Acellular spinal cord scaffold containing quercetin-encapsulated nanoparticles plays an anti-inflammatory role in functional recovery from spinal cord injury in rats

Inflammatory responses play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI) and developing new approaches to establish an anti-inflammatory environment for the promotion of neuroregeneration holds promise as a potential approach. In this study, our aim was to investigate the potential of combining an acellular spinal cord scaffold (ASCS) with quercetin-loaded bovine serum albumin (Qu/BSA) nanoparticles (NPs) for the treatment of SCI. The ASCS was prepared using physical and chemical methods, while the Qu/BSA NPs were prepared through a desolvation technique. The NPs exhibited favorable characteristics, including a mean size of 203 nm, a zeta potential of -38, and an encapsulation efficiency of 96%. Microscopic evaluation confirmed the successful distribution of NPs on the walls of ASCS. Animal studies revealed that Qu/BSA NPs group exhibited a significant decrease in NLRP3, ASC, and Casp1 gene expression compared to the SCI group (p < 0.0001). The findings indicated a significant decrease in the NLRP3, ASC, and Casp1 protein level between the Qu/BSA/ASCS group and the SCI group (p < 0.0001). Moreover, treatment with ASCS containing either blank BSA (B/BSA) NPs or Qu/BSA NPs effectively promoted functional recovery via increasing the amount of nestin- and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells in the site of injury. Notably, Qu/BSA/ASCS exhibited superior outcomes compared to B/BSA/ASCS. Overall, the combination of ASCS with the Qu delivery system presents a promising therapeutic approach for SCI by inhibiting inflammatory responses and promoting neuroregeneration, leading to the restoration of motor function in animals. This study demonstrates the potential of utilizing biomaterials and NPs to enhance the effectiveness of SCI treatment.

The Effectiveness of Aquatic Therapy on Motor and Social Skill as Well as Executive Function in Children With Neurodevelopmental Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

To summarize the evidence on the efficacy of aquatic therapy on motor and social skill as well as executive function compared with land-based exercises in children with neurodevelopmental disorders.

DATA SOURCES

The following 6 databases were searched: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Google scholar (advance), and Web of Science from 1990 to June 2022.

STUDY SELECTION

The search included only clinical trials. Two reviewers independently assessed the full text and conducted manuscript selection, data extraction, and quality assessment.

DATA EXTRACTION

Using standardized forms, data were extracted and all points of disagreement were discussed between authors.

DATA SYNTHESIS

Data synthesis was applied to summarize information from the included trials. The quantitative analysis incorporated fixed-effect models. Of the 150 studies identified in the initial search, 16 trials (248 children) met the eligibility criteria. Aquatic therapy improved factors related to the Humphries' Assessment of Aquatic Readiness (HAAR) checklist such as mental adjustment (standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.69; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.20-1.19; I2=10%) compared with land-based exercises (control), water environment (SMD, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.43-1.54; I2=83%), Rotation (SMD, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.14-1.12; I2=0%), balance and control (SMD, 2.09; 95% CI, 1.47-2.72; I2=36%) and independent movement (eg, walking, moving upper body, standing, transferring) in water (SMD, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.37-1.38; I2=0%) compared with the control group in the 4 trails. The HAAR tool is based on the Halliwick method and aims to assess the appropriateness for an individual with disability to engage in aquatic therapy. The study protocol was also registered with PROSPERO number CRD42022341898.

CONCLUSION

Aquatic therapy demonstrated a more robust positive effect on factors related to the HAAR checklist than land-based exercises. Further research is needed to further elucidate the clinical utility of aquatic therapy for children with neurodevelopmental disorder at long-term follow-up.

Bidirectional Regulation of Motor Circuits Using Magnetogenetic Gene Therapy

Here we report a novel suite of magnetogenetic tools, based on a single anti-ferritin nanobody-TRPV1 receptor fusion protein, which regulated neuronal activity when exposed to magnetic fields. AAV-mediated delivery of a floxed nanobody-TRPV1 into the striatum of adenosine 2a receptor-cre driver mice resulted in motor freezing when placed in an MRI or adjacent to a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) device. Functional imaging and fiber photometry both confirmed activation of the target region in response to the magnetic fields. Expression of the same construct in the striatum of wild-type mice along with a second injection of an AAVretro expressing cre into the globus pallidus led to similar circuit specificity and motor responses. Finally, a mutation was generated to gate chloride and inhibit neuronal activity. Expression of this variant in subthalamic nucleus in PitX2-cre parkinsonian mice resulted in reduced local c-fos expression and motor rotational behavior. These data demonstrate that magnetogenetic constructs can bidirectionally regulate activity of specific neuronal circuits non-invasively in-vivo using clinically available devices.

Teaser

A novel magnetogenetics toolbox to regulate neural circuits in-vivo .

Magnetogenetic cell activation using endogenous ferritin

The ability to precisely control the activity of defined cell populations enables studies of their physiological roles and may provide therapeutic applications. While prior studies have shown that magnetic activation of ferritin-tagged ion channels allows cell-specific modulation of cellular activity, the large size of the constructs made the use of adeno-associated virus, AAV, the vector of choice for gene therapy, impractical. In addition, simple means for generating magnetic fields of sufficient strength have been lacking. Toward these ends, we first generated a novel anti-ferritin nanobody that when fused to transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1, TRPV1, enables direct binding of the channel to endogenous ferritin in mouse and human cells. This smaller construct can be delivered in a single AAV and we validated that it robustly enables magnetically induced cell activation in vitro . In parallel, we developed a simple benchtop electromagnet capable of gating the nanobody-tagged channel in vivo . Finally, we showed that delivering these new constructs by AAV to pancreatic beta cells in combination with the benchtop magnetic field delivery stimulates glucose-stimulated insulin release to improve glucose tolerance in mice in vivo . Together, the novel anti-ferritin nanobody, nanobody-TRPV1 construct and new hardware advance the utility of magnetogenetics in animals and potentially humans.

Neurological recovery and neurogenesis by curcumin sustained-release system cross-linked with an acellular spinal cord scaffold in rat spinal cord injury: Targeting NLRP3 inflammasome pathway

In the context of treating spinal cord injury (SCI), the modulation of inflammatory responses, and the creation of a suitable region for tissue regeneration may present a promising approach. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of curcumin (Cur)-loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (Cur-BSA NPs) cross-linked with an acellular spinal cord scaffold (ASCS) on the functional recovery in a rat model of SCI. We developed an ASCS using chemical and physical methods. Cur-BSA, and blank (B-BSA) NPs were fabricated and cross-linked with ASCS via EDC-NHS, resulting in the production of Cur-ASCS and B-ASCS. We assessed the properties of scaffolds and NPs as well as their cross-links. Finally, using a male rat hemisection model of SCI, we investigated the consequences of the resulting scaffolds. The inflammatory markers, neuroregeneration, and functional recovery were evaluated. Our results showed that Cur was efficiently entrapped at the rate of 42% ± 1.3 in the NPs. Compared to B-ASCS, Cur-ASCS showed greater effectiveness in the promotion of motor recovery. The implantation of both scaffolds could increase the migration of neural stem cells (Nestin- and GFAP-positive cells) following SCI with the superiority of Cur-ASCS. Cur-ASCS was successful to regulate the gene expression and protein levels of NLRP3, ASC, and Casp1in the spinal cord lesion. Our results indicate that using ASCS can lead to the entrance of cells into the scaffold and promote neurogenesis. However, Cur-ASCS had greater effects in terms of inflammation relief and enhanced neurogenesis.

Intranasal insulin intake and exercise improve memory function in amyloid-β induced Alzheimer's-like disease in rats: Involvement of hippocampal BDNF-TrkB receptor

The most prevalent type of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), is a compelling illustration of the link between cognitive deficits and neurophysiological anomalies. We investigated the possible protective effect of intranasal insulin intake with exercise on amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced neuronal damage. The level of hippocampal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) were analyzed to understand the involvement of BDNF-TrkB pathway in this modulation. In this study, we induced AD-like pathology by amyloid-β (Aβ) administration. Then, we examined the impact of a 4-week pretreatment of moderate treadmill exercise and intranasal intake of insulin on working and spatial memory in male Wistar rats. We also analyzed the mechanisms of improved memory and anxiety through changes in the protein level of BDNF and TrkB. Results showed that animals received Aβ had impaired working memory, increased anxiety which were accompanied by lower protein levels of BDNF and TrkB in the hippocampus. The exercise training and intranasal insulin improved working memory deficits, decreased anxiety, and increased BDNF, and TrkB levels in the hippocampus of animals received Aβ. Our finding of improved memory performance after intranasal intake of insulin and exercise may be of significance for the treatment of memory impairments and anxiety-like behavior in AD.

Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as a predictive biomarker for early diagnosis of depression: A narrative review

Depression is a mood disorder that causes persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, loss of interest, and decreased energy. Early diagnosis of depression can improve its negative impacts and be effective in its treatment. Previous studies have indicated that inflammation plays an important role in the initiation and development of depression, hence, various inflammatory biomarkers have been investigated for early diagnosis of depression, the most popular of which are blood biomarkers. The Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) may be more informative in the early diagnosis of depression than other widely used markers, such as other leukocyte characteristics or interleukins. Considering the importance of early diagnosis of depression and the role of NLR in early diagnosis of depression, our paper reviews the literature on NLR as a diagnostic biomarker of depression, which may be effective in its treatment. Various studies have shown that elevated NLR is associated with depression, suggesting that NLR may be a valuable, reproducible, easily accessible, and cost-effective method for the evaluation of depression and it may be used in outpatient clinic settings. Closer follow-up can be performed for these patients who have higher NLR levels. However, it seems that further studies on larger samples, taking into account important confounding factors, and assessing them together with other inflammatory markers are necessary to draw some conclusive statements.

Telehealth and Biological Rhythm: Deficits and Benefits for Orthopedic Postoperative Consultations

The Article Abstract is not available.  

Outcome Measures Utilized to Assess the Efficacy of Telerehabilitation for Post-Stroke Rehabilitation: A Scoping Review

INTRODUCTION

Outcome measures using telerehabilitation (TR) in the context of post-stroke rehabilitation are an area of emerging research. The current review assesses the literature related to TR for patients requiring post-stroke rehabilitation. The purpose of this study is to survey the outcome measures used in TR studies and to define which parts of the International Organization of Functioning are measured in trials.

METHODS

TR studies were searched in Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (Cochrane Library), the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), and the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) from 2016 to June 2023. Two reviewers individually assessed the full text. Discrepancies regarding inclusion or exclusion were resolved by an additional reviewer.

RESULTS

A total of 24 studies were included in the current review. The findings were synthesized and presented taking into account their implications within clinical practice, areas of investigation, and strategic implementation.

CONCLUSIONS

The scoping review has recognized a broad range of outcome measures utilized in TR studies, shedding light on gaps in the current literature. Furthermore, this review serves as a valuable resource for researchers and end users (such as clinicians and policymakers), providing insights into the most appropriate outcome measures for TR. There is a lack of studies examining the required follow-up after TR, emphasizing the need for future research in this area.

The Comparative Effects of Schwann Cells and Wharton's Jelly Mesenchymal Stem Cells on the AIM2 Inflammasome Activity in an Experimental Model of Spinal Cord Injury

Inflammasome activation and the consequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines play a crucial role in the development of sensory/motor deficits following spinal cord injury (SCI). Immunomodulatory activities are exhibited by Schwann cells (SCs) and Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs). In this study, we aimed to compare the effectiveness of these two cell sources in modulating the absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome complex in rats with SCI. The Basso, Beattie, Bresnahan (BBB) test, Nissl staining, and Luxol fast blue (LFB) staining were performed to evaluate locomotor function, neuronal survival, and myelination, respectively. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were employed to analyze the gene and protein expressions of inflammasome components, including AIM2, ASC, caspase-1, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-18. Both gene and protein expressions of all evaluated factors were decreased after SC or WJ-MSC treatment, with a more pronounced effect observed in the SCs group (P < 0.05). Additionally, SCs promoted neuronal survival and myelination. Moreover, the administration of 3 × 105 cells resulted in motor recovery improvement in both treatment groups (P < 0.05). Although not statistically significant, these effects were more prominent in the SC-treated animals. In conclusion, SC therapy demonstrated greater efficacy in targeting AIM2 inflammasome activation and the associated inflammatory pathway in SCI experiments compared to WJ-MSCs.

Rolipram and pentoxifylline combination ameliorates the morphological abnormalities of dorsal root ganglion neurons in experimental diabetic neuropathy by reducing mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis

Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is the most prevalent complication of diabetes. Pharmacological treatments for DN are often limited in efficacy, so the development of new agents to alleviate DN is essential. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of rolipram, a selective phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor (PDE-4I), and pentoxifylline, a general PDE inhibitor, using a rat model of DN. In this study, a diabetic rat model was established by i.p. injection of STZ (55 mg/kg). Rats were treated with rolipram (1 mg/kg), pentoxifylline (100 mg/kg), and combination of rolipram (0.5 mg/kg) and pentoxifylline (50 mg/kg), orally for 5 weeks. After treatments, sensory function was assessed by hot plate test. Then rats were anesthetized and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons isolated. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), adenosine triphosphate (ATP, adenosine diphosphate and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) levels, Cytochrome c release, Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3 proteins expression in DRG neurons were assessed by biochemical and ELISA methods, and western blot analysis. DRG neurons were histologically examined using hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining method. Rolipram and/or pentoxifylline significantly attenuated sensory dysfunction by modulating nociceptive threshold. Rolipram and/or pentoxifylline treatment dramatically increased the cAMP level, prevented mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis and degeneration of DRG neurons, which appears to be mediated by inducing ATP and MMP, improving cytochrome c release, as well as regulating the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3 proteins, and improving morphological abnormalities of DRG neurons. We found maximum effectiveness with rolipram and pentoxifylline combination on mentioned factors. These findings encourage the use of rolipram and pentoxifylline combination as a novel experimental evidence for further clinical investigations in the treatment of DN.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSC-derived exosomes in animal models of central nervous system diseases: Targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome

The NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR-, and pyrin domain-containing protein 3) inflammasome is a multimeric protein complex that is engaged in the innate immune system and plays a vital role in inflammatory reactions. Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and subsequent release of proinflammatory cytokines can be triggered by microbial infection or cellular injury. The NLRP3 inflammasome has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many disorders affecting the central nervous system (CNS), ranging from stroke, traumatic brain injury, and spinal cord injury to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and depression. Furthermore, emerging evidence has suggested that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and their exosomes may modulate NLRP3 inflammasome activation in a way that might be promising for the therapeutic management of CNS diseases. In the present review, particular focus is placed on highlighting and discussing recent scientific evidence regarding the regulatory effects of MSC-based therapies on the NLRP3 inflammasome activation and their potential to counteract proinflammatory responses and pyroptotic cell death in the CNS, thereby achieving neuroprotective impacts and improvement in behavioral impairments.

Telestroke: A Novel Approach for Post-Stroke Rehabilitation

Despite the tremendous technologic advancements of recent years, the prevalence of stroke has increased significantly worldwide from 1990 to 2019 (a 70 [...].

Evaluation of hippocampal arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase activity in amyloid β neurotoxicity

Arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase (AANAT), a rate-limiting enzyme in melatonin synthesis, is present in extra-pineal tissues such as the hippocampus. The hippocampal AANAT activity in amyloid β (Aβ) neurotoxicity has not been exactly defined. Adult male rats received bilateral intra-CA1 Aβ administration. The hippocampus tissue sampling was performed 2, 12, and 24 hours after Aβ injection in the morning and night. The inflammation was monitored using TNF-α immunohistochemistry. The AANAT enzyme activity and melatonin levels were measured using western blotting and HPLC. The sampling in the morning versus night showed no significant differences in the AANAT activity. The Aβ increased the area of TNF-α positive staining 24 hours after injection, which indicated the induction of an inflammatory context. It was accompanied by a significant reduction in AANAT activity and hippocampal melatonin. A reverse correlation was also detected between TNF-α and AANAT activity in the 24-hours group. The TNF-α positive area was significantly increased in the 24-hours group as compared to the 12-hours group. Data showed that inflammatory processes began 12 hours after the Aβ injection and augmented 24 hours later. In the second experiment, the impact of Aβ injection on hippocampus AANAT activity was examined in the pinealectomized (PIN×) animals. The PIN× per se did not affect the hippocampal AANAT and melatonin level. However, there was a significant decrease in hippocampal melatonin in the PIN×+Aβ group. The findings suggest the accompanying of hippocampal inflammatory context and AANAT enzyme activity reduction in early stages after Aβ administration. Understanding the underlying mechanism of the decreased AANAT activity may suggest new treatment strategies.

Teleexercise for geriatric patients with failed back surgery syndrome

Introduction

Failed back surgery syndrome (FBSS) is defined as back pain which either persists after attempted surgical intervention or originates after a spine surgery. There is a high risk of perioperative morbidity and a high likelihood of extensive revision surgery in geriatric patients with FBSS or post-laminectomy foraminal stenosis.

Methods

There is a need for less invasive methodologies for the treatment of FBSS, such as patient-tailored exercise training, with attention to the cost and special needs of the geriatric patients with FBSS. This commentary will provide some background regarding teleexercise (utilizing an internet-based platform for the provision of exercise-related care) for FBSS and will propose three exercises which are easy to administer over online-based platforms and can be the subject of future investigation.

Results

Given the documented benefits of regular rehabilitative exercises for patients with FBSS, the high cost of face-to-face services, and the need for infection mitigation in the wake of the COVID-19 Pandemic, teleexercise may be a practical and cost-beneficial method of exercise delivery, especially for geriatric patients with limitations in mobility and access to care. It should be noted that, prescription of these exercises should be done after face-to-face evaluation by the physician and careful evaluation for any “red flag” symptoms.

Conclusion

In this commentary, we will suggest three practical exercise training methodologies and discuss the benefits of teleexercise for geriatric patients with FBSS. Future research should aim to assess the efficacy of these exercises, especially when administered through telehealth platforms.

Contribution of Extracellular Vesicles and Molecular Chaperones in Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disorders of the CNS

Many neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the abnormal aggregation of misfolded proteins that form amyloid deposits which possess prion-like behavior such as self-replication, intercellular transmission, and consequent induction of native forms of the same protein in surrounding cells. The distribution of the accumulated proteins and their correlated toxicity seem to be involved in the progression of nervous system degeneration. Molecular chaperones are known to maintain proteostasis, contribute to protein refolding to protect their function, and eliminate fatally misfolded proteins, prohibiting harmful effects. However, chaperone network efficiency declines during aging, prompting the onset and the development of neurological disorders. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are tiny membranous structures produced by a wide range of cells under physiological and pathological conditions, suggesting their significant role in fundamental processes particularly in cellular communication. They modulate the behavior of nearby and distant cells through their biological cargo. In the pathological context, EVs transport disease-causing entities, including prions, α-syn, and tau, helping to spread damage to non-affected areas and accelerating the progression of neurodegeneration. However, EVs are considered effective for delivering therapeutic factors to the nervous system, since they are capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and are involved in the transportation of a variety of cellular entities. Here, we review the neurodegeneration process caused mainly by the inefficiency of chaperone systems as well as EV performance in neuropathies, their potential as diagnostic biomarkers and a promising EV-based therapeutic approach.

Histopathological Evaluation of Nanocurcumin for Mitigation of Radiation- Induced Small Intestine Injury

AIM

In the current study, we aimed to mitigate radiation-induced small intestinal toxicity using post-irradiation treatment with nano-micelle curcumin.

BACKGROUND

Small intestine is one of the most radiosensitive organs within the body. Wholebody exposure to an acute dose of ionizing radiation may lead to severe injuries to this tissue and may even cause death after some weeks.

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to evaluate histopathological changes in the small intestine following whole-body irradiation and treatment with nanocurcumin.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Forty male Nordic Medical Research Institute mice were grouped into control, treatment with 100 mg/kg nano-micelle curcumin, whole-body irradiation with cobalt-60 gamma-rays (dose rate of 60 cGy/min and a single dose of 7 Gy), and treatment with 100 mg/kg nano-micelle curcumin 1 day after whole-body irradiation for 4 weeks. Afterward, all mice were sacrificed for histopathological evaluation of their small intestinal tissues.

RESULTS

Irradiation led to severe damage to villi, crypts, glands as well as vessels, leading to bleeding. Administration of nano-micelle curcumin after whole-body irradiation showed a statistically significant improvement in radiation toxicity of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum (including a reduction in infiltration of polymorphonuclear cells, villi length shortening, goblet cells injury, Lieberkühn glands injury and bleeding). Although treatment with nano-micelle curcumin showed increased bleeding in the ileum for non-irradiated mice, its administration after irradiation was able to reduce radiation-induced bleeding in the ileum.

CONCLUSION

Treatment with nano-micelle curcumin may be useful for mitigation of radiationinduced gastrointestinal system toxicity via suppression of inflammatory cells' infiltration and protection against villi and crypt shortening.

Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells attenuate global hypoxia-induced learning and memory impairment via preventing blood-brain barrier breakdown

Objectives

Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injections of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may improve the function and structure of blood-brain barrier (BBB), possibly by preserving the BBB integrity. This study examined the impact of Wharton's jelly (WJ)-MSCs on cognitive dysfunction and BBB disruption following a protracted hypoxic state.

Materials and Methods

Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly studied in four groups: Control (Co): Healthy animals, Sham (Sh): Rats were placed in the cage without hypoxia induction and with ICV injection of vehicle, Hypoxic (Hx)+vehicle: Hypoxic rats with ICV injection of vehicle (5 μl of PBS), and Hx+MSCs: Hypoxic rats with ICV injection of MSCs. Spatial learning and memory were evaluated one week after WJ-MSCs injection, and then animals were sacrificed for molecular research.

Results

Hypoxia increased latency and lowered the time and distance required reaching the target quarter, according to the findings. Furthermore, hypoxic rats had lower gene expression and protein levels of hippocampus vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, claudin 5, and tricellulin gene expression than Co and Sh animals (P<0.05). Finally, administering WJ-MSCs after long-term hypoxia effectively reversed the cognitive deficits and prevented the BBB breakdown via the upregulation of VE-cadherin, claudin 5, and tricellulin genes (P<0.05).

Conclusion

These findings suggest that prolonged hypoxia induces spatial learning and memory dysfunction and increases BBB disruption, the potential mechanism of which might be via reducing VE-cadherin, claudin 5, and tricellulin genes. Hence, appropriate treatment with WJ-MSCs could reverse ischemia adverse effects and protect the BBB integrity following prolonged hypoxia.

Preclinical and Clinical Applications of Photobiomodulation Therapy in Sperm Motility: A Narrative Review

About 50% of infertility problems are related to male factors and reduced sperm motility. The important factor that affects the structure and function of sperm is reactive oxygen species (ROS), and over-concentration of ROS reduces the quality and motility of sperm. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) using red to near-infrared (NIR) light is useful in oxidative stress restoration. It plays a therapeutic role in disorders such as asthenospermia, oligospermia cases, and cryopreserved sperm. It also enhances the metabolic capacity of sperm and increases the low-level and non-harmful intracellular content of Ca2+, nitric oxide (NO), and ROS in the stressed cells. Likewise, it modulates survival intracellular pathways and maintains the motility, viability, DNA, and acrosome integrity of sperm. This article reviews the state-of-the-art preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the efficacy of semen PBMT.

Preclinical and Clinical Applications of Photobiomodulation Therapy in Sperm Motility: A Narrative Review

About 50% of infertility problems are related to male factors and reduced sperm motility. The important factor that affects the structure and function of sperm is reactive oxygen species (ROS), and over-concentration of ROS reduces the quality and motility of sperm. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) using red to near-infrared (NIR) light is useful in oxidative stress restoration. It plays a therapeutic role in disorders such as asthenospermia, oligospermia cases, and cryopreserved sperm. It also enhances the metabolic capacity of sperm and increases the low-level and non-harmful intracellular content of Ca2+, nitric oxide (NO), and ROS in the stressed cells. Likewise, it modulates survival intracellular pathways and maintains the motility, viability, DNA, and acrosome integrity of sperm. This article reviews the state-of-the-art preclinical and clinical evidence regarding the efficacy of semen PBMT.

Sleep deprivation and NLRP3 inflammasome: Is there a causal relationship?

In the modern era, sleep deprivation (SD) is one of the most common health problems that has a profound influence on an individual's quality of life and overall health. Studies have identified the possibility that lack of sleep can stimulate inflammatory responses. NLRP3 inflammasome, a key component of the innate immune responses, initiates inflammatory responses by enhancing proinflammatory cytokine release and caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis. In this study, NLRP3 modification, its proinflammatory role, and potential targeted therapies were reviewed with regard to SD-induced outcomes. A growing body of evidence has showed the importance of the mechanistic connections between NLRP3 and the detrimental consequences of SD, but there is a need for more clinically relevant data. In animal research, (i) some animals show differential vulnerability to the effects of SD compared to humans. (ii) Additionally, the effects of sleep differ depending on the SD technique employed and the length of SD. Moreover, paying attention to the crosstalk of all the driving factors of NLRP3 inflammasome activation such as inflammatory responses, autonomic control, oxidative stress, and endothelial function is highly recommended. In conclusion, targeting NLRP3 inflammasome or its downstream pathways for therapy could be complicated due to the reciprocal and complex relationship of SD with NLRP3 inflammasome activation. However, additional research is required to support such a causal claim.

Curcumin attenuates development of depressive-like behavior in male rats after spinal cord injury: involvement of NLRP3 inflammasome

Objectives: The purpose of this study is investigating curcumin role in mood alterations in male rats after spinal cord injury through focusing on the involvement of NLRP3 inflammasome. Methods: Fourteen  adualt male Wistar rats (220–250 g) were divided to five animal groups (n = 8 per group): Control: healthy animals which  received normal saline for 14 days; spinal cord injury: spinal cord injury-induced animals which received normal saline for 14 days; spinal cord injury + curcumin (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg/ i.p): spinal cord injury-induced animals treated with 3 doses of curcumin for 14 days. To assess the mood of animals, the elevated plus maze test, forced swimming test, tail suspension test, and open field test were performed. Graph-pad prism software was used for data analysis. Statistical analysis was done by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post hoc test. P < 0.05 was statistically significant. Results: Treatment with curcumin with two doses of 40 and 80 mg/kg increased open arm time and decreased close arm time as compared to the spinal cord injury group. The administration of curcumin (40 mg/kg and 80 mg/kg) enhanced the altered behaviors. Spinal cord injury caused an increase in the protein levels NLRP3, ASC and Casp1 in the hippocampus of animals as compared to the sham group. Curcumin regulated the protein levels of NLRP3, ASC and Casp1 in the hippocampus of animals. Conclusion: Depression is prevalent in person with spinal cord injury and our findings indicated that curcumin appears to constitute a suitable agent to reduce neuroinflammation and through it, relieve a depressive-like state.

Teaching professionalism in cadaver dissection: medical students' perspective

This study was designed to facilitate freshman medical students’ adaptation to the dissection room and familiarize them with the related ethical codes. Single-group post-test design research was conducted at Tehran University of Medical Sciences in 2018 - 2019. The program began with a brief explanation of the necessity of the subject, and after a documentary film was shown, the principles of professional and ethical behaviors in the dissection room were discussed by a panel of experts. In the end, a valid and reliable evaluation questionnaire (Cronbach's alpha coefficient = 0.89) was distributed among the students. A total of 129 questionnaires were completed and returned. Overall, 94.4% of the students believed that the program provided an excellent opportunity to reflect on professional behaviors during practical anatomy sessions. In addition, 92.8% of the students believed that they would use the ethical points mentioned in the program in the future. Content analysis of the open questions produced three main categories: "motivating learning", "application of theory in practice" and "changing the attitude toward responsibility". The results indicate that adequate preparation for cadaver dissection sessions and learning about professional behavior codes in the first exposure can help medical students to better understand the principles of professional behaviors.

NMR-Based Analysis of Nanobodies to SARS-CoV-2 Nsp9 Reveals a Possible Antiviral Strategy Against COVID-19

Following the entry into the host cell, SARS-CoV-2 replication is mediated by the replication transcription complex (RTC) assembled through a number of nonstructural proteins (Nsps). A monomeric form of Nsp9 is particularly important for RTC assembly and function. In the present study, 136 unique nanobodies targeting Nsp9 are generated. Several nanobodies belonging to different B-cell lineages are expressed, purified, and characterized. Results from immunoassays applied to purified Nsp9 and neat saliva from coronavirus disease (COVID-19) patients show that these nanobodies effectively and specifically recognize both recombinant and endogenous Nsp9. Nuclear magnetic resonance analyses supported by molecular dynamics reveal a composite Nsp9 oligomerization pattern and demonstrate that both nanobodies stabilize the tetrameric form of wild-type Nsp9 also identifying the epitopes on the tetrameric assembly. These results can have important implications in the potential use of these nanobodies to combat viral replication.

Determination of the Excitatory Effects of MicroRNA-30 in the Self-Renewal and Differentiation Process of Neonatal Mouse Spermatogonial Stem Cells

Background:

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) are considered as special stem cells since they have the ability of self-renewal, differentiation, and transferring genetic information to the next generation. Also, they considered as vital players in initiating and preserving spermatogenesis. The fate decisions of SSCs are mediated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, among which microRNAs (miRNAs) are one of the most essential factors in spermatogenesis among endogenous regulators. However, the mechanisms by which individual miRNAs regulate self-renewal and differentiation of SSCs are unclear. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of miRNA-30 mimic on fate determinations of SSCs.

Materials and Methods:

The obtained SSCs from neonatal mice (3-6 days old) were purified by MACS and flow cytometry with a promyelocytic leukemia zinc-finger marker. Then, the cultured cells were transfected with miRNA- 30 mimic, and finally, the changes in expressing ID4 and c-kit proteins were assessed by western blot analysis.

Results:

According to flow cytometry findings, the percentage of SSC purity was about 98.32. The expression of ID4 protein and colonization increased significantly through the transfection of miRNA-30 mimic (P<0.05).

Conclusion:

The miRNA-30 controls spermatogonial stem cell self-renewal and differentiation, which may have significant implications for treating male infertility.

Enhancement of angiogenesis and neurogenesis by intracerebroventricular injection of secretome from human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells in ischemic stroke model

It is well accepted that the success of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) therapy against experimental stroke is mainly due to cellular paracrine manners rather than to replace lost tissue per se. Given such "bystander" effects, cell-free therapeutics manifest as a promising approach in regenerative medicine. Here we aimed at evaluating the effect of conditioned medium (CM) derived from human embryonic MSCs (hESC-MSC) on the neurological deficit, neurogenesis, and angiogenesis in experimental stroke. Adult male Wistar rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), were treated with intracerebroventricular CM either one time (1 h post MCAO) or three times (1, 24, and 48 h post MCAO). Motor performance was assessed by the cylinder test on days 3 and 7. Cerebral samples were obtained for infarct size and molecular analysis on day 7 post-injury. Neurogenesis was evaluated by probing Nestin, Ki67, DCX, and Reelin transcripts and protein levels in the striatum, cortex, subventricular zone, and corpus callosum. The mRNA and protein expression of CD31 were also assessed in the striatum and cortical region to estimate angiogenesis post MCAO. Our findings demonstrate that CM treatment could significantly ameliorate neurological deficits and infarct volume in MCAO rats. Furthermore, ischemic stroke was associated with higher levels of neurogenesis and angiogenesis markers. Following treatment with CM, these markers were further potentiated in the brain regions. This study suggests that the therapeutic benefits of CM obtained from hESC-MSCs at least partly are mediated through improved neurogenesis and angiogenesis to accelerate the recovery of cerebral ischemia insult.

Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Human Umbilical Cord Perivascular Cells Improve Functional Recovery in Brain Ischemic Rat via the Inhibition of Apoptosis

Background:

Ischemic stroke, as a health problem caused by the reduced blood supply to the brain, can lead to the neuronal death. The number of reliable therapies for stroke is limited. MSCs exhibit therapeutic achievement. A major limitation of MSC application in cell therapy is the short survival span. MSCs affect target tissues through the secretion of many paracrine agents including EVs. This study aimed to investigate the effect of HUCPVCs-derived EVs on apoptosis, functional recovery, and neuroprotection.

Methods:

Ischemia was induced by MCAO in male Wistar rats. Animals were classified into sham, MCAO, MCAO + HUCPVC, and MCAO + EV groups. Treatments began at two hours after ischemia. Expressions of apoptotic-related proteins (BAX/BCl-2 and caspase-3 and -9), the amount of TUNEL-positive cells, neuronal density (MAP2), and dead neurons (Nissl staining) were assessed on day seven post MCAO.

Results:

Administration of EVs improved the sensorimotor function (p < 0.001) and reduced the apoptotic rate of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio (p < 0.001), as well as caspases and TUNEL-positive cells (p < 0.001) in comparison to the MCAO group. EV treatment also reduced the number of dead neurons and increased the number of MAP2⁺ cells in the IBZ (p < 0.001), as compared to the MCAO group.

Conclusion:

Our findings showed that HUCPVCs-derived EVs are more effective than their mother’s cells in improving neural function, possibly via the regulation of apoptosis in the ischemic rats. The strategy of cell-free extracts is, thus, helpful in removing the predicaments surrounding cell therapy in targeting brain diseases.

Effects of illicit drugs on structural and functional impairment of testis, endocrinal disorders, and molecular alterations of the semen

Illicit drug use is growing among young people, which is one of the major problems in today's society that can be associated with many medical issues, including infertility. Amphetamines, cocaine, opioids, and marijuana are the most common and the most used illicit drugs worldwide. The purpose of this review was to collect as much literature as possible about the impact of illicit drugs on male fertility and summarize their valuable data. Original studies and reviews were collected by searching the keywords "illicit drugs (all kinds of that) and male infertility". The obtained information was also categorized based on the content of the "Infertility in the Male" book. Almost all studies suggested that taking all kinds of illicit drugs with the effects on different parts of the male reproductive system can result in subfertility or complete infertility in the consumers. Although the data in this field are not decisive and there are some confounding factors in human studies, it can be inferred that the use of any illicit drug with an effect on male sexual health reduces fertility potency. Therefore, it is recommended that couples, who are planning to conceive, avoid taking any illicit drugs before and during treatment.

The conditioned medium of human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells alleviates neurological deficits and improves synaptic recovery in experimental stroke

The transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is of main approaches in regenerative therapy for stroke. Due to the potential tumorigenicity and low survival rate of transplanted cells, focuses have been shifted from cell replacement to their paracrine effects. Therefore, stem cell-conditioned medium (CM) therapy has emerged as an alternative candidate. Here, we investigated the effect of CM derived from human embryonic MSCs on experimental ischemic stroke. Wistar rats underwent ischemic stroke by the right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). CM was infused either one time (1 hr post-MCAO) or three times (1, 24, and 48 hr post-MCAO) through guide cannula into the left lateral ventricle. Neurological functions were evaluated using Bederson's test and modified Neurological Severity Score on Days 1, 3, and 7 following MCAO. Infarction volumes and cerebral edema were measured on Days 3 and 7. growth-associated protein-43, synaptophysin, cAMP response element-binding protein, and phosphorylated-cAMP response element-binding protein levels were also assessed in peri-ischemic cortical tissue on Day 7 postsurgery. Our results indicated that three times injections of CM could significantly reduce body weight loss, mortality rate, infarct volumes, cerebral edema, and improve neurological deficits in MCAO rats. Moreover, three injections of CM could restore decreased levels of synaptic markers in MCAO rats up to its normal levels observed in the sham group. Our data suggest that using the CM obtained from embryonic stem cells-MSCs could be a potent therapeutic approach to attenuate cerebral ischemia insults which may be partly mediated through modulation of synaptic plasticity.

Flaxseed oil (Linum Usitatissimum) attenuates restraint stress-induced depressive-like behavior: Upregulation of neurotrophic factors in CA1 region of hippocampus

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to evaluate the anti-depressant effects of FS oil on the depressive-like behavior following immobility stress in mice. Methods: In this study, 32 male mice were divided into four groups: Control group; FS oil group; Model group: The immobility stress (using falcon for 20 day, 6 hours a day) + feeding with normal saline by oral gavage for another 20 days); Model+FS group: The immobility stress + feeding with 0.2 ml/kg of FS oil by oral gavage for another 20 days. At the end, all mice were evaluated with tail suspension test (TST) and sacrificed through cardiac puncture method. The brain was isolated and prepared for molecular and histopathological studies. Results: The gene expression and protein level of BGNF and GDNF were significantly increased in FS oil treated groups (P<0.05). In microscopic evaluations, the number of dead neurons significantly deceased in FS group (P<0.05). TST results showed a significant decrease in immobility time and depressive-like behaviors in FS oil treated group (P<0.05). Conclusion: FS oil feeding may be effective in treatment of depressive like disorders through its anti-oxidative and neurotrophic promoting features. Therefore, it can be used as an appropriate alternative choice in daily diet to prevent depression in clinical investigations.

Protection from Radiation-induced Damage in Rat's Ileum and Colon by Combined Regimens of Melatonin and Metformin: A Histopathological Study

Background: Radiation-induced enteritis and proctitis are common side effects of abdominopelvic cancers among patients that undergo radiotherapy for prostate, colorectal or urinary cancers. Exposure of these tissues to high doses of radiation leads to damage to villous, inflammation, pain, ulcer and bleeding, which may cause malabsorption and gastrointestinal disorders. To date, several procedures such as pharmaceutical treatment have been proposed for protection and mitigation of gastrointestinal toxicity following radiotherapy.

Aims: In the current study, we aimed to investigate the possible radioprotection of ileum and colon in rats using a combination of melatonin and metformin.

Methods: In this experimental study, 30 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to six groups: control, melatonin (100 mg/kg) treatment, melatonin (100 mg/kg) plus metformin (100 mg/kg) treatment, radiation (10 Gy to whole body) group, radiation + melatonin (100 mg/kg) treatment, and radiation + melatonin (100 mg/kg) plus metformin (100 mg/kg) treatment. After 3.5 days, rats were sacrificed and their ileum and colon tissues carefully removed. Histopathological evaluations were conducted on these tissue samples.

Results: Histological evaluations reported moderate to severe damages to ileum and colon following whole body irradiation. Melatonin administration was able to protect the ileum remarkably, while the combination of melatonin and metformin was less effective. Interestingly, for the colon, melatonin was less effective while its combination with metformin was able to protect against radiation toxicity completely.

Conclusion: For the ileum, melatonin was a more effective radioprotector compared to its combination with metformin. However, the combination of melatonin and metformin can be proposed as an ideal radioprotector for the colon.

Combination therapy of phosphatidylserine liposome with cyclosporine A improves nephrotoxicity and attenuates delayed-type hypersensitivity response

This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of phosphatidylserine liposome (PS) against oxidative stress due to cyclosporine A (CsA) and concurrent administration of PS and CsA on the attenuation of immune response. The effect of oral PS was evaluated on biochemical and oxidative renal markers and histopathology of nephrotic rats receiving CsA. The effect of co-administration of PS with CsA was also assessed on DTH (delayed-type hypersensitivity) reaction of immunized rats. The cytokines production level of IL-2 (Interleukin-2) and IFN-γ (Interferon gamma) was measured in immunized rat's splenocytes. PS treatment significantly (P < 0.05) reduced Cr and BUN of serum and MDA (malondialdehyde) in kidney tissue, and increased SOD (superoxide dismutase) and CAT (Catalase) of kidney tissue in CsA-nephrotic rats. Histopathology data indicated significantly (P < 0.05) nephrotoxicity improvement after 25-day treatment with PS. Furthermore, CsA plus PS administration significantly reduced DTH response and cytokines production of IL-2 and IFN-γ in immunized rats. In conclusion, coadministration of CsA plus PS may overcome oxidative stress and improve the performance of organ transplantation or autoimmune therapy.

The effects of maternal separation stress experienced by parents on male reproductive potential in the next generation

There is little information available about the effects of early-life parental stress on the reproductive potential of the next generation. The aim of this study is to examine the reproductive potential of male mice whose parents experienced maternal separation stress. In the present study, male first-generation offspring from parents were undergone of maternal separation (MS) were examined. Sperm characteristics, histological changes in testis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, expression of apoptotic and inflammatory genes and proteins were assessed. Findings showed that MS experienced by parents significantly decreased the morphology and viability of spermatozoa. Furthermore, significant changes in testicular tissue histology were observed. Increased production of ROS, decreased glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) concentrations, and affected the expression of genes and cytokines involved in inflammation. Finally, the mean percentage of caspase-1 and NLRP3 (NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3) positive cells was significantly higher in first-generation group. MS experienced by parents may negatively affect the reproduction of first generation offspring.

Intrathecal administration of the extracellular vesicles derived from human Wharton's jelly stem cells inhibit inflammation and attenuate the activity of inflammasome complexes after spinal cord injury in rats

Activation of inflammasome complexes during spinal cord injury (SCI) lead to conversion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) and interleukin-18 (IL-18) to their active form to initiates the neuroinflammation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) showed anti-inflammatory properties through their extracellular vehicles (EVs). We investigated immunomodulatory potential of human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells derived extracellular vesicles (hWJ-MSC-EVs) on inflammasome activity one week after SCI in rats. The gene expression and protein level of IL-1β, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and caspase1, were assessed by QPCR and western blotting. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was done to measure the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and Nestin expression. Cell death, histological evaluation and hind limb locomotion was studied by TUNEL assay, Nissl staining and Basso, Beattie, Bresnaham (BBB), respectively. Our finding represented that intrathecally administrated of hWJ-MSC-EVs significantly attenuated expression of the examined factors in both mRNA (P < 0.05 and P ≤ 0.01) and protein levels (P < 0.05 and P ≤ 0.01), decreased GFAP and increased Nestin expression (P < 0.05), reduced cell death and revealed the higher number of typical neurons in ventral horn of spinal cord. Consequently, progress in locomotion. We came to the conclusion that hWJ-MSC-EVs has the potential to control the inflammasome activity after SCI in rats. Moreover, EVs stimulated the neural progenitor cells and modulate the astrocyte activity.

Human embryonic derived neural progenitor cells improves neurological scores following brain ischemia/ reperfusion: Modulation of blood and brain tissue MicroRNA-210

Objective: In this study, we evaluated the effects of human embryonic derived neural progenitor cells on neurological score, histopathological changes, and miRNA-210 as biomarkers of regeneration. Methods: The animals were randomly divided into the four groups: Sh (sham), MCAO (middle cerebral artery occlusion), MCAO+PBS, MCAO+Cell. One day after MCAO induction, embryonic derived neural progenitor cells (hESC-NPCsGFP) or PBS were injected intracerebroventriculary in MCAO+Cell or MCAO+PBS groups. On day 1, 2, 3, and 7 after ischemia induction, the neurological score was tested in each rat. At 48h, the expression of miRNA-210 was evaluated and 7 days after, the pathological assessments were performed by H&E staining. Results: Neurological score showed the promotion of functional recovery in MCAO+Cell group. Based on H&E staining, the percentage of neural death in ischemic region reduced in MCAO+Cell group. The miRNA-210 significantly upregulated in both brain and blood samples. Conclusion: According to the findings, hESC-NPCsGFP injection could up-regulate the miRNA-210 of tissue and blood to support the neuroprotective and regenerative effect of hESC-NPCsGFP in the ischemic lesion and improved the neurological score and reduce the neural death in ischemic region.

Brachial Plexopathy as a Complication of Radiotherapy: A Systematic Review

Background:

Radiotherapy is a commonly used cancer treatment modality. However, radiation-induced complications are major drawbacks, especially at high doses. Radiation-induced brachial plexopathy (RIBP) is mostly observed in breast and lung cancer patients some months to years after radiotherapy. RIBP symptoms have negative effects on patients’ quality of life. The aim of this study was to review RIBP according to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines.

Methods:

Online databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Embase) were searched to retrieve relevant studies on brachial plexopathy as a complication of radiotherapy.

Results:

Initial search results yielded a total of 657 articles. After careful screening of their titles and abstracts, according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 31 articles were finally included in this study. Findings from these 31 papers showed that a total of 9192 cancer patients had undergone radiotherapy for different regions including chest, axillary area, thoracic outlet, neck and breast. 26.4% of these patients had RIPB (associated with symptoms such as paresthesia, pain, weakness, and/or motor dysfunction, organ pathology/dysfunction etc.) with different follow up times, where 8.2% of patients had RIPB after a mean time of 1.2 years, 15.8% after 2.6 years, 51% after 5 years, 14% after 7.8 years, and 11% after 10.5 years.

Conclusion:

From our findings, we can conclude that the issue of radiation-induced brachial plexus complication in human is of great concern. Common symptoms associated with this complication include paresthesia, numbness, pain and weakness. We recommend the use of individual dose planning and computer-assisted image segmentation techniques that support rapid and reliable contouring of the brachial plexus. Also, the radiation dose to the brachial plexus should be limited as much as possible to reduce the risk of brachial plexopathy.

Subventricular zone-derived extracellular vesicles promote functional recovery in rat model of spinal cord injury by inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome complex formation

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is the destruction of spinal cord motor and sensory resulted from an attack on the spinal cord, which can cause significant physiological damage. The inflammasome is a multiprotein oligomer resulting in inflammation; the NLRP3 inflammasome composed of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), procaspase-1, and cleavage of procaspase-1 into caspase-1 initiates the inflammatory response. Subventricular Zone (SVZ) is the origin of neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) in the adult brain. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are tiny lipid membrane bilayer vesicles secreted by different types of cells playing an important role in cell-cell communications. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of intrathecal transplantation of EVs on the NLRP3 inflammasome formation in SCI rats. Male wistar rats were divided into three groups as following: laminectotomy group, SCI group, and EVs group. EVs was isolated from SVZ, and characterized by western blot and DLS, and then injected into the SCI rats. Real-time PCR and western blot were carried out for gene expression and protein level of NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1. H&E and cresyl violet staining were performed for histological analyses, as well as BBB test for motor function. The results indicated high level in mRNA and protein level in SCI group in comparison with laminectomy (p < 0.001), and injection of EVs showed a significant reduction in the mRNA and protein levels in EVs group compared to SCI (p < 0.001). H&E and cresyl violet staining showed recovery in neural cells of spinal cord tissue in EVs group in comparison with SCI group. BBB test showed the promotion of motor function in EVs group compared to SCI in 14 days (p < 0.05). We concluded that the injection of EVs could recover the motor function in rats with SCI and rescue the neural cells of spinal cord tissue by suppressing the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex.

Cephalofacial characteristics of the Akan people in the Assin Districts in Central Region of Ghana: Anthropometric Studies

Objective: Cephalic and facial indices are very important in the classification and identification of populations. The present study aims at determining the cephalic and facial indices among the Akan ethnic group living the Assin Districts in the Central Region of Ghana. Methods: A total of 100 (50 males and 50 females) Akan volunteer adults between the age of 20 and 58 years were recruited for the study. Cephalic Length (CL), Cephalic Width (CW), Facial Width (FW) and Total Facial Height (TFH) were measured using a Spreading caliper. Cephalic Index (CI) [(CW/CL) × 100] and Facial Index (FI) or Prosopic Index (PI) [(TFH/FW) ×100] as well statistical analysis such as z-test and Pearson Correlation were performed. The p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Our results are comparable with other authors with mean (for both male and females) CI and FI of 78.6± 4.66 and 96.51 ± 12.55, respectively. There was a correlation between CW and FW as well as some other cephlaofacial parameters. There was no sexual dimorphism of both CI and FI. The predominant head type among the study populations was mesocephalic and brachycephalic while Hyperleptoprosopic was the face type. Conclusion: This study provides baseline data for the Akan people of The Assin Districts of the Central Region of Ghana, which will be valuable in cephalometric anthropometry and in forensic science. 

The effect of cryopreservation on DNA methylation patterns of the chromosome 15q11-q13 region in human spermatozoa

Human sperm cryopreservation is a common technique which is used in assisted reproductive technologies. Despite the existence of evidence supporting the production of ROS and DNA fragmentation during sperm cryopreservation, there is little and equivocal information about the cryopreservation effects on methylation of imprinted genes and imprinting control regions. In this study, we have investigated the effects of cryopreservation on DNA methylation in promoter regions of SNURF-SNRPN and UBE3A imprinted genes, PWS-ICR and AS-ICR in the chromosome 15q11-q13 region. Semen samples from 10 healthy normozoospermic men were collected and each sample was divided into four equal aliquots: fresh, cryoprotectant, cryopreservation, and H₂O₂. We measured the ROS levels and DNA fragmentation using DCFH-DA and TUNEL assay respectively by flow cytometry. DNA methylation in promoter regions of SNURF-SNRPN and UBE3A imprinted genes, PWS-ICR and AS-ICR in the chromosome 15q11-q13 region were evaluated by quantitative methylation-specific PCR technique. Intracellular levels of ROS and percentage of TUNEL-positive spermatozoa significantly increased in cryopreservation group compared to fresh group. Exposure to cryoprotectant had no significant effect on ROS levels and DNA fragmentation. Neither cryopreservation nor exposure to cryoprotectant significantly affected DNA methylation of the selected gene regions. However, DNA fragmentation had positive correlation with DNA methylation of AS-ICR. In conclusion, based on our study, clinical use of sperm cryopreservation for fertility treatments appear to be safe in regard to DNA methylation in the chromosome 15q11-q13 region.

Effects of chronic hypoxia on the expression of seladin-1/Tuj1 and the number of dark neurons of hippocampus

BACKGROUND

There are evidences showing the relation between chronic hypoxia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) as a metabolic neurodegenerative disease. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of chronic hypoxia on factors which characterized in AD to introduce a new model of AD-dementia.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

Twenty-four male rats were randomly divided in three groups: Control group (Co), Sham group (Sh), Hypoxia induction group (Hx, exposed to hypoxic chamber [oxygen 8% and nitrogen 92%] for 30 days, 4 h/day). Spatial learning and memory were analyzed using the Morris water maze task. At day 30 after hypoxia period, animals were sacrificed and serum was gathered for pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor) measurements and brains were used for molecular and histopathological investigations.

RESULTS

According to behavioral studies, a significant impairment was seen in Hx group (P < 0.05). TNF-α and IL-1β showed a significant enhanced in Hx group comparing with Co group and Sh group (P < 0.05). As well, the gene expression of seladin-1, Tuj1 and the number of seladin-1+, Tuj1+neurons significantly decreased and also the mean number of dark neurons significantly increased in CA1 and CA3 regions of hippocampus.

CONCLUSIONS

In this study, a new model of AD was developed which showed the underlying mechanisms of AD and its relations with chronic hypoxia. Hypoxia for 30 days decreased seladin-1, Tuj1 expression, increased the number of dark neurons, and also induced memory impairment. These results indicated that chronic hypoxia mediated the dementia underlying AD and AD-related pathogenesis in rat.

Mitigation of Radiation-induced Gastrointestinal System Injury using Resveratrol or Alpha-lipoic Acid: A Pilot Histopathological Study

AIM

In this study, we aimed to determine possible mitigation of radiationinduced toxicities in the duodenum, jejunum and colon using post-exposure treatment with resveratrol and alpha-lipoic acid.

BACKGROUND

After the bone marrow, gastrointestinal system toxicity is the second critical cause of death following whole-body exposure to radiation. Its side effects reduce the quality of life of patients who have undergone radiotherapy. Resveratrol has an antioxidant effect and stimulates DNA damage responses (DDRs). Alpha-lipoic acid neutralizes free radicals via the recycling of ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol.

OBJECTIVE

This study is a pilot investigation of the mitigation of enteritis using resveratrol and alpha-lipoic acid following histopathological study.

METHODS

60 male mice were randomly assigned to six groups; control, resveratrol treatment, alpha-lipoic acid treatment, whole-body irradiation, irradiation plus resveratrol, and irradiation plus alpha-lipoic acid. The mice were irradiated with a single dose of 7 Gy from a cobalt-60 gamma-ray source. Treatment with resveratrol or alpha-lipoic acid started 24 h after irradiation and continued for 4 weeks. All mice were sacrificed after 30 days for histopathological evaluation of radiation-induced toxicities in the duodenum, jejunum and colon.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Exposure to radiation caused mild to severe damages to vessels, goblet cells and villous. It also led to significant infiltration of macrophages and leukocytes, especially in the colon. Both resveratrol and alpha-lipoic acid were able to mitigate morphological changes. However, they could not mitigate vascular injury.

CONCLUSION

Resveratrol and alpha-lipoic acid could mitigate radiation-induced injuries in the small and large intestine. A comparison between these agents showed that resveratrol may be a more effective mitigator compared to alpha-lipoic acid.

Melatonin Ameliorates Radiation-induced Sciatic Nerve Injury

Background:

Radiotherapy is a treatment method for cancer mostly utilized for about 60% of cancer patients. Peripheral neuropathy is one of the severe complications of radiotherapy. Two stages of neuropathy will occur following irradiation; electrophysiological and biochemical variations as the first stage, while the second stage involves fibrosis of soft tissues surrounding the exposed nerve. This novel study aimed to investigate the radioprotective effects of melatonin against ionizing radiation-induced sciatic nerve damage.

Methods:

60 rats were randomly assigned to four groups; C (Control), M (Melatonin), R (Radiation), MR (Radiation + Melatonin). Their right legs were exposed to 30 Gy single dose gamma rays. Melatonin (100 mg/kg) was administered 30 min before irradiation and once daily (5 mg/kg) till the day of rats’ sacrifice. Their exposed nerve tissues were evaluated for biochemical changes in addition to Electromyography (EMG) and Nerve Conduction Study (NCS).

Results:

4, 12 and 20 weeks post-irradiation, EMG and NCS examinations in R group showed reduced Compound Muscle Action Potential (CMAP) representing axonal degeneration when compared with C and M groups. Prolonged latency and a decrease in Conduction Velocity (CV) gave an indication of demyelinating neuropathy at 12 and 20 weeks. EMG and NCS results of R group showed partial nerve lesion. Biochemical assessments showed that irradiation of sciatic nerve led to increased MDA level, as well as decreased CAT and SOD activities. However, in all cases, treatment with melatonin can reverse these effects.

Conclusion:

We conclude that melatonin can improve electrophysiological, oxidative stress and antioxidant defense features of irradiated rats’ sciatic nerves. We would also recommend the use of melatonin in an optimal and safe dose. It should be administered over a long period of time for effective protection of the peripheral nerve tissues, as well as improving the therapeutic ratio of radiotherapy.

Effects of neural stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles on neuronal protection and functional recovery in the rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion

Stroke imposes a long-term neurological disability with limited effective treatments available for neuronal recovery. Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) is reported to improve functional outcomes in the animal models of brain ischemia. However, the use of cell therapy is accompanied by adverse effects, so research is growing to use cell-free extracts such as extracellular vesicles (EVs) for targeting brain diseases. In the current study, male Wistar albino rats (20 months old) were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Then, EVs (30 μg) were injected at 2 hours after stroke onset via an intracerebroventricular (ICV) route. Measurements were done at day 7 post-MCAO. EVs administration reduced lesion volume and steadily improved spontaneous locomotor activity. EVs administration also reduced microgliosis (ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1)⁺ cells) and apoptotic (terminal-deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated nick end labelling [TUNEL]) positive cells and increased neuronal survival (neuronal nuclear (NeuN)⁺ cells) in the ischemic boundary zone (IBZ). However, it had no effect on neurogenesis within the sub-ventricular zone (SVZ) but decreased cellular migration toward the IBZ (doublecortin (DCX)⁺ cells). The results of this study showed neuroprotective and restorative mechanisms of NSC-EVs administration, which may offer new avenues for therapeutic intervention of brain ischemia. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY: Based on our results, EVs administration can effectively reduce microglial density and neuronal apoptosis, thereby steadily improves functional recovery after MCAO. These findings provide the beneficial effect of NSC-EVs as a new biological treatment for stroke.

Oxidative stress, inflammatory reactions and apoptosis mediated the negative effect of chronic stress induced by maternal separation on the reproductive system in male mice

Exposure to severe and long-lasting stressors during early postnatal life negatively affects development of the brain and associated biological networks. Maternal separation (MS) is a valid stressful experience in early life that adversely affects neurobiological circuits. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of MS on sperm quality and histology of the testis in adult male mice. In this study, male mice were subjected to MS during post-natal days (PND) 2-14. Sperm parameters, histological alterations in the testicular tissue, ROS production (using DCFH-DA assay), gene expression of TLR4, NLRP3, TNFα, BAX, ASC, caspase-1 and BCL-2 (using RT-PCR), protein levels of caspase-3 and caspase-8 (using western blotting), and protein levels of IL-1β, IL-18, GPx and ATP (using ELISA) as well as protein expression of caspase-1 and NLRP3 (using immunocytochemistry) were evaluated. Findings showed that MS decreased count, morphology and viability of spermatozoa. MS decreased the diameter of seminiferous tubules and decreased the thickness of seminiferous epithelium. Furthermore, MS increased the level of ROS production and decreased the concentrations of GPx and ATP. MS led to increased expression of TLR4, NlRP3, TNFα, caspase-1, ASC, IL-1β and IL-18. In addition, MS induced apoptosis as evidenced by increased BAX, caspase-3 and caspase-8 as well as decreased BCL-2 expression. We concluded that early life stress induced by MS has detrimental effects on sperm parameters and testicular tissue. Our results suggest that these effects are mediated by activation of ROS production, and alterations in mitochondrial function, inflammatory processes and apoptosis pathways.

Teratogenic effect of the aqueous extract of the Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) on fetal development in mice

Objective The present study evaluated the effect of aqueous extract of Foeniculum vulgare on fetal development in pregnant mice models. Methods A total number of 24 female BALB/c mice with a weight range of 25-30 gr divided into four groups. Each group received 0.25 ml of the aqueous extract of Foeniculum vulgare with different concentrations (2.5 mg, 12.5 mg, 25 mg) and distilled water as a control group. The aqueous extract of Foeniculum vulgare administered via oral gavage on a daily basis from day 6 to day 15 of pregnancy. On day 16, the fetuses were analyzed in terms of morphological changes, skeletal disorders, and cellular alterations. Results The result showed the dose-dependent teratogenic effect of the aqueous extract of Foeniculum vulgare. At 12.5 mg and 25 mg concentration, the teratogenic effect was more severe. Oral gavage administration of the aqueous extract of Foeniculum vulgare increased the number of dead fetuses and reduced the average weight, height, and crown-rump length. Subcutaneous hemorrhage, dorsal lesion, wrinkled skin, and considerably lower than normal fetal weight observed in gross morphological inspection at 25 mg concentration. The skeletal studies revealed fetal anomalies, reduction in ossification and reduction in the number of ribs. Internal bleeding around the liver and lungs, pulmonary fibrosis and disruption in the arrangement of hepatocytes was also observed in histological analysis. Conclusion Administration of the aqueous extract of Foeniculum vulgare results in embryotoxicity in mice models in morphological, skeletal and cellular levels. Keywords Foeniculum vulgare, Fennel, Teratogenicity, Embryotoxicity, Fetal Development, Mice

Evaluation of the Radioprotective Effects of Melatonin Against Ionizing Radiation-Induced Muscle Tissue Injury

Background:

Radiotherapy (RT) is a treatment method for cancer using ionizing radiation (IR). The interaction between IR with tissues produces free radicals that cause biological damages.As the largest organ in the human body, the skeletal muscles may be affected by detrimental effects of ionizing radiation. To eliminate these side effects, we used melatonin, a major product secreted by the pineal gland in mammals, as a radioprotective agent.

Materials and Methods:

For this study, a total of sixty male Wistar rats were used. They were allotted to 4 groups: control (C), melatonin (M), radiation (R) and melatonin + radiation (MR). Rats’ right hind legs were irradiated with 30 Gy single dose of gamma radiation, while 100 mg/kg of melatonin was given to them 30 minutes before irradiation and 5 mg/ kg once daily afternoon for 30 days. Five rats in each group were sacrificed 4, 12 and 20 weeks after irradiation for histological and biochemical examinations.

Results:

Our results showed radiation-induced biochemical, histological and electrophysiological changes in normal rats’ gastrocnemius muscle tissues. Biochemical analysis showed that malondialdehyde (MDA) levels significantly elevated in R group (P<0.001) and reduced significantly in M and MR groups after 4, 12, and 20 weeks (P<0.001), However, the activity of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase(SOD)decreased in the R group and increased in M and MR groups for the same periods of time compared with the C group (P<0.001), while melatonin administration inverted these effects( P<0.001).Histopathological examination showed significant differences between R group for different parameters compared with other groups (P<0.001). However, the administration of melatonin prevented these effects(P<0.001). Electromyography (EMG) examination showed that the compound action potential (CMAP) value in the R group was significantly reduced compared to the effects in the C and M groups after 12 and 20 weeks (P<0.001). The administration of melatonin also reversed these effects (P<0.001).

Conclusion:

Melatonin can improve biochemical, electrophysiological and morphological features of irradiated gastrocnemius muscle tissues.Our recommendation is that melatonin should be administered in optimal dose. For effective protection of muscle tissues, and increased therapeutic ratio of radiation therapy, this should be done within a long period of time.

The Radioprotective Effect of Combination of Melatonin and Metformin on Rat Duodenum Damage Induced by Ionizing Radiation: A Histological Study

BACKGROUND

Radiation toxicity is one of the major concerns for patients with gastrointestinal cancers that undergo radiotherapy. Duodenum is one of the most radiosensitive parts of gastrointestinal system that may be exposed to a high dose of radiation during radiotherapy for some cancers. The development or identification of appropriate radioprotectors with less toxicity is an interesting aim in radiobiology for clinical radiotherapy applications. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the radioprotective effect of melatonin and metformin combination in rat's duodenum. In addition, we compared our results with the radioprotective effect of melatonin, when administered alone.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Thirty male rats were divided into six groups: control, melatonin treatment, melatonin plus metformin treatment, whole-body irradiation, irradiation with melatonin treatment, and irradiation with melatonin plus metformin treatment. Irradiation was performed with 10 Gy cobalt-60 gamma rays, while 100 mg/kg of melatonin and metformin were administered 24 h before to 72 h after irradiation. After 3.5 days, their duodenum tissues were removed for histopathological evaluation.

RESULTS

Irradiation of rats led to mild-to-moderate mucositis signs, infiltration of inflammatory cells, necrosis, and damage to Brunner's glands and reduction of goblet cells. Melatonin was able to alleviate these damages, while melatonin plus metformin could reduce some radiation toxicity signs.

CONCLUSION

Administration of melatonin plus metformin could reduce mucositis in duodenum. However, the administration of melatonin is more effective for mitigation of duodenal injury compared with melatonin plus metformin.