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Rao GN, Sekar G. Stable and Reusable Pd-nanoparticles Catalyzed Synthesis of Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical 1,2-Dicarbonyl compounds. NEW J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj05538d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Highly stable and reusable Pd-nanoparticles (Pd-BNP) catalyzed oxidation of 1,2-diarylalkynes to 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds using DMSO as an oxidant has been developed. The Pd-BNP catalytic system also successfully oxidized the alkenes...
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Surendiran J, Theetchenya S, Benson Mansingh PM, Sekar G, Dhipa M, Yuvaraj N, Arulkarthick VJ, Suresh C, Sriram A, Srihari K, Alene A. Segmentation of Optic Disc and Cup Using Modified Recurrent Neural Network. Biomed Res Int 2022; 2022:6799184. [PMID: 35547359 PMCID: PMC9085314 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6799184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading factors of vision loss, where the people tends to lose their vision quickly. The examination of cup-to-disc ratio is considered essential in diagnosing glaucoma. It is hence regarded that the segmentation of optic disc and cup is useful in finding the ratio. In this paper, we develop an extraction and segmentation of optic disc and cup from an input eye image using modified recurrent neural networks (mRNN). The mRNN use the combination of recurrent neural network (RNN) with fully convolutional network (FCN) that exploits the intra- and interslice contexts. The FCN extracts the contents from an input image by constructing a feature map for the intra- and interslice contexts. This is carried out to extract the relevant information, where RNN concentrates more on interslice context. The simulation is conducted to test the efficacy of the model that integrates the contextual information for optimal segmentation of optical cup and disc. The results of simulation show that the proposed method mRNN is efficient in improving the rate of segmentation than the other deep learning models like Drive, STARE, MESSIDOR, ORIGA, and DIARETDB.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Surendiran
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, HKBK College of Engineering, India
| | - S. Theetchenya
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sona College of Technology, India
| | - P. M. Benson Mansingh
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, India
| | - G. Sekar
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, India
| | - M. Dhipa
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Erode Sengunthar Engineering College, India
| | - N. Yuvaraj
- Research and Development, ICT Academy, IIT Madras Research Park, India
| | - V. J. Arulkarthick
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Karpagam Institute Technology, Coimbatore 641105, India
| | - C. Suresh
- Department of Computer Science Engineering, Sri Ranganathar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, India
| | - Arram Sriram
- Department of Information Technology, AnuragUniversity, Hyderabad, India
| | - K. Srihari
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SNS College of Technology, India
| | - Assefa Alene
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Ethiopia
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Sivakumar S, Chandramohan Y, Kathamuthu GR, Sekar G, Kandhasamy D, Padmanaban V, Hissar S, Tripathy SP, Bethunaickan R, Dhanaraj B, Babu S, Ranganathan UD. The recent trend in mycobacterial strain diversity among extra pulmonary lymph node tuberculosis and their association with drug resistance and the host immunological response in South India. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:894. [PMID: 33243148 PMCID: PMC7690019 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tuberculosis (TB) though primarily affects the lungs it may also affect the other parts of the body and referred as extra pulmonary (EPTB). This study is focused on understanding the genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) among tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBL), a form of EPTB patients identified in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Methods The genetic diversity was identified by performing spoligotyping on the M.tb clinical isolates that were recovered from lymph node samples. A total of 71 M.tb isolates were recovered from extra pulmonary lymph node samples and subjected to Drug susceptibility testing and spoligotyping was carried out. In addition, immunological characterization from blood of same individuals from whom M.tb was isolated was carried out between the two major lineages groups East African Indian 3 (EAI3) and non-EAI3 strains by ELISA. The results of spoligotyping patterns were compared with the world Spoligotyping Database of Institute Pasteur de Guadeloupe (SpolDB4). Results We found 41 spoligotype patterns and their associated lineages. Out of 41 spoligotype pattern, only 22 patterns are available in the spoldB4 database with Spoligotype international Type (SIT) number and remaining patterns were orphan strains without SIT number. The most predominant spoligotype lineage that was found in lymph node sample in this region of India was EAI (36), followed by central Asian strain (CAS) (6), T1 (5), Beijing (3), Latin American & Mediterranean (LAM) (2), U (1), X2 (1) and orphan (22). In addition to EAI, CAS and Beijing, our study identified the presence of orphan and unique spoligotyping patterns in Chennai region. We observed six drug resistant isolates. Out of six drug resistant isolates, four were resistant to isoniazid drug and associated with EAI family. Moreover, we observed increased levels of type 2 and type 17 cytokine profiles between EAI3 and non-EAI family, infected individuals. Conclusions The study confirms that EAI lineage to be the most predominant lineages in EPTB patients with lymphadenitis and were found to have increased type 1 and type 17 proinflammatory cytokine profiles. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-020-05597-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanmugam Sivakumar
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai, 600 031, India
| | - Yuvaraj Chandramohan
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai, 600 031, India
| | - Gokul Raj Kathamuthu
- National Institute of Health -International Center for Excellence in Research - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Gomathi Sekar
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai, 600 031, India
| | - Devika Kandhasamy
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai, 600 031, India
| | - Venkatesan Padmanaban
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai, 600 031, India
| | - Syed Hissar
- Department of Clinical Health Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai, 600 031, India
| | - Srikanth P Tripathy
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai, 600 031, India
| | - Ramalingam Bethunaickan
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai, 600 031, India
| | - Baskaran Dhanaraj
- Department of Clinical Health Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai, 600 031, India
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institute of Health -International Center for Excellence in Research - National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - Uma Devi Ranganathan
- Department of Immunology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai, 600 031, India.
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Velayutham B, Jawahar MS, Nair D, Navaneethapandian P, Ponnuraja C, Chandrasekaran K, Narayan Sivaramakrishnan G, Makesh Kumar M, Paul Kumaran P, Ramesh Kumar S, Baskaran D, Bella Devaleenal D, Sirasanambati DR, Vasantha M, Palaniyandi P, Ramachandran G, Uma Devi KR, Elizabeth Hannah L, Sekar G, Radhakrishnan A, Kalaiselvi D, Dhanalakshmi A, Thiruvalluvan E, Raja Sakthivel M, Mahilmaran A, Sridhar R, Jayabal L, Rathinam P, Angamuthu P, Soorappa Ponnusamy K, Venkatesan P, Natrajan M, Prasad Tripathy S, Swaminathan S. 4‐month moxifloxacin containing regimens in the treatment of patients with sputum‐positive pulmonary tuberculosis in South India – a randomised clinical trial. Trop Med Int Health 2020; 25:483-495. [DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dina Nair
- ICMR‐ National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis Chennai India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gomathi Sekar
- ICMR‐ National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis Chennai India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Mohan Natrajan
- ICMR‐ National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis Chennai India
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Kathamuthu GR, Moideen K, Baskaran D, Sekar G, Rathinam S, Bharathi VJ, Ganeshan GR, Babu S. Tuberculous lymphadenitis is associated with altered levels of circulating angiogenic factors. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2019; 22:557-566. [PMID: 29663962 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.17.0609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angiogenic factors are important in granuloma formation and serve as biomarkers in pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). The relationship between these markers and tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBL) is not known. OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN To examine the association of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin (Ang) family molecules in TBL, we measured systemic levels of VEGF-A, C, D, R1 (VEGF-receptor 1), R2, R3, Ang-1, Ang-2 and TIE2 (tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and epidermal growth factor-like domains 2) levels in TBL, latent tuberculous infection (LTBI) and lymph node culture supernatants (VEGF-A, C and Ang-2) of the same TBL patients. RESULTS Circulating levels of VEGF-A and VEGF-C were significantly diminished, whereas VEGF-R2, R3, Ang-2 and TIE2 levels were significantly increased, in TBL. Likewise, VEGF-A, C and Ang-2 levels were significantly increased in lymph node supernatants compared with plasma in individuals with TBL. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed that VEGF-C and VEGF-R2 markers clearly distinguished TBL from LTBI. Following treatment, VEGF-C and Ang-1 levels were significantly altered. No association was observed between angiogenic factors and culture grade or lymph node size, except for VEGF-A. VEGF-A was also significantly decreased in multiple lymph nodes compared with single lymph nodes. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that altered levels of circulating angiogenic factors in TBL might reflect underlying vasculo-endothelial dysfunction. Reversal of angiogenic markers after anti-tuberculosis treatment suggests that these angiogenic markers may serve as biomarkers of disease severity or response to treatment in TBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Kathamuthu
- International Centre for Excellence in Research, National Institutes of Health, Chennai, India; National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - K Moideen
- International Centre for Excellence in Research, National Institutes of Health, Chennai, India
| | - D Baskaran
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - G Sekar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - S Rathinam
- Government Stanley Medical Hospital, Chennai, India
| | - V J Bharathi
- Government Kilpauk Medical Hospital, Chennai, India
| | | | - S Babu
- International Centre for Excellence in Research, National Institutes of Health, Chennai, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Dolla C, Padmapriyadarsini C, Pradeep Menon A, Muniyandi M, Adinarayanan S, Sekar G, Kavitha D, Tripathy SP, Swaminathan S. Tuberculosis among the homeless in Chennai city, South India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2018; 111:479-481. [PMID: 29346636 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trx081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In India from a national perspective, the incidence/prevalence of active tuberculosis (TB) among the homeless are unknown. Methods Homeless individuals, aged 15 years and above, were screened for TB by radiography and smear examination in Chennai city. Results 301 individuals were enrolled and screened for TB; 8% (24/301) had chest symptoms; 5.6% (17/301) found X-ray abnormalities. The overall prevalence of TB was 1661/100 000; prevalence of culture-positive TB was 997/100 000 and smear-positive TB was 664/100 000 population. Conclusion There is a need to address TB control among homeless populations. The current pilot study showed that the prevalence of TB was disproportionately high and there is a need for a larger study with an adequately powered sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrakumar Dolla
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai
| | - C Padmapriyadarsini
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai
| | - A Pradeep Menon
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai
| | - M Muniyandi
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai
| | | | - Gomathi Sekar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai
| | - D Kavitha
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai
| | | | - Soumya Swaminathan
- Secretary, Department of Health Research & Director General, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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Gupta A, Pal SK, Pandey D, Fakir NA, Rathod S, Sinha D, SivaKumar S, Sinha P, Periera M, Balgam S, Sekar G, UmaDevi KR, Anupurba S, Nema V. PknB remains an essential and a conserved target for drug development in susceptible and MDR strains of M. Tuberculosis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2017; 16:56. [PMID: 28821299 PMCID: PMC5562987 DOI: 10.1186/s12941-017-0234-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) protein kinase B (PknB) which is now proved to be essential for the growth and survival of M.tb, is a transmembrane protein with a potential to be a good drug target. However it is not known if this target remains conserved in otherwise resistant isolates from clinical origin. The present study describes the conservation analysis of sequences covering the inhibitor binding domain of PknB to assess if it remains conserved in susceptible and resistant clinical strains of mycobacteria picked from three different geographical areas of India. Methods A total of 116 isolates from North, South and West India were used in the study with a variable profile of their susceptibilities towards streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and ofloxacin. Isolates were also spoligotyped in order to find if the conservation pattern of pknB gene remain consistent or differ with different spoligotypes. The impact of variation as found in the study was analyzed using Molecular dynamics simulations. Results The sequencing results with 115/116 isolates revealed the conserved nature of pknB sequences irrespective of their susceptibility status and spoligotypes. The only variation found was in one strains wherein pnkB sequence had G to A mutation at 664 position translating into a change of amino acid, Valine to Isoleucine. After analyzing the impact of this sequence variation using Molecular dynamics simulations, it was observed that the variation is causing no significant change in protein structure or the inhibitor binding. Conclusions Hence, the study endorses that PknB is an ideal target for drug development and there is no pre-existing or induced resistance with respect to the sequences involved in inhibitor binding. Also if the mutation that we are reporting for the first time is found again in subsequent work, it should be checked with phenotypic profile before drawing the conclusion that it would affect the activity in any way. Bioinformatics analysis in our study says that it has no significant effect on the binding and hence the activity of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamika Gupta
- Department of Molecular Biology, National AIDS Research Institute, 73 G MIDC, Bhosari, Pune, 411 026, India
| | - Sudhir K Pal
- Department of Molecular Biology, National AIDS Research Institute, 73 G MIDC, Bhosari, Pune, 411 026, India
| | - Divya Pandey
- Department of Molecular Biology, National AIDS Research Institute, 73 G MIDC, Bhosari, Pune, 411 026, India
| | - Najneen A Fakir
- Department of Molecular Biology, National AIDS Research Institute, 73 G MIDC, Bhosari, Pune, 411 026, India
| | - Sunita Rathod
- Department of Molecular Biology, National AIDS Research Institute, 73 G MIDC, Bhosari, Pune, 411 026, India
| | - Dhiraj Sinha
- Department of Bioinformatics, IIDS, Nehru Science Center, University of Allahabad, Allahabad, 211002, India
| | - S SivaKumar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, No.1, Mayor Sathiyamoorthy Road, Chetpet, Chennai, 600 031, India
| | - Pallavi Sinha
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
| | - Mycal Periera
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Pathology, National AIDS Research Institute, 73 G MIDC Bhosari, Pune, 411026, India
| | - Shilpa Balgam
- Intermediate Reference Laboratory State TB Training and Demonstration Centre (STDC) Pune, Pune, 411027, India
| | - Gomathi Sekar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, No.1, Mayor Sathiyamoorthy Road, Chetpet, Chennai, 600 031, India
| | - K R UmaDevi
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, No.1, Mayor Sathiyamoorthy Road, Chetpet, Chennai, 600 031, India
| | - Shampa Anupurba
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
| | - Vijay Nema
- Department of Molecular Biology, National AIDS Research Institute, 73 G MIDC, Bhosari, Pune, 411 026, India.
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Balaji S, Kumar V, Seenivasan P, Radhakrishnan R, Sekar G, Kannan T, Chandrasekaran V, Swaminathan S, Selvakumar N. Adequacy of examining one sputum specimen in tuberculosis drug resistance surveys. Int J Mycobacteriol 2016; 5:265-268. [PMID: 27847007 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmyco.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND Collection of one spot and one morning sputum specimen is recommended for tuberculosis (TB) drug resistance surveys. This was a retrospective analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis cultures isolated from two spot sputum specimens collected from smear positive TB patients in a TB drug resistance survey. It was conducted to understand the value of a second specimen. METHODS A TB drug resistance survey was conducted in the state of Tamil Nadu, India, to estimate the prevalence of drug resistance among new sputum smear-positive (NSP) and previously treated (PT) patients diagnosed in Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program microscopy centers. A total of 2425 patients (1524 NSP and 901 PT cases) were enrolled in the study. From these patients, two spot sputum specimens (C and D) were collected within a period of 2h. No preservative was added to sputum. The samples were transported at ambient conditions without cold storage to the central laboratory for culture of M. tuberculosis. Culture yield from each sample was computed and analyzed. RESULTS The proportion of cultures retrieved from C and D specimens among NSP cases (89.3% and 89.7%) and PT cases (90.8% and 90.3%) were similar. The culture grades of C and D samples were comparable (chi-square test, 3560.135; p<.001) and the agreement was moderate (kappa test, 0.454). CONCLUSION The findings of the study reveal the adequacy of single spot sputum specimen from smear positive pulmonary TB patients for bacteriological examination in a quality-assured TB laboratory to determine precisely the level of drug resistance in a province of India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanyam Balaji
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai - 600 031, India
| | - Vanaja Kumar
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai - 600 031, India
| | - Prabu Seenivasan
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai - 600 031, India
| | - R Radhakrishnan
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai - 600 031, India
| | - Gomathi Sekar
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai - 600 031, India
| | - Thiruvengadam Kannan
- Department of Statistics, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai - 600 031, India
| | - Vedhachalam Chandrasekaran
- Department of Statistics, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai - 600 031, India
| | - Soumya Swaminathan
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai - 600 031, India
| | - Nagamiah Selvakumar
- Department of Bacteriology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai - 600 031, India.
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Dusthackeer A, Sekar G, Chidambaram S, Kumar V, Mehta P, Swaminathan S. Drug resistance among extrapulmonary TB patients: Six years experience from a supranational reference laboratory. Indian J Med Res 2016; 142:568-74. [PMID: 26658592 PMCID: PMC4743344 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.171284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: There is limited information available about the drug resistance patterns in extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), especially from high burden countries. This may be due to difficulty in obtaining extrapulmonary specimens and limited facilities for drug susceptibility testing. This study was undertaken to review and report the first and second-line anti-TB drug susceptibility patterns in extrapulmonary specimens received at the National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (NIRT), Chennai, India, between 2005 and 2012. Methods: Extrapulmonary specimens received from referring hospitals were decontaminated and cultured using standard procedures. Drug susceptibility testing (DST) for Mycobacterium tuberculosis was done by absolute concentration or resistance ratio methods for the first and the second line anti-TB drugs. Results: Between 2005 and 2012, of the 1295 extrapulmonary specimens, 189 grew M. tuberculosis, 37 (19%) cases were multidrug resistant (MDR) while one was extensively drug resistant (XDR). Specimen-wise MDR prevalence was found to be: CSF-10 per cent, urine-6 per cent, fluids and aspirates-27 per cent, pus-23 per cent, lymph nodes-19 per cent. Resistance to isoniazid and ethionamide was found to be high (31 and 38%, respectively). Interpretation & conclusions: Drug resistance including MDR-TB was observed in a significant proportion of extrapulmonary specimens referred for DST. Access to culture and DST for extrapulmonary specimens should be expanded. Guidelines for MDR-TB management should have explicit sections on extra-pulmonary tuberculosis and training on laboratory techniques is urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Soumya Swaminathan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai; Director-General, Indian Council of Medical Research & Secretary, Department of Health Research, New Delhi 110 029, India
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Dhanaraj B, Papanna MK, Adinarayanan S, Vedachalam C, Sundaram V, Shanmugam S, Sekar G, Menon PA, Wares F, Swaminathan S. Prevalence and risk factors for adult pulmonary tuberculosis in a metropolitan city of South India. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124260. [PMID: 25905900 PMCID: PMC4408069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The present study measured the community prevalence and risk factors of adult pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in Chennai city, and also studied geographical distribution and the presence of different M. tuberculosis strains in the survey area. Methods A community-based cross sectional survey was carried out from July 2010 to October 2012 in Chennai city. Prevalence of bacteriologically positive PTB was estimated by direct standardization method. Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to identify significant risk factors. Drug susceptibility testing and spoligotyping was performed on isolated M. tuberculosis strains. Mapping of PTB cases was done using geographic positioning systems. Results Of 59,957 eligible people, 55,617 were screened by X-ray and /or TB symptoms and the prevalence of smear, culture, and bacteriologically positive PTB was estimated to be 228 (95% CI 189–265), 259 (95% CI 217–299) and 349 (95% CI 330–428) per 100,000 population, respectively. Prevalence of smear, culture, and bacteriologically positive PTB was highest amongst men aged 55–64 years. Multivariate analysis showed that occurrence of both culture and bacteriologically positive PTB disease was significantly associated with: age >35 years, past history of TB treatment, BMI <18.5 Kgs/m2, solid cooking fuel, and being a male currently consuming alcohol. The most frequent spoligotype family was East African Indian. Spatial distribution showed that a high proportion of patients were clustered in the densely populated north eastern part of the city. Conclusion Our findings demonstrate that TB is a major public health problem in this urban area of south India, and support the use of intensified case finding in high risk groups. Undernutrition, slum dwelling, indoor air pollution and alcohol intake are modifiable risk factors for TB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gomathi Sekar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | | | - Fraser Wares
- Global TB Programme, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Soumya Swaminathan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
- * E-mail:
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Selvakumar N, Kumar V, Balaji S, Prabuseenivasan S, Radhakrishnan R, Sekar G, Chandrasekaran V, Kannan T, Thomas A, Arunagiri S, Dewan P, Swaminathan S. High rates of ofloxacin resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis among both new and previously treated patients in Tamil Nadu, South India. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117421. [PMID: 25738956 PMCID: PMC4349813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodic drug resistance surveillance provides useful information on trends of drug resistance and effectiveness of tuberculosis (TB) control measures. The present study determines the prevalence of drug resistance among new sputum smear positive (NSP) and previously treated (PT) pulmonary TB patients, diagnosed at public sector designated microscopy centers (DMCs) in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. In this single-stage cluster-sampling prevalence survey, 70 of 700 DMCs were randomly selected using a probability-proportional to size method. A cluster size of 24 for NSP and a varying size of 0 to 99 for PT cases were fixed for each selected DMC. Culture and drug susceptibility testing was done on Lowenstein-Jensen medium using the economic variant of proportion sensitivity test for isoniazid (INH), rifampicin (RMP), ofloxacin (OFX) and kanamycin (KAN). Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) status was collected from patient records. From June 2011 to August 2012, 1524 NSP and 901 PT patients were enrolled. Any RMP resistance and any INH resistance were observed in 2.6% and 15.1%, and in 10.4% and 30% respectively in NSP and PT cases. Among PT patients, multi drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) was highest in the treatment failure (35%) group, followed by relapse (13%) and treatment after default (10%) groups. Extensively drug resistant TB (XDRTB) was seen in 4.3% of MDR-TB cases. Any OFX resistance was seen in 10.4% of NSP, 13.9% of PT and 29% of PT MDR-TB patients. The HIV status of the patient had no impact on drug resistance levels. RMP resistance was present in 2.6% of new and 15.1% of previously treated patients in Tamil Nadu. Rates of OFX resistance were high among NSP and PT patients, especially among those with MDR-TB, a matter of concern for development of new treatment regimens for TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Selvakumar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Vanaja Kumar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - S. Balaji
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - S. Prabuseenivasan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - R. Radhakrishnan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Gomathi Sekar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - V. Chandrasekaran
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - T. Kannan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - Aleyamma Thomas
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
| | - S. Arunagiri
- State TB Cell, Government of Tamil Nadu, Chennai, India
| | | | - Soumya Swaminathan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chennai, India
- * E-mail:
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Kumar RS, Kumar AMV, Claassens M, Banurekha VV, Sekar G, Venkatesan P, Swaminathan S. Are we justified in treating for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis based on positive follow-up smear results? Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2014; 18:449-53. [PMID: 24670701 DOI: 10.5588/ijtld.13.0429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
SETTING National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, India. OBJECTIVE To assess, among new culture-confirmed smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients, the proportion of follow-up smear-positives that were culture-negative (S+C-) by month of follow-up examination, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status, pre-treatment drug susceptibility status and smear grading. DESIGN We extracted follow-up smear (fluorescence microscopy) and culture (Löwenstein-Jensen) results of patients enrolled in clinical trials from January 2000 to August 2012 and treated with the WHO Category I regimen (2EHRZ3/4HR3). RESULTS Of 520 patients, including 176 who were HIV-infected, respectively 199, 81, 47 and 43 were smear-positive at months 2, 4, 5 and 6; of these, respectively 138 (69%), 62 (75%), 32 (68%) and 27 (63%) were culture-negative. The S+C- phenomenon was more pronounced among '1+ positive' patients than in 2+ or 3+ positive patients and in 'pan-susceptible' patients than in those with any resistance, and did not vary by HIV status. CONCLUSION Nearly two thirds of patients with follow-up smears positive at months 5 and 6 were culture-negative. Starting multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) treatment empirically based on smear results, even in resource-limited settings, is incorrect and can have hazardous consequences. There is an urgent need to revisit the WHO recommendation concerning empirical MDR-TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Kumar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - A M V Kumar
- International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, South-East Asia Regional Office, New Delhi, India
| | - M Claassens
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - V V Banurekha
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - G Sekar
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - P Venkatesan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
| | - S Swaminathan
- National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, India
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Ganapathi Subramanian AM, Ayyappan G, Sekar G. M/M/1 Retrial queueing system with negative arrival under non-preemptive priority service. Mal J Fund Appl Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.11113/mjfas.v5n2.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Consider a single server retrial queueing system with negative arrival under non-pre-emptive priority service in which three types of customers arrive in a poisson process with arrival rate λ1 for low priority customers and λ2 for high priority customers and λ3 for negative arrival. Low and high priority customers are identified as primary calls. The service times follow an exponential distribution with parameters μ1 and μ2 for low and high priority customers. The retrial and negative arrivals are introduced for low priority customers only. Gelenbe (1991) has introduced a new class of queueing processes in which customers are either positive or negative. Positive means a regular customer who is treated in the usual way by a server. Negative customers have the effect of deleting some customer in the queue. In the simplest version, a negative arrival removes an ordinary positive customer or a random batch of positive customers according to some strategy. It is noted that the existence of a flow of negative arrivals provides a control mechanismto control excessive congestion at the retrial group and also assume that the negative customers only act when the server is busy. Let K be the maximumnumber of waiting spaces for high priority customers in front of the service station. The high priorities customers will be governed by the Non-preemptive priority service. The access from the orbit to the service facility is governed by the classical retrial policy. This model is solved by using Matrix geometric Technique. Numerical study have been done for Analysis of Mean number of low priority customers in the orbit (MNCO), Mean number of high priority customers in the queue(MPQL),Truncation level (OCUT),Probability of server free and Probabilities of server busy with low and high priority customers for various values of λ1 , λ2 , λ3 , μ1 , μ2 ,σ and k in elaborate manner and also various particular cases of this model have been discussed.
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Karthikeyan I, Alamsetti SK, Sekar G. Isolation and Characterization of a Trinuclear Cobalt Complex Containing Trigonal-Prismatic Cobalt in Secondary Alcohol Aerobic Oxidation. Organometallics 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/om500003d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Karthikeyan
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - S. K. Alamsetti
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G. Sekar
- Department
of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, Tamil Nadu, India
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Prasad DJC, Sekar G. Cu-catalyzed in situ generation of thiol using xanthate as a thiol surrogate for the one-pot synthesis of benzothiazoles and benzothiophenes. Org Biomol Chem 2013; 11:1659-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob26915a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Subramanyam B, Dusthackeer A, Rehman F, Sekar G, Sivaramakrishnan GN, Kumar V. An alternative sputum processing method using chitin for the isolation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Naidu AB, Sekar G. An efficient intermolecular BINAM–copper(I) catalyzed Ullmann-type coupling of aryl iodides/bromides with aliphatic alcohols. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Mannam S, Sekar G. CuCl catalyzed selective oxidation of primary alcohols to carboxylic acids with tert-butyl hydroperoxide at room temperature. Tetrahedron Lett 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2008.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Mannam S, Alamsetti SK, Sekar G. Aerobic, Chemoselective Oxidation of Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds Catalyzed by a DABCO-Copper Complex under Mild Conditions. Adv Synth Catal 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.200700213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Jaseer EA, Naidu AB, Kumar SS, Rao RK, Thakur KG, Sekar G. Highly stereoselective chlorination of β-substituted cyclic alcohols using PPh3–NCS: factors that control the stereoselectivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2007:867-9. [PMID: 17308658 DOI: 10.1039/b614512d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A variety of trans-beta-substituted cyclic alcohols were stereoselectively chlorinated to either the corresponding cis-chloride or trans-chloride (inversion or retention of configuration) with good to excellent yields; the stereochemical outcome is determined by the size of the ring and the nature of the beta-substituents, especially the electronegativity of the substituted atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Jaseer
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 036, India
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Kumar V, Balaji S, Gomathi NS, Venkatesan P, Sekar G, Jayasankar K, Narayanan PR. Phage cocktail to control the exponential growth of normal flora in processed sputum specimens grown overnight in liquid medium for rapid TB diagnosis. J Microbiol Methods 2006; 68:536-42. [PMID: 17173989 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2006.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2006] [Revised: 10/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The mechanical pressure exerted during centrifugation and the chemical pressure experienced when sputum specimens are processed, leave the tubercle bacilli in the sputum unsuitable for rapid detection especially in phage based assays. Thus, growing Mycobacterium tuberculosis in broth, at least overnight, is mandatory for allowing the tubercle bacilli to recoup. During this time the surviving colonizing flora grow faster and overgrow tubercle bacilli interfering with TB diagnosis. In the present study normal flora surviving the action of 4% NaOH was isolated and characterized. Phages capable of killing 14 different species representing this normal flora were isolated from soil and sewage samples and characterized. A novel and bio-friendly approach to treat sputum samples with a cocktail of three phages capable of killing most of the 14 representative organisms and not infecting mycobacteria is explored to control the overgrowth of colonizing bacteria in broth culture. While 26 of the 100 sputum samples processed by modified Petroff's procedure showed growth of colonizing flora on blood agar, all of them when grown in broth overnight showed mixed, confluent growth. The addition of phagebiotics controlled them all, showing a significant reduction in colony forming units but resulting in few discrete colonies in 54 samples. Isolation of phages capable of controlling these surviving organisms and including them in the phagebiotics mixture should lead to the control of colonizing bacteria effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanaja Kumar
- Tuberculosis Research Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, Mayor V.R. Ramanathan Road, Chetput, Chennai, 600 031, India.
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Kabilan L, Balasubramanian S, Keshava SM, Thenmozhi V, Sekar G, Tewari SC, Arunachalam N, Rajendran R, Satyanarayana K. Dengue disease spectrum among infants in the 2001 dengue epidemic in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:3919-21. [PMID: 12904418 PMCID: PMC179846 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.8.3919-3921.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An investigation in a referral pediatric hospital has indicated that during a recent dengue outbreak in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, dengue in infancy constituted 20% of total dengue virus infections with low mortality rates in this hospital. In developing countries, strengthening of dengue management capabilities at hospitals can prevent dengue-related deaths in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kabilan
- Centre for Research in Medical Entomology (Indian Council of Medical Research), Chinna Chokkikulam, Madurai 625 002, Chennai 600 034, India.
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Sekar G, Nishiyama H. Nonenzymatic kinetic resolution of secondary alcohols: enantioselective s(N)2 displacement of hydroxy groups by halogens in the presence of chiral BINAP. J Am Chem Soc 2001; 123:3603-4. [PMID: 11472136 DOI: 10.1021/ja010029i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Chandrasekhar M, Sekar G, Singh VK. An efficient method for opening nonactivated aziridines with TMS azide: application in the synthesis of chiral 1,2-diaminocyclohexane. Tetrahedron Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4039(00)01793-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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