COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and associated determinants in Addis Ketema Sub-city, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A community-based study

Background

Despite the global surge in the Corona virus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, people's efforts to combat the pandemic have been insufficient. The world has experienced a number of challenges in terms of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Therefore, understanding the community's willingness to receive the vaccine will aid in the creation and implementation of effective COVID-19 immunization. As a result, the aim of this study was to assess the magnitude of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and associated factors among adults in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Methods

A community-based cross-sectional study with 419 household heads was undertaken in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. To identify factors associated with the outcome and independent variables, bi-variable and multi-variable logistic regression analyses were used. A 95% confidence interval and a p-value of less than 0.05 were deemed sufficient to declare a significant association.

Results

The level of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance was 46.3 % (95 % CI: 43.87-48.73). Moreover, age groups above 58 years (AOR = 0.38, 95: CI: 0.17, 0.84), chronic disease (AOR: 2.09, 95 % CI: 1.28-3.42), a positive attitude (AOR: 1.64, 95 % CI: 1.29-2.04), being a Muslim (AOR: 0.36, 95 % CI: 0.19-0.71) and social support (AOR: 1.7, 95 % CI: 1.04-2.79) were all significantly related to COVID-19 vaccine acceptance.

Conclusion

The findings of this study revealed a lower rate of COVID-19 vaccination acceptance. Age, chronic disease, attitude, and social support were significant predictors of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. Therefore, emphasis should be given for community mobilization, especially for the elderly, those with limited social engagement, and those who have a negative attitude toward COVID-19 vaccination.

Factors Affecting Virological Failure in Children Receiving First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy in Ethiopian Healthcare Facilities: A Retrospective Analysis

Background

The causes of virological failure are poorly recognized and investigated. This study aimed to identify determinant factors of viral failure in children taking first-line ART at a randomly selected federal hospital in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

Methods

A facility-based unmatched case-control study was carried out from May 10, 2022, to July 20, 2022, G.C. among HIV-infected children on first-line antiretroviral therapy. There were 209 HIV-positive youngsters in the study's overall sample size, comprising 53 cases and 156 controls. Data was gathered by chart review using an organized checklist in English. The data were entered using Epi-data 4.2 and exported into SPSS version 24 for analysis. The relationship between each explanatory variable and the result variable was described using both bivariate and multivariate analysis. An adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence intervals was conducted, and a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Being male (AOR= 4.504; 95% CI: 1.498, 13.539), duration on ART exceeding 47 months (AOR=40.6; 95% CI:9.571,172.222), fair and poor drug adherence (AOR=16.348; 95% CI:4.690,56.990), missed clinical appointments (AOR = 3.177; 95% CI: 1.100-9.174), and baseline WHO clinical stage 4 disease (AOR = 6.852; 95% CI: 1.540-30.49) were associated with an increased risk of virological failure. Conversely, a history of drug change and a CD4 count ranging from 250 to 500 cells/mm3 were significantly protective factors (AOR = 0.071; 95% CI: 0.024-0.214 and AOR=0.118; 95% CI: 0.030, 0.464, respectively).

Conclusion

Being male, duration on ART >47 months, fair and poor adherence, missed clinical appointments, and baseline WHO Stage 4 are factors that increase the odds of virological failure. History of ART Drug change and a CD4 count between 250 and 500 cells/mm3 are factors that decrease the odds of virological failure.

Parental knowledge and attitude of postoperative paediatric pain: stepwise linear regression analysis

Background

Despite the fact that mothers care for their children's pain in most cases, it has been noted that mothers have limited knowledge and attitude about paediatric pain. This study aims to assess parental knowledge and attitude of postoperative paediatric pain (POPP).

Method

This is institutional based cross sectional study conducted with 102 parents at Nigist Eleni Mohamed Memorial Comprehensive Specialized Hospital (NEMMCSH). A convenience sampling technique was used to select parents. This study has used a questionnaire (Parental Pain Expression Perception (PPEM), examine parents' attitudes and knowledge about how their children exhibit their pain and Medication Attitude Questioner (MAQs), focuses on how parents feel about giving their child analgesic medication to alleviate post-operative pain). Descriptive statistics were utilized to analyse the parent's response and presented with frequency and percentage. Factor analysis to analyze factor structure and stepwise linear regression analysis to examine the impact of socio-demographic factors in predicting parental knowledge and attitude about POPP were done. The statistical tests were performed at 95% confidence interval and 5% significance level.

Result

A total of 102 parents fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included. About 78% of parents agreed that children always express pain by crying or whining. The majority of parents (75.6%) believe children who are playing are not in pain. Regarding parental attitudes about pain medications, majority of parents (61%) believe that children should be given pain medication as little as possible because of its side effects. According to about 26.8% of parents, giving children pain medication for pain might teach them to use drugs for other issues. On the other hand, 63.4% of parents say that giving children pain medication as little as possible is the most effective way to manage their pain. Parents of younger children and parents from rural area are more likely to score higher in attention seeking sub-score of PPEP while parents from urban residence and those parents who are employed are more likely to perceive about the side effects of pain medications (Side effects factors).

Conclusion

The overall knowledge and attitude of parents about postoperative pain and pain medications were poor.

Predictors of postpartum hemorrhage at public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A case-control study

Introduction

Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is responsible for half of all maternal deaths during childbirth. Despite being preventable and curable, PPH remains the leading cause of maternal death in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify the determinants of PPH among women delivered at public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 2022.

Methods

A facility-based, unmatched case control study with 378 study participants was carried out in selected public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Women who gave birth and developed PPH were considered cases, while women who gave birth in public hospitals in Addis Ababa and did not develop PPH were controls. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify independent predictors of PPH. Variables was considered statistically significant in the final model if their p-value was less than 0.05.

Results

The result of this study identified that antenatal care follow-up (AOR: 2.58; 95% CI: 1.12, 5.96), history of cesarean delivery (AOR: 3.47; 95% CI: 1.40, 8.58), prolonged labor (AOR: 5.14; CI: 2.07, 12.75), and genital trauma apart from episiotomy (AOR: 4.39; CI: 1.51, 12.81) were determinants of PPH.

Conclusion

According to the finding of this study duration of labor, history of cesarean section, antenatal care follow-up, and genital trauma other than episiotomy were independent determinants of PPH. Therefore, it is crucial to screen and closely monitor high-risk mothers during antepartum care visit, including those who have a history of cesarean delivery.

Incidence and predictors of loss to follow-up among Ethiopian children on antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Loss of follow-up (LTFU) from ART regular follow-up is one of the key acknowledged causes for the development of ART-resistant virus strains currently. It becomes a major weakness for the successful implementation of HIV care and treatment programs mainly in Sub-Saharan Africa but also globally. About 20-40% of children on ART loss their regular ART follow-up annually. Because of the inconsistency of the prior publications' findings, policymakers, programmers, and healthcare providers find it difficult to intervene. Hence, this study was conducted to provide a pooled incidence and identify the predictors of LTFU among children on ART in Ethiopia.

METHODS

Articles were searched from PubMed/ MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, Google Scholar, and Science Direct, as well as organizational records and websites. This review included both retrospective and prospective follow-up studies published in English. The data were extracted using Microsoft Excel and exported into Stata™ Version 17.0 for further processing and analysis. The presence of heterogeneity was assessed using forest plots with the I2 test. To identify the source of heterogeneity subgroup analysis, meta-regression, publication bias, and sensitivity analysis were computed. The pooled incidence of LTFU was estimated using a random effects meta-analysis model with the DerSimonian-laired method. To identify the predictors, a 95% confidence interval with relative risk was used to declare the presence or absence of an association.

RESULTS

In this systematic review and Meta-analysis, nine studies with a total of 3336 children were included. The pooled incidence of LTFU from ART was 5.83 (95% CI: 3.94, 7.72) per 100 children-years of observation with I2: 83% & p-value < 0.001. Those children who were from rural were had a 1.65 (95% CI: 1.06, 2.52) times higher chance of getting LTFU when compared with their counterparts. Children who had poor ART adherence had a 2.03 (95% CI: 1.23, 3.34) times higher chance of experiencing LTFU of ART than children having good ART adherence.

CONCLUSIONS

Among Ethiopian children on ART, one out of 167 had the risk of experiencing LTFU. Being rural dwellers and having poor ART adherence were the identified predictors of LTFU. Close follow-up and phone message text should be used to have good ART adherence among rural dwellers to meet the predetermined goal of ART.

Survival status and risk factors for mortality among multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A retrospective follow-up study

Background

Tuberculosis continues to be a major health concern around the world. It kills an estimated 1.6 million people each year. The World Health Organization (WHO) removed Ethiopia from its list of thirty countries having a high prevalence of MDR/RR-TB in 2021. As a result, the aim of this study was to assess the current context of survival status and risk factors of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 2022.

Methods

An institutional-based retrospective cohort study with 245 patients was undertaken using multidrug-resistant tuberculosis patients who were recruited from January 1st, 2018 to December 30th, 2021, in St. Peter's specialized hospital. To find independent predictors of survival status, Cox regression analysis was used. An adjusted hazard ratio with a 95% confidence interval and a p-value of < 0.05 was used to establish association and statistical significance.

Results

The result of the study revealed that the incidence of mortality in this study was 13.1% (95% CI: 10.3-16.5). Moreover, being male (AOR = 3.7: 95% CI = 1.2, 11.4), old age (AOR = 14: 95% CI = 3.0, 60.4), site of TB (AOR = 0.2: 95% CI = 0.03, 0.6), and presence of comorbidity (AOR = 9.2: 95% CI = 2.4, 35.3), were independent predictors of time to death.

Conclusion

Generally, the death rate among research participants was high. Moreover, male gender, old age, site of tuberculosis, and presence of other comorbidity were predictors of mortality among MDR-TB patients.

Poor sleep quality and associated determinants among textile and garment manufacturing workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Background

Sleep is a physiological process that is essential to human physical, emotional, and mental health. Sleep difficulties affect an estimated 150 million individuals globally, with roughly 17% of the population in developing countries. As a result, the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of poor sleep quality among textile and garment manufacturing workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 2022.

Methods

A facility-based cross-sectional study was done from July 15th to August 15th, 2022, using a simple random sample technique. The degree of self-reported poor sleep quality was quantified using a validated, interviewer-administered, standardized Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. To determine the relationship between independent variables and poor sleep quality, multivariable logistic regression analysis was carried out with a p-value of less than 0.05 and a 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results

The prevalence of poor sleep quality was 75.4% (95% CI: 70.8, 80). Working more than 8 h per day (AOR = 2.83, 95% CI: 1.01, 7.94), work dissatisfaction (AOR = 3.27, 95% CI: 1.52-7.05), and using electronic materials before sleeping (AOR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.01-4.30) were all associated with poor sleep quality.

Conclusion

Poor sleep quality was common among garment and textile industrial workers. Work dissatisfaction, working hours, and the utilization of electronic materials before bedtime were all substantially related to poor sleep quality, which should be taken into account and addressed early to reduce poor sleep quality.

Prevalence and associated determinants of suicidal ideation and attempt among people with severe mental disorders in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia a cross-sectional study

Suicidal ideation and attempts are much more common in people with severe mental disorders than in the general population. As a result, the goal of this study was to look at suicidal ideation and attempts in people with severe mental disorders in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 2022. Using a simple random sample technique, a facility-based cross-sectional study involving 423 patients with severe mental disorders was conducted. The factors associated with suicidal thoughts and attempts were identified using a bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis model. Significant factors were determined using a p-value of less than 0.05. The prevalence of suicidal ideation and attempt was 26.4% (95% CI: 22.3-30.99%) and 18.6% (95% CI: 15.2-22.7%), respectively. Moreover, suicidal thoughts were linked with being single (AOR = 2.1.1, 95% CI: 1.01, 4.72), having poor social support (AOR = 3.1, 95% CI: 1.05, 9.422), and having comorbid depression (AOR = 2.72, 95% CI: 1.62, 4.54). Suicidal attempt was also associated with secondary education (AOR = 4.06, 95% CI: 1.50, 10.98), illness duration (AOR = 2.48, 95% CI: 1.15, 5.35), hopelessness (AOR = 3.415, 95% CI: 2.114, 15.516), and the absence of positive symptoms (AOR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.209, 0.683). A significant proportion of patients with severe mental disorders have contemplated or actually attempted suicide. Poor psychosocial support, a higher level of education, and comorbid depression were all linked to these issues. Therefore, controllable risk factors such as education, hopelessness, and psychosocial support should be prioritized and given particular emphasis.

Magnitude and associated factors of mortality among patients admitted with COVID-19 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to grow around the world and has caused enormous mortality and morbidity. The severity and mortality of coronavirus disease are associated with various comorbidities. The infection fatality rate was reported to be inconsistent with different studies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the magnitude and factors associated with mortality among patients admitted to Eka Kotebe General Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted at Eka Kotebe General Hospital among patients who were admitted for COVID-19 from January 15, 2021, to June 30, 2021. A total of 393 records of patients were selected by simple random sampling. Data was extracted from compiled data forms where available information was already tabulated. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 25. The determinant factors associated with mortality among COVID-19 patients were identified using bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis. A statistical association was declared with multivariable logistic regression using a 95% confidence interval and a P-value of less than 0.05. The proportion of COVID-19 mortality among patients admitted to Eka Kotebe General Hospital was 8.1% (95% CI (5.4-10.8%)). Age >50 years [AOR = 7.91; 95% CI (2.34-25.70)], being male [AOR = 2.09; 95% CI (1.20-3.65)], having diabetes mellitus [AOR = 2.64; 95% CI (1.30-5.35)], having hypertension [AOR = 2.67; 95% CI (1.22-5.88)] and having chronic kidney disease [AOR = 12.04; 95% CI (4.03-14.22)] were determinant factors of COVID-19 mortality. The current study findings revealed that COVID-19 mortality was high among hospitalized COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, age, gender, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease were discovered to be independent predictors of COVID-19 mortality. Therefore, older COVID-19 patients and those with established comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, and end-stage renal disease should receive comprehensive preventative efforts, including vaccination.

The role of community-based health insurance on healthcare seeking behavior of households in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Community-based health insurance is a new and promising concept for delivering easily accessible, affordable, and efficient healthcare services. More importantly, a significant risk pooling arrangement between the wealthy and poor. So far, little has been done regarding community-based health insurance and healthcare seeking behavior in developing countries. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess healthcare seeking behavior of households due to the introduction of the scheme and associated factors in Addis Ababa. Community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 270 male and 207 female respondents. The data was collected using standardized and pretested questionnaire and it was analyzed using SPSS software. A bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to determine the relationship between healthcare seeking behavior and determinant variables. Finally, statistical association was declared with a p-value of less than 0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression analysis. The proportion of people who had appropriate healthcare-seeking behavior was 47.31% (95 %CI: 43.27-51.39%). Furthermore, having more than four children [AOR: 0.171, 95%, CI:(0.403-0.99)], being Muslim [AOR: 1.712, 95 %CI: (1.117 2.625)], owning a government house [AOR: 4.472, 95%, CI: (2.037-9.819)], and having under-five children [AOR: 0.548, 95%, CI: (0.375-0.801)] were factors significantly associated with healthcare-seeking behavior. Even though this study was conducted in an urban area, it showed that the magnitude of appropriate healthcare-seeking behavior was low. Therefore, the government of Ethiopia should work to improve housing conditions and family planning provision for the residents to improve the healthcare seeking behavior of community-based health insurance users.

Cardiovascular disease risk among hypertensive patients and associated determinants in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: an institutional-based cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to assess the level of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and associated factors among hypertensive patients having follow-up at selected hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 2022.

SETTING

A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in public and tertiary hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from 15 January 2022 to 30 July 2022.

PARTICIPANTS

A total of 326 adult hypertensive patients who visited the chronic diseases clinic for follow-up were included in the study.

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES

A high predicted 10-year CVD risk level was assessed using an interviewer-administered questionnaire and physical measurement (primary data) and reviews of medical data records (secondary data) by using a non-laboratory WHO risk prediction chart. Logistic regression with an adjusted OR (AOR) using a 95% CI was calculated for independent variables associated with 10-year CVD risk.

RESULTS

The prevalence of a high predicted 10-year CVD risk level was 28.2% (95% CI 10.34% to 33.2%) among the study participants. A higher CVD risk level was found to be associated with age (AOR 4.2 for age 64-74, 95% CI 1.67 to 10.66), being male (AOR 2.1, 95% CI 1.18, 3.67), unemployment (AOR 3.2, 95% CI 1.06 to 6.25) and stage 2 systolic blood pressure (AOR 11.32; 95% CI 3.43 to 37.46).

CONCLUSION

The study showed that the respondent's age, gender, occupation and high systolic blood pressure were determinant factors for CVD risks. Therefore, routine screening for the presence of CVD risk factors and assessment of CVD risk are recommended for hypertensive patients for CVD risk reduction.

Prevalence and correlates of stunting and thinness among adolescent students in Lideta subcity, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVES

To determine the prevalence of stunting and thinness and associated factors among adolescents attending public schools in Lideta subcity, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 2021.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional.

SETTING

Public schools in Lideta subcity, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

ELIGIBILITY

Adolescents from grades 5-12 in public schools and students whose parents gave consent for participation.

DATA ANALYSIS

Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to examine the association between the independent variables and stunting and thinness. Using a 95% CI and adjusted OR (AOR), factors with a p value of less than 0.05 were determined to have a significant association.

OUTCOME MEASURES

The prevalence of stunting and thinness, as well as the factors associated with stunting and thinness, were secondary outcomes.

RESULTS

The overall prevalence of stunting and thinness was 7.2% (95% CI: 5.3% to 9.3%) and 9% (95% CI: 6.8% to 11.4%), respectively. Stunting was associated with a larger family size (AOR=3.76; 95% CI: 1.58 to 8.94), low dietary diversity (AOR=2.87; 95% CI: 1.44 to 5.74), food insecurity (AOR=2.81; 95% CI: 1.38 to 5.71) and a lower wealth index (AOR=3.34; 95% CI: 1.51 to 7.41). On the other hand, thinness was associated with maternal education in those who were unable to read and write (AOR=2.5; 95% CI: 1.97 to 8.11), inadequate dietary diversity (AOR=4.81; 95% CI: 2.55 to 9.07) and larger family size (AOR=2.46; 95% CI: 1.14 to 5.29).

CONCLUSION

Adolescent stunting and thinness were common in Addis Ababa's public schools. Family size, dietary diversity and food security were the main factors associated with both thinness and stunting. Therefore, to solve the problem of adolescent stunting and thinness, the administration of Addis Ababa city should prioritise minimising food insecurity while boosting productivity to enhance adolescent nutritional diversity. Moreover, nutritional education should be strengthened by healthcare providers working at public schools as well as health extension workers.

Prevalence of abdominal obesity and associated risk factors among women civil servants in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2021: an institution-based study

Background

Abdominal obesity increases the risk of cardio-metabolic diseases, disability, and poor quality of life, as well as health-care costs. It is a component of the metabolic syndrome, along with hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of abdominal obesity and associated risk factors among female civil servants in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in 2021.

Methods

An institution-based cross-sectional study was undertaken from March31^st to April 15^th, 2021.A multi-stage sampling technique was employed to select 478 study participants. Data was entered into EpiData version 3.1 and then exported to SPSS version 21 for analysis. A descriptive data analysis was used to present the distribution of study variables. Bivariable and multivariable analyses were used to assess the relationship between independent variables and abdominal obesity at 95% CI. The level of statistical significance was declared at a p-value less than 0.05.

Result

The prevalence of abdominal obesity defined by waist circumference was found to be29.5% (95% CI: 25.39-33.6%) and 32.8% (95% CI: 28.57%-37.03%) by waist hip ratio, respectively. Age group 29-37 years [AOR= 2.451, 95% CI: (1.199-5.013)], age group 38-46 years [AOR=3.807, 95% CI: (1.328-10.914)], age group 47-55 years [AOR=6.489, 95% CI: (1.367-30.805)], being married [AOR= 4.762, 95% CI: (2.321-9.721)],consumption of meat >=5 per week[ AOR= 4.764, 95% CI: (1.939-11.711)], having lunch daily[AOR= 0.388, 95% CI:(0.166-0.910)] and snack consumption [AOR=4.163, 95% CI:(1.503-11.534)] were significantly associated with abdominal obesity.

Conclusion

The prevalence of abdominal obesity as measured by waist circumference and waist hip ratio was found to be moderate and high, respectively. Age, being married, high consumption of meat, and having lunch daily were identified as associated with abdominal obesity. Healthy diet health education and nutrition intervention should be considered, with a focus on married, meat-consuming, and older age-group female civil servants.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40795-022-00613-9.