Nasal continuous positive pressure versus simple face mask oxygenation for adult obese and obstructive sleep apnea patients undergoing colonoscopy under propofol-based general anesthesia without tracheal intubation: A randomized controlled trial

STUDY OBJECTIVE

To determine if a nasal positive airway pressure (nasal CPAP) mask would decrease the number of hypoxemic events in obese and obstructive sleep apnea patients undergoing colonoscopy.

DESIGN

Single-center prospective randomized controlled trial.

SETTING

Tertiary academic center.

PATIENTS

We enrolled 109 patients with diagnosis of obesity and/or obstructive sleep apnea scheduled to undergo colonoscopy under propofol general anesthesia without planned tracheal intubation.

INTERVENTION

Patients were randomly allocated (1:1 ratio) to receive supplementary oxygen at a flow of 10 L/min, either through a nasal CPAP or a simple facemask.

MEASUREMENTS

The primary endpoint was the difference in the mean percentage of time spent with oxygen saturation below 90% between the two groups. Secondary outcomes included the need for airway maneuvers/interventions, average SpO2 during the case, duration and severity of oxygen desaturation, incidence and duration of procedural interruptions, and satisfaction and tolerance scores.

MAIN RESULTS

54 were allocated to the simple face mask and 55 to the nasal CPAP mask arms, respectively. A total of 6 patients experienced a hypoxemic event. Among these patients, the difference in the percentage of time spent with oxygen saturation below 90% was not clinically relevant (p = 1.0). However, patients in the nasal CPAP group required less chin lift (20% vs. 42.6%; p = 0.01) and oral cannula insertion (12.7% vs.29.6%; p = 0.03). The percentage of patients with at least one airway maneuver was higher in the simple face mask arm (68.5% vs. 41.8%; p = 0.005). Patient tolerance to device score was lower in the nasal CPAP group (8.85 vs. 9.56; p = 0.003).

CONCLUSIONS

A nasal CPAP did not prevent hypoxemia and should not be used routinely for colonoscopy in obese or OSA patients if a simple face mask is an alternative therapy. However, potential advantages of its use include fewer airway maneuvers or interventions, which may be desirable in certain clinical settings.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Clinicaltrials.gov, identifier: NCT05175573.

A phase II randomized double blinded trial evaluating the efficacy of curcumin with pre-operative chemoradiation for rectal cancer

Background

In vivo studies demonstrate that curcumin increases radioresponse of colorectal cancers. To demonstrate efficacy in humans, we performed a randomized double-blind study of locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC) patients receiving pre-operative chemoradiation therapy (CRT) ± curcumin. We used pathologic complete response (pCR) rate as a surrogate for clinical outcome.

Methods

From 2008-2010, LARC patients were randomized to placebo/curcumin in a 1:2 ratio. Patients received CRT [50.4 gray in 28 fractions; capecitabine (825 mg/m² twice daily)] followed by surgery. Curcumin (4 grams orally, twice daily) or placebo was given throughout CRT and 6 weeks afterward. Toxicity was monitored weekly. Blood samples taken pre- and 1-hour post-ingestion and tissue biopsies (both collected at CRT week 2) were analyzed for pharmacokinetics. The primary outcome was surgical pCR rate.

Results

Of 22 enrolled patients, 15 received curcumin. Median age was 61 years and the majority were male (n=13; 59%). The median serum curcumin concentrations before (3.04 ng/mL; range, 1.24-18.88 ng/mL) and 1 hour after (3.32 ng/mL; range, 0.84-5.36 ng/mL) curcumin intake did not differ significantly (P=0.33). Serum curcumin concentrations both increased and decreased 1-hour post-administration (range as percentage of baseline: 8.8-258.1%). Twelve curcumin patient tissue biopsies had median curcumin concentration of 33.7 ng/mg tissue (range, 0.1-4,765.7 ng/mg). Two placebo and 1 curcumin patient achieved pCRs (P=0.18). One grade 3 toxicity (infection) was experienced.

Conclusions

The addition of curcumin to CRT did not increase pCR rates for LARC patients. The unpredictable bioavailability of curcumin contributes to continued uncertainties regarding curcumin efficacy.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00745134.

Endoscopy for the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal bleeding caused by malignancy

BACKGROUND AND AIM

The diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding secondary to malignancy can be challenging. Endoscopy is the gold standard to diagnose and treat gastrointestinal bleeding but clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with malignancy-related bleeding are not well understood. This study aims to look at clinical characteristics, endoscopic findings, safety and clinical outcomes of endoscopic interventions for GI malignancy-related bleeding.

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed outcomes of patients with confirmed GI malignancies who underwent endoscopy for GI bleeding at MD Anderson Cancer Center between 2010 and 2019. Cox hazard analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with survival.

RESULTS

A total of 313 patients were included, with median age of 59 years; 74.8% were male. The stomach (30.0%) was the most common tumor location. Active bleeding was evident endoscopically in 47.3% of patients. Most patients (77.3%) did not receive endoscopic treatment. Of the patients who received endoscopic treatment, 57.7% had hemostasis. No endoscopy-related adverse events were recorded. Endoscopic treatment was associated with hemostasis (P < 0.001), but not decreased recurrent bleeding or mortality. Absence of active bleeding on endoscopy, stable hemodynamic status at presentation, lower cancer stage, and surgical intervention were associated with improved survival.

CONCLUSIONS

This study indicates that endoscopy is a safe diagnostic tool in this patient population; while endoscopic treatments may help achieve hemostasis, it may not decrease the risk of recurrent bleeding or improve survival.

Evaluation of Serum Mammaglobin as an Alternative Biomarker in the Diagnosis of Breast Tumors

Introduction Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in India and accounts for 14% of all cancers in women. Rise in mortality is due to lack of awareness and proper screening. Mammography and presently available serum biomarkers have low sensitivity and specificity. In our quest to identify a better biomarker, we studied mammaglobin (MAM) in patients with breast cancer and benign breast tumors.

Aim To evaluate serum mammaglobin in breast cancer patients and compare it with benign breast tumor patients and healthy controls. To compare it with existing biomarkers serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and cancer antigen 15–3 (CA 15–3). Materials and methods: This is a cross-sectional, case–control study of 77 subjects, of which 27 were breast cancer patients, 20 benign breast tumor patients, and 30 healthy controls. Serum CEA and CA15–3 were estimated by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) and mammaglobin (MAM) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Results Mammaglobin and CEA levels were elevated in breast cancer patients, followed by benign breast tumors when compared with controls (P < 0.000001). Mammaglobin showed 81.5% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value (PPV), and 88.9% negative predictive value (NPV). CEA showed 88.9% sensitivity, 82.5% specificity, 77.4% PPV, and 91.7% NPV. The area under the curve was the highest for MAM (0.892), followed by CEA (0.889) and CA 15–3 (0.555). CA15–3 showed poor diagnostic efficacy. Combined receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the biomarkers MAM and CEA had an AUC of 0.913.

Conclusion Mammaglobin proved to be an efficacious biomarker in diagnosing breast cancer.

Meet EBE: The Development of an Evidence-Based Endoscopy Simulator

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

In the digital era of evidence-based medicine, there is a paucity of video endoscopy teaching platforms that use evidence-based medicine principles, or that allow for cognitive simulation of endoscopic management strategies. We created a guideline-based teaching platform for fellows that incorporates these features, and tested it.

METHODS

A pilot video module with embedded questions was drafted, and after incorporation of feedback from several attending gastroenterologists, an additional 2 modules were created. The embedded questions were designed to simulate cognitive management decisions as if the viewer were doing the endoscopy procedure in the video. A narrator explained the evidence behind the task being performed, and its certainty based on endoscopic guidelines. Quizzes and surveys were developed and administered to a sample of attendings and fellows who completed the video modules to test efficacy, usability, and likeability.

RESULTS

Three video modules, named evidence-based endoscopy (EBE), incorporating low fidelity simulation, and utilizing evidence-based medicine principles, were created. Eight fellows and 10 attendings completed the video modules and all quizzes and surveys. Mean test scores improved from before to after completing the video modules (56% to 92%; mean difference = -35%; 95% confidence interval, 27%-47%). Surveys indicated that the product was viewed favorably by participants, and that there is a strong desire for this type of educational product.

CONCLUSIONS

The EBE simulator is a unique, desirable, and effective educational platform based on evidence-based medicine principles that fills a gap in available tools for endoscopy education. Further studies are needed to assess whether EBE can aid in long-term knowledge retention and increase adherence to guideline recommendations.

The Role of Clips in Preventing Delayed Bleeding After Colorectal Polyp Resection: An Individual Patient Data Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Nonpedunculated colorectal polyps are normally endoscopically removed to prevent neoplastic progression. Delayed bleeding is the most common major adverse event. Clipping the resection defect has been suggested to reduce delayed bleedings. Our aim was to determine if prophylactic clipping reduces delayed bleedings and to analyze the contribution of polyp characteristics, extent of defect closure, and antithrombotic use.

METHODS

An individual patient data meta-analysis was performed. Studies on prophylactic clipping in nonpedunculated colorectal polyps were selected from PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane database (last selection, April 2020). Authors were invited to share original study data. The primary outcome was delayed bleeding ≤30 days. Multivariable mixed models were used to determine the efficacy of prophylactic clipping in various subgroups adjusted for confounders.

RESULTS

Data of 5380 patients with 8948 resected polyps were included from 3 randomized controlled trials, 2 prospective, and 8 retrospective studies. Prophylactic clipping reduced delayed bleeding in proximal polyps ≥20 mm (odds ratio [OR], 0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.44-0.88; number needed to treat = 32), especially with antithrombotics (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.35-0.99; number needed to treat = 23; subgroup of anticoagulants/double platelet inhibitors: n = 226; OR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.16-1.01; number needed to treat = 12). Prophylactic clipping did not benefit distal polyps ≥20 mm with antithrombotics (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 0.79-2.52).

CONCLUSIONS

Prophylactic clipping reduces delayed bleeding after resection of nonpedunculated, proximal colorectal polyps ≥20 mm, especially in patients using antithrombotics. No benefit was found for distal polyps. Based on this study, patients can be identified who may benefit from prophylactic clipping. (PROSPERO registration number CRD42020104317.).

What gastroenterologists should know about SARS-CoV 2 vaccine: World Endoscopy Organization perspective

BACKGROUND

The novel Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has caused almost 2 million deaths worldwide. Both Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency have recently approved the first COVID-19 vaccines, and a few more are going to be approved soon.

METHODS

Several different approaches have been used to stimulate the immune system in mounting a humoral response. As more traditional approaches are under investigation (inactivated virus vaccines, protein subunit vaccines, recombinant virus vaccines), more recent and innovative strategies have been tried (non-replicating viral vector vaccines, RNA based vaccines, DNA based vaccines).

RESULTS

Since vaccinations campaigns started in December 2020 in both the US and Europe, gastroenterologists will be one of the main sources of information regarding SARS-CoV 2 vaccination for patients in their practice, including vulnerable patients such as those with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), patients with chronic liver disease, and GI cancer patients.

CONCLUSIONS

Thus, we must ourselves be well educated and updated in order to provide unambiguous counseling to these categories of vulnerable patients. In this commentary, we aim to provide a comprehensive review of both approved COVID-19 vaccines and the ones still under development, and explore potential risks, benefits and prioritization of vaccination.

Education, training, and knowledge of infection control among endoscopy technicians and nurses

Our survey of 88 endoscopy technicians and nurses to determine their experience, training, and knowledge of infection control found that few personnel (<15%) received formal training in endoscope reprocessing or infection prevention before or after joining an endoscopy unit. While self-reported confidence in endoscope reprocessing was high (9 out of 10), knowledge of best practices in this regard lagged (average assessment score of 62%).

Recovery of endoscopy services in the era of COVID-19: recommendations from an international Delphi consensus

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on provision of endoscopy services globally as staff and real estate were repurposed. As we begin to recover from the pandemic, a cohesive international approach is needed, and guidance on how to resume endoscopy services safely to avoid unintended harm from diagnostic delays. The aim of these guidelines is to provide consensus recommendations that clinicians can use to facilitate the swift and safe resumption of endoscopy services. An evidence-based literature review was carried out on the various strategies used globally to manage endoscopy during the COVID-19 pandemic and control infection. A modified Delphi process involving international endoscopy experts was used to agree on the consensus statements. A threshold of 80% agreement was used to establish consensus for each statement. 27 of 30 statements achieved consensus after two rounds of voting by 34 experts. The statements were categorised as pre-endoscopy, during endoscopy and postendoscopy addressing relevant areas of practice, such as screening, personal protective equipment, appropriate environments for endoscopy and infection control precautions, particularly in areas of high disease prevalence. Recommendations for testing of patients and for healthcare workers, appropriate locations of donning and doffing areas and social distancing measures before endoscopy are unique and not dealt with by any other guidelines. This international consensus using a modified Delphi method to produce a series of best practice recommendations to aid the safe resumption of endoscopy services globally in the era of COVID-19.

Efficacy of uncovered colonic stents for extrinsic versus intrinsic malignant large bowel obstruction

BACKGROUND

Previous studies evaluating self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) for management of malignant extrinsic colon obstruction have yielded conflicting results. We evaluated the efficacy of uncovered SEMS for extrinsic colon malignancy (ECM) versus intrinsic colon malignancy (ICM).

METHODS

Retrospective review of all patients referred for colonic SEMS at a tertiary cancer center between 2007 and 2018 was performed. Primary outcome measures were technical success, clinical success, intervention rate, and overall survival.

RESULTS

138 patients with ECM and 119 patients with ICM underwent attempted stent placement. The rectum and/or sigmoid colon was the most common stricture site. Technical success was lower in the ECM group [86% vs 96% (p = .009)]. Clinical success was lower in the ECM group both at 7 days [82% vs 95% (p = .004)] and at 90 days [60% vs 86% (p < .001)]. Subsequent intervention was required more frequently [44% vs 35%; p = .23] and earlier [median 9 vs 132 days; p < .001] in the ECM group. Median overall survival in the ECM group was 92 vs 167 days. Among predictive variables analyzed, the ECM group had a higher frequency of peritoneal metastasis (87% vs 32%; p < .001), multifocal strictures with requirement for multiple stents (20% vs 6%; p = .002), sharp angulated strictures (39% vs 25%; p = .04) , and radiation therapy (21% vs 10%; p = .02).

CONCLUSIONS

Colonic SEMS for ECM is associated with lower technical and clinical success with earlier intervention rates compared with ICM. Our findings can be used to better inform patients and referring providers as well as guide new stent design to enhance efficacy in this population.

Patterns of racial/ethnic disparities in baseline health-related quality of life and relationship with overall survival in patients with colorectal cancer

PURPOSE

Racial disparities are evident in colorectal cancer (CRC) prognosis with black patients experiencing worse outcomes than Hispanics and whites, yet mediators of these disparities are not fully known. The aim of this study is to identify variables that contribute to racial/ethnic disparities in health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) and overall survival in CRC.

METHODS

Using SF-12 questionnaires, we assessed HR-QoL in 1132 CRC patients by calculating their physical (PCS) and mental composite summary (MCS) scores. Associations between poor PCS/MCS and sociodemographic factors were estimated and survival differences were identified by race/ethnicity.

RESULTS

Hispanic patients who never married were at greater risk of poor PCS (OR 2.69; 95% CI 1.11-6.49; P = 0.028) than were currently married patients. College education was associated with a decreased risk of poor PCS in Hispanic and white, but not black, patients. Gender was significantly associated with poor MCS among white patients only. CRC patients who reported a poor PCS or MCS had poor survival, with differences in median survival times (MSTs) by race. The effect of PCS was strongest in white CRC patients with a difference in overall MST of > 116 months between those with favorable versus poor physical HR-QoL. Black patients who reported poor Physical and Mental HR-QoL showed significant risk of a poor outcome.

CONCLUSION

These findings suggest that racial/ethnic disparities in CRC survival may be related to differences in HR-QoL. Identified mediators of HR-QoL could supplement current CRC management strategies to improve patients' survival.

Cap-fitted endoscopic mucosal resection of ≥ 20 mm colon flat lesions followed by argon plasma coagulation results in a low adenoma recurrence rate

Background and study aims  Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is increasingly used for the treatment of large colonic polyps (≥ 20 mm). A drawback of EMR is local adenoma recurrence. Therefore, we studied the impact of argon plasma coagulation (APC) of the EMR edge on local adenoma recurrence. Patients and methods  This was a retrospective study of patients with laterally spreading tumors (LST) ≥ 20 mm, who underwent EMR from January 2009 to August 2018 and follow-up endoscopic assessment. A cap-fitted endoscope was used to assess completeness of resection by systematically inspecting the EMR defect for any macroscopic disease. This was followed by forced APC of the resection edge followed by clip closure of the defect. Surveillance colonoscopy was performed at 6 months after resection to detect recurrence. Results  Two hundred forty-six patients met the inclusion criteria. Most were female (53 %) and white (80 %), with a Median age of 64 years. Median polyp size was 35 mm (interquartile range, 30-45 mm). Most polyps were located in the right colon (77 %) and were removed by piecemeal EMR (70 %). Eleven patients (5 %) had residual tumor at the resection site. Conclusions  We observed low adenoma recurrence after argon plasma coagulation of the EMR edge with a cap fitted colonoscope in patients with LST ≥ 20 mm of the colon, which requires further validation in a randomized controlled study.

Rate of colorectal neoplasia in patients with Hodgkin lymphoma

AIM

Survivors of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) are at increased risk of breast, lung, thyroid, stomach, pancreatic and colon cancer. There is limited information on the utility of endoscopic screening for colon cancer. We aimed to describe the adenoma detection rate (ADR) in patients with HL to determine the appropriate timing of colonoscopy screening.

METHOD

We retrospectively studied patients with HL who underwent colonoscopy between 2000 and 2017.

RESULTS

A total of 251 patients underwent colonoscopy. Eighty (32%) patients had 151 colonic polyps. Thirty per cent of the polyps exhibited high-grade dysplasia, and invasive colon adenocarcinoma was found in 10 patients. Patients with the nodular sclerosing subtype of HL had a significantly lower ADR than others (P = 0.002). The ADR was 5% in patients younger than 35 years (n = 64), 23% in patients between 35 and 40 years of age (n = 22), 39% in patients between 40 and 50 years of age (n = 51) and 46% in patients older than 50 years (n = 114).

Patients with non-colorectal cancers may be at elevated risk of colorectal neoplasia

Background: Screening for colonic neoplasia has decreased the incidence of colorectal cancer in the United States in the past two decades. Whether personal history of noncolorectal cancer is a risk factor for colonic neoplasia has not been well studied. We assessed the risk of colorectal neoplasia in noncolorectal cancer survivors.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of patients who had undergone colonoscopy for any indication between 2009 and 2018. Colonic adenoma detection rate and multivariate logistic regression were conducted to assess for the primary outcomes of the study.

Results: The study included 9408 cancer patients and 3295 control patients. Colonic adenomas were detected in 4503 cancer patients (48%) and 950 cancer-free patients (29%). Histologic examination of these adenomas revealed tubulovillous features in 620 patients (5%) and villous in 153 (1%). High-grade dysplasia was detected in 1611 patients (13%). Invasive colorectal adenocarcinoma was detected in 455 patients (12%); this rate was highest in patients with multiple myeloma (14%). Multivariate analysis revealed that a personal history of noncolorectal cancer was associated with increased risk of adenoma (Odd ratio, 2.04; 95% CI, 1.84-2.26; P<0.001). The adenoma detection rate was 30% in patients younger than 40 years (n=1211), 32% in patients between 41 and 50 years (n=812), 47% in patients between 51 and 60 years (n=2892), and 55% in patients older than 60 years (n=4493).

Conclusions: The adenoma detection rate in patients with a personal history of noncolorectal cancer is higher than the reported rate of the general population and our control group.

Patients with Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Are at Risk of Adenomatous Colon Polyps

BACKGROUND

Patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) are frequently referred for colonoscopy to evaluate gastrointestinal symptoms during their treatment course. Here, we described the rate of colonic adenomas in patients with NHL.

METHODS

This was a retrospective study of patients with NHL who underwent colonoscopy after being diagnosed with NHL between January 2000 and December 2017.

RESULTS

Of the 17,938 patients who had been diagnosed with NHL in the study period, 2176 met the inclusion criteria. The mean age at the time of colonoscopy was 61 years. Most patients were male (61%). Overall, 1273 polyps were detected in 811 patients (37%). Sessile serrated adenomas were detected in 102 (5%) patients. The overall ADR was 12% in patients younger than 40 years of age (n = 103), 26% in patients aged 40-50 (n = 251), 34% in patients aged 51-60 (n = 630), and 43% in patients older than 60 (n = 1212). Most polyps were located in the right colon (63%), and 101 (8%) were larger than 1 cm. Villous adenomatous features were present in 1% of polyps, while high-grade dysplasia was detected in 22%. Invasive adenocarcinoma was identified in 4%. The median interval from lymphoma diagnosis to adenoma detection was 1.4 years (interquartile range 0.5-3.8 years). A repeat colonoscopy was performed in 343 patients. The overall ADR on repeat colonoscopy was 30%. Cox regression analysis revealed that age (hazards ratio 1.04; 95% confidence interval 1.03-1.05; P < 0.001) and male sex (hazards ratio 1.35; 95% confidence interval 1.13-1.60; P = 0.001) were independent factors associated with worse overall survival. By contrast, screening colonoscopy was associated with longer survival duration (hazards ratio 0.48; 95% confidence interval 0.36-0.63; P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION

The ADR in NHL patients aged 40-50 years was equivalent to that reported in the literature in non-cancer patients aged 50-70 years. Early screening colonoscopy may be warranted in NHL patients younger than 50 years. Screening colonoscopy significantly improved the overall survival of patients with NHL.

Safety and efficacy of metal stents for malignant colonic obstruction in patients treated with bevacizumab

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The aim of this study was to examine clinical outcomes and adverse events (AEs) of self-expandable metal stents (SEMSs) in the management of malignant colonic obstruction (MCO).

METHODS

Patients with SEMSs for MCO treated at our institution from 2007 to 2016 were included. Clinical success was defined as successful oral intake after the procedure and technical success as stent deployment across the stricture in the desired location.

RESULTS

Of 199 patients, the mean age was 58, 54% were men, and 99% had stage IV cancer. MCO etiology was colorectal cancer in 82% and extrinsic compression in 17%. Technical success was achieved in 99.5% and clinical success in 89%. The SEMSs were palliative in 97% and were a bridge to surgery in 4%. MCO occurred in the left side of the colon in 90%, transverse in 4.5%, and ascending colon in 5.5%. SEMSs were placed in curved segments in 30% and straight segments in 70%. Tandem SEMSs were required in 27 patients. Forty-six patients had 48 AEs (24%), including 2% periprocedure, 15% postprocedure, and 83% after 72 hours. Stent-related AEs (n = 25) included persistent obstruction (n = 14), occlusion (n = 10), and failure of expansion (n = 1). Procedural AEs (n = 23) included minor bleeding (n = 2), perforations (n = 4), abdominal pain (n = 12), stent migration (n = 4), and respiratory insufficiency (n = 1). Repeat procedures were performed in 21 of 46 patients. After SEMSs, 48 patients underwent surgery, including resection with primary anastomosis (n = 8), resection with definitive stoma (n = 18), and diverting stoma without resection (n = 19). Mean time to surgery after SEMS placement was 175 days. Postsurgical AEs occurred in those with resections (leak, 2; infection, 2). Of 104 receiving bevacizumab, 22% had AEs, including 1 perforation compared with 3 in the nonbevacizumab group (P = .549). Mean overall survival was 5.6 months. Extrinsic compression and curved strictures were associated with poor clinical success by univariate analysis and etiology (noncolonic with poor outcome) by multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

SEMSs for MCO has high technical but suboptimal clinical success. Curved strictures and extrinsic compression are associated with poor outcomes. The perforation rate was not higher in the bevacizumab compared with the nonbevacizumab group, although this should be further validated in a larger population.

Patients with breast cancer may be at higher risk of colorectal neoplasia

Background

The risk of colorectal neoplasia in breast cancer survivors is unclear. This study aimed to determine the colonic adenoma detection rate (ADR) in patients with breast cancer.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study of patients with breast cancer who underwent a colonoscopy between 2000 and 2017. A control group (n=3295), comprising cancer-free patients undergoing their first screening colonoscopy, was used for comparison.

Results

Of 62,820 breast cancer patients, 3304 met the inclusion criteria. The mean age at the time of first colonoscopy was 59 years. ADR was 55%; 1803 patients had adenomas. High-grade dysplasia was evident in 28% of polyps and invasive adenocarcinoma was detected in 172 patients (5%). The median time from breast cancer diagnosis to adenoma detection was 3 years. The ADR was 21% in patients aged <40 years (n=63) and 39% in patients aged 40-50 years (n=314). The ADR was 26% in patients <50 years with a body mass index (BMI) lower than 30 kg/m² or no family history of colorectal cancer. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the following independent factors were associated with a greater risk of colon adenoma: older age, higher BMI, family history of colorectal cancer, and personal history of breast cancer.

Conclusions

In patients with breast cancer, the ADR was higher than the reported rates for the general population. Screening colonoscopy should be considered soon after breast cancer diagnosis in patients <50 years of age. Further prospective studies investigating our findings are warranted.

Biliary Decompression in Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma Improves Survival: A Single-Center Retrospective Analysis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The complex biliary strictures of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma present significant challenges for providing adequate and long-lasting biliary drainage. The best approach to relieve obstruction remains controversial. The purpose of this study was to assess stenting outcomes in perihilar cholangiocarcinoma.

METHODS

This study was approved by the center's institutional review board. Subjects with a diagnosis of perihilar cholangiocarcinoma who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) were identified from endoscopic and pathologic databases from 1997 to 2014. Patient characteristics, endoscopic data, and follow-up evaluation data were retrospectively collected via review of available medical records.

RESULTS

A total of 199 patients with perihilar cholangiocarcinoma who underwent a total of 504 ERCPs were included in the study. Nine of 504 (1.8%) procedures were technical failures. Among the 495 technically successful procedures, 347 (70.1%) procedures were clinical successes. Clinical success was significantly associated with longer overall survival (HR 0.57; p = 0.002). A higher proportion of patients with bilateral drainage had clinical success, compared with those with unilateral drainage. Cholangitis was not more common in the bilateral group compared to the unilateral group except in the group where a segment was not drained (1.9% vs 1.6% vs 7.1%, respectively). Patients with metal stents were 3.8 times more likely to have clinical success than those with plastic stents.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, adequate biliary drainage improves overall survival. Bilateral stenting if anatomy permits with self-expanding metal stents rather than plastic stents appears to provide the optimal chance of clinical success.

Importance of endoscopic and histological evaluation in the management of immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced colitis

BACKGROUND

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPI) are efficacious treatments for advanced malignancies but can result in immune mediated diarrhea and colitis (IDC). Currently, the guidelines for the treatment of IDC depend only on clinical symptoms. Endoscopic and histologic features of such adverse events are not well studied in a manner that can help to gauge treatment plans. We aimed to characterize endoscopic and histologic features of IDC and to assess their association with clinical outcomes.

METHODS

Our study included patients who had undergone endoscopy for IDC (1/2010 to 3/2018). Patients with GI infection at time of onset were excluded. High-risk endoscopic features were ulcers deeper than 2 mm, larger than 1 cm, and extensive colonic involvement. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were performed to assess the association of endoscopic and histological features with clinical outcomes.

RESULTS

A total of 182 patients was included; most were white (92%), males (65%) with a mean age of 60 years. Median time from ICPI initiation to IDC was 7 weeks. Fifty-three percent had grade 3-4 diarrhea, and 32% grade 3-4 colitis. Forty-nine patients had mucosal ulcerations, 66 non-ulcerative inflammation and 67 normal endoscopy. Calprotectin was higher in patients with ulceration (P = 0.04). The sensitivity of lactoferrin to detect histologic and endoscopic inflammation was 90% and 70% respectively. Patients who underwent endoscopy earlier than 7 days after IDC onset had shorter duration of IDC symptoms and duration of steroid treatment than those who underwent endoscopy after 7 days of IDC onset (P = 0.026 and P = 0.053, respectively). Patients who underwent endoscopy > 30 days of symptom onset required longer duration of steroids (P = 0.02), had more recurrent symptoms (P < 0.01) and received later infliximab/vedolizumab add-on therapy than did those who underwent endoscopy ≤30 days (P = 0.03). High-risk features were associated with more frequent (P = 0.03) and longer duration (P = 0.02) hospitalization and infliximab/vedolizumab requirement (P < 0.01). Patients with active histological inflammation had more recurrence (P < 0.01) and repeat endoscopy (P < 0.01). Repeat endoscopy was required in 47 patients. A multivariate logistic regression revealed that longer ICPI treatment was associated with more frequent hospitalizations (OR 1.00; 95%CI 1.00-1.01; P < 0.01) and high-risk endoscopic features were associated with the requirement of infliximab/vedolizumab (OR 3.89; 95%CI 1.68-9.01; P < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

High risk endoscopic features and active histologic inflammation represent important markers of disease severity with clinical implications and should be used in a timely manner to devise IDC-focused treatment algorithms.

The somatic mutation landscape of premalignant colorectal adenoma

OBJECTIVE

There are few studies which characterised the molecular alterations in premalignant colorectal adenomas. Our major goal was to establish colorectal adenoma genome atlas and identify molecular markers of progression from colorectal adenoma to adenocarcinoma.

DESIGN

Whole-exome sequencing and targeted sequencing were carried out in 149 adenoma samples and paired blood from patients with conventional adenoma or sessile serrated adenoma to characterise the somatic mutation landscape for premalignant colorectal lesions. The identified somatic mutations were compared with those in colorectal cancer (CRC) samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas. A supervised random forest model was employed to identify gene panels differentiating adenoma from CRC.

RESULTS

Similar somatic mutation frequencies, but distinctive driver mutations, were observed in sessile serrated adenomas and conventional adenomas. The final model included 20 genes and was able to separate the somatic mutation profile of colorectal adenoma and adenocarcinoma with an area under the curve of 0.941.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this project hold potential to better identify patients with adenoma who may be candidates for targeted surveillance programmes and preventive interventions to reduce the incidence of CRC.

Does deep sedation with propofol affect adenoma detection rates in average risk screening colonoscopy exams?

AIM

To determine the effect of sedation with propofol on adenoma detection rate (ADR) and cecal intubation rates (CIR) in average risk screening colonoscopies compared to moderate sedation.

METHODS

We conducted a retrospective chart review of 2604 first-time average risk screening colonoscopies performed at MD Anderson Cancer Center from 2010-2013. ADR and CIR were calculated in each sedation group. Multivariable regression analysis was performed to adjust for potential confounders of age and body mass index (BMI).

RESULTS

One-third of the exams were done with propofol (n = 874). Overall ADR in the propofol group was significantly higher than moderate sedation (46.3% vs 41.2%, P = 0.01). After adjustment for age and BMI differences, ADR was similar between the groups. CIR was 99% for all exams. The mean cecal insertion time was shorter among propofol patients (6.9 min vs 8.2 min; P < 0.0001).

CONCLUSION

Deep sedation with propofol for screening colonoscopy did not significantly improve ADR or CIR in our population of average risk patients. While propofol may allow for safer sedation in certain patients (e.g., with sleep apnea), the overall effect on colonoscopy quality metrics is not significant. Given its increased cost, propofol should be used judiciously and without the implicit expectation of a higher quality screening exam.

An entertainment-education colorectal cancer screening decision aid for African American patients: A randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Colorectal cancer screening rates for African American patients remain suboptimal. Patient decision aids designed with an entertainment-education approach have been shown to improve saliency and foster informed decision making. The purpose of this study was to assess whether an entertainment-education decision aid tailored for African American patients improved patients' decision making, attitudes, intentions, or colorectal cancer screening behavior.

METHODS

Eighty-nine participants were randomized to view 1) a patient decision aid video containing culturally tailored information about colorectal cancer screening options and theory-based support in decision making presented in an entertainment-education format or 2) an attention control video about hypertension that contained similarly detailed information. Participants met with their clinician and then completed follow-up questionnaires assessing their knowledge, decisional conflict, self-advocacy, attitudes, perceived social norms, and intentions. At 3 months, completion of screening was assessed by chart review.

RESULTS

Viewing the culturally tailored decision aid significantly increased African American patients' knowledge of colorectal cancer screening recommendations and options. It also significantly reduced their decisional conflict and improved their self-advocacy. No significant differences were observed in participants' attitudes, norms, or intentions. At three months, 23% of all patients had completed a colonoscopy.

CONCLUSIONS

Designing targeted, engaging patient decision aids for groups that receive suboptimal screening holds promise for improving patient decision making and self-advocacy. Additional research is warranted to investigate the effectiveness of such aids in clinical practices with suboptimal screening rates and on downstream behaviors (such as repeat testing). Cancer 2017;123:1401-1408. © 2016 American Cancer Society.

Loss of the transforming growth factor-β effector β2-Spectrin promotes genomic instability

Exposure to genotoxins such as ethanol-derived acetaldehyde leads to DNA damage and liver injury and promotes the development of cancer. We report here a major role for the transforming growth factor β/mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 adaptor β2-Spectrin (β2SP, gene Sptbn1) in maintaining genomic stability following alcohol-induced DNA damage. β2SP supports DNA repair through β2SP-dependent activation of Fanconi anemia complementation group D2 (Fancd2), a core component of the Fanconi anemia complex. Loss of β2SP leads to decreased Fancd2 levels and sensitizes β2SP mutants to DNA damage by ethanol treatment, leading to phenotypes that closely resemble those observed in animals lacking both aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 and Fancd2 and resemble human fetal alcohol syndrome. Sptbn1-deficient cells are hypersensitive to DNA crosslinking agents and have defective DNA double-strand break repair that is rescued by ectopic Fancd2 expression. Moreover, Fancd2 transcription in response to DNA damage/transforming growth factor β stimulation is regulated by the β2SP/mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 complex.

CONCLUSION

Dysfunctional transforming growth factor β/β2SP signaling impacts the processing of genotoxic metabolites by altering the Fanconi anemia DNA repair pathway. (Hepatology 2017;65:678-693).

Outcome of EMR as an alternative to surgery in patients with complex colon polyps

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Patients with complex colon polyps were traditionally referred for surgery to avoid adverse events associated with endoscopic resection. Recent advances in endoscopic imaging as well as endoscopic hemostasis and clip closure allow for the use of EMR as an alternative to surgery for such lesions. To determine the outcome of treatment of complex colon polyps with EMR as an alternative to surgery, we conducted a retrospective observational study.

METHODS

Two hundred three patients with complex colon polyps were referred to an EMR center as an alternative to surgery. Patients underwent a protocol-driven EMR. The primary endpoint was the complete resection rate. Secondary endpoints were safety, residual adenoma rate, and incidence of missed synchronous polyps.

RESULTS

EMR was performed in 155 patients and was deferred in 48 patients who were referred to surgery. EMR specimens revealed benign polyps in 149 and cancer in 6 patients. EMR adverse events occurred in 7 patients, requiring hospitalization in 5 of them. None of the patients died as a result of their adverse events. Surveillance colonoscopy at 4 to 6 months after resection of a benign lesion in 137 patients revealed residual adenoma at the scar site in 6 patients and additional synchronous precancerous lesions in 117 patients that were not removed by the referring endoscopist. None underwent surgery for failure of EMR. The overall precancerous lesion burden was 2.83 per patient, the adenoma burden was 2.13 per patient, and the serrated polyp burden was .69 per patient.

CONCLUSIONS

EMR can be used instead of surgery for complex colon polyps in 75% of patients with few adverse events and few residual adenomas at resection sites. In addition, careful repeat examination of the entire colon for synchronous lesions overlooked by the referring endoscopist is required for most patients. (

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER

NCT01827241.).

Abstract 8: Global and targeted metabolomic profiling of colorectal cancer progression

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent and deadly cancers in the world. The development of improved and robust biomarkers to enable screening, surveillance, and early detection of CRC continues to be a challenge. Patients with colorectal adenoma are at higher risk of developing colon cancer; however, noninvasive methods to identify these patients are still on demand. The aim of this study was to identify biomarkers of CRC disease progression by using metabolomic profiling of human serum samples in a multistep approach.

Methods: We performed global metabolomic profiling on 30 human serum samples from patients with colorectal adenoma, 30 CRC patients and 30 healthy controls who were matched by age, gender and ethnicity. For validation, we measured the three top differentially expressed metabolites in an additional set of 50 adenoma, 50 CRC and 50 healthy controls.

Results: Global biochemical profiles of 404 metabolites were detected, with 301 metabolites remaining after quality control procedures. In discovery phase, 50 metabolites had differential levels between colorectal adenoma, CRC and controls (P for trend &lt;0.05), with 19 metabolites showing increased levels in CRC and adenoma in comparison to controls and 31 metabolites with decreased levels. Further exploratory analyses of these metabolites showed a key role for metabolic pathways involving urea cycle, caffeine and galactose metabolism as associated with CRC progression. The top 3 differentially expressed metabolites (Xanthine, Hypoxanthine and D-mannose) were selected for validation. Consistent with the discovery phase, CRC cases and adenoma had lower levels of Xanthine than controls (mean ± SD; 9.95 ±0.92 mg/ml vs 10.63±0.97 mg/ml; P&lt;0.001 and 9.87±0.75 vs 10.63±0.97 mg/ml; P&lt;0.001). The same trend was observed for Hypoxanthine (mean ± SD; 10.72 ±0.62 mg/ml vs 12.29±1.60; P&lt;0.001 and 10.71±0.61 vs 12.29±1.60 mg/ml; P &lt;0.001) whereas higher levels of D-mannose where observed in both CRC cases and adenoma when compared to controls (3.32±0.58 mg/ml vs 2.32 ±0.90mg/ml; P&lt;0.001 and 3.32±0.58 mg/ml vs 2.32 ±0.90mg/ml; P&lt;0.001). Using the median value of controls as a cut-off point, 94% of the adenoma and CRC cases showed low levels of Xanthine (Odds Ratio (OR) = 10.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.63-41.63 for adenoma; OR = 38.76 and 95% CI = 6.58-228.51 for CRC). For Hypoxanthine, 90% of the adenoma and CRC cases showed low levels (OR = 6.50 and 95% CI = 1.98–21.24 for adenoma; OR = 11.19 and 95% CI = 3.28-38.21 for CRC). For D-Mannose, all adenoma cases had high levels (OR is not available due to 0 count) and 92% of CRC cases (OR = 15.99, 95% Ci = 4.07-62.88, P&lt; 0.001) had high levels of D-Mannose, compared to 50% of controls having high levels of D-Mannose.

Conclusions: Our results suggest the potential utility of the identified metabolites as new valuable biomarkers for early detection of CRC.

Citation Format: Beatriz Sanchez-Espiridion, Lindsey White, Lopa Mishra, Gottumukkala S. Raju, Scott Kopetz, Jian Gu, Yuanquing Ye, Xifeng Wu, Dong Liang. Global and targeted metabolomic profiling of colorectal cancer progression. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 8.

Can Technology Improve the Quality of Colonoscopy?

In order for screening colonoscopy to be an effective tool in reducing colon cancer incidence, exams must be performed in a high-quality manner. Quality metrics have been presented by gastroenterology societies and now include higher adenoma detection rate targets than in the past. In many cases, the quality of colonoscopy can often be improved with simple low-cost interventions such as improved procedure technique, implementing split-dose bowel prep, and monitoring individuals' performances. Emerging technology has expanded our field of view and image quality during colonoscopy. We will critically review several technological advances in the context of quality metrics and discuss if technology can really improve the quality of colonoscopy.

Endoscopic resection is cost-effective compared with laparoscopic resection in the management of complex colon polyps: an economic analysis

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Endoscopic resection (ER) is an efficacious treatment for complex colon polyps (CCPs). Many patients are referred for surgical resection because of concerns over procedural safety, incomplete polyp resection, and adenoma recurrence after ER. Efficacy data for both resection strategies are widely available, but a paucity of data exist on the cost-effectiveness of each modality. The aim of this study was to perform an economic analysis comparing ER and laparoscopic resection (LR) strategies in patients with CCP.

METHODS

A decision analysis tree was constructed using decision analysis software. The 2 strategies (ER vs LR) were evaluated in a hypothetical cohort of patients with CCPs. A hybrid Markov model with a 10-year time horizon was used. Patients entered the model after colonoscopic diagnosis at age 50. Under Strategy I, patients underwent ER followed by surveillance colonoscopy at 3 to 6 months and 12 months. Patients with failed ER and residual adenoma at 12 months were referred for LR. Under Strategy II, patients underwent LR as primary treatment. Patients with invasive cancer were excluded. Estimates regarding ER performance characteristics were obtained from a systematic review of published literature. The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (2012-2013) and the 2012 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project databases were used to determine the costs and loss of utility. We assumed that all procedures were performed with anesthesia support, and patients with adverse events in both strategies required inpatient hospitalization. Baseline estimates and costs were varied by using a sensitivity analysis through the ranges.

RESULTS

LR was found to be more costly and yielded fewer quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) compared with ER. The cost of ER of a CCP was $5570 per patient and yielded 9.640 QALYs. LR of a CCP cost $18,717 per patient and yielded fewer QALYs (9.577). For LR to be more cost-effective, the thresholds of 1-way sensitivity analyses were (1) technical success of ER for complete resection in <75.8% of cases, (2) adverse event rates for ER > 12%, and (3) LR cost of <$14,000.

CONCLUSIONS

Our data suggest that ER is a cost-effective strategy for removal of CCPs. The effectiveness is driven by high technical success and low adverse event rates associated with ER, in addition to the increased cost of LR.

Mutational Profiles Reveal an Aberrant TGF-β-CEA Regulated Pathway in Colon Adenomas

Mutational processes and signatures that drive early tumorigenesis are centrally important for early cancer prevention. Yet, to date, biomarkers and risk factors for polyps (adenomas) that inordinately and rapidly develop into colon cancer remain poorly defined. Here, we describe surprisingly high mutational profiles through whole-genome sequence (WGS) analysis in 2 of 4 pairs of benign colorectal adenoma tissue samples. Unsupervised hierarchical clustered transcriptomic analysis of a further 7 pairs of adenomas reveals distinct mutational signatures regardless of adenoma size. Transitional single nucleotide substitutions of C:G>T:A predominate in the adenoma mutational spectrum. Strikingly, we observe mutations in the TGF-β pathway and CEA-associated genes in 4 out of 11 adenomas, overlapping with the Wnt pathway. Immunohistochemical labeling reveals a nearly 5-fold increase in CEA levels in 23% of adenoma samples with a concomitant loss of TGF-β signaling. We also define a functional role by which the CEA B3 domain interacts with TGFBR1, potentially inactivating the tumor suppressor function of TGF-β signaling. Our study uncovers diverse mutational processes underlying the transition from early adenoma to cancer. This has broad implications for biomarker-driven targeting of CEA/TGF-β in high-risk adenomas and may lead to early detection of aggressive adenoma to CRC progression.

Large Sessile Serrated Polyps Can Be Safely and Effectively Removed by Endoscopic Mucosal Resection

BACKGROUND & AIMS

As many as 50% of large sessile serrated adenomas/polyps (SSPs) are removed incompletely, which is significant because SSPs have been implicated in the development of interval cancers. It is unclear if endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) is an optimal method for removal of SSPs. We assessed the efficacy and safety of removal of SSPs 10 mm and larger using a standardized inject-and-cut EMR technique.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective analysis of colonoscopy data, collected over 7 years (2007-2013) at 2 centers, from 199 patients with proximal colon SSPs 10 mm and larger (251 polyps) removed by EMR by 4 endoscopists. The primary outcome measure was local recurrence. The secondary outcome measure was safety.

RESULTS

At the index colonoscopy, patients had a median of 1 serrated lesion (range, 1-12) and 1 nonserrated neoplastic lesion (range, 0-15). The mean SSP size was 15.9 ± 5.3 mm; most were superficially elevated (84.5%) and located in the ascending colon (51%), and 3 SSPs (1.2%) had dysplasia. Surveillance colonoscopies were performed on 138 patients (69.3%) over a mean follow-up period of 25.5 ± 17.4 months. Of these patients, 5 had local recurrences (3.6%; 95% confidence interval, 0.5%-6.7%), detected after 17.8 ± 15.4 months, with a median size of 4 mm. No patients developed postprocedural bleeding, perforation, or advanced colon cancer, or had a death related to the index colorectal lesion during the study period.

CONCLUSIONS

Inject-and-cut EMR is a safe and effective technique for the resection of SSPs. Less than 5% of patients have a local recurrence, which is usually small and can be treated endoscopically.

Severe obesity prior to diagnosis limits survival in colorectal cancer patients evaluated at a large cancer centre

Background:

In contrast to the consistent evidence for obesity and colorectal cancer (CRC) risk, the impact of obesity in CRC patients is less clear. In a well-characterised cohort of CRC patients, we prospectively evaluated class I and class II obesity with survival outcomes.

Methods:

The CRC patients (N=634) were followed from the date of diagnosis until disease progression/first recurrence (progression-free survival (PFS)) or death (overall survival (OS)). Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from reported usual weight prior to diagnosis. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated in models adjusted for clinicopathologic, treatment, and lifestyle factors.

Results:

Over a median follow-up of 4 years, 208 (33%) patients died and 235 (37%) recurred or progressed. Class II obesity, as compared with either overweight or normal weight, was associated with an increased risk of death (HR and 95% CI: 1.55 (0.97–2.48) and 1.65 (1.02–2.68), respectively), but no clear association was observed with PFS. In analyses restricted to patients who presented as stages I–III, who reported stable weight, or who were aged <50 years, obesity was associated with a significant two- to five-fold increased risk of death.

Conclusions:

In CRC patients evaluated at a large cancer centre, severely obese patients experienced worse survival outcomes independent of many other factors.

Abstract 869: Body mass index, weight gain, and physical activity during adulthood in relation to colorectal cancer risk

Background: The impact of obesity/overweight, weight gain, and physical activity during adulthood on colorectal cancer (CRC) risk is not clear. To examine the associations between body mass index (BMI), weight gain, and physical activity during adulthood and CRC risk, we conducted a case-control study of incident CRC.

Methods: Incident CRC case subjects were recruited from the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston, Texas; healthy control subjects without a history of cancer, except non-melanoma skin cancer, were identified and recruited using random digit dialing. Epidemiologic data were collected by in-person interview. Unconditional logistic regression and regression spline were performed to obtain odds ratios (ORs). All statistical tests were two-sided.

Results: A total of 524 non-Hispanic white case subjects and 1,053 healthy control subjects who were 40 years or older were included. In multivariate analysis, obesity (BMI ≥ 30) and overweight (BMI between 25 and 30) at age 20 years were significantly associated with a 2.4-fold (OR = 2.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.38 - 4.13, P = .002) and 1.6-fold (OR = 1.60, 95% CI = 1.19 - 2.14, P = .002) increased risk of CRC, respectively. Similarly, obesity and overweight at age 40 years were each significantly associated with a 2.1-fold (OR = 2.11, 95% CI = 1.49 - 2.99, P &lt; .0001) and 1.7-fold (OR = 1.74, 95% CI = 1.32 - 2.30, P &lt; .0001) increased risk of CRC. In addition, moderate and massive weight gain from age 20 to 40 years were associated with increased CRC risks, although this increase did not reach statistical significance. Moderate physical activity was significantly associated with a reduced risk of CRC (OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.44 - 0.81, P = .001).

Conclusions: Obesity/overweight and physical activity during adulthood may influence susceptibility to CRC; also, our data suggest that weight gain during childhood and adolescence may play a more important role than weight gain during adulthood in CRC development.

Citation Format: Huakang Tu, Xia Pu, Carrie Daniel-MacDougall, Stephanie C. Melkonian, Yuanqing Ye, Gottumukkala S. Raju, Scott Kopetz, Xifeng Wu. Body mass index, weight gain, and physical activity during adulthood in relation to colorectal cancer risk. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 869. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-869

Management of polypectomy complications

The 2 most significant complications of colonoscopy with polypectomy are bleeding and perforation. Incidence rates for bleeding (0.1%-0.6%) and perforation (0.7%-0.9%) are generally low. Recognition of pertinent risk factors helps to prevent these complications, which can be grouped into patient-related, polyp-related, and technique/device-related factors. Endoscopists should be equipped to manage bleeding and perforation. Currently available devices and techniques are reviewed to achieve hemostasis and close colon perforations.

Diagnostic yield of third eye retroscope on adenoma detection during colonoscopy: A systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM: To determine the diagnostic yield of the “third eye retroscope”, on adenoma detection rate during screening colonoscopy.

METHODS: The “third eye retroscope” when used with standard colonoscopy provides an additional retrograde view to visualize lesions on the proximal aspects of folds and flexures. We searched MEDLINE (PubMed and Ovid), SCOPUS (including MEDLINE and EMBASE databases), Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews, Google Scholar, and CINAHL Plus databases to identify studies that evaluated diagnostic yield of “third eye retroscope” during screening colonoscopy. DerSimonian Laird random effects model was used to generate the overall effect for each outcome. We evaluated statistical heterogeneity among the studies by using the Cochran Q statistic and quantified by I² statistics.

RESULTS: Four distinct studies with a total of 920 patients, mean age 59.83 (95%CI: 56.77-62.83) years, were included in the review. The additional adenoma detection rate (AADR) defined as the number of additional adenomas identified due to “third eye retroscope” device in comparison to standard colonoscopy alone was 19.9% (95%CI: 7.3-43.9). AADR for right and left colon were 13.9% (95%CI: 9.4-20) and 10.7 (95%CI: 1.9-42), respectively. AADR for polyps ≥ 6 mm and ≥ 10 mm were 24.6% (95%CI: 16.6-34.9) and 24.2% (95%CI: 12.9-40.8), respectively. The additional polyp detection rate defined as the number of additional polyps identified due to “third eye retroscope” device in comparison to standard colonoscopy alone was 19.8% (95%CI: 7.9-41.8). There were no complications reported with use of “third eye retroscope” device.

CONCLUSION: The “third eye retroscope” device when used with standard colonoscopy is safe and detects 19.9% additional adenomas, compared to standard colonoscopy alone.

International multicenter experience with an over-the-scope clipping device for endoscopic management of GI defects (with video)

BACKGROUND

The over-the-scope clip (OTSC) provides more durable and full-thickness closure as compared with standard clips. Only case reports and small case series have reported on outcomes of OTSC closure of GI defects.

OBJECTIVE

To describe a large, multicenter experience with OTSCs for the management of GI defects. Secondary goals were to determine success rate by type of defect and type of therapy and to determine predictors of treatment outcomes.

DESIGN

Multicenter, retrospective study.

SETTING

Multiple, international, academic centers.

PATIENTS

Consecutive patients who underwent attempted OTSC placement for GI defects, either as a primary or as a rescue therapy.

INTERVENTIONS

OTSC placement to attempt closure of GI defects.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS

Long-term success of the procedure.

RESULTS

A total of 188 patients (108 fistulae, 48 perforations, 32 leaks) were included. Long-term success was achieved in 60.2% of patients during a median follow-up of 146 days. Rate of successful closure of perforations (90%) and leaks (73.3%) was significantly higher than that of fistulae (42.9%) (P < .05). Long-term success was significantly higher when OTSCs were applied as primary therapy (primary 69.1% vs rescue 46.9%; P = .004). On multivariate analysis, patients who had OTSC placement for perforations and leaks had significantly higher long-term success compared with those who had fistulae (OR 51.4 and 8.36, respectively).

LIMITATIONS

Retrospective design and multiple operators with variable expertise with the OTSC device.

CONCLUSION

OTSC is safe and effective therapy for closure of GI defects. Clinical success is best achieved in patients undergoing closure of perforations or leaks when OTSC is used for primary or rescue therapy. Type of defect is the best predictor of successful long-term closure.

Endoscopic clip closure of gastrointestinal perforations, fistulae, and leaks

Development of endoscopic devices to close perforations has certainly revolutionized endoscopy. Immediate closure of perforations eliminates the need for surgery, which allows us to push the limits of endoscopic surgery from the mucosal plane to deep submucosal layers and eventually transmurally. The present article focuses on endoscopic closure devices, closure techniques, followed by a review of animal and clinical studies on endoscopic closure of perforations.

Endoscopic closure of acute esophageal perforations

Esophageal leak is a life-threatening problem that can result from spontaneous rupture of the esophagus, cancer, anastomotic dehiscence after surgery, or as a complication of endoscopy. During the last decade, developments in the minimally invasive endoluminal approach to the management of esophageal leaks include utilization of endoscopy not only for diagnosis but also for closure of leaks with clips or sutures, bypass of the leaks with stents, and/or endoluminal drainage of mediastinal infection. The aim of this review is to summarize recent advances and the principles of endoscopic management of acute esophageal perforations.

Comparison of the utility of covered metal stents versus uncovered metal stents in the management of malignant biliary strictures in 749 patients

BACKGROUND

Self-expandable metal stents (SEMSs) are used to relieve malignant biliary obstruction.

OBJECTIVE

To compare outcomes between covered self-expandable metal stents (CSEMSs) and uncovered self-expandable metal stents (USEMSs) in malignant biliary obstruction.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING

Tertiary cancer center.

PATIENTS

Patients with malignant biliary obstruction.

INTERVENTIONS

Placement of CSEMS or USEMS.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS

Time to recurrent biliary obstruction (TRO), overall survival (OS), and adverse events.

RESULTS

From January 2000 to June 2011, 749 patients received SEMSs: 171 CSEMSs and 578 USEMSs. At 1 year, there was no significant difference in the percentage of patients with recurrent obstruction (CSEMSs, 35% vs USEMSs, 38%) and survival (CSEMSs, 45% vs USEMSs, 49%). There was no significant difference in the median OS (CSEMSs, 10.4 months vs USEMSs, 11.8 months; P = .84) and the median TRO (CSEMSs, 15.4 months vs USEMSs, 26.3 months; P = .61). The adverse event rate was 27.5% for the CSEMS group and 27.7% for the USEMS group. Although tumor ingrowth with recurrent obstruction was more common in the USEMS group (76% vs 9%, P < .001), stent migration (36% vs 2%, P < .001) and acute pancreatitis (6% vs 1%, P < .001) were more common in the CSEMS group.

LIMITATIONS

Retrospective study.

CONCLUSIONS

There was no significant difference in the patency rate or overall survival between CSEMSs and USEMSs for malignant distal biliary strictures. The CSEMS group had a significantly higher rate of migration and pancreatitis than the USEMS group. No significant SEMS-related adverse events were observed in patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiation or surgical resection.

Use of EUS-FNA in diagnosing pancreatic neoplasm without a definitive mass on CT

BACKGROUND

Diagnosis of pancreatic neoplasm is challenging in patients with inconclusive findings on pancreatic multidetector row CT (MDCT).

OBJECTIVE

To determine the diagnostic accuracy and to identify predictors of pancreatic neoplasm by EUS with FNA in this setting.

DESIGN

Retrospective chart review during the study period of January 2002 to December 2010.

SETTING

Tertiary referral center.

PATIENTS

Of the 1046 patients who underwent pancreatic EUS, 116 patients were selected because their clinical presentation was suspicious for pancreatic malignancy, but their MDCT findings were inconclusive.

INTERVENTION

EUS with FNA.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS

Diagnostic yield of malignancy and significance of clinical variables.

RESULTS

When surgical pathology or subsequent clinical course was used as the criterion standard, EUS with FNA had a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and accuracy of 87.3%, 98.3%, 98.5%, and 92.1%, respectively, in diagnosing a pancreatic neoplasm that was indeterminate on MDCT. Factors significantly associated with EUS detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma were total bilirubin level greater than 2 mg/dL (P < .001), CT finding of pancreatic duct dilation (P < .001), bile duct stricture (P < .001), and tumor size 1.5 cm or larger detected by EUS (P = .004). Among them, pancreatic duct dilation on CT (odds ratio 4.10; 95% confidence interval, 1.52-11.05), and tumor size 1.5 cm or larger detected by EUS (odds ratio 8.46; 95% confidence interval, 2.02-35.45) were independent risk factors.

LIMITATIONS

Retrospective design and patient referral bias.

CONCLUSIONS

When MDCT is indeterminate, EUS is a highly sensitive and accurate modality for the detection of pancreatic neoplasm, especially when the tumor is smaller than 2.0 cm.

Adenoma detection in patients undergoing a comprehensive colonoscopy screening

Measures shown to improve the adenoma detection during colonoscopy (excellent bowel preparation, cecal intubation, cap fitted colonoscope to examine behind folds, patient position change to optimize colon distention, trained endoscopy team focusing on detection of subtle flat lesions, and incorporation of optimum endoscopic examination with adequate withdrawal time) are applicable to clinical practice and, if incorporated are projected to facilitate comprehensive colonoscopy screening program for colon cancer prevention. To determine adenoma and serrated polyp detection rate under conditions designed to optimize quality parameters for comprehensive screening colonoscopy. Retrospective analysis of data obtained from a comprehensive colon cancer screening program designed to optimize quality parameters. Academic medical center. Three hundred and forty-three patients between the ages of 50 years and 75 years who underwent first screening colonoscopy between 2009 and 2011 among 535 consecutive patients undergoing colonoscopy. Comprehensive colonoscopy screening program was utilized to screen all patients. Cecal intubation was successful in 98.8% of patients. The Boston Bowel Preparation Scale for quality of colonoscopy was 8.97 (95% confidence interval [CI]; 8.94, 9.00). The rate of adenoma detection was 60% and serrated lesion (defined as serrated adenomas or hyperplastic polyps proximal to the splenic flexure) detection was 23%. The rate of precancerous lesion detection (adenomas and serrated lesions) was 66%. The mean number of adenomas per screening procedure was 1.4 (1.2, 1.6) and the mean number of precancerous lesions (adenomas or serrated lesions) per screening procedure was 1.6 (1.4, 1.8). Retrospective study and single endoscopist experience. A comprehensive colonoscopy screening program results in high-quality screening with high detection of adenomas, advanced adenomas, serrated adenomas, and multiple adenomas.