey increased susceptibility to FV in the presence of homozygous Db/b genotype. The results suggest that an increase in the expression of Db may lead to more effective stimulation of FV-specific CTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Miyazawa
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infections Diseases, Hamilton, MT
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Feigenbaum L, Hinrichs SH, Jay G. JC virus and simian virus 40 enhancers and transforming proteins: role in determining tissue specificity and pathogenicity in transgenic mice. J Virol 1992; 66:1176-82. [PMID: 1309896 PMCID: PMC240822 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.66.2.1176-1182.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
When introduced into the germ line of mice, the simian virus 40 (SV40) T antigen under the control of its own transcriptional enhancer and promoter selectively induced tumors in the choroid plexus as well as thymic hyperplasia and kidney pathology. In contrast, the JC virus (JCV) T antigen under the control of its own regulatory sequences induced hypomyelination of the central nervous system and tumors of neural origin. Since SV40 and JCV have extensive sequence homology, except for their transcriptional control regions, these observations suggest but do not prove that, although the diseases induced by the two viruses, are consequences of the transforming gene, they are determined predominantly by the respective viral enhancers and promoters. To test this hypothesis, the regulatory regions of the two viruses were exchanged, and transgenic mice were derived with either chimeric construct. Like wild-type JCV, the construct containing the SV40 T antigen under the control of the JCV regulatory region induced hypomyelination of the central nervous system and neural tumors. Surprisingly, mice with this construct also developed choroid plexus carcinomas. Like the wild-type SV40 transgenic mice, mice with the JCV T antigen under the control of the SV40 enhancer and promoter developed choroid plexus tumors and renal pathology. Unexpectedly, they also had hyperplasia of the thyroid follicular cells. These findings not only provide direct evidence for the specificity of the respective viral regulatory region but also, more importantly, show that the transforming genes play a critical role in determining viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Feigenbaum
- Laboratory of Virology, Jerome H. Holland Laboratory, American Red Cross, Rockville, Maryland 20855
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