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Huh J, Arpawong TE, Gruenewald TL, Fisher GG, Prescott CA, Manly JJ, Seblova D, Walters EE, Gatz M. General cognitive ability in high school, attained education, occupational complexity, and dementia risk. Alzheimers Dement 2024; 20:2662-2669. [PMID: 38375960 PMCID: PMC11032536 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We address the extent to which adolescent cognition predicts dementia risk in later life, mediated by educational attainment and occupational complexity. METHODS Using data from Project Talent Aging Study (PTAS), we fitted two structural equation models to test whether adolescent cognition predicts cognitive impairment (CI) and Ascertain Dementia 8 (AD8) status simultaneously (NCognitive Assessment = 2477) and AD8 alone (NQuestionnaire = 6491) 60 years later, mediated by education and occupational complexity. Co-twin control analysis examined 82 discordant pairs for CI/AD8. RESULTS Education partially mediated the effect of adolescent cognition on CI in the cognitive assessment aample and AD8 in the questionnaire sample (Ps < 0.001). Within twin pairs, differences in adolescent cognition were small, but intrapair differences in education predicted CI status. DISCUSSION Adolescent cognition predicted dementia risk 60 years later, partially mediated through education. Educational attainment, but not occupational complexity, contributes to CI risk beyond its role as a mediator of adolescent cognition, further supported by the co-twin analyses. HIGHLIGHTS Project Talent Aging Study follows enrollees from high school for nearly 60 years. General cognitive ability in high school predicts later-life cognitive impairment. Low education is a risk partially due to its association with cognitive ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimi Huh
- Department of Population and Public Health SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Thalida Em Arpawong
- Leonard Davis School of GerontologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Gwenith G. Fisher
- Department of PsychologyColorado State UniversityColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Carol A. Prescott
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | | | - Dominika Seblova
- Second Faculty of MedicineCharles University Prague, Second Faculty of Medicine (2. LF UK)PragueCzech Republic
| | - Ellen E. Walters
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Margaret Gatz
- Center for Economic and Social Research, University of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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Brossoit RM, Crain TL, Leslie JJ, Fisher GG, Eakman AM. Engaging with nature and work: associations among the built and natural environment, experiences outside, and job engagement and creativity. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1268962. [PMID: 38274672 PMCID: PMC10808437 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1268962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is substantial evidence that contact with nature is related to positive health and well-being outcomes, but extensions of this research to work-related outcomes is sparse. Some organizations are redesigning workspaces to incorporate nature and adopting nature-related policies, warranting a need for empirical studies that test the influence of nature on employee outcomes. Methods The present mixed-methods study tests and extends the biophilic work design model to examine associations among the built and natural environment at work and home, experiences of time spent outside (i.e., amount of time outside, enjoyment of time outside, outdoor activities), and motivational work outcomes (i.e., job engagement and creativity). Objective geographic data were combined with quantitative and qualitative survey responses from working adults (N = 803). Results Our results broadly indicate that individuals who work and live in areas with greater natural amenities (i.e., access to water, topographic variation, temperate climates) spend more time outside and enjoy time outside to a greater degree, and these experiences are in turn associated with greater engagement and creativity at work. We did not find evidence that the surrounding built environment (i.e., urbanity) at work or home was associated with outdoor experiences or work-related outcomes. Additionally, six categories of outdoor activities were identified in the qualitative analyses - leisure activities, relaxation, physical activities, social interactions, tasks and errands, and travel. Discussion The findings from this study provide evidence that the natural environment, particularly at home, can benefit work-related outcomes via greater time and enjoyment of time outside. This study has implications for employee time use and organizational effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M. Brossoit
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States
| | - Tori L. Crain
- Department of Psychology, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Jordyn J. Leslie
- Department of Psychology, Portland State University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Gwenith G. Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Aaron M. Eakman
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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Kunz JJ, Fisher GG, Ganster DC, Gibbons AM, Graham DJ, Schwatka NV, Dally MJ, Shore E, Brown CE, Tenney L, Newman LS. The Relationship Between Stress and Sleep Sufficiency in the Context of Varied Workplace Social Support. J Occup Environ Med 2023; 65:769-774. [PMID: 37278150 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Sufficient sleep is essential for well-being. We examined the relationship between work-related social support, work stress, and sleep sufficiency, predicting that workers with higher social support would report higher sleep sufficiency across varying levels of work stress. METHODS The data set analyzed in the present study included 2213 workers from approximately 200 small (<500 employees) businesses in high, medium, and low hazard industries across Colorado. RESULTS Perceived social support variables moderated the relationship between work stress and sleep sufficiency such that employees reporting higher levels of social support reported higher sleep sufficiency when work stress was low or moderate but not high. CONCLUSIONS Although preventing work stress is optimal, in cases where employers cannot apply primary interventions to prevent stress (eg, eliminating/reducing night shifts), employers should attempt to increase social support or other more relevant resources for employees.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Kunz
- From the Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (J.J.K., G.G.F., A.M.G., D.J.G.); Department of Management, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (D.C.G.); and Center for Health, Work, and Environment, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado (G.G.F., N.V.S., M.J.D., E.S., C.E.B., L.T., L.S.N.)
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Chari R, Sauter SL, Petrun Sayers EL, Huang W, Fisher GG, Chang CC. Development of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health Worker Well-Being Questionnaire. J Occup Environ Med 2022; 64:707-717. [PMID: 35673249 PMCID: PMC9377498 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This article describes development of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Worker Well-Being Questionnaire (WellBQ). METHODS The NIOSH WellBQ was developed through literature reviews and expert panel recommendations. We drew from a representative sample of the civilian, noninstitutionalized, US working population to pilot the questionnaire. Psychometric analyses were performed on data from 975 respondents to finalize items and optimize the NIOSH WellBQ's psychometric properties. RESULTS The final questionnaire consists of 16 scales, 5 indices, and 31 single items across 5 domains: (1) work evaluation and experience; (2) workplace policies and culture; (3) workplace physical environment and safety climate; (4) health status; and (5) home, community, and society (experiences and activities outside of work). The instrument demonstrated adequate reliability and validity. CONCLUSIONS The NIOSH WellBQ is a reliable and valid instrument that comprehensively measures worker well-being.
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Schwatka NV, Jaramillo D, Dally M, Krisher L, Dexter L, Butler-Dawson J, Clancy R, Fisher GG, Newman LS. Latin American Agricultural Workers' Job Demands and Resources and the Association With Health Behaviors at Work and Overall Health. Front Public Health 2022; 10:838417. [PMID: 35462804 PMCID: PMC9021611 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.838417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we describe the job demands and job resources (JD-R) experienced by agricultural workers in three Latin American countries and their relationship to proactive health behaviors at work and overall health. Following previous research on the JD-R model, we hypothesized that job demands (H1) would be negatively related to agricultural workers' self-reported overall health. On the other hand, we hypothesized that job resources (H2) would be positively related to agricultural workers' overall health. Furthermore, we hypothesized (H3) that workers' engagement in jobsite health promotion practices via their proactive health behaviors at work would partially mediate the relationship between workers' job resources and job demands and overall health. We also had a research question (R1) about whether there were differences by type of job held. The sample of workers who participated in this study (N = 1,861) worked in Mexico, Guatemala, and Nicaragua for one large agribusiness that produces sugar cane. They worked in two distinct areas: company administration and agricultural operations. We administered employee health and safety culture surveys using survey methods tailored to meet the needs of both types of workers. Stratified path analysis models were used to test study hypotheses. In general, we found support for hypotheses 1 and 2. For example, operations workers reported more physically demanding jobs and administrative workers reported more work-related stress. Regardless, the existence of high job demands was associated with poorer overall health amongst both types of workers. We found that workers in more health-supportive work environments perform more proactive health behaviors at work, regardless of their role within the organization. However, hypothesis 3 was not supported as proactive health behaviors at work was not associated with overall health. We discuss future research needs in terms of evaluating these hypotheses amongst workers employed by small- and medium-sized agribusinesses as well as those in the informal economy in Latin America. We also discuss important implications for agribusinesses seeking to develop health promotion programs that meet the needs of all workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie V. Schwatka
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Center for Health, Work & Environment, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Diana Jaramillo
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Center for Health, Work & Environment, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Miranda Dally
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Center for Health, Work & Environment, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Lyndsay Krisher
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Center for Health, Work & Environment, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Lynn Dexter
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Center for Health, Work & Environment, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jaime Butler-Dawson
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Center for Health, Work & Environment, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Rebecca Clancy
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Gwenith G. Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Lee S. Newman
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Center for Health, Work & Environment, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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Thomas CL, Murphy LD, Mills MJ, Zhang J, Fisher GG, Clancy RL. Employee lactation: A review and recommendations for research, practice, and policy. Human Resource Management Review 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2021.100848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Beier ME, Torres WJ, Fisher GG, Wallace LE. Age and job fit: The relationship between demands–ability fit and retirement and health. J Occup Health Psychol 2020; 25:227-243. [DOI: 10.1037/ocp0000164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Marchiondo LA, Fisher GG, Cortina LM, Matthews RA. Disrespect at Work, Distress at Home: A Longitudinal Investigation of Incivility Spillover and Crossover Among Older Workers. Work Aging Retire 2020; 6:153-164. [PMID: 32685181 PMCID: PMC7348587 DOI: 10.1093/workar/waaa007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of workplace mistreatment toward older adults is well-documented, yet its effects are understudied. We applied the strength and vulnerability integration model (SAVI) to hypothesize that, despite its low intensity, workplace incivility has numerous deleterious outcomes for older employees over time. Specifically, we investigated whether and how incivility relates to well-being outside of work, among both targeted employees and their partners. We drew on affective events theory to examine how incivility "spills over" to older targets' personal lives. We also tested whether incivility is potent enough to "crossover" to the well-being of older targets' partners at home. Based on longitudinal data from a national study of older workers (N = 598; 299 couples), results demonstrate that workplace incivility related to decrements in targets' affective well-being, which in turn, was associated with life dissatisfaction, interference with work, and lower overall health. Workplace incivility also predicted declines in partner well-being, although these crossover effects varied by gender: Men's postincivility affective well-being predicted their female partners' life satisfaction but not vice versa. However, women's uncivil experiences directly related to the affective well-being of their male partners. These results suggest that for both older workers and their partners, the harms of incivility eventually extend beyond the organizations where they originate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gwenith G Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
| | - Lilia M Cortina
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan
- Department of Women’s Studies, University of Michigan
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Menger-Ogle LM, Kaufman MR, Fisher GG, Ryan EP, Stallones L. Using Peer Education to Promote Psychosocial and Occupational Health and Empowerment Among Female Sex Workers in Nepal. Violence Against Women 2019; 26:1445-1466. [PMID: 31397217 DOI: 10.1177/1077801219861155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Female sex workers (FSWs) in Nepal are vulnerable to an array of occupational risks, which may compromise their psychosocial health and ability to engage in protective behaviors. A peer education (PE) intervention designed to empower and promote the psychosocial health of FSWs was pilot tested in Kathmandu, Nepal. FSWs who were exposed to the PE intervention (n = 96) had significantly higher scores on psychosocial health knowledge, perceived self-efficacy and ability to access resources, happiness, and job control compared with those who were not (n = 64). PE may be a promising way to promote psychosocial health and empowerment among FSWs.
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Spitzmueller C, Zhang J, Thomas CL, Wang Z, Fisher GG, Matthews RA, Strathearn L. Identifying job characteristics related to employed women's breastfeeding behaviors. J Occup Health Psychol 2018; 23:457-470. [PMID: 29756788 DOI: 10.1037/ocp0000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
For employed mothers of infants, reconciliation of work demands and breastfeeding constitutes a significant challenge. The discontinuation of breastfeeding has the potential to result in negative outcomes for the mother (e.g., higher likelihood of obesity), her employer (e.g., increased absenteeism), and her infant (e.g., increased risk of infection). Given previous research findings identifying return to work as a major risk factor for breastfeeding cessation, we investigate what types of job characteristics relate to women's intentions to breastfeed shortly after giving birth and women's actual breastfeeding initiation and duration. Using job titles and job descriptors contained in a large Australian longitudinal cohort data set (N = 809), we coded job titles using the U.S. Department of Labor (DOL)'s Occupational Information Network (O*NET) database and extracted job characteristics. Hazardous working conditions and job autonomy were identified as significant determinants of women's breastfeeding intentions, their initiation of breastfeeding, and ultimately their breastfeeding continuation. Hence, we recommend that human resource professionals, managers, and public health initiatives provide breastfeeding-supportive resources to women who, based on their job characteristics, are at high risk to prematurely discontinue breastfeeding to ensure these mothers have equal opportunity to reap the benefits of breastfeeding. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2018 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Management, California State University San Bernardino
| | | | - Zhuxi Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding worker health and safety in the rapidly growing legal U.S. cannabis industry is important. Although little published research exists, workers may be exposed to biological, chemical, and physical hazards. This study investigated the Colorado cannabis industry workforce and both physical and psychosocial hazards to worker health and safety. METHODS Two hundred and fourteen Colorado cannabis workers completed an online survey after in-person and online recruitment. Participants answered questions about their occupation, job tasks, general well-being, occupational health and safety, cannabis use, and tobacco use. RESULTS Colorado cannabis workers were generally job secure and valued safety. However, they regularly consumed cannabis, expressed low concerns about workplace hazards, reported some occupational injuries and exposures, and reported inconsistent training practices. CONCLUSIONS Working in the cannabis industry is associated with positive outcomes for workers and their organizations, but there is an imminent need to establish formal health and safety training to implement best practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Walters
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Gwenith G Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Liliana Tenney
- Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado
- University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Scott KA, Liao Q, Fisher GG, Stallones L, DiGuiseppi C, Tompa E. Early labor force exit subsequent to permanently impairing occupational injury or illness among workers 50-64 years of age. Am J Ind Med 2018; 61:317-325. [PMID: 29400406 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severity of workplace injury tends to increase with age. Whether older workers who experience a workplace injury or illness exit the labor force sooner than comparable peers is not established. METHODS A case-cohort study design and complementary log-log model were used to identify factors associated with average time to early substantial labor force exit among workers' compensation claimants 50-64 years of age with permanent impairment from an occupational injury or illness. Analysis was based on Ontario's workers' compensation claimant data from 1998 to 2006 linked with Canadian tax files. RESULTS Workers with permanent impairment left the labor force earlier, on average, than peers without claims. Early retirement was associated with older age in the injury/illness year, greater impairment, lower pre-claim income, physically demanding jobs, and soft-tissue injuries. CONCLUSIONS Policies aiming to extend older adults' working lives should account for the potentially disparate impacts on older workers of occupational injury and illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A. Scott
- Denver Public Health; Denver Health and Hospital Authority; Denver, Colorado
| | - Qing Liao
- Institute for Work and Health; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Gwenith G. Fisher
- Department of Psychology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Lorann Stallones
- Department of Psychology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins, Colorado
- Department of Epidemiology; Colorado School of Public Health; Aurora, Colorado
| | - Carolyn DiGuiseppi
- Department of Epidemiology; Colorado School of Public Health; Aurora, Colorado
| | - Emile Tompa
- Institute for Work and Health; Toronto Ontario Canada
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Moses XJE, Walters KM, Fisher GG. What Factors Are Associated With Occupational Health Office Staffing, Job Stress, and Job Satisfaction? J Occup Environ Med 2018; 58:567-74. [PMID: 27281640 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study sought to identify factors associated with occupational health staffing in health care settings, provide benchmarking data, and investigate relationships between staffing and worker stress and satisfaction. METHODS Members of the Association of Occupational Health Professionals in Healthcare were sent an online survey. Data on facility served, staffing, job attitudes, and work stress were collected and analyzed. RESULTS Number and types of personnel served were the largest predictors of staffing, accounting for 38 and 41% of the variability seen, respectively. Number of personnel served was related to worker stress and lack of work/life balance. CONCLUSION Offices that required a provider presence had roughly one provider, seven nurses, and three clerical staff per 8000 personnel served. Occupational health workers are generally highly satisfied, and staffing has little relation to sources of job stress and satisfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- X J Ethan Moses
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, Colorado (Dr Moses); Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado (Dr Moses); and Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (Mr Walters and Dr Fisher)
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Scott KA, Fisher GG, Barón AE, Tompa E, Stallones L, DiGuiseppi C. Same-level fall injuries in US workplaces by age group, gender, and industry. Am J Ind Med 2018; 61:111-119. [PMID: 29193187 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the workforce ages, occupational injuries from falls on the same level will increase. Some industries may be more affected than others. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics to estimate same-level fall injury incidence rates by age group, gender, and industry for four sectors: 1) healthcare and social assistance; 2) manufacturing; 3) retail; and 4) transportation and warehousing. We calculated rate ratios and rate differences by age group and gender. RESULTS Same-level fall injury incidence rates increase with age in all four sectors. However, patterns of rate ratios and rate differences vary by age group, gender, and industry. Younger workers, men, and manufacturing workers generally have lower rates. CONCLUSIONS Variation in incidence rates suggests there are unrealized opportunities to prevent same-level fall injuries. Interventions should be evaluated for their effectiveness at reducing injuries, avoiding gender- or age-discrimination and improving work ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth A. Scott
- Denver Public Health; Denver Health and Hospital Authority; Denver CO
| | - Gwenith G. Fisher
- Department of Psychology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO
| | - Anna E. Barón
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics; Colorado School of Public Health; Aurora CO
| | - Emile Tompa
- Institute for Work and Health; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Lorann Stallones
- Department of Psychology; Colorado State University; Fort Collins CO
- Department of Epidemiology; Colorado School of Public Health; Aurora CO
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Abstract
Twenty five years ago, the largest academic behavioral and social science project ever undertaken in the U.S. began: the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). The HRS is an invaluable publicly available dataset for investigating work, aging, and retirement and informing public policy on these issues. This biennial longitudinal study began in 1992 and has studied more than 43,000 individuals and produced almost 4000 journal articles, dissertations, books, book chapters, and reports to date. The purpose of this special issue of Work, Aging and Retirement is to describe the HRS and highlight relevant research that utilizes this rich and complex dataset. First, we briefly describe the background that led to the development of the HRS. Then we summarize key aspects of the study, including its development, sampling, and methodology. Our review of the content of the survey focuses on the aspects of the study most relevant to research on worker aging and retirement. Next, we identify key strengths and important limitations of the study and provide advice to current and future HRS data users. Finally, we summarize the articles in this Special Issue (all of which use data from the HRS) and how they advance our knowledge and understanding of worker aging and retirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenith G. Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Colorado School of Public Health
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
| | - Lindsay H. Ryan
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan
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Sonnega A, Helppie-McFall B, Hudomiet P, Willis RJ, Fisher GG. A Comparison of Subjective and Objective Job Demands and Fit with Personal Resources as Predictors of Retirement Timing in a National U.S. Sample. Work Aging Retire 2017; 4:37-51. [PMID: 29270302 PMCID: PMC5736375 DOI: 10.1093/workar/wax016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Population aging and attendant pressures on public budgets have spurred considerable interest in understanding factors that influence retirement timing. A range of sociodemographic and economic characteristics predict both earlier and later retirement. Less is known about the role of job characteristics on the work choices of older workers. Researchers are increasingly using the subjective ratings of job characteristics available in the Health and Retirement Study in conjunction with more objective measures of job characteristics from the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) database. Employing a theoretically-informed model of job demands-personal resources fit, we constructed mismatch measures between resources and job demands (both subjectively and objectively assessed) in physical, emotional, and cognitive domains. When we matched comparable measures across the two data sources in the domains of physical, emotional, and cognitive job demands, we found that both sources of information held predictive power in relation to retirement timing. Physical and emotional but not cognitive mismatch were associated with earlier retirement. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of these findings and directions for future research.
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Sonnega A, Helppie-McFall B, Hudomiet P, Willis RJ, Fisher GG. A Comparison of Subjective and Objective Job Demands and Fit with Personal Resources as Predictors of Retirement Timing in a National U.S. Sample. Work Aging Retire 2017. [PMID: 29270302 DOI: 10.1093/workar/wax019/4056158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Population aging and attendant pressures on public budgets have spurred considerable interest in understanding factors that influence retirement timing. A range of sociodemographic and economic characteristics predict both earlier and later retirement. Less is known about the role of job characteristics on the work choices of older workers. Researchers are increasingly using the subjective ratings of job characteristics available in the Health and Retirement Study in conjunction with more objective measures of job characteristics from the Occupational Information Network (O*NET) database. Employing a theoretically-informed model of job demands-personal resources fit, we constructed mismatch measures between resources and job demands (both subjectively and objectively assessed) in physical, emotional, and cognitive domains. When we matched comparable measures across the two data sources in the domains of physical, emotional, and cognitive job demands, we found that both sources of information held predictive power in relation to retirement timing. Physical and emotional but not cognitive mismatch were associated with earlier retirement. We discuss theoretical and practical implications of these findings and directions for future research.
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Fisher GG, Chaffee DS, Tetrick LE, Davalos DB, Potter GG. Cognitive functioning, aging, and work: A review and recommendations for research and practice. J Occup Health Psychol 2017; 22:314-336. [DOI: 10.1037/ocp0000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Fisher GG. Additional Financial Status Measures to Consider: Commentary on Sinclair and Cheung (2016). Stress Health 2016; 32:194-5. [PMID: 27108754 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Fragoso ZL, Holcombe KJ, McCluney CL, Fisher GG, McGonagle AK, Friebe SJ. Burnout and Engagement: Relative Importance of Predictors and Outcomes in Two Health Care Worker Samples. Workplace Health Saf 2016; 64:479-487. [PMID: 27282979 DOI: 10.1177/2165079916653414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study's purpose was twofold: first, to examine the relative importance of job demands and resources as predictors of burnout and engagement, and second, the relative importance of engagement and burnout related to health, depressive symptoms, work ability, organizational commitment, and turnover intentions in two samples of health care workers. Nurse leaders ( n = 162) and licensed emergency medical technicians (EMTs; n = 102) completed surveys. In both samples, job demands predicted burnout more strongly than job resources, and job resources predicted engagement more strongly than job demands. Engagement held more weight than burnout for predicting commitment, and burnout held more weight for predicting health outcomes, depressive symptoms, and work ability. Results have implications for the design, evaluation, and effectiveness of workplace interventions to reduce burnout and improve engagement among health care workers. Actionable recommendations for increasing engagement and decreasing burnout in health care organizations are provided.
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Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to examine job lock in relation to well-being among workers in the U.S. Job lock refers to a circumstance in which a worker would like to retire or stop working altogether, but perceives that they cannot due to needing the income, and/or health insurance. Prior to examining job lock as a potential predictor of life satisfaction we first investigated the construct validity of job lock. Results from a sample of N=308 workers obtained via MTurk indicated that job lock due to financial need was more strongly associated with continuance and affective organizational commitment and job satisfaction compared to health insurance job lock. Job lock due to health insurance needs was related to a dimension of career entrenchment. We then tested hypotheses regarding the relation between job lock at T1 and life satisfaction at T2, two years later. Specifically, we hypothesized that perceptions of job lock would be negatively related to life satisfaction. Using two independent samples from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), we found that both types of job lock were highly prevalent among workers age 62-65. Job lock due to money was significantly associated with lower life satisfaction 2 years later. The findings for job lock due to health insurance were mixed across the two samples. This study was an important first step toward examining the relation between job lock, an economic concept, in relation to workers' job attitudes and well-being.
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Rogelberg SG, Fisher GG, Maynard DC, Hakel MD, Horvath M. Attitudes toward Surveys: Development of a Measure and Its Relationship to Respondent Behavior. Organizational Research Methods 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/109442810141001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Attitudes toward surveys were conceptualized as having two relatively independent components: feelings about the act of completing a survey, called survey enjoyment, and perceptions of the value of survey research, called survey value. After developing a psychometrically sound measure, the authors examined how the measure related to respondent behaviors that directly impact the quality and quantity of data collected in surveys. With the exception of a response distortion index, survey enjoyment was generally related to all the respondent behaviors studied (item response rates, following directions, volunteering to participate in other survey research, timeliness of a response to a survey request, and willingness to participate in additional survey research). Survey value was related to item response rates, following directions, and willingness to participate in additional survey research. A respondent motivation and intentions explanation is provided. Although the identified effect sizes were generally small, a number of practical implications emerge and are discussed.
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Wu C, Odden MC, Fisher GG, Stawski RS. Association of retirement age with mortality: a population-based longitudinal study among older adults in the USA. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; 70:917-23. [PMID: 27001669 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-207097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retirement is an important transitional process in later life. Despite a large body of research examining the impacts of health on retirement, questions still remain regarding the association of retirement age with survival. We aimed to examine the association between retirement age and mortality among healthy and unhealthy retirees and to investigate whether sociodemographic factors modified this association. METHODS On the basis of the Health and Retirement Study, 2956 participants who were working at baseline (1992) and completely retired during the follow-up period from 1992 to 2010 were included. Healthy retirees (n=1934) were defined as individuals who self-reported health was not an important reason to retire. The association of retirement age with all-cause mortality was analysed using the Cox model. Sociodemographic effect modifiers of the relation were examined. RESULTS Over the study period, 234 healthy and 262 unhealthy retirees died. Among healthy retirees, a 1-year older age at retirement was associated with an 11% lower risk of all-cause mortality (95% CI 8% to 15%), independent of a wide range of sociodemographic, lifestyle and health confounders. Similarly, unhealthy retirees (n=1022) had a lower all-cause mortality risk when retiring later (HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.88 to 0.94). None of the sociodemographic factors were found to modify the association of retirement age with all-cause mortality. CONCLUSIONS Early retirement may be a risk factor for mortality and prolonged working life may provide survival benefits among US adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenkai Wu
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Michelle C Odden
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Gwenith G Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert S Stawski
- School of Social and Human Health Sciences, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Fisher GG, Matthews RA, Gibbons AM. Developing and investigating the use of single-item measures in organizational research. J Occup Health Psychol 2016; 21:3-23. [DOI: 10.1037/a0039139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Andel R, Infurna FJ, Hahn Rickenbach EA, Crowe M, Marchiondo L, Fisher GG. Job strain and trajectories of change in episodic memory before and after retirement: results from the Health and Retirement Study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2015; 69:442-6. [PMID: 25605865 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2014-204754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined indicators of job strain in relation to level and change in episodic memory in the years leading up to as well as following retirement. METHODS Our analyses centre on 3779 individuals from the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study (baseline age 57.3 years) who reported gainful employment in an occupation for 10+ years prior to retirement, and who were assessed for episodic memory performance over up to 20 years (median 8 waves over 16 years). We used ratings from the Occupational Information Network (O*Net) to score occupations for job control and job demands, and to measure job strain (job demands/job control). RESULTS Controlling for sociodemographic characteristics, depressive symptoms, and cardiovascular disease, less job control and greater job strain were not significantly associated with change in episodic memory in the period leading up to retirement, but were associated with significantly poorer episodic memory at retirement and an accelerated rate of decline in episodic memory following retirement. The results did not vary for men and women or by self-employment status. CONCLUSIONS Job strain expressed mainly as low job control is linked to poorer episodic memory at retirement and more decline after retirement. Job characteristics appear to have implications for cognitive ageing independent of relevant confounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Andel
- University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Frank J Infurna
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Michael Crowe
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Lisa Marchiondo
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Gwenith G Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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Abstract
Using a national sample, this study investigated the effects of unemployed workers' coping resources and coping strategy use on reemployment after a three-month period. Based on previous research, it was expected that (1) three types of coping resources (self-esteem, social support, and financial resources) would be positively related to problem-focused coping with job loss, (2) coping resources would be negatively related to emotion-focused coping with job loss, (3) problem-focused coping would be positively related to reemployment, (4) problem-focused coping would be more strongly related to reemployment than emotion-focused coping, and (5) coping strategies would mediate the relationship between the availability of coping resources and obtaining reemployment. Results provided support for the direct effects of coping resources (self-esteem, social support, and, to some extent, financial resources) on coping strategies, and a direct effect of problem-focused coping on reemployment 3 months later. Self-esteem and social support were each indirectly related to subsequent employment status, mediated by problem-focused coping. In other words, individuals with higher levels of self-esteem and social support were not only more likely to engage in problem-focused coping, but having a higher level of self-esteem and social support was also associated with a higher likelihood of being reemployed three months later. Findings are pertinent for the design of more effective interventions that mitigate adverse effects of unemployment and facilitate a successful return to the workforce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Solove
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Campus Box 1876, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1876 USA
| | - Gwenith G. Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Campus Box 1876, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1876 USA
| | - Kurt Kraiger
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Campus Box 1876, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1876 USA
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Kotagal V, Langa KM, Plassman BL, Fisher GG, Giordani BJ, Wallace RB, Burke JR, Steffens DC, Kabeto M, Albin RL, Foster NL. Factors associated with cognitive evaluations in the United States. Neurology 2014; 84:64-71. [PMID: 25428689 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to explore factors associated with clinical evaluations for cognitive impairment among older residents of the United States. METHODS Two hundred ninety-seven of 845 subjects in the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (ADAMS), a nationally representative community-based cohort study, met criteria for dementia after a detailed in-person study examination. Informants for these subjects reported whether or not they had ever received a clinical cognitive evaluation outside of the context of ADAMS. Among subjects with dementia, we evaluated demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical factors associated with an informant-reported clinical cognitive evaluation using bivariate analyses and multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Of the 297 participants with dementia in ADAMS, 55.2% (representing about 1.8 million elderly Americans in 2002) reported no history of a clinical cognitive evaluation by a physician. In a multivariable logistic regression model (n = 297) controlling for demographics, physical function measures, and dementia severity, marital status (odds ratio for currently married: 2.63 [95% confidence interval: 1.10-6.35]) was the only significant independent predictor of receiving a clinical cognitive evaluation among subjects with study-confirmed dementia. CONCLUSIONS Many elderly individuals with dementia do not receive clinical cognitive evaluations. The likelihood of receiving a clinical cognitive evaluation in elderly individuals with dementia associates with certain patient-specific factors, particularly severity of cognitive impairment and current marital status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kotagal
- From the Departments of Neurology (V.K., B.J.G., R.L.A.), Internal Medicine (K.M.L., M.K.), Psychiatry (B.J.G.), and Psychology (B.J.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Departments of Psychiatry (B.L.P.) and Neurology (J.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Psychology (G.G.F.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins; Department of Epidemiology (R.B.W.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry (D.C.S.), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington; and Department of Neurology (N.L.F.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City.
| | - Kenneth M Langa
- From the Departments of Neurology (V.K., B.J.G., R.L.A.), Internal Medicine (K.M.L., M.K.), Psychiatry (B.J.G.), and Psychology (B.J.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Departments of Psychiatry (B.L.P.) and Neurology (J.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Psychology (G.G.F.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins; Department of Epidemiology (R.B.W.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry (D.C.S.), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington; and Department of Neurology (N.L.F.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Brenda L Plassman
- From the Departments of Neurology (V.K., B.J.G., R.L.A.), Internal Medicine (K.M.L., M.K.), Psychiatry (B.J.G.), and Psychology (B.J.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Departments of Psychiatry (B.L.P.) and Neurology (J.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Psychology (G.G.F.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins; Department of Epidemiology (R.B.W.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry (D.C.S.), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington; and Department of Neurology (N.L.F.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Gwenith G Fisher
- From the Departments of Neurology (V.K., B.J.G., R.L.A.), Internal Medicine (K.M.L., M.K.), Psychiatry (B.J.G.), and Psychology (B.J.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Departments of Psychiatry (B.L.P.) and Neurology (J.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Psychology (G.G.F.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins; Department of Epidemiology (R.B.W.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry (D.C.S.), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington; and Department of Neurology (N.L.F.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Bruno J Giordani
- From the Departments of Neurology (V.K., B.J.G., R.L.A.), Internal Medicine (K.M.L., M.K.), Psychiatry (B.J.G.), and Psychology (B.J.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Departments of Psychiatry (B.L.P.) and Neurology (J.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Psychology (G.G.F.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins; Department of Epidemiology (R.B.W.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry (D.C.S.), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington; and Department of Neurology (N.L.F.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Robert B Wallace
- From the Departments of Neurology (V.K., B.J.G., R.L.A.), Internal Medicine (K.M.L., M.K.), Psychiatry (B.J.G.), and Psychology (B.J.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Departments of Psychiatry (B.L.P.) and Neurology (J.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Psychology (G.G.F.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins; Department of Epidemiology (R.B.W.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry (D.C.S.), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington; and Department of Neurology (N.L.F.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - James R Burke
- From the Departments of Neurology (V.K., B.J.G., R.L.A.), Internal Medicine (K.M.L., M.K.), Psychiatry (B.J.G.), and Psychology (B.J.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Departments of Psychiatry (B.L.P.) and Neurology (J.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Psychology (G.G.F.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins; Department of Epidemiology (R.B.W.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry (D.C.S.), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington; and Department of Neurology (N.L.F.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - David C Steffens
- From the Departments of Neurology (V.K., B.J.G., R.L.A.), Internal Medicine (K.M.L., M.K.), Psychiatry (B.J.G.), and Psychology (B.J.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Departments of Psychiatry (B.L.P.) and Neurology (J.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Psychology (G.G.F.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins; Department of Epidemiology (R.B.W.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry (D.C.S.), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington; and Department of Neurology (N.L.F.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Mohammed Kabeto
- From the Departments of Neurology (V.K., B.J.G., R.L.A.), Internal Medicine (K.M.L., M.K.), Psychiatry (B.J.G.), and Psychology (B.J.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Departments of Psychiatry (B.L.P.) and Neurology (J.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Psychology (G.G.F.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins; Department of Epidemiology (R.B.W.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry (D.C.S.), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington; and Department of Neurology (N.L.F.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Roger L Albin
- From the Departments of Neurology (V.K., B.J.G., R.L.A.), Internal Medicine (K.M.L., M.K.), Psychiatry (B.J.G.), and Psychology (B.J.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Departments of Psychiatry (B.L.P.) and Neurology (J.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Psychology (G.G.F.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins; Department of Epidemiology (R.B.W.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry (D.C.S.), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington; and Department of Neurology (N.L.F.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City
| | - Norman L Foster
- From the Departments of Neurology (V.K., B.J.G., R.L.A.), Internal Medicine (K.M.L., M.K.), Psychiatry (B.J.G.), and Psychology (B.J.G.), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; Departments of Psychiatry (B.L.P.) and Neurology (J.R.B.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC; Department of Psychology (G.G.F.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins; Department of Epidemiology (R.B.W.), University of Iowa, Iowa City; Department of Psychiatry (D.C.S.), University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington; and Department of Neurology (N.L.F.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City
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McGonagle AK, Fisher GG, Barnes-Farrell JL, Grosch JW. Individual and work factors related to perceived work ability and labor force outcomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 100:376-98. [PMID: 25314364 DOI: 10.1037/a0037974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Perceived work ability refers to a worker's assessment of his or her ability to continue working in his or her job, given characteristics of the job along with his or her resources. Perceived work ability is a critical variable to study in the United States, given an aging workforce, trends to delay retirement, and U.S. policy considerations to delay the age at which full Social Security retirement benefits may be obtained. Based on the job demands-resources model, cognitive appraisal theory of stress, and push/pull factors related to retirement, we proposed and tested a conceptual model of antecedents and outcomes of perceived work ability using 3 independent samples of U.S. working adults. Data regarding workers' job characteristics were from self-report and Occupational Information Network measures. Results from relative importance analysis indicated that health and sense of control were consistently and most strongly related to work ability perceptions relative to other job demands and job and personal resources when perceived work ability was measured concurrently or 2 weeks later in samples with varying occupations. Job demands (along with health and sense of control) were most strongly related to work ability perceptions when perceived work ability was measured in a manufacturing worker sample 1.6 years later. Perceived work ability also predicted lagged labor force outcomes (absence, retirement, and disability leave) while controlling for other known predictors of each. Consistent indirect effects were observed from health status and sense of control to all 3 of these outcomes via perceived work ability.
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Fisher GG, Stachowski A, Infurna FJ, Faul JD, Grosch J, Tetrick LE. Mental work demands, retirement, and longitudinal trajectories of cognitive functioning. J Occup Health Psychol 2014; 19:231-42. [PMID: 24635733 DOI: 10.1037/a0035724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Age-related changes in cognitive abilities are well-documented, and a very important indicator of health, functioning, and decline in later life. However, less is known about the course of cognitive functioning before and after retirement and specifically whether job characteristics during one's time of employment (i.e., higher vs. lower levels of mental work demands) moderate how cognition changes both before and after the transition to retirement. We used data from n = 4,182 (50% women) individuals in the Health and Retirement Study, a nationally representative panel study in the United States, across an 18 year time span (1992-2010). Data were linked to the O*NET occupation codes to gather information about mental job demands to examine whether job characteristics during one's time of employment moderates level and rate of change in cognitive functioning (episodic memory and mental status) both before and after retirement. Results indicated that working in an occupation characterized by higher levels of mental demands was associated with higher levels of cognitive functioning before retirement, and a slower rate of cognitive decline after retirement. We controlled for a number of important covariates, including socioeconomic (education and income), demographic, and health variables. Our discussion focuses on pathways through which job characteristics may be associated with the course of cognitive functioning in relation to the important transition of retirement. Implications for job design as well as retirement are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jessica D Faul
- Institute Social Research Survey Research Center, University of Michigan
| | - James Grosch
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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Brainerd CJ, Reyna VF, Petersen RC, Smith GE, Kenney AE, Gross CJ, Taub ES, Plassman BL, Fisher GG. The apolipoprotein E genotype predicts longitudinal transitions to mild cognitive impairment but not to Alzheimer's dementia: findings from a nationally representative study. Neuropsychology 2013; 27:86-94. [PMID: 23356599 DOI: 10.1037/a0030855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype is the most widely accepted genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's dementia (AD), but findings on whether it is a risk factor for the AD prodrome, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), have been inconsistent. In a prospective longitudinal design, we investigated (a) whether transitions to MCI and other forms of neurocognitive impairment without dementia (CIND) are more frequent among normal ε4 carriers than among noncarriers and (b) whether subsequent transitions to AD from MCI and from other forms of CIND are more frequent among ε4 carriers than among noncarriers. METHOD The frequency of the ε4 allele was studied in older adults (mean age > 70), who had participated in two or more waves of neuropsychological testing and diagnosis in the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (ADAMS) of the United States Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute on Aging's Health and Retirement Study, conducted by the University of Michigan. The association between ε4 and longitudinal transitions to specific types of CIND and dementia can be determined with this data set. RESULTS Epsilon 4 increased the rate of progression from normal functioning to MCI (58% of new diagnoses were carriers) but not to other forms of CIND. The rate of progression to AD from MCI or from other forms of CIND was not increased by ε4. CONCLUSIONS The results support the hypothesis that ε4 is a risk factor for transitions from normal functioning to MCI but not for subsequent transitions to AD. In the ADAMS sample, the reason ε4 is elevated in AD individuals is because it is already elevated in MCI individuals, who are the primary source of new AD diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Brainerd
- Department of Human Development, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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González HM, Tarraf W, Bowen ME, Johnson-Jennings MD, Fisher GG. What do parents have to do with my cognitive reserve? Life course perspectives on twelve-year cognitive decline. Neuroepidemiology 2013; 41:101-9. [PMID: 23860477 DOI: 10.1159/000350723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To examine the cognitive reserve hypothesis by comparing the contribution of early childhood and life course factors related to cognitive functioning in a nationally representative sample of older Americans. METHODS We examined a prospective, national probability cohort study (Health and Retirement Study; 1998-2010) of older adults (n=8,833) in the contiguous 48 United States. The main cognitive functioning outcome was a 35-point composite of memory (recall), mental status, and working memory tests. The main predictors were childhood socioeconomic position (SEP) and health, and individual-level adult achievement and health. RESULTS Individual-level achievement indicators (i.e., education, income, and wealth) were positively and significantly associated with baseline cognitive function, while adult health was negatively associated with cognitive function. Controlling for individual-level adult achievement and other model covariates, childhood health presented a relatively small negative, but statistically significant association with initial cognitive function. Neither individual achievement nor childhood SEP was statistically linked to decline over time. CONCLUSIONS Cognitive reserve purportedly acquired through learning and mental stimulation across the life course was associated with higher initial global cognitive functioning over the 12-year period in this nationally representative study of older Americans. We found little supporting evidence that childhood economic conditions were negatively associated with cognitive function and change, particularly when individual-level achievement is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector M González
- Institute of Gerontology, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the prevalence of functional limitations among older adults with cognitive impairment without dementia (CIND). METHODS Secondary data analysis was performed using the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study data set. A total of 856 individuals aged ≥ 71 years were assigned to 3 diagnostic cognitive categories. A questionnaire was completed by a proxy informant regarding functional limitations for 744 of the 856 respondents. RESULTS Of the 744 patients, 263 (13.9%) had dementia, 201 (21.3%) had CIND, and 280 (64.8%) had normal cognition. Informants reported ≥1 instrumental activities of daily living (ADLs) limitation in 45% of the patients with CIND compared to 13% of the patients with normal cognition and 85% of the patients with dementia (P < .001). The ADL impairments among individuals with CIND were primarily attributed to physical health problems (n = 41; 40%). CONCLUSIONS Many individuals with CIND have impairment in a range of complex and basic daily activities, largely due to physical health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Ruff Gure
- Division of Geriatric and Palliative Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Geriatric Research, Clinical and Education Center, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kenneth M. Langa
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Center for Practice Management & Outcomes Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI,Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI,Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Gwenith G. Fisher
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - John D. Piette
- Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Center for Practice Management & Outcomes Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI,Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Brenda L. Plassman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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Ratnasingam P, Spitzmueller C, King WR, Rubino C, Luksyte A, Matthews RA, Fisher GG. Can on-site childcare have detrimental work outcomes? Examining the moderating roles of family supportive organization perceptions and childcare satisfaction. J Occup Health Psychol 2012; 17:435-44. [PMID: 22888861 DOI: 10.1037/a0029538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Using organizational support theory as an overarching framework, we investigated the moderating roles of family supportive organization perceptions (FSOP) and childcare satisfaction on the relationship between type of childcare use (on-site vs. external) on one hand, and work engagement and job satisfaction on the other hand. We tested study hypotheses using data collected from staff and faculty members from a large public university in the Southern United States. Results from multiple regression analyses indicated that, compared with external childcare users, employees using on-site childcare were less engaged in and satisfied with their jobs when they (a) perceived their organization to be unsupportive toward their family life and (b) were dissatisfied with their childcare provider. Organizational implications emphasize the importance of integrating any on-site childcare program with a climate that openly acknowledges and cares for employees' family-related responsibilities and providing high-quality childcare services to employees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prema Ratnasingam
- University of Houston, 123 B Heyne Building, Department of Psychology, Houston, TX 77204-5022, USA.
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Fisher GG, Franks MM, Plassman BL, Brown SL, Potter GG, Llewellyn D, Rogers MAM, Langa KM. Caring for individuals with dementia and cognitive impairment, not dementia: findings from the aging, demographics, and memory study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011; 59:488-94. [PMID: 21391939 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2010.03304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the characteristics and outcomes of caregivers of adults with dementia with those of caregivers of adults with cognitive impairment, not dementia (CIND). DESIGN Cross-sectional. SETTING In-home assessment for cognitive impairment and self-administered caregiving questionnaire. PARTICIPANTS One hundred sixty-nine primary family caregivers of participants in the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (ADAMS). ADAMS participants were aged 71 and older drawn from the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study. MEASUREMENTS Neuropsychological testing, neurological examination, clinical assessment, and medical history were used to assign a diagnosis of normal cognition, CIND, or dementia. Caregiving measures included caregiving time, functional limitations, depressive symptoms, physical and emotional strain, caregiving rewards, caregiver health, and demographic characteristics. RESULTS Dementia caregivers spent approximately 9 hours per day providing care, compared with 4 hours per day for CIND caregivers (P=.001). Forty-four percent of dementia caregivers exhibited depressive symptoms, compared with 26.5% of CIND caregivers (P=.03). Physical and emotional strains were similar in both groups of caregivers. Regardless of the strains, nearly all caregivers reported some benefits from providing care. Behavioral problems (P=.01) and difficulty with instrumental activities of daily living (P=.01) in persons with CIND partially explained emotional strain experienced by CIND caregivers. For those with dementia, behavioral problems predicted caregiver emotional strain (P<.001) and depressive symptoms (P=.01). CONCLUSION Although support services are available to dementia caregivers, CIND caregivers also expend considerable time and experience strains. The real caregiver burden of cognitive impairment in the U.S. population may therefore be greatly underestimated if people who have reached the diagnostic threshold for dementia are focused on exclusively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenith G Fisher
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Plassman BL, Langa KM, McCammon RJ, Fisher GG, Potter GG, Burke JR, Steffens DC, Foster NL, Giordani B, Unverzagt FW, Welsh-Bohmer KA, Heeringa SG, Weir DR, Wallace RB. Incidence of dementia and cognitive impairment, not dementia in the United States. Ann Neurol 2011; 70:418-26. [PMID: 21425187 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Estimates of incident dementia, and cognitive impairment, not dementia (CIND) (or the related mild cognitive impairment) are important for public health and clinical care policy. In this paper, we report US national incidence rates for dementia and CIND. METHODS Participants in the Aging, Demographic, and Memory Study (ADAMS) were evaluated for cognitive impairment using a comprehensive in-home assessment. A total of 456 individuals aged 72 years and older, who were not demented at baseline, were followed longitudinally from August 2001 to December 2009. An expert consensus panel assigned a diagnosis of normal cognition, CIND, or dementia and its subtypes. Using a population-weighted sample, we estimated the incidence of dementia, Alzheimer disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), and CIND by age. We also estimated the incidence of progression from CIND to dementia. RESULTS The incidence of dementia was 33.3 (standard error [SE], 4.2) per 1,000 person-years and 22.9 (SE, 2.9) per 1,000 person-years for AD. The incidence of CIND was 60.4 (SE, 7.2) cases per 1,000 person-years. An estimated 120.3 (SE, 16.9) individuals per 1,000 person-years progressed from CIND to dementia. Over a 5.9-year period, about 3.4 million individuals aged 72 and older in the United States developed incident dementia, of whom approximately 2.3 million developed AD, and about 637,000 developed VaD. Over this same period, almost 4.8 million individuals developed incident CIND. INTERPRETATION The incidence of CIND is greater than the incidence of dementia, and those with CIND are at high risk of progressing to dementia, making CIND a potentially valuable target for treatments aimed at slowing cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda L Plassman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
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Llewellyn DJ, Lang IA, Matthews FE, Plassman BL, Rogers MAM, Morgenstern LB, Fisher GG, Kabeto MU, Langa KM. Vascular health, diabetes, APOE and dementia: the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study. Alzheimers Res Ther 2010; 2:19. [PMID: 20576093 PMCID: PMC2919699 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence from clinical samples and geographically limited population studies suggests that vascular health, diabetes and apolipoprotein epsilon4 (APOE) are associated with dementia. METHODS A population-based sample of 856 individuals aged 71 years or older from all contiguous regions of the United States received an extensive in-home clinical and neuropsychological assessment in 2001-2003. The relation of hypertension, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, medication usage, and APOE epsilon4 to dementia was modelled using adjusted multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Treated stroke (odds ratio [OR] 3.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.0, 7.2), untreated stroke (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.7, 7.3), and APOE epsilon4 (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.7, 4.5) all increased the odds of dementia. Treated hypertension was associated with lower odds of dementia (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.3, 1.0). Diabetes and heart disease were not significantly associated with dementia. A significant interaction was observed between APOE epsilon4 and stroke (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Data from the first dementia study that is representative of the United States population suggest that stroke, the APOE epsilon4 allele and their interaction are strongly associated with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Llewellyn
- Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Peninsula Medical School, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Iain A Lang
- Public Health and Epidemiology Group, Peninsula Medical School, Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Fiona E Matthews
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, Institute of Public Health, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 0SR, UK
| | - Brenda L Plassman
- Program in Epidemiology of Dementia, Duke University Medical Center, 905 W Main Street, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Mary AM Rogers
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 300 N. Ingalls St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Veterans Affairs Center for Practice Management and Outcomes Research, 2215 Fuller Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
| | - Lewis B Morgenstern
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, 1500 E. Medical Center Drive Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Gwenith G Fisher
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 406 Thompson St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48106, USA
| | - Mohammed U Kabeto
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 300 N. Ingalls St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kenneth M Langa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, 300 N. Ingalls St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Veterans Affairs Center for Practice Management and Outcomes Research, 2215 Fuller Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 406 Thompson St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48106, USA
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Abstract
Though early research on the work/nonwork interface was broader in scope, most recent research has focused on the interface between work and family. There is a need for an inclusive, validated measure of work/nonwork interference and enhancement that is appropriate for all workers regardless of their marital or family life status. The authors report here on 3 studies in which they develop a theoretically grounded and empirically validated multidimensional, bidirectional measure of work/nonwork interference and enhancement. All scale items refer to work/nonwork, whereas previous measures have mixed work/family and work/nonwork items or emphasize family roles in the nonwork domain. Quantitative analysis of the scale items yielded 17 items to measure work interference with personal life, personal life interference with work, work enhancement of personal life, and personal life enhancement of work. Confirmatory factor analyses and structural equation modeling results provide evidence for convergent, discriminant, and criterion-related validity for the scale from 2 large samples of workers (N = 540, N = 384) across multiple job types and organizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenith G Fisher
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA.
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Shultz KS, Wang M, Crimmins EM, Fisher GG. Age Differences in the Demand-Control Model of Work Stress: An Examination of Data From 15 European Countries. J Appl Gerontol 2009; 29:21-47. [PMID: 20948986 DOI: 10.1177/0733464809334286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been many tests of Karasek's demand-control model of work stress. However, no studies have examined how the model may differentially apply to older versus younger workers. Due to age changes in cognitive processing, the psychological demands of jobs may interact differently with controls for younger versus older workers. Therefore, the study uses data from the Eurobarometer to examine how the demand-control model of work stress may function differently for older versus younger workers. The results indicate that different controls may in fact buffer different types of job demands for younger versus older workers. The findings reveal that only the interaction between problem solving and time to complete tasks was significant for younger workers. For older workers, however, the interactions between time deadlines and having sufficient time to complete tasks, autonomy, and the interaction between problem solving and schedule flexibility are significant predictors of self-reported stress.
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Rogers MAM, Plassman BL, Kabeto M, Fisher GG, McArdle JJ, Llewellyn DJ, Potter GG, Langa KM. Parental education and late-life dementia in the United States. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2009; 22:71-80. [PMID: 19073840 PMCID: PMC2670459 DOI: 10.1177/0891988708328220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the relation between parental education and dementia in the United States. Participants in the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study were included, with information regarding parental education obtained from the Health and Retirement Study. The odds of dementia in elderly Americans whose mothers had less then 8 years of schooling were twice (95% CI, 1.1-3.8) that of individuals with higher maternal education, when adjusted for paternal education. Of elderly Americans with less educated mothers, 45.4% (95% CI, 37.4-53.4%) were diagnosed with dementia or ;;cognitive impairment, no dementia'' compared to 31.2% (95% CI, 25.0-37.4%) of elderly Americans whose mothers had at least an 8th grade education. The population attributable risk of dementia due to low maternal education was 18.8% (95% CI, 9.4-28.2%). The education of girls in a population may be protective of dementia in the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary A. M. Rogers
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan
| | | | - Mohammed Kabeto
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Gwenith G. Fisher
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John J. McArdle
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - David J. Llewellyn
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Guy G. Potter
- Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Kenneth M. Langa
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Michigan
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Plassman BL, Langa KM, Fisher GG, Heeringa SG, Weir DR, Ofstedal MB, Burke JR, Hurd MD, Potter GG, Rodgers WL, Steffens DC, McArdle JJ, Willis RJ, Wallace RB. Prevalence of cognitive impairment without dementia in the United States. Ann Intern Med 2008; 148:427-34. [PMID: 18347351 PMCID: PMC2670458 DOI: 10.7326/0003-4819-148-6-200803180-00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 604] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment without dementia is associated with increased risk for disability, increased health care costs, and progression to dementia. There are no population-based prevalence estimates of this condition in the United States. OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of cognitive impairment without dementia in the United States and determine longitudinal cognitive and mortality outcomes. DESIGN Longitudinal study from July 2001 to March 2005. SETTING In-home assessment for cognitive impairment. PARTICIPANTS Participants in ADAMS (Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study) who were age 71 years or older drawn from the nationally representative HRS (Health and Retirement Study). Of 1770 selected individuals, 856 completed initial assessment, and of 241 selected individuals, 180 completed 16- to 18-month follow-up assessment. MEASUREMENTS Assessments, including neuropsychological testing, neurologic examination, and clinical and medical history, were used to assign a diagnosis of normal cognition, cognitive impairment without dementia, or dementia. National prevalence rates were estimated by using a population-weighted sample. RESULTS In 2002, an estimated 5.4 million people (22.2%) in the United States age 71 years or older had cognitive impairment without dementia. Prominent subtypes included prodromal Alzheimer disease (8.2%) and cerebrovascular disease (5.7%). Among participants who completed follow-up assessments, 11.7% with cognitive impairment without dementia progressed to dementia annually, whereas those with subtypes of prodromal Alzheimer disease and stroke progressed at annual rates of 17% to 20%. The annual death rate was 8% among those with cognitive impairment without dementia and almost 15% among those with cognitive impairment due to medical conditions. LIMITATIONS Only 56% of the nondeceased target sample completed the initial assessment. Population sampling weights were derived to adjust for at least some of the potential bias due to nonresponse and attrition. CONCLUSION Cognitive impairment without dementia is more prevalent in the United States than dementia, and its subtypes vary in prevalence and outcomes.
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González HM, Bowen ME, Fisher GG. Memory decline and depressive symptoms in a nationally representative sample of older adults: the Health and Retirement Study (1998-2004). Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2008; 25:266-71. [PMID: 18270489 PMCID: PMC2292399 DOI: 10.1159/000115976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Inconsistencies in the relationship between depression and cognitive decline may exist because the expected cognitive domains at risk have not been specified in previous study designs. We aimed to examine the relationship between depressive symptoms and verbal episodic memory functioning over time. METHODS Data from a prospective cohort study (Health and Retirement Study; 1998-2004; n = 18,465), a multistage national probability sample of older adults in the United States, were analyzed. Verbal learning and memory of a 10-word list learning task were the main outcomes. Depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiologic Studies - Depression Scale) constituted the main predictor. RESULTS Depressive symptoms were associated with significantly lower immediate (-0.05; p < 0.001) and delayed (-0.06; p < 0.001) word list recall scores after controlling for demographics and baseline and time-varying cardiovascular disease risks and diseases. CONCLUSIONS In this US national study of older adults, elevated depressive symptoms were associated with declines in episodic learning and memory over time. These associations were little affected by the demographic or medical conditions considered in this study. The results suggest that learning and memory decline may be a long-term feature associated with depressive symptoms among the nation's older adult population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector M. González
- Wayne State University, Institute of Gerontology, Wayne State University, Department of Medicine and Public Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Institute of Social Research
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Plassman BL, Langa KM, Fisher GG, Heeringa SG, Weir DR, Ofstedal MB, Burke JR, Hurd MD, Potter GG, Rodgers WL, Steffens DC, Willis RJ, Wallace RB. Prevalence of dementia in the United States: the aging, demographics, and memory study. Neuroepidemiology 2007; 29:125-32. [PMID: 17975326 PMCID: PMC2705925 DOI: 10.1159/000109998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1193] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To estimate the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other dementias in the USA using a nationally representative sample. METHODS The Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study sample was composed of 856 individuals aged 71 years and older from the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study (HRS) who were evaluated for dementia using a comprehensive in-home assessment. An expert consensus panel used this information to assign a diagnosis of normal cognition, cognitive impairment but not demented, or dementia (and dementia subtype). Using sampling weights derived from the HRS, we estimated the national prevalence of dementia, AD and vascular dementia by age and gender. RESULTS The prevalence of dementia among individuals aged 71 and older was 13.9%, comprising about 3.4 million individuals in the USA in 2002. The corresponding values for AD were 9.7% and 2.4 million individuals. Dementia prevalence increased with age, from 5.0% of those aged 71-79 years to 37.4% of those aged 90 and older. CONCLUSIONS Dementia prevalence estimates from this first nationally representative population-based study of dementia in the USA to include subjects from all regions of the country can provide essential information for effective planning for the impending healthcare needs of the large and increasing number of individuals at risk for dementia as our population ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- B L Plassman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27701, USA.
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Abstract
The present study was conducted to better describe age trends in cognition among older adults in the longitudinal Health and Retirement Study (HRS) from 1992 to 2004 (N = 17,000). The authors used contemporary latent variable models to organize this information in terms of both cross-sectional and longitudinal inferences about age and cognition. Common factor analysis results yielded evidence for at least 2 common factors, labeled Episodic Memory and Mental Status, largely separable from vocabulary. Latent path models with these common factors were based on demographic characteristics. Multilevel models of factorial invariance over age indicated that at least 2 common factors were needed. Latent curve models of episodic memory were based on age at testing and showed substantial age differences and age changes, including impacts due to retesting as well as several time-invariant and time-varying predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J McArdle
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California
| | | | - Kelly M Kadlec
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California
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Foster NL, Plassman B, Langa K, Fisher GG, Giordani B, Wallace R. P2–100: Factors influencing the frequency of dementia evaluations in a population–representative sample in the United States. Alzheimers Dement 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2006.05.937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fisher GG, Brown SL, Plassman BL, Weir DR, Langa KM. P4–225: Caregiving strain and benefits associated with providing active help and supervision to elders with dementia. Alzheimers Dement 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2006.05.1965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Langa KM, Plassman BL, Fisher GG, Potter GG, Weir DR, Wallace RB. P2–184: Causes and outcomes of Cognitive Impairment Not Dementia (CIND) in a national sample of U.S. adults. Alzheimers Dement 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2006.05.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Langa KM, Plassman BL, Wallace RB, Herzog AR, Heeringa SG, Ofstedal MB, Burke JR, Fisher GG, Fultz NH, Hurd MD, Potter GG, Rodgers WL, Steffens DC, Weir DR, Willis RJ. The Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study: Study Design and Methods. Neuroepidemiology 2005; 25:181-91. [PMID: 16103729 DOI: 10.1159/000087448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We describe the design and methods of the Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study (ADAMS), a new national study that will provide data on the antecedents, prevalence, outcomes, and costs of dementia and "cognitive impairment, not demented" (CIND) using a unique study design based on the nationally representative Health and Retirement Study (HRS). We also illustrate potential uses of the ADAMS data and provide information to interested researchers on obtaining ADAMS and HRS data. METHODS The ADAMS is the first population-based study of dementia in the United States to include subjects from all regions of the country, while at the same time using a single standardized diagnostic protocol in a community-based sample. A sample of 856 individuals age 70 or older who were participants in the ongoing HRS received an extensive in-home clinical and neuropsychological assessment to determine a diagnosis of normal, CIND, or dementia. Within the CIND and dementia categories, subcategories (e.g. Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia) were assigned to denote the etiology of cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION Linking the ADAMS dementia clinical assessment data to the wealth of available longitudinal HRS data on health, health care utilization, informal care, and economic resources and behavior, will provide a unique opportunity to study the onset of CIND and dementia in a nationally representative population-based sample, as well as the risk factors, prevalence, outcomes, and costs of CIND and dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth M Langa
- Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Michigan Health System, 300 North Ingalls Building, Rm. 7E01, Box 4029, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between urinary incontinence and women's levels and hours of participation in 31 activities. METHODS A subset of panel members from the Health and Retirement Study completed the self-administered Consumption and Activities Mail Survey questionnaire in 2001. These data were linked with Health and Retirement Study 2000 data. Analyses were limited to 2,190 female Consumption and Activities Mail Survey self-respondents born in 1947 or earlier. Logistic regression was used to predict activity participation. Linear regression was used to predict the number of hours of participation. RESULTS The hypothesis that urinary incontinence affects women's time use and activity patterns was supported. Compared with the continent women, the incontinent women were less likely to have house cleaned, shopped, physically shown affection, or attended religious services in the recent past; and were more likely to have watched television or made music by singing or playing an instrument. Compared with continent activity participants, incontinent participants reported significantly fewer hours spent walking, communicating with friends and family by telephone or e-mail, working for pay, using a computer, and engaging in personal grooming and hygiene. CONCLUSION These findings substantiate prior work on the relationship between urinary incontinence and quality of life, and suggest a useful route for educating patients about the impact of urinary incontinence. Clinicians must be alert to opportunities for encouraging incontinent women to be active. It is also important to consider the implications for time use and activity patterns when advising patients about treatment and management options. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE II-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy H Fultz
- Institute for Research on Women and Gender and the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Fuller JA, Stanton JM, Fisher GG, Spitzmuller C, Russell SS, Smith PC. A lengthy look at the daily grind: time series analysis of events, mood, stress, and satisfaction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 88:1019-33. [PMID: 14640813 DOI: 10.1037/0021-9010.88.6.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated processes by which job stress and satisfaction unfold over time by examining the relations between daily stressful events, mood, and these variables. Using a Web-based daily survey of stressor events, perceived strain, mood, and job satisfaction completed by 14 university workers, 1,060 occasions of data were collected. Transfer function analysis, a multivariate version of time series analysis, was used to examine the data for relationships among the measured variables after factoring out the contaminating influences of serial dependency. Results revealed a contrast effect in which a stressful event associated positively with higher strain on the same day and associated negatively with strain on the following day. Perceived strain increased over the course of a semester for a majority of participants, suggesting that effects of stress build over time. Finally, the data were consistent with the notion that job satisfaction is a distal outcome that is mediated by perceived strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Fuller
- Dept of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G G Fisher
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Winthrop-University Hospital, Mineola, NY 11501, USA
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