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Deng Y, Ge X, Li Y, Zou B, Wen X, Chen W, Lu L, Zhang M, Zhang X, Li C, Zhao C, Lin X, Zhang X, Huang X, Li X, Jin M, Peng GH, Wang D, Wang X, Lai W, Liang J, Li JJ, Liang Q, Yang L, Zhang Q, Li Y, Lu P, Hu X, Li X, Deng X, Liu Y, Zou Y, Guo S, Chen T, Qin Y, Yang F, Miao L, Chen W, Chan CC, Lin H, Liu Y, Lee RWJ, Wei L. Author Correction: Identification of an intraocular microbiota. Cell Discov 2024; 10:51. [PMID: 38750045 PMCID: PMC11096321 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-024-00675-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Xiaofei Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Bin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Weirong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Lin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Meifen Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute & School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Chan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Xiulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Xinhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute & School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, He'nan, 450001, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Dongni Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Xun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Weiyi Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Juanran Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Jing Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Qiaoxing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Qinfen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Yinyin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Ping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Xifang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Xiuli Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Yanli Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Shixin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Yali Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Fuhua Yang
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute & School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Li Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Haotian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China.
| | - Richard W J Lee
- Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.
| | - Lai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China.
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Huang JM, Zhao N, Hao XN, Li SY, Wei D, Pu N, Peng GH, Tao Y. CX3CL1/CX3CR1 Signaling Mediated Neuroglia Activation Is Implicated in the Retinal Degeneration: A Potential Therapeutic Target to Prevent Photoreceptor Death. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:29. [PMID: 38231527 PMCID: PMC10795588 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.1.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Retinal degeneration (RD) is a large cluster of retinopathies that is characterized by the progressive photoreceptor death and visual impairments. CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling has been documented to mediate the microglia activation and gliosis reaction during neurodegeneration. We intend to verify whether the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling is involved in the RD pathology. Methods A pharmacologically induced RD mice model was established. AZD8797, a CX3CR1 antagonist, was injected into the vitreous cavity of an RD model to modulate the neuroglia activation. Then, the experimental animals were subjected to functional, morphological, and behavioral analysis. Results The CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling mediated neuroglia activation was implicated in the photoreceptor demise of an RD model. Intravitreal injection of AZD8797 preserved the retinal structure and enhanced the photoreceptor survival through inhibiting the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 expressions. Fundus photography showed that the distribution of retinal vessel was clear, and the severity of lesions was alleviated by AZD8797. In particular, these morphological benefits could be translated into remarkable functional improvements, as evidenced by the behavioral test and electroretinogram (mf-ERG) examination. A mechanism study showed that AZD8797 mitigated the microglia activation and migration in the degenerative retinas. The Müller cell hyper-reaction and secondary gliosis response were also suppressed by AZD8797. Conclusions The neuroinflammation is implicated in the photoreceptor loss of RD pathology. Targeting the CX3CL1/CX3CR1 signaling may serve as an effective therapeutic strategy. Future refinements of these findings may cast light into the discovery of new medications for RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Min Huang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Na Hao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Si-Yu Li
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dong Wei
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ning Pu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Li SY, Zhao N, Wei D, Pu N, Hao XN, Huang JM, Peng GH, Tao Y. Ferroptosis in the ageing retina: A malevolent fire of diabetic retinopathy. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 93:102142. [PMID: 38030091 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Ageing retina is prone to ferroptosis due to the iron accumulation and impaired efficiency of intracellular antioxidant defense system. Ferroptosis acts as a cell death modality that is characterized by the iron-dependent accumulation of lipid peroxidation. Ferroptosis is distinctively different from other types of regulated cell death (RCD) at the morphological, biochemical, and genetic levels. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common microvascular complication of diabetes. Its prevalence and severity increase progressively with age. Recent reports have shown that ferroptosis is implicated in the pathophysiology of DR. Under hyperglycemia condition, the endothelial cell and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cell will undergo ferroptosis, which contributes to the increased vascular permeability and the disrupted blood retinal barrier (BRB). The underlying etiology of DR can be attributed to the impaired BRB integrity and subsequent damages of the neurovascular units. In the absence of timely intervention, the compromised BRB can ultimately cause profound visual impairments. In particular, the ageing retina is vulnerable to ferroptosis, and hyperglycemia will accelerate the progression of this pathological process. In this article, we discuss the contributory role of ferroptosis in DR pathogenesis, and summarize recent therapeutic trials that targeting the ferroptosis. Further study on the ferroptosis mediated damage would enrich our knowledge of DR pathology, and promote the development of clinical treatment for this degenerative retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Yu Li
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation. School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of medicine, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Na Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation. School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of medicine, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Dong Wei
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation. School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of medicine, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ning Pu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation. School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of medicine, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xiao-Na Hao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation. School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of medicine, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jie-Min Huang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation. School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of medicine, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation. School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of medicine, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Ye Tao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation. School of Basic Medical Sciences, College of medicine, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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Hao XN, Zhao N, Huang JM, Li SY, Wei D, Pu N, Peng GH, Tao Y. Intravitreal Injection of ZYAN1 Restored Autophagy and Alleviated Oxidative Stress in Degenerating Retina via the HIF-1α/BNIP3 Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1914. [PMID: 38001767 PMCID: PMC10669006 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12111914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial autophagy plays a contributary role in the pathogenesis of retina degeneration (RD). ZYAN1 is a novel proline hydroxylase domain (PHD) inhibitor that can enhance the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1α). This study investigated whether ZYAN1 could alleviate progressive photoreceptor loss and oxidative damage in a pharmacologically induced RD model via the modulation of mitophagy. ZYAN1 was injected into the vitreous body of the RD model, and the retinal autophagy level was analyzed. The therapeutic effects of ZYAN1 were evaluated via a function examination, a morphological assay, in situ reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection, and an immunofluorescence assay. It was shown that the thickness of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) increased significantly, and visual function was efficiently preserved via ZYAN1 treatment. The mitochondria structure of photoreceptors was more complete in the ZYAN1-treated mice, and the number of autophagosomes also increased significantly. Membrane disc shedding and ROS overproduction were alleviated after ZYAN1 treatment, and the axonal cilia were more structurally intact. A Western blot analysis showed that the expression levels of the autophagy-related proteins LC3-B, Beclin-1, and ATG5 increased significantly after ZYAN1 treatment, while the expression of P62 was down-regulated. Moreover, the expression levels of HIF-1α and BNIP3 were up-regulated after ZYAN1 treatment. Therefore, an intravitreal injection of ZYAN1 can act as part of the pharmacologic strategy to modulate mitophagy and alleviate oxidative stress in RD. These findings enrich our knowledge of RD pathology and provide insights for the discovery of a therapeutic molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (X.-N.H.); (N.Z.); (J.-M.H.); (S.-Y.L.); (D.W.); (N.P.)
| | - Ye Tao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Avenue, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (X.-N.H.); (N.Z.); (J.-M.H.); (S.-Y.L.); (D.W.); (N.P.)
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Si TE, Li Z, Zhang J, Su S, Liu Y, Chen S, Peng GH, Cao J, Zang W. Epigenetic mechanisms of Müller glial reprogramming mediating retinal regeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1157893. [PMID: 37397254 PMCID: PMC10309042 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1157893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinal degenerative diseases, characterized by retinal neuronal death and severe vision loss, affect millions of people worldwide. One of the most promising treatment methods for retinal degenerative diseases is to reprogram non-neuronal cells into stem or progenitor cells, which then have the potential to re-differentiate to replace the dead neurons, thereby promoting retinal regeneration. Müller glia are the major glial cell type and play an important regulatory role in retinal metabolism and retinal cell regeneration. Müller glia can serve as a source of neurogenic progenitor cells in organisms with the ability to regenerate the nervous system. Current evidence points toward the reprogramming process of Müller glia, involving changes in the expression of pluripotent factors and other key signaling molecules that may be regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. This review summarizes recent knowledge of epigenetic modifications involved in the reprogramming process of Müller glia and the subsequent changes to gene expression and the outcomes. In living organisms, epigenetic mechanisms mainly include DNA methylation, histone modification, and microRNA-mediated miRNA degradation, all of which play a crucial role in the reprogramming process of Müller glia. The information presented in this review will improve the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the Müller glial reprogramming process and provide a research basis for the development of Müller glial reprogramming therapy for retinal degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-En Si
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhixiao Li
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Songxue Su
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yupeng Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shiyue Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weidong Zang
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Lu CF, Zhou YN, Zhang J, Su S, Liu Y, Peng GH, Zang W, Cao J. The role of epigenetic methylation/demethylation in the regulation of retinal photoreceptors. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1149132. [PMID: 37305686 PMCID: PMC10251769 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1149132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptors are integral and crucial for the retina, as they convert light into electrical signals. Epigenetics plays a vital role in determining the precise expression of genetic information in space and time during the development and maturation of photoreceptors, cell differentiation, degeneration, death, and various pathological processes. Epigenetic regulation has three main manifestations: histone modification, DNA methylation, and RNA-based mechanisms, where methylation is involved in two regulatory mechanisms-histone methylation and DNA methylation. DNA methylation is the most studied form of epigenetic modification, while histone methylation is a relatively stable regulatory mechanism. Evidence suggests that normal methylation regulation is essential for the growth and development of photoreceptors and the maintenance of their functions, while abnormal methylation can lead to many pathological forms of photoreceptors. However, the role of methylation/demethylation in regulating retinal photoreceptors remains unclear. Therefore, this study aims to review the role of methylation/demethylation in regulating photoreceptors in various physiological and pathological situations and discuss the underlying mechanisms involved. Given the critical role of epigenetic regulation in gene expression and cellular differentiation, investigating the specific molecular mechanisms underlying these processes in photoreceptors may provide valuable insights into the pathogenesis of retinal diseases. Moreover, understanding these mechanisms could lead to the development of novel therapies that target the epigenetic machinery, thereby promoting the maintenance of retinal function throughout an individual's lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Fan Lu
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Songxue Su
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yupeng Liu
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Weidong Zang
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Department of Anatomy, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Yang M, Peng GH. The molecular mechanism of human stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in retinal repair and regeneration. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:84. [PMID: 37046324 PMCID: PMC10100447 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03319-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including microvesicles (MVs) and exosomes, play a critical role in metabolic regulation and intracellular communication. Stem cell-derived EVs are considered to have the potential for regeneration, like stem cells, while simultaneously avoiding the risk of immune rejection or tumour formation. The therapeutic effect of stem cell-derived EVs has been proven in many diseases. However, the molecular mechanism of stem cell-derived EVs in retinal repair and regeneration has not been fully clarified. In this review, we described the biological characteristics of stem cell-derived EVs, summarized the current research on stem cell-derived EV treatment in retinal repair and regeneration, and discussed the potential and challenges of stem cell-derived EVs in translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yang
- Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
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Ji Y, Zhao M, Qiao X, Peng GH. Decitabine improves MMS-induced retinal photoreceptor cell damage by targeting DNMT3A and DNMT3B. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 15:1057365. [PMID: 36704326 PMCID: PMC9872157 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1057365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of neurodegenerative retinopathies causing blindness due to progressive and irreversible photoreceptor cell death. The alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) can induce selective photoreceptor cell death, which is used to establish RP animal models. MMS induces DNA base damage by adding alkyl groups to DNA, and epigenetic modifications influence DNA damage response. Here, we aimed to explore the relationship between DNA methylation and DNA damage response in dying photoreceptors of RP. Methods The mouse RP model was established by a single intraperitoneal injection of MMS. The retinal structure and function were assessed by H&E, OCT, TUNEL, and ERG at several time points. The expression of DNA methylation regulators was assessed by qPCR and Western blot. DNMT inhibitor 5-aza-dC was applied to inhibit the activity of DNA methyltransferases and improve the retinal photoreceptor damage. Results The outer nuclear layer (ONL) and IS/OS layer were significantly thinner and the retinal function was impaired after MMS treatment. The cell death was mainly located in the ONL. The retinal damage induced by MMS was accompanied by hyperexpression of DNMT3A/3B. The application of DNMT inhibitor 5-aza-dC could suppress the expression level of DNMT3A/3B, resulting in the remission of MMS-induced photoreceptor cell damage. The ONL and IS/OS layers were thicker than that of the control group, and the retinal function was partially restored. This protective effect of 5-aza-dC was associated with the down-regulated expression of DNMT3A/3B. Conclusion These findings identified a functional role of DNMT3A/3B in MMS-induced photoreceptor cell damage and provided novel evidence to support DNMTs as potential therapeutic targets in retinal degenerative diseases.Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Ji
- Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meng Zhao
- Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaomeng Qiao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China,*Correspondence: Guang-Hua Peng, ✉
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Cheng X, Gao H, Tao Z, Yin Z, Cha Z, Huang X, Zhang Y, Zeng Y, He J, Ge L, A L, Xu H, Peng GH. Repopulated retinal microglia promote Müller glia reprogramming and preserve visual function in retinal degenerative mice. Theranostics 2023; 13:1698-1715. [PMID: 37056562 PMCID: PMC10086209 DOI: 10.7150/thno.79538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Müller glia (MG) play a key role in maintaining homeostasis of the retinal microenvironment. In zebrafish, MG reprogram into retinal progenitors and repair the injured retina, while this MG regenerative capability is suppressed in mammals. It has been revealed that microglia in zebrafish contribute to MG reprogramming, whereas those in mammals are over-activated during retinal injury or degeneration, causing chronic inflammation, acceleration of photoreceptor apoptosis, and gliosis of MG. Therefore, how to modulate the phenotype of microglia to enhance MG reprogramming rather than gliosis is critical. Methods: PLX3397, a colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor inhibitor, was applied to deplete microglia in the retinas of retinal degeneration 10 (rd10) mice, and withdrawal of PLX3397 was used to induce the repopulated microglia (Rep-MiG). The protective roles of the Rep-MiG on the degenerative retina were assessed using a light/dark transition test, and scotopic electroretinogram recordings. Immunofluorescence, western blot, transcriptomic sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis were performed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of microglia on MG reprogramming. Results: Following PLX3397 withdrawal, Rep-MiG replenished the entire retina with a ramified morphology and significantly improved the retinal outer nuclear layer structure, the electroretinography response, and the visual behavior of rd10 mice. Coincidentally, MG were activated, de-differentiated, and showed properties of retina progenitors in a spatial correlation with Rep-MiG. Morphological and transcriptomic analyses revealed Rep-MiG significantly enhanced protease inhibitor activity and suppressed extracellular matrix (ECM) levels during retinal degeneration. Conclusions: It suggested that Rep-MiG with the homeostasis characteristic stimulated the progenitor cell-like properties of MG, probably through regulating ECM remodeling, which protected photoreceptors and improved visual function of rd10 mice. It might be a potential protocol to reprogram MG and delay mammal retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, First medical center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hui Gao
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zui Tao
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhe Cha
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaona Huang
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yikui Zhang
- The Eye Hospital, School of Ophthalmology & Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yuxiao Zeng
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Juncai He
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Lingling Ge
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Luodan A
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Haiwei Xu () and Guang-Hua Peng ()
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, First medical center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100853, China
- Lab of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- ✉ Corresponding authors: Haiwei Xu () and Guang-Hua Peng ()
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10
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Wang S, Du L, Yuan S, Peng GH. Complement C3a receptor inactivation attenuates retinal degeneration induced by oxidative damage. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:951491. [PMID: 36110094 PMCID: PMC9469738 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.951491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal degeneration causes vision loss and threatens the health of elderly individuals worldwide. Evidence indicates that the activation of the complement system is associated with retinal degeneration. However, the mechanism of complement signaling in retinal degeneration needs to be further studied. In this study, we show that the expression of C3 and C3a receptor (C3ar1) is positively associated with the inflammatory response and retinal degeneration. Genetic deletion of C3 and pharmacological inhibition of C3ar1 resulted in the alleviation of neuroinflammation, prevention of photoreceptor cell apoptosis and restoration of visual function. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) identified a C3ar1-dependent network shown to regulate microglial activation and astrocyte gliosis formation. Mechanistically, we found that STAT3 functioned downstream of the C3-C3ar1 pathway and that the C3ar1-STAT3 pathway functionally mediated the immune response and photoreceptor cell degeneration in response to oxidative stress. These findings reveal an important role of C3ar1 in oxidative-induced retinal degeneration and suggest that intervention of the C3ar1 pathway may alleviate retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Wang
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Du
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shunzong Yuan
- Department of Lymphoma, Head and Neck Cancer, The Fifth Medical Center, Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital (Former 307th Hospital of the PLA), Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Shunzong Yuan,
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Guang-Hua Peng,
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11
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Du L, Peng GH. Complement C3 deficiency alleviates alkylation-induced retinal degeneration in mice. Eye Vis (Lond) 2022; 9:22. [PMID: 35676725 PMCID: PMC9178834 DOI: 10.1186/s40662-022-00292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been found that the extensive use of anticancer drugs containing DNA-alkylating agents not only target cancer cells but also cause retinal inflammation through toxic intermediates. Complement C3 (C3) is a core component of the complement activation pathway, and dysregulation of the complement pathway is involved in several retinal degenerative diseases. However, whether C3 plays a critical role in alkylation-induced retinal degeneration is unclear. METHODS Following treatment with the alkylating agent methyl methane sulfonate (MMS), the C3 mRNA and protein level was measured, DNA damage and photoreceptor cell death were assessed in both wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J and C3 knockout (KO) mice. RESULTS We determined that complement pathway is activated following MMS treatment, and C3 knockout (KO) increased the rate of photoreceptor cell survival and preserved visual function. The mRNA levels of nuclear erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and related genes were higher after MMS application in C3 KO mice. CONCLUSION In summary, our study found that C3 KO promotes photoreceptor cell survival and activates the Nrf2 signaling pathway in the context of alkylation-induced retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, 100 Science Ave, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100039 China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001 Henan China
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12
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Zhao M, Lv H, Yang N, Peng GH. Rapamycin Improved Retinal Function and Morphology in a Mouse Model of Retinal Degeneration. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:846584. [PMID: 35295093 PMCID: PMC8919089 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.846584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina is an important visual organ, which is responsible for receiving light signals and transmitting them to the optic nerve center step by step. The retina contains a variety of cells, among which photoreceptor cells receive light signals and convert them into nerve signals, and are mainly responsible for light and dark vision. Retinal degeneration is mainly the degeneration of photoreceptor cells, and retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is characterized by rod degeneration followed by cone degeneration. So far, there is still a lack of effective drugs to treat RP. Here, we established a stable RP model by tail vein injection of methyl methanesulfonate to study the mechanism of retinal photoreceptor degeneration. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is located in the central pathway of growth and energy metabolism and changes in a variety of diseases in response to pathological changes. We found that the mTOR was activated in this model. Therefore, the inhibitor of mTOR, rapamycin was used to suppress the expression of mTOR and interfere with photoreceptor degeneration. Electroretinogram assay showed that the function of mice retina was improved. Hematoxylin and eosin staining results displayed that retinal photoreceptor thickness and morphology were improved. Also, the autophagy in rapamycin group was activated, which revealed that rapamycin may protect the retinal photoreceptor by inhibiting mTOR and then activating autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhao
- Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Houting Lv
- Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Na Yang
- Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guang-Hua Peng,
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13
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Deng Y, Ge X, Li Y, Zou B, Wen X, Chen W, Lu L, Zhang M, Zhang X, Li C, Zhao C, Lin X, Zhang X, Huang X, Li X, Jin M, Peng GH, Wang D, Wang X, Lai W, Liang J, Li JJ, Liang Q, Yang L, Zhang Q, Li Y, Lu P, Hu X, Li X, Deng X, Liu Y, Zou Y, Guo S, Chen T, Qin Y, Yang F, Miao L, Chen W, Chan CC, Lin H, Liu Y, Lee RWJ, Wei L. Identification of an intraocular microbiota. Cell Discov 2021; 7:13. [PMID: 33750767 PMCID: PMC7943566 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-021-00245-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The current dogma in ophthalmology and vision research presumes the intraocular environment to be sterile. However, recent evidence of intestinal bacterial translocation into the bloodstream and many other internal organs including the eyes, found in healthy and diseased animal models, suggests that the intraocular cavity may also be inhabited by a microbial community. Here, we tested intraocular samples from over 1000 human eyes. Using quantitative PCR, negative staining transmission electron microscopy, direct culture, and high-throughput sequencing technologies, we demonstrated the presence of intraocular bacteria. The possibility that the microbiome from these low-biomass communities could be a contamination from other tissues and reagents was carefully evaluated and excluded. We also provide preliminary evidence that a disease-specific microbial signature characterized the intraocular environment of patients with age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma, suggesting that either spontaneous or pathogenic bacterial translocation may be associated with these common sight-threatening conditions. Furthermore, we revealed the presence of an intraocular microbiome in normal eyes from non-human mammals and demonstrated that this varied across species (rat, rabbit, pig, and macaque) and was established after birth. These findings represent the first-ever evidence of intraocular microbiota in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhua Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Xiaofei Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Bin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Weirong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Lin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Meifen Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute & School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Chunmei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Chan Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xiaofeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Xiulan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Xinhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute & School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Ming Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, He'nan, 450001, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Dongni Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Xun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Weiyi Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Juanran Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Jing Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Qiaoxing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Liu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Qinfen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Yinyin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Ping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510275, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Xifang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Xiuli Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Yanli Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Shixin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Yali Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Fuhua Yang
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute & School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin, 300384, China
| | - Li Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, PA, 15224, USA
| | - Chi-Chao Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Haotian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China
| | - Yizhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China.
| | - Richard W J Lee
- Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.
| | - Lai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510060, China.
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14
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Hu ZH, Chen HH, Qian K, Ning CQ, Peng GH, Yu YF, Zhou XF, Chu YH, Xu D, Chen JX, Tian LG, Li H. [Prevalence and risk factors of Blastocystis hominis infections among AIDS patients in Nanchang City]. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi 2020; 32:577-583. [PMID: 33325191 DOI: 10.16250/j.32.1374.2020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence and risk factors of Blastocystis hominis infections among AIDS patients in Nanchang City. METHODS A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among AIDS patients in Nanchang City during the period between May and September, 2016. B. hominis infection was detected in patients'stool samples using a PCR assay, and the CD4+ T cell count was measured in subjects'blood samples. In addition, the risk factors of B. hominis infection in AIDS patients were identified using univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. RESULTS A survey was conducted in Nanchang City from May to September 2016. A total of 505 AIDS patients were investigated, and the prevalence of B. hominis infection was 4.16%. Univariate analysis revealed that B. hominis infection correlated with the occupation (χ2 = 8.595, P = 0.049), education level (χ2 = 14.494, P = 0.001), type of daily drinking water (χ2 = 10.750, P = 0.020), root of HIV infections (χ2 = 8.755, P = 0.026) and receiving anti-HIV therapy (χ2 = 23.083, P = 0.001) among AIDS patients, and multivariate logistic regression analysis identified daily direct drinking of tap water as a risk factor of B. hominis infections [odds ratio (OR) = 7.988, 95% confidential interval (CI): (1.160, 55.004)] and anti-HIV therapy as a protective factor of B. hominis infection [OR = 0.183, 95% CI: (0.049, 0.685)]. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of B. hominis is 4.16% among AIDS patients in Nanchang City. Daily direct drinking of tap water is a risk factor, and anti-HIV therapy is a protective factor of B. hominis infection among AIDS patients living in Nanchang City.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z H Hu
- Research Base of the National Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin and Vector-borne Infectious Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330038, China
| | - H H Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Disease Research, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasites and Vector Biology, National Health Commission, China.,▵Co-first author
| | - K Qian
- Research Base of the National Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin and Vector-borne Infectious Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330038, China
| | - C Q Ning
- National Institute of Parasitic Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Disease Research, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasites and Vector Biology, National Health Commission, China
| | - G H Peng
- Research Base of the National Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin and Vector-borne Infectious Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330038, China
| | - Y F Yu
- National Institute of Parasitic Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Disease Research, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasites and Vector Biology, National Health Commission, China
| | - X F Zhou
- Research Base of the National Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin and Vector-borne Infectious Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330038, China
| | - Y H Chu
- National Institute of Parasitic Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Disease Research, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasites and Vector Biology, National Health Commission, China
| | - D Xu
- Research Base of the National Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Key Laboratory of Animal Origin and Vector-borne Infectious Diseases of Jiangxi Province, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jiangxi Province, Nanchang 330038, China
| | - J X Chen
- National Institute of Parasitic Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Disease Research, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasites and Vector Biology, National Health Commission, China
| | - L G Tian
- National Institute of Parasitic Disease, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Tropical Disease Research, WHO Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Ministry of Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Parasites and Vector Biology, National Health Commission, China
| | - H Li
- Nanchang Municipal Health Commission, Jiangxi Province, China
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15
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Zhao M, Tao Y, Peng GH. The Role of Histone Acetyltransferases and Histone Deacetylases in Photoreceptor Differentiation and Degeneration. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:1307-1314. [PMID: 32624685 PMCID: PMC7330661 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.43140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoreceptors are critical components of the retina and play a role in the first step of the conversion of light to electrical signals. The differentiation and degeneration of photoreceptors are regulated by specific genes and proteins. With the development of epigenetic approaches, scientists have discovered that histone modifications, such as acetylation, methylation, ubiquitylation, and phosphorylation, may modulate the processes of photoreceptor differentiation and degeneration. Histone acetylation is regulated by two opposing classes of enzymes, namely, histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), which add and remove acetyl groups to and from target histones, respectively, causing changes in transcriptional activity. Herein, we review the effects of HATs and HDACs on the differentiation and degeneration of photoreceptors and discuss the underlying mechanisms of these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhao
- Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Ye Tao
- Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,Department of Physiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Laboratory of Visual Cell Differentiation and Regulation, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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16
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Abstract
Modulation of the embryonic stem cell state is beneficial for elucidating the innate mechanisms of development and regenerative medicine. Ion flux plays important roles in modulating the transition between stemness and differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs). Optogenetics is a novel tool for manipulating ion flux. To investigate the impact of optical stimulation on embryonic stem cells, optogenetically engineered V6.5 mESCs were used to measure the depolarization mediated by ChR2 on the proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation of mESCs. Blue light stimulation significantly inhibited ChR2-GFP-V6.5 ESC proliferation and disrupted the cell cycle progression, reducing the proportion of cells in the S phase. Interestingly, optical stimulation could inhibit ChR2-GFP-V6.5 ESC self-renewal and trigger differentiation by activating the extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. Our data suggest that membrane potential changes play pivotal roles in regulating the proliferation, self-renewal and initiation of differentiation of mESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojun Wang
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100853 China.,2Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100071 China.,3Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
| | - Lu Du
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100853 China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- 1Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, 100853 China.,3Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052 Henan China
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Wen X, Miao L, Deng Y, Bible PW, Hu X, Zou Y, Liu Y, Guo S, Liang J, Chen T, Peng GH, Chen W, Liang L, Wei L. The Influence of Age and Sex on Ocular Surface Microbiota in Healthy Adults. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2017; 58:6030-6037. [PMID: 29196767 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose A growing body of evidence suggests that the microbiome of the ocular surface confers potent immunoregulatory functions and has a key role in the physiologic maintenance of healthy eyes and in the pathogenesis of ocular diseases. Although the microbiome is known to be affected by age and sex, the influence of these factors on ocular surface microbiota in healthy adults remains largely unknown. Methods Ocular surface microbiome samples were obtained from the inferior bulbar conjunctiva of 48 young and 42 old adults at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center. Using metagenomic shotgun sequencing, we characterized the sex- and age-differences in conjunctival microbiome profiles of healthy adults. Results Male and female groups differed only in the β diversity of bacterial communities, while there were significant differences in bacterial composition, metabolic functions, and the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes between young and old adult groups. Conclusions Our findings suggest that age and sex collectively shape the conjunctival microbiome, and may change the immune homeostasis of the ocular surface through alterations of its commensal microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhua Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Paul W Bible
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanli Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shixin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Juanran Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, He'nan, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh of UPMC, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Lingyi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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18
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Tao Y, Chen T, Liu ZY, Wang LQ, Xu WW, Qin LM, Peng GH, Yi-Fei H. Topographic Quantification of the Transcorneal Electrical Stimulation (TES)–Induced Protective Effects on N-Methyl-N-Nitrosourea–Treated Retinas. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 57:4614-24. [PMID: 27599023 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Lab of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong-Yu Liu
- Department of Gynaecology & Obstetrics, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Qiang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Lab of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Wei Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Lab of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Min Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Lab of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Lab of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huang Yi-Fei
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Lab of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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19
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Tao Y, Chen T, Liu B, Wang LQ, Peng GH, Qin LM, Yan ZJ, Huang YF. The transcorneal electrical stimulation as a novel therapeutic strategy against retinal and optic neuropathy: a review of experimental and clinical trials. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:914-9. [PMID: 27366697 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.06.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcorneal electrical stimulation (TES) is a novel therapeutic approach to activate the retina and related downstream structures. TES has multiple advantages over traditional treatments, such as being minimally invasive and readily applicable in a routine manner. Series of animal experiments have shown that TES protects the retinal neuron from traumatic or genetic induced degeneration. These laboratory evidences support its utilization in ophthalmological therapies against various retinal and optical diseases including retinitis pigmentosa (RP), traumatic optic neuropathy, anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION), and retinal artery occlusions (RAOs). Several pioneering explorations sought to clarify the functional mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effects of TES. It seems that the neuroprotective effects should not be attributed to a solitary pathway, on the contrary, multiple mechanisms might contribute collectively to maintain cellular homeostasis and promote cell survival in the retina. More precise evaluations via functional and morphological techniques would determine the exact mechanism underlying the remarkable neuroprotective effect of TES. Further studies to determine the optimal parameters and the long-term stability of TES are crucial to justify the clinical significance and to establish TES as a popularized therapeutic modality against retinal and optic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Lab of PLA, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Li-Qiang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Lab of PLA, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Lab of PLA, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Li-Min Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Lab of PLA, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhong-Jun Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery and Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yi-Fei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Lab of PLA, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
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20
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Tao Y, Geng L, Xu WW, Qin LM, Peng GH, Huang YF. The potential utilizations of hydrogen as a promising therapeutic strategy against ocular diseases. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2016; 12:799-806. [PMID: 27279745 PMCID: PMC4878665 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s102518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen, one of the most well-known natural molecules, has been used in numerous medical applications owing to its ability to selectively neutralize cytotoxic reactive oxygen species and ameliorate hazardous inflammations. Hydrogen can exert protective effects on various reactive oxygen species-related diseases, including the transplantation-induced intestinal graft injury, chronic inflammation, ischemia–reperfusion injuries, and so on. Especially in the eye, hydrogen has been used to counteract multiple ocular pathologies in the ophthalmological models. Herein, the ophthalmological utilizations of hydrogen are systematically reviewed and the underlying mechanisms of hydrogen-induced beneficial effects are discussed. It is our hope that the protective effects of hydrogen, as evidenced by these pioneering studies, would enrich our pharmacological knowledge about this natural element and cast light into the discovery of a novel therapeutic strategy against ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Lab of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Geng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Lab of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Wei Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Lab of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Min Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Lab of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Lab of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Fei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Ophthalmology & Visual Science Key Lab of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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21
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Tao Y, Chen T, Yang GQ, Peng GH, Yan ZJ, Huang YF. Anthocyanin can arrest the cone photoreceptor degeneration and act as a novel treatment for retinitis pigmentosa. Int J Ophthalmol 2016; 9:153-8. [PMID: 26949626 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2016.01.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of heterogeneous inherited retinal diseases that is characterized by primary death rod photoreceptors and the secondary loss of cones. The degeneration of cones causes gradual constriction of visual fields, leaving the central islands that are eventually snuffed out. Studies indicate that the hyperoxia causes oxidative damage in the retina and contributes to the cone death of RP. Moreover, abundant reactive oxidative species (ROS) which are generated in cones may result in mitochondria membrane depolarization, which has been ascribed a central role in the apoptotic process and has been proposed to act as a forward feeding loop for the activation of downstream cascades. Anthocyanin is a potent antioxidant which has been evidenced to be able to counteract oxidative damages, scavenge surplus ROS, and rectify abnormities in the apoptotic cascade. Taken together with its ability to attenuate inflammation which also contributes to the etiology of RP, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the anthocyanin could act as a novel therapeutic strategy to retard or prevent cone degeneration in RP retinas, particularly if the treatment is timed appropriately and delivered efficiently. Future pharmacological investigations will identify the anthocyanin as an effective candidate for PR therapy and refinements of that knowledge would ignite the hope of restoring the visual function in RP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tao
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Guo-Qing Yang
- Department of Clinical Aerospace Medicine, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhong-Jun Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tangdu Hospital, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710038, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yi-Fei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100853, China
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22
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Zhou PY, Peng GH, Xu H, Yin ZQ. c-Kit+ cells isolated from human fetal retinas represent a new population of retinal progenitor cells. Development 2015. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.126789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Zhou PY, Peng GH, Xu H, Yin ZQ. c-Kit+ cells isolated from human fetal retinas represent a new population of retinal progenitor cells. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:2169-78. [PMID: 25918122 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.169086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Definitive surface markers for retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) are still lacking. Therefore, we sorted c-Kit+ and stage-specific embryonic antigen-4− (SSEA4−) retinal cells for further biological characterization. RPCs were isolated from human fetal retinas (gestational age of 12–14 weeks). c-Kit+/SSEA4− RPCs were sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and their proliferation and differentiation capabilities were evaluated by using immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. The effectiveness and safety were assessed following injection of c-Kit+/SSEA4− cells into the subretina of Royal College of Surgeons (RCS) rats. c-Kit+ cells were found in the inner part of the fetal retina. Sorted c-Kit+/SSEA4− cells expressed retinal stem cell markers. Our results clearly demonstrate the proliferative potential of these cells. Moreover, c-Kit+/SSEA4− cells differentiated into retinal cells that expressed markers of photoreceptor cells, ganglion cells and glial cells. These cells survived for at least 3 months after transplantation into the host subretinal space. Teratomas were not observed in the c-Kit+/SSEA4−-cell group. Thus, c-Kit can be used as a surface marker for RPCs, and c-Kit+/SSEA4− RPCs exhibit the ability to self-renew and differentiate into retinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Yi Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, He'nan 450003, China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, He'nan 450003, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Lab of Ophthalmology of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zheng Qin Yin
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Key Lab of Ophthalmology of Chinese People's Liberation Army, Chongqing 400038, China
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24
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Qi Y, Zhang FY, Peng GH, Zhu Y, Wan GM, Wang WZ, Ma J, Ren SJ. Characteristics and visual outcomes of patients hospitalized for ocular trauma in central China: 2006-2011. Int J Ophthalmol 2015; 8:162-8. [PMID: 25709927 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2015.01.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To complete the data of ocular trauma in central China, as a well-known tertiary referral center for ocular trauma, we documented the epidemiological characteristics and visual outcomes of patients hospitalized for ocular trauma in this region. METHODS A retrospective study of patients hospitalized for ocular trauma in central China from 2006 to 2011 was performed. RESULTS This study included 5964 eyes of 5799 patients. The average age was 35.5±21.8y with a male-to-female ratio of 2.8:1. The most common age was 45-59y age group. Most patients were farmers and workers (51.9%). The most common injuries were firework related (24.5%), road traffic related (24.2%), and work related (15.0%). Among the most common causative agents were firecrackers (24.5%), followed by metal/knife/scissors (21.4%). Most injuries occurred in January (14.2%), February (27.0%), and August (10.0%). There were 8.5% patients with ocular injuries combined with other injuries. The incidence of open ocular injuries (4585 eyes, 76.9%) was higher than closed ocular injuries (939 eyes, 15.7%). The incidences of chemical and thermal ocular injuries were 1.2% and 0.6%. Ocular trauma score (OTS) predicted final visual acuity at non light perception (NLP), 20/200-20/50 and 20/40 with a sensitivity of 100%, and light perception (LP)/hand motion (HM) and 1/200-19/200 with a specificity of 100%. CONCLUSIONS This study provides recent epidemiological data of patients hospitalized for ocular trauma in central China. Some factors influencing the visual outcome include time interval between injury and visit to the clinic, wound location, open or closed globe injury, initial visual acuity, and OTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Qi
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Feng-Yan Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Guang-Ming Wan
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Wen-Zhan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
| | - Shi-Jie Ren
- Department of Ophthalmology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, Henan Province, China
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25
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Yang QH, Chen B, Wang LQ, Peng GH, Li ZH, Huang YF. Evaluation of immersion 20 MHz B-scan ultrasonography in observing lens in the alkali burn eyes. Int J Ophthalmol 2014; 7:632-7. [PMID: 25161933 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.04.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the accuracy of 20 MHz immersion B-scan ultrasonography in observing lens and to investigate the value of this noninvasive preoperative diagnosis method in alkali burn eyes. METHODS It was a comparative study. Fifty-six cases (56 eyes) of alkali burn eyes were examined by ultrasound biomicroscopy (UBM) and immersion 20 MHz B-scan ultrasonography from June 2011 to April 2013, the images were analyzed, and the ultrasonographic diagnosis compared with the operation results. RESULTS In 56 alkali burn eyes examined by UBM, the lens were not detected in 16 eyes; the IOL could be detected in 2 eyes; the anterior lens capsule surface or/and the front lens could be detected in 18 eyes, and lens opacification in 3 eyes of them; suspected abnormal lens were detected in the other 20 eyes. In all the same eyes examined by immersion 20 MHz B-scan ultrasonography, the lens were not detected in 16 eyes; the IOL could be detected in 2 eyes; 24 abnormal lens (opacity, lens expansion, shrinkage) and 14 normal lens were found. Compared with the intraoperative findings, the diagnostic accordance rate of the immersion 20 MHz B-scan appearance of lens was 100% (56/56), which was significantly higher than examined by UBM 57.14% (32/56) (χ(2)=30.55, P=0.0000). CONCLUSION Immersion 20 MHz B-scan ultrasonography can observe the lens accurately in alkali burn eyes. It has important clinical value to combine with UBM in eyes of alkali burn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hua Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853,China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853,China
| | - Li-Qiang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853,China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853,China
| | - Zhao-Hui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853,China
| | - Yi-Fei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853,China
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26
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Yang QH, Chen B, Peng GH, Li ZH, Huang YF. Accuracy of axial length measurements from immersion B-scan ultrasonography in highly myopic eyes. Int J Ophthalmol 2014; 7:441-5. [PMID: 24967188 DOI: 10.3980/j.issn.2222-3959.2014.03.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the accuracy of axial length (AL) measurements obtained from immersion B-scan ultrasonography (immersion B-scan) for intraocular lens (IOL) power calculation in patients with high myopia and cataracts. METHODS Immersion B-scan, contact A-scan ultrasonography (contact A-scan), and the IOLMaster were used to preoperatively measure the AL in 102 eyes from 102 patients who underwent phacoemulsification and IOL implantation. Patients were divided into two groups according to the AL: one containing patients with 22 mm≤AL<26 mm(group A) and the other containing patients with AL≥26 mm (group B). The mean error (ME) was calculated from the difference between the AL measurement methods predicted refractive error and the actual postoperative refractive error. RESULTS In group A, ALs measured by immersion B-scan (23.48±1.15) didn't differ significantly from those measured by the IOLMaster (23.52±1.17) or from those by contact A-scan (23.38±1.20). In the same group, the standard deviation (SD) of the mean error (ME) of immersion B-scan (-0.090±0.397 D) didn't differ significantly from those of IOLMaster (-0.095±0.411 D) and contact A-scan (-0.099±0.425 D). In group B, ALs measured by immersion B-scan (27.97±2.21 mm) didn't differ significantly from those of the IOLMaster (27.86±2.18 mm), but longer than those measured by Contact A-scan (27.75±2.23 mm, P=0.009). In the same group, the standard deviation (SD) of the mean error (ME) of immersion B-scan (-0.635±0.157 D) didn't differ significantly from those of the IOLMaster (-0.679±0.359 D), but differed significantly from those of contact A-scan (-0.953±1.713 D, P=0.028). CONCLUSION Immersion B-scan exhibits measurement accuracy comparable to that of the IOLMaster, and is thus a good alternative in measuring AL in eyes with high myopia when the IOLMaster can't be used, and it is more accurate than the contact A-scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Hua Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yi-Fei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
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Abstract
A novel method was developed to analyze lotus rhizome polyphenolic catechin using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The retain time of catechin was 14.72 min under the optimized condition. Mass spectrometry was further employed to qualify and quantify the purity of the catechin peak. Good linearity (R=0.9997) was obtained within the range of 50-1,000 ng. The coefficient of variance was determined as 5.2%, with a recovery rate of 97%. The detection and quantification limitations of catechin were 23 ng and 50 ng, respectively. The catechin level was 0.0025% in the lotus rhizome, and 0.011% in the knot of the lotus rhizome (Nelumbo nucifera cv. 'damao jie'). The optimized conditions of HPLC for catechin detection in the lotus rhizome matrix were as follows: the SuperlcosIL™ LC-18 analytical column (150 mm×4.6 mm, 5 µm), methanol-water-acetic acid (10:90:1, volume ratio) as the mobile phase, an UV detector at 280 nm, a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min, column temperature at 30°C, and an injection volume of 10 µl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Lei Yan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
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28
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Hennig AK, Peng GH, Chen S. Transcription coactivators p300 and CBP are necessary for photoreceptor-specific chromatin organization and gene expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69721. [PMID: 23922782 PMCID: PMC3724885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rod and cone photoreceptor neurons in the mammalian retina possess specialized cellular architecture and functional features for converting light to a neuronal signal. Establishing and maintaining these characteristics requires appropriate expression of a specific set of genes, which is tightly regulated by a network of photoreceptor transcription factors centered on the cone-rod homeobox protein CRX. CRX recruits transcription coactivators p300 and CBP to acetylate promoter-bound histones and activate transcription of target genes. To further elucidate the role of these two coactivators, we conditionally knocked out Ep300 and/or CrebBP in differentiating rods or cones, using opsin-driven Cre recombinase. Knockout of either factor alone exerted minimal effects, but loss of both factors severely disrupted target cell morphology and function: the unique nuclear chromatin organization seen in mouse rods was reversed, accompanied by redistribution of nuclear territories associated with repressive and active histone marks. Transcription of many genes including CRX targets was severely impaired, correlating with reduced histone H3/H4 acetylation (the products of p300/CBP) on target gene promoters. Interestingly, the presence of a single wild-type allele of either coactivator prevented many of these defects, with Ep300 more effective than Cbp. These results suggest that p300 and CBP play essential roles in maintaining photoreceptor-specific structure, function and gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K. Hennig
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Shiming Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Combinatorial binding of transcription factors (TFs) and cofactors to specific regulatory regions of target genes in vivo is an important mechanism of transcriptional regulation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) is a powerful technique to detect protein binding to specific regions of target genes in vivo. However, conventional ChIP analysis for individual factors (single ChIP) does not provide information on co-occupancy of two interacting TFs on target genes, even if both bind to the same chromatin regions. Double ChIP analysis involves sequential (double) immunoprecipitation of two chromatin-binding proteins and can be used to study co-occupancy of two or more factors on specific regions of the same DNA allele. Furthermore, by including a cell type-specific protein in double-ChIP, target co-occupancy in a specific cell type can be studied even if the other partner is more widely expressed. In this chapter, we describe a detailed protocol for double ChIP analysis in mouse retinas. Using the rod-specific transcription factor NR2E3 and the cone/rod homeobox protein CRX as examples, we show that NR2E3 and CRX are co-enriched on the promoter of active Rho and Rbp3 genes in rods, but are present to a much lesser degree on the promoters of silent cone opsin genes. These results suggest a new mechanism by which rod and cone genes are differentially regulated by these transcription factors in rod photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Montana CL, Lawrence KA, Williams NL, Tran NM, Peng GH, Chen S, Corbo JC. Transcriptional regulation of neural retina leucine zipper (Nrl), a photoreceptor cell fate determinant. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:36921-31. [PMID: 21865162 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.279026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor neural retina leucine zipper (Nrl) is a critical determinant of rod photoreceptor cell fate and a key regulator of rod differentiation. Nrl(-/-) rod precursors fail to turn on rod genes and instead differentiate as cones. Furthermore, NRL mutations in humans cause retinitis pigmentosa. Despite the developmental and clinical significance of this gene, little is known about the transcriptional regulation of Nrl itself. In this study, we sought to define the cis- and trans-acting factors responsible for initiation and maintenance of Nrl transcription in the mouse retina. Utilizing a quantitative mouse retinal explant electroporation assay, we discovered a phylogenetically conserved, 30-base pair region immediately upstream of the transcription start site that is required for Nrl promoter activity. This region contains binding sites for the retinal transcription factors CRX, OTX2, and RORβ, and point mutations in these sites completely abolish promoter activity in living retinas. Gel-shift experiments show that CRX, OTX2, and RORβ can bind to the critical region in vitro, whereas ChIP experiments demonstrate binding of CRX and OTX2 to the critical region in vivo. Thus, our results indicate that CRX, OTX2, and RORβ directly regulate Nrl transcription by binding to critical sites within the Nrl promoter. We propose a model in which Nrl expression is primarily initiated by OTX2 and RORβ and later maintained at high levels by CRX and RORβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Montana
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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de Melo J, Peng GH, Chen S, Blackshaw S. The Spalt family transcription factor Sall3 regulates the development of cone photoreceptors and retinal horizontal interneurons. Development 2011; 138:2325-36. [PMID: 21558380 PMCID: PMC3091496 DOI: 10.1242/dev.061846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian retina is a tractable model system for analyzing transcriptional networks that guide neural development. Spalt family zinc-finger transcription factors play a crucial role in photoreceptor specification in Drosophila, but their role in mammalian retinal development has not been investigated. In this study, we show that that the spalt homolog Sall3 is prominently expressed in developing cone photoreceptors and horizontal interneurons of the mouse retina and in a subset of cone bipolar cells. We find that Sall3 is both necessary and sufficient to activate the expression of multiple cone-specific genes, and that Sall3 protein is selectively bound to the promoter regions of these genes. Notably, Sall3 shows more prominent expression in short wavelength-sensitive cones than in medium wavelength-sensitive cones, and that Sall3 selectively activates expression of the short but not the medium wavelength-sensitive cone opsin gene. We further observe that Sall3 regulates the differentiation of horizontal interneurons, which form direct synaptic contacts with cone photoreceptors. Loss of function of Sall3 eliminates expression of the horizontal cell-specific transcription factor Lhx1, resulting in a radial displacement of horizontal cells that partially phenocopies the loss of function of Lhx1. These findings not only demonstrate that Spalt family transcription factors play a conserved role in regulating photoreceptor development in insects and mammals, but also identify Sall3 as a factor that regulates terminal differentiation of both cone photoreceptors and their postsynaptic partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy de Melo
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway Avenue, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Wang TL, Zhou C, Shen YW, Wang XY, Ding XL, Tian S, Liu Y, Peng GH, Xue SQ, Zhou JE, Wang RL, Meng XM, Pei GD, Bai YH, Liu Q, Li H, Zhang JZ. Prevalence of androgenetic alopecia in China: a community-based study in six cities. Br J Dermatol 2010; 162:843-7. [PMID: 20105167 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2010.09640.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T L Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
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Mali RS, Peng GH, Zhang X, Dang L, Chen S, Mitton KP. FIZ1 is part of the regulatory protein complex on active photoreceptor-specific gene promoters in vivo. BMC Mol Biol 2008; 9:87. [PMID: 18854042 PMCID: PMC2571102 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-9-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 10/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background FIZ1 (Flt-3 Interacting Zinc-finger) is a broadly expressed protein of unknown function. We reported previously that in the mammalian retina, FIZ1 interacts with NRL (Neural-Retina Leucine-zipper), an essential transcriptional activator of rod photoreceptor-specific genes. The concentration of FIZ1 in the retina increases during photoreceptor terminal maturation, when two key transcription factors NRL and CRX (Cone-Rod Homeobox) become detectable on the promoters of photoreceptor-specific genes (i.e. Rhodopsin, Pde6b). To determine if FIZ1 is involved in regulating CRX-mediated transcriptional activation, we examined FIZ1 subcellular location in mouse neural retina, its ability to interact with CRX, and its association with CRX/NRL target genes. Results FIZ1 is present in the nucleus of adult photoreceptors as well as other retinal neurons as shown by transmission electron microscopy with nano-gold labeling. FIZ1 and CRX were co-precipitated from retinal nuclear extracts with antibodies to either protein. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays revealed that FIZ1 is part of the protein complex on several rod and cone gene promoters, within photoreceptor cells of the mouse retina. FIZ1 complexes with CRX or NRL on known NRL- and CRX-responsive elements, as shown by electrophoretic mobility shift assays with FIZ1 antibody. FIZ1 can directly bind to CRX, as demonstrated using yeast two-hybrid and GST pull-down assays. Co-transfection assays demonstrated that FIZ1 increases CRX-mediated activation of Opsin test promoters. Quantitative ChIP analysis revealed an increased association of FIZ1 with the Rhodopsin promoter in adult (P-25) neural retina versus immature (P-3) neural retina. The quantity of transcriptionally active RNA Polymerase-II within the Rhodopsin gene (Rho) was significantly increased in the adult neural retina, compared to the immature retina. Conclusion FIZ1 directly interacts with CRX to enhance CRX's transactivation activity for target genes. Developmentally, in neural retina tissue, the increased association of FIZ1 with CRX target genes corresponds to an increased association of transcriptionally active Pol-II within the Rho gene. Together with previous findings, our results suggest that FIZ1 may act as a transcriptional co-regulator of photoreceptor-specific genes, recruited by at least two photoreceptor-specific transcription factors, CRX and NRL. Further studies are underway to elucidate the exact role of FIZ1 in photoreceptor gene expression, development and maintenance.
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Abstract
The homeodomain transcription factor Crx is required for expression of many photoreceptor genes in the mammalian retina. The mechanism by which Crx activates transcription remains to be determined. Using protein-protein interaction assays, Crx was found to interact with three co-activator proteins (complexes): STAGA, Cbp and p300, all of which possess histone acetyl-transferase (HAT) activity. To determine the role of Crx-HAT interactions in target gene chromatin modification and transcriptional activation, quantitative RT-PCR and chromatin immunoprecipitation were performed on Crx target genes, rod and cone opsins, in developing mouse retina. Although cone opsins are transcribed earlier than rhodopsin during development, the transcription of each gene is preceded by the same sequence of events in their promoter and enhancer regions: (i) binding of Crx, followed by (ii) binding of HATs, (iii) the acetylation of histone H3, then (iv) binding of other photoreceptor transcription factors (Nrl and Nr2e3) and RNA polymerase II. In Crx knockout mice (Crx(-/-)), the association of HATs and AcH3 with target promoter/enhancer regions was significantly decreased, which correlates with aberrant opsin transcription and photoreceptor dysfunction in these mice. Similar changes to the opsin chromatin were seen in Y79 retinoblastoma cells, where opsin genes are barely transcribed. These defects in Y79 cells can be reversed by expressing a recombinant Crx or applying histone deacetylase inhibitors. Altogether, these results suggest that one mechanism for Crx-mediated transcriptional activation is to recruit HATs to photoreceptor gene chromatin for histone acetylation, thereby inducing and maintaining appropriate chromatin configurations for transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shiming Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed at: Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8096, St Louis, MO 63110, USA. Tel: +1 3147474350; Fax: +1 3147474211;
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Hennig AK, Peng GH, Chen S. Regulation of photoreceptor gene expression by Crx-associated transcription factor network. Brain Res 2007; 1192:114-33. [PMID: 17662965 PMCID: PMC2266892 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 06/13/2007] [Accepted: 06/20/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Rod and cone photoreceptors in the mammalian retina are special types of neurons that are responsible for phototransduction, the first step of vision. Development and maintenance of photoreceptors require precisely regulated gene expression. This regulation is mediated by a network of photoreceptor transcription factors centered on Crx, an Otx-like homeodomain transcription factor. The cell type (subtype) specificity of this network is governed by factors that are preferentially expressed by rods or cones or both, including the rod-determining factors neural retina leucine zipper protein (Nrl) and the orphan nuclear receptor Nr2e3; and cone-determining factors, mostly nuclear receptor family members. The best-documented of these include thyroid hormone receptor beta2 (Tr beta2), retinoid related orphan receptor Ror beta, and retinoid X receptor Rxr gamma. The appropriate function of this network also depends on general transcription factors and cofactors that are ubiquitously expressed, such as the Sp zinc finger transcription factors and STAGA co-activator complexes. These cell type-specific and general transcription regulators form complex interactomes; mutations that interfere with any of the interactions can cause photoreceptor development defects or degeneration. In this manuscript, we review recent progress on the roles of various photoreceptor transcription factors and interactions in photoreceptor subtype development. We also provide evidence of auto-, para-, and feedback regulation among these factors at the transcriptional level. These protein-protein and protein-promoter interactions provide precision and specificity in controlling photoreceptor subtype-specific gene expression, development, and survival. Understanding these interactions may provide insights to more effective therapeutic interventions for photoreceptor diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K. Hennig
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Shiming Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
- Corresponding Author: Shiming Chen, Ph.D., Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8096, St. Louis, MO 63110. Phone: (314) 747−4350; Fax: (314) 747−4211;
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Peng GH, Chen S. Chromatin immunoprecipitation identifies photoreceptor transcription factor targets in mouse models of retinal degeneration: new findings and challenges. Vis Neurosci 2006; 22:575-86. [PMID: 16332268 DOI: 10.1017/s0952523805225063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2005] [Accepted: 05/18/2005] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The transcription factors, Otx2, Crx, Nrl, and Nr2e3, expressed by retinal photoreceptor cells are essential for photoreceptor gene expression, development, and maintenance. Malfunction of any of these factors due to genetic mutations causes photoreceptor disease. Protein-protein interaction studies suggest that these factors may form a regulatory network centered on Crx. To understand how these factors regulate photoreceptor gene transcription in vivo, we have employed chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays to assess the ability of these proteins to bind to regulatory sequences of photoreceptor genes in the retina of wild-type and mutant mice with photoreceptor degeneration. This paper summarizes the advantages and limitations of ChIP, using examples from our studies to demonstrate how this technique has contributed to our understanding of the regulation of photoreceptor gene expression. We report that Crx, Otx2, Nrl, and Nr2e3 co-occupy the promoter/enhancer, but not the region 3' of selected Crx target genes, in a retina-specific fashion. We identified Crx-dependent (Nr2e3) and Crx-independent (Otx2 and Nrl) target binding using Crx knockout mice (Crx-/-), suggesting that individual factors may use distinct mechanism(s) for binding and regulating target genes. Consistent with ChIP results, we also found that Otx2, a close family member of Crx, can activate the promoter of rod and cone genes in HEK293 cells, implicating Otx2 in regulating photoreceptor gene expression. These findings provide important information for understanding how photoreceptor transcription factors regulate photoreceptor gene expression and the mechanisms by which mutations in these factors cause transcriptional dysregulation and photoreceptor degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Palhan VB, Chen S, Peng GH, Tjernberg A, Gamper AM, Fan Y, Chait BT, La Spada AR, Roeder RG. Polyglutamine-expanded ataxin-7 inhibits STAGA histone acetyltransferase activity to produce retinal degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:8472-7. [PMID: 15932940 PMCID: PMC1150862 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503505102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is characterized by cone-rod dystrophy retinal degeneration and is caused by a polyglutamine [poly(Q)] expansion within ataxin-7, a protein of previously unknown function. Here, we report that ataxin-7 is an integral component of the mammalian STAGA (SPT3-TAF9-ADA-GCN5 acetyltransferase) transcription coactivator complex, interacts directly with the GCN5 histone acetyltransferase component of STAGA, and mediates a direct interaction of STAGA with the CRX (cone-rod homeobox) transactivator of photoreceptor genes. Consistent with these results, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays document retinal-specific association of CRX, GCN5, and acetylated histone H3 with CRX target genes. RNA interference studies also implicate ataxin-7 and GCN5 in CRX-dependent gene activation, and histone deacetylase inhibitors restore the compromised expression of a CRX target gene in an ataxin-7-deficient background. Significantly, in relation to SCA7, poly(Q)-expanded ataxin-7 gets incorporated into STAGA and, in a dominant-negative manner, inhibits the nucleosomal histone acetylation function of STAGA GCN5 both in vitro and, based on chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, in SCA7 transgenic mice. These results suggest that the normal function of a poly(Q) disease protein may intersect with its pathogenic mechanism, an observation with significant implications for the molecular basis of all poly(Q) disorders and ultimately for their treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas B Palhan
- Laboratories of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Lerner LE, Peng GH, Gribanova YE, Chen S, Farber DB. Sp4 is expressed in retinal neurons, activates transcription of photoreceptor-specific genes, and synergizes with Crx. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:20642-50. [PMID: 15781457 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m500957200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the molecular mechanisms of photoreceptor-specific gene transcription, we examined the role of the neuronal-enriched Sp4 nuclear protein in transcription from the rod-specific beta-PDE and rod opsin gene promoters and compared it to the ubiquitous members of the Sp family, Sp1 and Sp3. Sp4 activates both the rod opsin and beta-PDE promoters, whereas Sp1 activates only the rod opsin promoter and Sp3 activates neither promoter. Interestingly, Sp1 and Sp3 competitively repress Sp4-mediated activation of the beta-PDE promoter. In addition, Sp4, Sp1, and Sp3 each show functional synergy with the photoreceptor-enriched Crx transcriptional regulator on the rod opsin promoter but not the beta-PDE promoter, although Sp4-mediated activation was the most significant. Sp4, Sp1, and Sp3 bind Crx in co-immunoprecipitation experiments, and their zinc finger domains as well as the Crx homedomain are necessary and sufficient for these interactions. Chromatin immunoprecipitation showed that the rod opsin and beta-PDE promoters are targets of both Sp4 and Crx, which further supports Sp4-Crx interactions in vivo in the context of retinal chromatin environment. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry demonstrated that Sp4 is abundantly expressed in various neurons of all retinal layers, and thus co-localizes or overlaps with multiple retina-restricted and -enriched genes, its putative targets. Our results indicate that photoreceptor-specific gene transcription is controlled by the combinatorial action of Sp4 and Crx. The other Sp family members may be involved in photoreceptor-specific transcription directly or through their competition with Sp4. These data suggest the potential importance of Sp4 in retinal neurobiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid E Lerner
- Jules Stein Eye Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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Peng GH, Ahmad O, Ahmad F, Liu J, Chen S. The photoreceptor-specific nuclear receptor Nr2e3 interacts with Crx and exerts opposing effects on the transcription of rod versus cone genes. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14:747-64. [PMID: 15689355 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nr2e3 is an orphan nuclear receptor expressed specifically by retinal photoreceptor cells. Mutations in Nr2e3 result in syndromes characterized by excess blue cones and loss of rods: enhanced S-cone syndrome (ESCS) in humans and rd7 in mice. Using yeast two-hybrid screens with Nr2e3 as bait, the cone-rod homeobox protein Crx was identified as an interacting partner of Nr2e3. Immunoprecipitation assays confirmed this Nr2e3-Crx interaction and identified the DNA-binding domain of each protein as the interaction motif. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that Crx and Nr2e3 are co-expressed by rod photoreceptors and their precursors. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays on mouse retina demonstrated that Nr2e3 and Crx co-occupy the promoter/enhancer region of several rod and cone genes in the rod photoreceptor cells. The promoter/enhancer occupancy of Nr2e3 is Crx-dependent, suggesting that Nr2e3 is associated with photoreceptor gene targets by interacting with Crx. Transient transfection assays in HEK293 cells demonstrated that Nr2e3 enhances rhodopsin, but represses S- or M-cone opsin transcription when interacting with Crx. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis on postnatal day 28 (P28) retina of the rd7 mouse, which lacks Nr2e3 protein, revealed an up-regulation of cone genes, but down-regulation of rod genes. Several mutant forms of human Nr2e3 identified from ESCS patients showed defects in interacting with Crx and/or in transcriptional regulatory function. Altogether, our findings suggest that Nr2e3 is a dual-function transcriptional regulator that acts in concert with Crx to promote and maintain the function of rod photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Hua Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Chen S, Peng GH, Wang X, Smith AC, Grote SK, Sopher BL, La Spada AR. Interference of Crx-dependent transcription by ataxin-7 involves interaction between the glutamine regions and requires the ataxin-7 carboxy-terminal region for nuclear localization. Hum Mol Genet 2003; 13:53-67. [PMID: 14613968 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddh005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by expansion of a polyglutamine tract in the ataxin-7 protein. A unique feature of SCA7 is degeneration of photoreceptor cells in the retina, resulting in cone-rod dystrophy. In an SCA7 transgenic mouse model that we developed, it was found that the cone-rod dystrophy involves altered photoreceptor gene expression due to interference with Crx, a homeodomain transcription factor containing a glutamine-rich region. To determine the basis of the Crx-ataxin-7 interaction, Crx and ataxin-7 truncation and point mutants were generated, and the ability of mutant versions of either protein to co-immunoprecipitate the normal version of the other protein was tested. Thus Crx's ataxin-7 interaction domain was localized to its glutamine-rich region and ataxin-7's Crx binding domain was mapped to its glutamine tract. The importance of each protein's respective glutamine region for a productive interaction was confirmed by performing Crx transactivation assays in HEK293 cells and correlating the extent of Crx transcription interference with the intactness of each protein's glutamine region. It was also established that ataxin-7 must localize to the nucleus to repress Crx transactivation, and the likely nuclear localization signals were mapped to ataxin-7's carboxy-terminal region. Finally, using chromatin immunoprecipitation, it was demonstrated that Crx and ataxin-7 engage in a functionally significant interaction by co-occupying the promoter and enhancer regions of Crx-regulated retinal genes in vivo. The results suggest that one mechanism of SCA7 disease pathogenesis is transcription dysregulation, and that Crx transcription interference is a predominant factor in SCA7 cone-rod dystrophy retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiming Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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Wang X, Xu S, Rivolta C, Li LY, Peng GH, Swain PK, Sung CH, Swaroop A, Berson EL, Dryja TP, Chen S. Barrier to autointegration factor interacts with the cone-rod homeobox and represses its transactivation function. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:43288-300. [PMID: 12215455 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m207952200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Crx (cone-rod homeobox) is a homeodomain transcription factor implicated in regulating the expression of photoreceptor and pineal genes. To identify proteins that interact with Crx in the retina, we carried out a yeast two-hybrid screen of a retinal cDNA library. One of the identified clones encodes Baf (barrier to autointegration factor), which was previously shown to have a role in mitosis and retroviral integration. Additional biochemical assays provided supporting evidence for a Baf-Crx interaction. The Baf protein is detectable in all nuclear layers of the mouse retina, including the photoreceptors and the bipolar cells where Crx is expressed. Transient transfection assays with a rhodopsin-luciferase reporter in HEK293 cells demonstrate that overexpression of Baf represses Crx-mediated transactivation, suggesting that Baf acts as a negative regulator of Crx. Consistent with this role for Baf, an E80A mutation of CRX associated with cone-rod dystrophy has a higher than normal transactivation potency but a reduced interaction with Baf. Although our studies did not identify a causative Baf mutation in retinopathies, we suggest that Baf may contribute to the phenotype of a photoreceptor degenerative disease by modifying the activity of Crx. In view of the ubiquitous expression of Baf, we hypothesize that it may play a role in regulating tissue- or cell type-specific gene expression by interacting with homeodomain transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
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Peng GH, Tan Y, Zeng LM. [Simultaneous determination of catecholamine levels in plasma by high performance liquid chromatography]. Hunan Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2001; 26:485-7. [PMID: 12536512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use a high performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection to simultaneously determine catecholamine(CA) levels in plasma and to diagnose chromaffin cell tumors and neuroblastoma. METHODS The plasma samples after flowing extraction by ion-moderated partition were determined with electrochemical method to detect CA levels in plasma; the lowest detective limit, the precision, recovery, sensitivity of CA levels were tested and a reference range was established based on the respective data of 18 healthy persons. RESULTS The recovery rates of epinephrine and norepinephrine were 86.2% and 90.5%. The method of testing epinephrine was linear at the range of 0.2 to 10.6 nmol.L-1 with 0.05 nmol.L-1 of the lowest detective limit. The intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were lower than 10.7% and 11.1%, respectively. CONCLUSION The method is simple, accurate, sensible in the clinical diagnosis of CA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Peng
- Clinical Laboratory, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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Abstract
To determine the mechanism of congenital nystagmus (CN), the ultrastructure of the extraocular muscle in CN patients was examined with the transmission electron microscope. The specimen of muscle tissue was taken during surgery from horizontal recti in the slow and quick phase sides separately in the jerky type, and medial and lateral recti in the pendular type. The extraocular muscle was immediately fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde solution. (1) In the jerky type, the myocytes in the quick phase side showed myofibrillae that were perpendicular to axes of myocytes and had the structure of sarcomeres. In the slow phase side there were perpendicular myofibrillae in the periphery of myocytes. (2) In the pendular type, there were no perpendicular myofibrillae within myocytes. The myofibrillae that were parallel to the axes of myocytes were arranged disorderly. The length of the H and I bands in different myofibrillae was not identical. These results demonstrated, for the first time, the ultrastructural changes in the extraocular muscle of CN patients, which might provide the pathological basis for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Teaching Hospital, Henan Medical University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Peng GH. [Effects of covering the windowpane with plastic film on microclimate and sunshine of the living room in a cold region]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 1990; 24:157-9. [PMID: 2253525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Experiments were made to ascertain the effects of covering windowpane with plastic film in Hulunbeir region on microclimate and sunshine intensity in the living room. It was found that a good regulative effect on the room microclimate resulted by covering the windowpane with plastic film in the cold region. The room temperature rose distinctly. No evident effects were found on ultra-violet radiation and illumination. But the concentration of carbon dioxide increased to some extent. Attention should be paid to ventilation of the room.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Peng
- Sanitation and Anti-epidemic Station, Hulunbeir League, Inner Mongolian
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Huang GF, Li JH, Feng DH, Liu ZG, Lü GN, Peng GH, Feng ZY, Ye X, Zhang HY. [Determination of maximal expiratory flow-volume curves of 815 normal children and adolescents in Chengdu]. Sichuan Yi Xue Yuan Xue Bao 1985; 16:318-21. [PMID: 3837391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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