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Suen H, Brown R, Yang S, Weatherburn C, Ho PJ, Woodland N, Nassif N, Barbaro P, Bryant C, Hart D, Gibson J, Joshua D. Multiple myeloma causes clonal T-cell immunosenescence: identification of potential novel targets for promoting tumour immunity and implications for checkpoint blockade. Leukemia 2016; 30:1716-24. [PMID: 27102208 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Tumour-induced dysfunction of cytotoxic T cells in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) may contribute to immune escape and be responsible for the lack of therapeutic efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade. We therefore investigated dysfunctional clonal T cells in MM and demonstrated immunosenescence but not exhaustion as a predominant feature. T-cell clones were detected in 75% of MM patients and their prognostic significance was revalidated in a new post-immunomodulatory drug cohort. The cells exhibited a senescent secretory effector phenotype: KLRG-1+/CD57+/CD160+/CD28-. Normal-for-age telomere lengths indicate that senescence is telomere independent and potentially reversible. p38-mitogen-activated protein kinase, p16 and p21 signalling pathways known to induce senescence were not elevated. Telomerase activity was found to be elevated and this may explain how normal telomere lengths are maintained in senescent cells. T-cell receptor signalling checkpoints were normal but elevated SMAD levels associated with T-cell inactivation were detected and may provide a potential target for the reversal of clonal T-cell dysfunction in MM. Low programmed death 1 and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 expression detected on T-cell clones infers that these cells are not exhausted but suggests that there would be a suboptimal response to immune checkpoint blockade in MM. Our data suggest that other immunostimulatory strategies are required in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Suen
- Institute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - R Brown
- Institute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - S Yang
- Institute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Weatherburn
- Institute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney University Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P J Ho
- Institute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney University Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - N Woodland
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - N Nassif
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - P Barbaro
- Children's Medical Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - C Bryant
- Institute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney University Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D Hart
- Sydney University Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Dendritic Cell Research, ANZAC Research Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - J Gibson
- Institute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney University Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - D Joshua
- Institute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sydney University Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Brown R, Yang S, Weatherburn C, Gibson J, Ho PJ, Suen H, Hart D, Joshua D. Phospho-flow detection of constitutive and cytokine-induced pSTAT3/5, pAKT and pERK expression highlights novel prognostic biomarkers for patients with multiple myeloma. Leukemia 2014; 29:483-90. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2014.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Zarkos K, Favaloro J, Liyadipitiya T, Brown R, Yang S, Suen H, Weatherburn C, Gibson J, Ho P, Joshua D. Myeloid derived suppressor cells are expanded in patients with multiple myeloma, induce Treg cells and delay T-cell recovery post transplantation. Cytotherapy 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2014.01.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bryant C, Suen H, Brown R, Yang S, Favaloro J, Aklilu E, Gibson J, Ho PJ, Iland H, Fromm P, Woodland N, Nassif N, Hart D, Joshua DE. Long-term survival in multiple myeloma is associated with a distinct immunological profile, which includes proliferative cytotoxic T-cell clones and a favourable Treg/Th17 balance. Blood Cancer J 2013; 3:e148. [PMID: 24036947 PMCID: PMC3789202 DOI: 10.1038/bcj.2013.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite improved outcomes in multiple myeloma (MM), a cure remains elusive. However, even before the current therapeutic era, 5% of patients survived >10 years and we propose that immune factors contribute to this longer survival. We identified patients attending our clinic, who had survived >10 years (n=20) and analysed their blood for the presence of T-cell clones, T-regulatory cells (Tregs) and T helper 17 (Th17) cells. These results were compared with MM patients with shorter follow-up and age-matched healthy control donors. The frequency of cytotoxic T-cell clonal expansions in patients with <10 years follow-up (MM patients) was 54% (n=144), whereas it was 100% (n=19/19) in the long-survivors (LTS-MM). T-cell clones from MM patients proliferated poorly in vitro, whereas those from LTS-MM patients proliferated readily (median proliferations 6.1% and 61.5%, respectively (P<0.0001)). In addition, we found significantly higher Th17 cells and lower Tregs in the LTS-MM group when compared with the MM group. These results indicate that long-term survival in MM is associated with a distinct immunological profile, which is consistent with decreased immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bryant
- 1] Institute of Haematology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia [2] Dendritic Cell Biology and Therapeutics, ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia [3] Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Abstract
The Hand Test (Wagner, 1962) and the maladaptive behavior scale of the AAMD Adaptive Behavior Scale (ABS) were administered to 78 institutionalized retardates (46 males and 32 females) in order to investigate the relationship between violent and destructive behavior and two purported indicants of violent and destructive acting-out behavior on the Hand Test, the acting-out-score (AOS and movement-content response (ACT-MOV). Significant correlations between the two Hand Test indices and the number of types of violent and destructive behavior evinced during a three-month period were obtained.
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