Assessment of the quality of oral biopsy procedure videos shared on YouTube

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to assess the quality of free-to-access videos on oral biopsy procedures on the YouTube platform.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We conducted a search on YouTube using the term "oral biopsy" and selected the first 100 videos in order of relevance. The following exclusion criteria were applied: language other than English, videos that did not cover oral biopsy techniques, videos on nonhuman specimens, postoperative instructions, personal experiences, exfoliative cytology, or "brush biopsy." Forty-seven selected videos were classified based on their duration, country of origin, date of upload to the system, author, information source and number of views, and likes and dislikes. Video quality was analyzed using DISCERN, the Global Quality Scale (GQS), and the Video Information and Quality Index (VIQI).

RESULTS

The majority (78.7%) of analyzed videos were uploaded by dentists, originating from India (48.9%), with a mean duration of 11.8 min (SD, 20.4), with 104.5 likes (SD, 186.4) and 7.1 dislikes (SD, 10.55). The mean values for DISCERN, GQS, and VIQI were 1.3 (SD, 0.52), 2.1 (SD, 1.04), and 9.62 (SD, 1.69), respectively.

CONCLUSION

The majority of videos on oral biopsy published on YouTube are of low quality.

Dental unit water content and antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas species: a case study

Background

Many studies consider the contamination of dental unit waterlines (DUWLs), but few of them have studied the possible presence of antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the DUWLs.

Aims

Investigation of the presence of P. aeruginosa and Pseudomonas spp. strains in DUWLs and evaluation of their resistance to six antibiotics (ceftazidime, netilmicin, piperacillin/tazobactam, meropenem, levofloxacin, colistin sulfate) at a public dental clinic in Milan, Italy.

Results

Dental units were contaminated by P. aeruginosa with loads of 2–1,000 CFU/L and were mainly located on the mezzanine floor, with a range of 46–54%, while Pseudomonas spp. were primarily found on the first and second floors, ranging from 50 to 91%. P. aeruginosa was antibiotic resistant in 30% of the strains tested, andPseudomonas spp. in 31.8% . Cold water from controls was also contaminated by these microorganisms.

Conclusion

Monitoring antibiotic resistance in the water and adopting disinfection procedures on DUs are suggested within the Water Safety Plan.

Localised juvenile spongiotic gingival hyperplasia: A case of spontaneous resolution and a literature review

AIM

Localised juvenile spongiotic gingival hyperplasia (LJSGH) is a benign lesion occurring in young patients as gingival erythema and overgrowth, typically localised on gingiva of maxillary incisors. The aim of this work is to report a case of LJSGH where complete spontaneous regression was achieved together with a review of the literature on the topic.

CASE REPORT

An 8-year-old girl was referred for a gingival painless lesion, which had appeared spontaneously one year before and was refractory to periodontal treatment. Intraoral examination showed a well-defined, red gingival overgrowth involving the left maxillary central incisor, without involving the marginal gingiva. The clinical diagnosis of LJSGH was made, due to the pathognomonic aspect. The patient was periodically recalled for 43 months; at the last visit, the lesion was spontaneously resolved.

RESULTS

LJSGH is not plaque-related and not responsive to periodontal treatment. Surgical removal of the lesions correlates with high recurrence, while spontaneous resolution over time has been hardly demonstrated.

CONCLUSION

Follow-up of LJSGH may be an option of care, alternative to surgery, in selected cases.

Blue light-emitting diodes in hair regrowth: the first prospective study

Different studies highlight photo-receptors' presence on the hair follicle that seems to be capable of eliciting hair growth. This study aims to demonstrate blue light's effectiveness on hair growth in patients affected by androgenetic alopecia. Twenty patients enrolled at Magna Graecia University Unit of Dermatology, affected by androgenetic alopecia, were treated with a blue LED light device at 417 ± 10 nm, fluence of 120 J/cm², and power intensity of 60 mW/cm² ± 20%. The treatments were performed twice a week for ten consecutive weeks. Patients were evaluated before and 1 month after the end of therapy clinically using standardized global photographs and dermoscopically estimating hair density and hair shaft width. An increase in hair density and hair shaft width was recorded in 90% of patients after 10 weeks. Photographic improvement was noted in 80% of the patients. No serious adverse events have been reported. The only side effect consisted in a darkening of the hair, perhaps due to melanic stimulation due to blue light in 2 patients. Blue light therapy is a promising therapy for patients affected by androgenetic alopecia and other diseases characterized by hair loss. Further studies will be necessary to confirm the findings of this preliminary study.

Biochemical Assessment and Clinical Evaluation of a Non-Ionic Adsorbent Resin in Patients with Intractable Jaundice

We investigated in vitro and in vivo the ability of a non-ionic adsorbing resin (styrenedivinylbenzene copolymer) to remove bilirubin and bile acids from human plasma. In preliminary experiments, human plasma from healthy donors, enriched in conjugated bile acids and bilirubin, and pooled plasma from jaundiced patients were recirculated through the resin column. The removal of bilirubin and bile acids was evaluated at two different flow rates (200 ml/min and 40 ml/min), and compared to an activated charcoal column. Four patients with severe jaundice were subsequently treated by 4-hour plasmaperfusion through the resin. The in vitro studies showed that after 1 hour the removal of bile acids was almost complete and bilirubin level decreased significantly, reaching a plateau after 4 hours. In the in vivo study, all treatments were well tolerated. After plasmaperfusion, serum bile acid levels decreased by 64.9–94.6% and total bilirubin by 35.3–57.7%. No clinical or biochemical side effects were observed. Our data suggest that plasmaperfusion through this resin is safe and efficient for removal of bilirubin and bile acids in jaundiced patients. Thus, it may serve as a method of artificial liver support in the treatment of cholestatic syndromes.

Chitosan-Based Trilayer Scaffold for Multitissue Periodontal Regeneration

Periodontal regeneration is still a challenge for periodontists and tissue engineers, as it requires the simultaneous restoration of different tissues-namely, cementum, gingiva, bone, and periodontal ligament (PDL). Here, we synthetized a chitosan (CH)-based trilayer porous scaffold to achieve periodontal regeneration driven by multitissue simultaneous healing. We produced 2 porous compartments for bone and gingiva regeneration by cross-linking with genipin either medium molecular weight (MMW) or low molecular weight (LMW) CH and freeze-drying the resulting scaffolds. We synthetized a third compartment for PDL regeneration by CH electrochemical deposition; this allowed us to produce highly oriented microchannels of about 450-µm diameter intended to drive PDL fiber growth toward the dental root. In vitro characterization showed rapid equilibrium water content for MMW-CH and LMW-CH compartments (equilibrium water content after 5 min >85%). The MMW-CH compartment degraded more slowly and provided significantly more resistance to compression (28% ± 1% of weight loss at 4 wk; compression modulus H_A = 18 ± 6 kPa) than the LMW-CH compartment (34% ± 1%; 7.7 ± 0.8 kPa) as required to match the physiologic healing rates of bone and gingiva and their mechanical properties. More than 90% of all human primary periodontal cell populations tested on the corresponding compartment survived during cytocompatibility tests, showing active cell metabolism in the alkaline phosphatase and collagen deposition assays. In vivo tests showed high biocompatibility in wild-type mice, tissue ingrowth, and vascularization within the scaffold. Using the periodontal ectopic model in nude mice, we preseeded scaffold compartments with human gingival fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and PDL fibroblasts and found a dense mineralized matrix within the MMW-CH region, with weakly mineralized deposits at the dentin interface. Together, these results support this resorbable trilayer scaffold as a promising candidate for periodontal regeneration.

Small-sized newborn dogs skeletal development: radiologic, morphometric, and histological findings obtained from spontaneously dead animals

BACKGROUND

Very little is known about neonatal skeletal development in small-sized purebred dogs. In order to improve this knowledge, 27 spontaneously dead puppies belonging to small-sized breeds were enrolled in this study for radiologic, histological and morphometric investigations.

RESULTS

The appearance of the limb secondary ossification centers and the onset of their formation were clearly observed by x rays and confirmed by histological evidences. Radiographic and anatomic measurements of limb bones length and skull length and width were positively correlated with body weight and age of the subjects and the body weight was positively correlated with radius bone mineral density, as demonstrated by dual-energy x-rays absorptiometry.

CONCLUSIONS

These data provided original information on the growth of newborn small-sized breed dogs, and suggest that cadavers may be useful to study skeletal development.

Time to onset of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaws: a multicentre retrospective cohort study

OBJECTIVES

Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) is a potentially severe adverse effect of bisphosphonates (BP). Although the risk of ONJ increases with increasing duration of BP treatment, there are currently no reliable estimates of the ONJ time to onset (TTO). The objective of this study was to estimate the TTO and associated risk factors in BP-treated patients.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

Retrospective analysis of data from 22 secondary care centres in seven countries relevant to 349 patients who developed BP-related ONJ between 2004 and 2012.

RESULTS

The median (95%CI) TTO was 6.0 years in patients treated with alendronate (n = 88) and 2.2 years in those treated with zoledronate (n = 218). Multivariable Cox regression showed that dentoalveolar surgery was inversely associated, and the use of antiangiogenics directly associated, with the TTO in patients with cancer treated with zoledronate.

CONCLUSIONS

The incidence of ONJ increases with the duration of BP therapy, with notable differences observed with respect to BP type and potency, route of administration and underlying disease. When data are stratified by BP type, a time of 6.0 and 2.2 years of oral alendronate and intravenous zoledronate therapy, respectively, is required for 50% of patients to develop ONJ. After stratification by disease, a time of 5.3 and 2.2 years of BP therapy is required for 50% of patients with osteoporosis and cancer, respectively, to develop ONJ. These findings have significant implications for the design of future clinical studies and the development of risk-reduction strategies aimed at either assessing or modulating the risk of ONJ associated with BP.

Zika virus: oral healthcare implications

Zika virus (ZIKV) infection has been recognised since 1947, but just recently it became a worldwide major public health problem. The most common features of ZIKV infection are fever, cutaneous rash, arthralgia and conjunctivitis but most affected patients with the clinical disease present with only mild symptoms. However, severe neurological complications have been described: there is an occasional association with Guillain-Barre syndrome, and emerging data indicate an association between vertical transmission of ZIKV infection and microcephaly, but no specific orofacial manifestations have yet been reported. ZIKV is present in body fluids and has also been demonstrated in the saliva, but there is as yet no reliable evidence to support ZIKV transmission via this pathway. Transmission in oral health care should be effectively prevented using standard infection control measures. There are currently no specific treatments for Zika virus disease and no vaccines available, so prevention of ZIKV is based on vector control.

Report on World Workshops on Oral Medicine (WWOM) IV and V: research themes and citation impact: WWOM VI steering committee

The first World Workshop on Oral Medicine (WWOM) was held in 1988. The portfolio has continued to expand in scope and impact over the past 26 years. Five World Workshops were conducted between 1988 and 2010, focusing on creation of systematic reviews in biomedicine and health care of importance to the international oral medicine community. WWOM VI was conducted in April 2014 and further extended this modeling. This most recent Workshop also fostered creation of the inaugural joint meeting between the American Academy of Oral Medicine and the European Association of Oral Medicine, together with The British Society for Oral Medicine and the Oral Medicine Academy of Australasia. The goal of the WWOM portfolio is to strategically enhance international oral medicine research, education, and clinical practice. To this end, this report summarizes subject areas for WWOM IV (2004) and research recommendations for WWOM V (2010), as well as citation metrics relative to publications from these two conferences. The information is designed to provide research and clinical context for key issues in oral medicine as delineated by the WWOM portfolio over the past 10 years, as well as for projected outcomes of WWOM VI over the next 12 months.

Vitiligo, NB-UVB and tacrolimus: our experience in Naples

AIM

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of narrowband UVB (NB-UVB) compared with tacrolimus ointment 0.1% in patients with bilateral vitiligo.

METHODS

In this comparative study, four groups of patients were randomized. Each group was composed by 12 patients with bilateral vitiligo; in each group, every patient was irradiated with NB-UVB (length: 311 nm) twice a week for 9 months and applied tacrolimus ointment 0.1% twice a day on the other area in the same period. Before starting therapy and after 3, 6 and 9 months of therapy, a clinical and photographic evaluation of percentage of repigmentation was performed and Dermatology Life Quality Index Questionnaire was fulfilled.

RESULTS

A repigmentation at least partial occurred in 71% of patients after 36 weeks of treatment with tacrolimus ointment 0.1%; in the whole sample, 14 patients (29%) showed no repigmentation at all, with 2 of them discontinuing the therapy because of side effects (erythema and folliculitis-like manifestations). A homogeneous repigmentation at least partial occurred in 69% of patients after 36 weeks of treatment with NB-UVB; in the whole sample 15 patients (31%) showed no repigmentation at all, with 1 of them discontinuing the therapy because of side effects.

CONCLUSION

The present study confirmed that the efficacy of NB-UVB phototherapy in vitiligo is comparable to tacrolimus ointment 0.1% therapy. On the basis of our study, we may suggest tacrolimus ointment 0.1% as an alternative to NB-UVB therapy for treating vitiligo.

Alendronate impairs epithelial adhesion, differentiation and proliferation in human oral mucosa

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed at evaluating from a morphological point of view the effects of alendronate (ALN), a widely used nitrogen-containing bisphosphonate for the chronic treatment of osteoporosis, on the oral epithelium of healthy keratinized human oral mucosa. Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw is a well-known severe consequence, but the effects during chronic therapy on the oral soft tissues are still matter of debate.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Six women over 60 year-old undergoing treatment of osteoporosis with 70 mg per week of oral ALN (lasting at least 2 years) were recruited and compared with a gender and age-matched group (n = 6). Proliferation, apoptosis, intercellular adhesion and terminal differentiation (TD) were investigated by immunofluorescence. In parallel, ultrastructural analysis was carried out.

RESULTS

By immunofluorescence, a statistically significant decrease in keratinocyte proliferation was detected in the oral epithelium of the ALN group without any sign of apoptosis, but accompanied by a reduction in desmoglein 1 and keratin 10 expressions. In the uppermost layers of the oral epithelium of the ALN group, thin desmosomes were visible by transmission electron microscopy.

CONCLUSION

Our results show that epithelial adhesion, TD and proliferation are affected by ALN therapeutic doses in clinically healthy human oral mucosa.

Plant polyphenols and oral health: old phytochemicals for new fields

Despite the protective role of diets rich in fruit plant polyphenols against some cancers and chronic degenerative and inflammatory diseases, insufficient emphasis has been placed on oral health. Numerous studies have aimed to ascertain the role of polyphenols in the prevention and treatment of oral diseases; however, even when in vitro evidence appears convincing, the same is not true for in vivo studies, and thus there is a general paucity of solid evidence based on animal and clinical trials. To the best of our knowledge, only two reviews of polyphenols and oral health have been published; however, neither considered the potential role of whole plant extracts, which contain mixtures of many polyphenols that are often not completely identified. In the present study, our main aim was to review the current state of knowledge (search period: January 1965 to March 2011) on the effects of plant extracts/polyphenols on oral health. We found data on grapes, berries, tea, cocoa, coffee, myrtle, chamomile, honey/propolis, aloe extracts and the three main groups of polyphenols (stilbenes, flavonoids and proanthocyanidins). Their effects on caries, gingivitis, periodontal disease, candidiasis, oral aphtae, oral mucositis, oral lichen planus, leukoplakia and oral cancer were investigated. The data suggest that there is a lack of strong evidence, in particular regarding randomized clinical trials. However, a fascinating starting point has been provided by pre-clinical studies that have shown interesting activities of polyphenols against the most common oral diseases (caries, periodontitis and candidiasis), as well as in oral cancer prevention.

Chlorhexidine (CHX) in dentistry: state of the art

Chlorhexidine (CHX) is one of the most commonly prescribed antiseptic agents in the dental field. It has a long-lasting antibacterial activity with a broad-spectrum of action and it has been shown to reduce plaque, gingival inflammation and bleeding. Its use is considered a powerful adjuvant to mechanical oral hygiene (brushing and flossing), especially in those cases in which it cannot be performed correctly. Available as mouthwash, gel, aerosol, spray and disks, CHX is considered a safe compound, with minimal and transitory local and systemic side effects. Data support its periodic use as an adjuvant to normal brushing and flossing in subjects unable to maintain proper oral hygiene due to physical and/or mental impairment, or lack of motivation, or decreased salivary rate. CHX is also a useful alternative to mechanical oral hygiene procedures in those cases in which they are contraindicated, e.g. after a surgical procedure, or as a preoperative rinse before procedures in which use of a dental dam is not possible. The aim of this article is to offer a complete review of literature regarding the characteristics, the applications and the problems associated with the use of chlorhexidine in the dental field.

A survey on the experience with dental tourism in a sample of Italian patients

AIM

Dentistry in Italy is mainly private and therefore perceived as forcedly expensive. Dental tourism is becoming popular in order to get cheap dental care. The aim of this study was to carry out a survey aimed at investigating the perception of dental tourism by Italian patients who have recently received such dental care abroad.

METHODS

A questionnaire was posted on the web site of an Italian consumers association (Altroconsumo) and members were invited to fill in the questionnaire in case they had experienced dental treatment abroad.

RESULTS

Eighty-one complete forms were included in the study. The main motivation for turning to dental tourism was saving money. Another frequent reason for choosing dental tourism was that full rehabilitation was offered in a short time span, usually one week. Patients have often underlined that they appreciated different aspects of the foreign dentists, like speed, kindness, humanity, interest in the course of the treatment, the feeling of ease conveyed by the environment and the personnel. Past negative experiences with Italian dentists were in some cases advocated as reasons for searching dental care abroad. Such negative experiences resulted in a lack of trust in Italian dentists. Some patients reported that while the overall treatment abroad was carried out in a short time, single prosthetic sessions were very long, up to 6 hours.

CONCLUSIONS

Most patients were satisfied with dental tourism.

Human papillomaviruses in oral carcinoma and oral potentially malignant disorders: a systematic review

OBJECTIVES

Human papillomavirus (HPV) in oral carcinoma (OSCC) and potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) is controversial. The primary aim was to calculate pooled risk estimates for the association of HPV with OSCC and OPMD when compared with healthy oral mucosa as controls. We also examined the effects of sampling techniques on HPV detection rates.

METHODS

Systematic review was performed using PubMed (January 1966-September 2010) and EMBASE (January 1990-September 2010). Eligible studies included randomized controlled, cohort and cross-sectional studies. Pooled data were analysed by calculating odds ratios, using a random effects model. Risk of bias was based on characteristics of study group, appropriateness of the control group and prospective design.

RESULTS

Of the 1121 publications identified, 39 cross-sectional studies met the inclusion criteria. Collectively, 1885 cases and 2248 controls of OSCC and 956 cases and 675 controls of OPMD were available for analysis. Significant association was found between pooled HPV-DNA detection and OSCC (OR = 3.98; 95% CI: 2.62-6.02) and even for HPV16 only (OR = 3.86; 95% CI: 2.16-6.86). HPV was also associated with OPMD (OR = 3.87; 95% CI: 2.87-5.21). In a subgroup analysis of OPMD, HPV was also associated with oral leukoplakia (OR = 4.03; 95% CI: 2.34-6.92), oral lichen planus (OR = 5.12; 95% CI: 2.40-10.93), and epithelial dysplasia (OR = 5.10; 95% CI: 2.03-12.80).

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest a potentially important causal association between HPV and OSCC and OPMD.

Human papillomaviruses in oral carcinoma and oral potentially malignant disorders: a systematic review

OBJECTIVES

Human papillomavirus (HPV) in oral carcinoma (OSCC) and potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) is controversial. The primary aim was to calculate pooled risk estimates for the association of HPV with OSCC and OPMD when compared with healthy oral mucosa as controls. We also examined the effects of sampling techniques on HPV detection rates.

METHODS

Systematic review was performed using PubMed (January 1966-September 2010) and EMBASE (January 1990-September 2010). Eligible studies included randomized controlled, cohort and cross-sectional studies. Pooled data were analysed by calculating odds ratios, using a random effects model. Risk of bias was based on characteristics of study group, appropriateness of the control group and prospective design.

RESULTS

Of the 1121 publications identified, 39 cross-sectional studies met the inclusion criteria. Collectively, 1885 cases and 2248 controls of OSCC and 956 cases and 675 controls of OPMD were available for analysis. Significant association was found between pooled HPV-DNA detection and OSCC (OR = 3.98; 95% CI: 2.62-6.02) and even for HPV16 only (OR = 3.86; 95% CI: 2.16-6.86). HPV was also associated with OPMD (OR = 3.87; 95% CI: 2.87-5.21). In a subgroup analysis of OPMD, HPV was also associated with oral leukoplakia (OR = 4.03; 95% CI: 2.34-6.92), oral lichen planus (OR = 5.12; 95% CI: 2.40-10.93), and epithelial dysplasia (OR = 5.10; 95% CI: 2.03-12.80).

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest a potentially important causal association between HPV and OSCC and OPMD.

Acne scars: pathogenesis, classification and treatment

Acne has a prevalence of over 90% among adolescents and persists into adulthood in approximately 12%-14% of cases with psychological and social implications. Possible outcomes of the inflammatory acne lesions are acne scars which, although they can be treated in a number of ways, may have a negative psychological impact on social life and relationships. The main types of acne scars are atrophic and hypertrophic scars. The pathogenesis of acne scarring is still not fully understood, but several hypotheses have been proposed. There are numerous treatments: chemical peels, dermabrasion/microdermabrasion, laser treatment, punch techniques, dermal grafting, needling and combined therapies for atrophic scars: silicone gels, intralesional steroid therapy, cryotherapy, and surgery for hypertrophic and keloidal lesions. This paper summarizes acne scar pathogenesis, classification and treatment options.

Detection of survivin mRNA in healthy oral mucosa, oral leucoplakia and oral cancer

BACKGROUND

Survivin is involved in modulation of cell death and cell division processes. Survivin expression in normal adult tissues has not been fully understood, although it is markedly lower than in cancer, where it is over-expressed.

OBJECTIVE

To investigate survivin expression in normal, potentially malignant and cancerous oral mucosa.

METHODS

We measured survivin mRNA levels by real-time RT-PCR in specimens of oral mucosa (15 from normal mucosa, 17 from potentially malignant lesions, 17 from neoplasms). Scores were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test and post hoc according to Conover. Chi-squared test was used for dichotomous data.

RESULTS

The median relative levels of survivin mRNA resulted six for normal mucosa, eight for potentially malignant lesions, 13 for cancers: differences among these three groups were statistically significant, as between cancer and potentially malignant lesions. Expression in normal mucosa and potentially lesions group showed no significant difference. Low, but not marginal expression of survivin in normal mucosa is a new finding, and it could be explained with the higher sensibility of our methods.

CONCLUSIONS

Survivin expression in oral potentially malignant lesions might indicate a progressive deregulation of expression paralleling oncogenesis, particularly during the first stages of process, suggesting a putative predictive role for survivin.

An up-to-date view on persistent idiopathic facial pain

Previously called atypical facial pain, persistent idiopathic facial pain (PIFP) is a common, but poorly defined entity. The cause of PIFP is unknown, but surgery or injury in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve could be reported as early event. Treatment is often unsatisfactory and quality research relating management of this condition is missing. Psychologi-cal distress is frequently observed in patients suffering from persistent idiopathic facial pain. The present review aims at presenting the available knowledge of this elusive orofacial pain condition.

Clinical and histopathological features of the oral mucosa in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation patients

INTRODUCTION

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a common but serious complication of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Oral involvement of cGVHD occurs in 80 to 100% of patients suffering from cGVHD and may be the early manifestation of this complication.

AIM

To study whether the histological changes of oral cGVHD are detectable in apparently normal oral mucosa of HSCT patients without clinical manifestations of the disease.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This study enrolled 13 adult patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT for haematological malignancies. The presence of lichenoid, atrophic or erythematous changes of the oral mucosa detected on oral examination approximately 100 days after the HSCT was regarded as positive for cGVHD. An incisional biopsy of the oral mucosa was taken from patients with and without oral cGVHD and the specimens were examined by a pathologist who was unaware of the clinical state of the sampled mucosa.

RESULTS

Biopsies were taken from four patients with clinical manifestations of oral cGVHD and from nine patients with apparently normal oral mucosa. Histological cGVHD changes were detected in each of the four patients (100%) with clinical manifestations of oral cGVHD and in six of the nine patients (66.6%) with apparently healthy mucosa.

DISCUSSION

Although the histological changes in the oral mucosa without corresponding clinical alterations that were detected in this study are insufficient for a definite diagnosis of oral cGVHD, it appears important to investigate the amount of histological change in predicting clinical onset. A longer follow-up period in patients showing histological changes with no clinical manifestations may elucidate whether these changes are predictive of clinically evident lesions in the mouth or other sites.

Clinical aspect and survival rates in subject with oral cancer: a retrospective cohort study

AIM

The aim of this study was to describe and evaluate survival in a group of patients with oral malignant neoplasias, observed at the Unit of Oral Pathology and Medicine, University of Milan, between February 1995 and September 2005.

METHODS

This retrospective study considered the clinical histories and anamnestic profiles of a group of 108 patients with malignant oral neoplasms. A sample of 72 out of these 108 patients was identified, for whom follow-up data were available for at least 4 months from the date of diagnosis. Survival times for this group were then evaluated.

RESULTS

In this group of 108 patients, 103 were affected by squamous cell carcinoma. The ratio of male to female patients was 1.1:1.0 and the average age at the time of diagnosis was 64.9 years. In 44 out of 91 cases, the site affected was the tongue and in 28 out of 45 cases, the lesion was at an early stage (TNM 1 and 2) at the time of diagnosis. Survival in the group of 72 considered was 84% at 2 years from diagnosis and 55% at 5 years. Diagnosis before the age of 65 favoured a positive prognosis (P=0.01), as did lesions diagnosed at TNM 1 stage, though this was not statistically significant (P=0.1).

CONCLUSION

The data provided in this retrospective study were consistent with previous reports of survival rates at 5 years from diagnosis and the improved prognosis for patients diagnosed before the age of 65. The only finding that was different from previous studies was the gender distribution, which in this study was almost equal.

Single versus multiple visits for endodontic treatment of permanent teeth

BACKGROUND

Root canal treatment (RoCT), or endodontic treatment, is a common procedure in dentistry. The main indications for RoCT are irreversible pulpitis and necrosis of the dental pulp caused by carious processes, tooth cracks or chips, or dental trauma. Successful RoCT is characterised by an absence of symptoms and clinical signs in teeth without radiographic evidence of periodontal involvement. The success of RoCT depends on a series of variables related to the preoperative condition of the tooth, as well as the endodontic procedures.

OBJECTIVES

To compare the effectiveness of single- and multiple-visit RoCT, measured as tooth extraction due to endodontic problems and radiological success.To assess the difference in short- and long-term complications between single- and multiple-visit RoCT.

SEARCH STRATEGY

The following databases were searched for relevant trials: Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE. Handsearching was performed for the major oral medicine journals. References of included studies and reviews were checked. Endodontics experts were contacted through e-mail. No language limitations were imposed. Date of last search was 6th March 2007.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials of patients needing RoCT were included. Surgical endodontic treatment was excluded. The outcomes considered were the number of teeth extracted for endodontic problems; radiological success after at least 1 year, that is, absence of any periapical radiolucency; postoperative pain; painkiller use; swelling; or sinus track formation.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Data were collected using a specific extraction form. The validity of included studies was assessed on the basis of allocation concealment, blindness of the study, and loss of participants. Data were analysed by calculating risk ratios. When valid and relevant data were collected, a meta-analysis of the data was undertaken.

MAIN RESULTS

Twelve randomised controlled trials were included in the review. Four studies had a low risk of bias, four a moderate risk, and another four had a high risk of bias. The frequency of radiological success and immediate postoperative pain were not significantly different between single- and multiple-visit RoCT. Patients undergoing single-visit RoCT reported a higher frequency of painkiller use and swelling, but the results for swelling were not significantly different between the two groups. We found no study that included tooth loss and sinus track formation among its primary outcomes.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

No difference exists in the effectiveness of RoCT, in terms of radiological success, between single- and multiple-visit RoCT. Most short- and long-term complications are also similar in terms of frequency, although patients undergoing a single visit may experience a slightly higher frequency of swelling and are significatively more likely to take painkillers.

Miconazole as adjuvant therapy for oral lichen planus: a double-blind randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Topical steroids are the first choice for the treatment of oral lichen planus (OLP). Antifungal drugs are often employed together with them, to prevent secondary oral candidosis, although it has been suggested anecdotally that they can also be beneficial for OLP itself.

OBJECTIVES

To compare the effect of clobetasol propionate with and without a topical antifungal drug (miconazole) on the symptoms and extension of OLP.

METHODS

A randomized, parallel, double-blind trial was conducted at the Unit of Oral Medicine and Pathology of the University of Milan. Thirty-five outpatients with histologically proven OLP were randomly assigned to receive either clobetasol propionate and miconazole, or clobetasol propionate and placebo for 6 weeks. Primary outcomes included symptoms and extension of lesions; adverse effects were also recorded.

RESULTS

All the patients who concluded the study (30 of 35) showed clinical and subjective improvement within 3 weeks. The addition of miconazole did not affect in a significant way the signs and symptoms of OLP. No cases of clinical candidosis were seen in the patients taking miconazole, while one-third (five of 15) of the placebo group were affected.

CONCLUSIONS

Although effective in preventing iatrogenic candidosis, the addition of miconazole to topical steroid treatment does not improve the efficacy of the therapy.

Oral biopsy. A prospective study on 286 consecutive procedures

AIM

The aim of the present study was to survey oral biopsy procedures, with particular regard to the incidence of adverse events, patients experience and adequacy of the sample.

METHODS

This prospective survey was conducted by collecting detailed information from consecutive patients undergoing oral biopsy; data were obtained on the same day of oral biopsy and after 7 days.

RESULTS

Data on 286 procedures were collected. About half of the patients had a relevant medical history and were taking one or more medications. During biopsy, the majority of patients (83%) felt no pain, the others reported mild discomfort. Intraoperative adverse events occurred occasionally (4.5%) and were always easily resolved; 18% patients admitted taking painkillers in the days following surgery. The pathologist was always able to make histological diagnosis, although some samples did not include healthy mucosa (32%) or connective tissue (11%).

CONCLUSION

Oral biopsy is a safe and well accepted surgical procedure.

The effect of levosulpiride in burning mouth syndrome

AIM

This paper evaluated the efficacy of the systemic administration of levosulpiride, an antipsychotic and antidepressant drug, in the management of burning mouth syndrome.

METHODS

Forty-four subjects suffering from idiopathic burning mouth syndrome were enrolled in the study. Patients underwent a thorough clinical examination, including salivary flow rate measurements, laboratory tests (complete blood cell counts, blood glucose levels, serum iron and transferrin levels, serum vitamin B(12), and folate levels), patch tests for contact allergy to denture materials, and isolation of Candida species from oral mucosal scrapes. Oral symptoms before and after treatment were assessed using a visual analogue scale. All the patients used systemic levosulpiride (100 mg/daily) for 8 weeks.

RESULTS

Of the 39 patients who completed the protocol, none reported complete remission of the oral burning sensation. However, 28 patients reported at least some improvement, and these patients had had oral symptoms for significantly less time than those who reported no improvement.

CONCLUSIONS

These preliminary data suggest that levosulpiride is more effective in patients who have recently developed burning/stinging oral sensation.

Interventions for treating oral leukoplakia

BACKGROUND

Oral leukoplakia is a relatively common oral lesion that in a small but significant proportion of cases changes into cancer. Since most leukoplakias are asymptomatic, the primary objective of treatment should be to prevent such malignant transformation.

OBJECTIVES

To assess effectiveness, safety and acceptability of treatments for leukoplakia.

SEARCH STRATEGY

The following databases were searched for relevant trials: Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register (to April 2006), CENTRAL (TheCochrane Library 2006, Issue 1), MEDLINE (from 1966 to December 2005), and EMBASE (from 1980 to December 2005). Handsearching was performed for the main oral medicine journals. References of included studies and reviews were checked. Oral medicine experts were contacted through an European mailing list (EURORALMED).

SELECTION CRITERIA

Randomised controlled trials (RCTs), enrolling patients with a diagnosis of oral leukoplakia, were included. Any surgical or medical (topical and systemic) treatment was included. The primary outcome considered was malignant transformation of leukoplakia. Other outcomes considered were clinical resolution, histological modification and frequency of adverse effects.

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Data were collected using a specific extraction form. Malignant transformation of leukoplakia, demonstrated by histopathological examination, was the main outcome considered. Secondary outcomes included clinical resolution of the lesion and variation in dysplasia severity. The validity of included studies was assessed by two review authors, on the basis of the method of allocation concealment, blindness of the study and loss of participants. Data were analysed by calculating risk ratio. When valid and relevant data were collected, a meta-analysis of the data was undertaken.

MAIN RESULTS

The possible effectiveness of surgical interventions, including laser therapy and cryotherapy, has never been studied by means of a RCT with a no treatment/placebo arm. Twenty-five eligible RCTs of non-surgical interventions were identified: 11 were excluded for different reasons, five were ongoing studies, leaving nine studies to be included in the review (501 patients). Two studies resulted at low risk of bias, six at moderate risk of bias and one at high risk of bias. Vitamin A and retinoids were tested by five RCTs, two studies investigated beta carotene or carotenoids, the other drugs tested were bleomycin (one study), mixed tea (one study) and ketorolac (one study). One study tested two treatments. Malignant transformation was recorded in just two studies: none of the treatments tested showed a benefit when compared with the placebo. Treatment with beta carotene, lycopene and vitamin A or retinoids, was associated with significant rates of clinical resolution, compared with placebo or absence of treatment. Whenever reported, a high rate of relapse was a common finding. Side effects of variable severity were often described; however, interventions were well accepted by patients, since drop-out rates were similar between treatment and control groups.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

To date there is no evidence of effective treatment in preventing malignant transformation of leukoplakia. Treatments may be effective in the resolution of lesion, however relapses and adverse effects are common.