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Smevik H, Habli S, Saksvik SB, Kliem E, Evensmoen HR, Conde V, Petroni A, Asarnow RF, Dennis EL, Eikenes L, Kallestad H, Sand T, Thompson PM, Saksvik-Lehouillier I, Håberg AK, Olsen A. Poorer sleep health is associated with altered brain activation during cognitive control processing in healthy adults. Cereb Cortex 2023:7036616. [PMID: 36790738 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated how proactive and reactive cognitive control processing in the brain was associated with habitual sleep health. BOLD fMRI data were acquired from 81 healthy adults with normal sleep (41 females, age 20.96-39.58 years) during a test of cognitive control (Not-X-CPT). Sleep health was assessed in the week before MRI scanning, using both objective (actigraphy) and self-report measures. Multiple measures indicating poorer sleep health-including later/more variable sleep timing, later chronotype preference, more insomnia symptoms, and lower sleep efficiency-were associated with stronger and more widespread BOLD activations in fronto-parietal and subcortical brain regions during cognitive control processing (adjusted for age, sex, education, and fMRI task performance). Most associations were found for reactive cognitive control activation, indicating that poorer sleep health is linked to a "hyper-reactive" brain state. Analysis of time-on-task effects showed that, with longer time on task, poorer sleep health was predominantly associated with increased proactive cognitive control activation, indicating recruitment of additional neural resources over time. Finally, shorter objective sleep duration was associated with lower BOLD activation with time on task and poorer task performance. In conclusion, even in "normal sleepers," relatively poorer sleep health is associated with altered cognitive control processing, possibly reflecting compensatory mechanisms and/or inefficient neural processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Smevik
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,NorHEAD - Norwegian Centre for Headache Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sarah Habli
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,NorHEAD - Norwegian Centre for Headache Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Simen Berg Saksvik
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Elisabeth Kliem
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Hallvard Røe Evensmoen
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Virginia Conde
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Multimodal Imaging and Cognitive Control Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Agustin Petroni
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Laboratorio de Inteligencia Artificial Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias de la Computación, Universidad de Buenos Aires - CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Robert F Asarnow
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Science, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,UCLA School of Medicine; Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Research Institute, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Emily L Dennis
- TBI and Concussion Center, Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Live Eikenes
- Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Håvard Kallestad
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Mental Healthcare, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trond Sand
- NorHEAD - Norwegian Centre for Headache Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Neuroimaging & Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Asta Kristine Håberg
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alexander Olsen
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,NorHEAD - Norwegian Centre for Headache Research, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
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Tahmasian M, Aleman A, Andreassen OA, Arab Z, Baillet M, Benedetti F, Bresser T, Bright J, Chee MW, Chylinski D, Cheng W, Deantoni M, Dresler M, Eickhoff SB, Eickhoff CR, Elvsåshagen T, Feng J, Foster-Dingley JC, Ganjgahi H, Grabe HJ, Groenewold NA, Ho TC, Hong SB, Houenou J, Irungu B, Jahanshad N, Khazaie H, Kim H, Koshmanova E, Kocevska D, Kochunov P, Lakbila-Kamal O, Leerssen J, Li M, Luik AI, Muto V, Narbutas J, Nilsonne G, O’Callaghan VS, Olsen A, Osorio RS, Poletti S, Poudel G, Reesen JE, Reneman L, Reyt M, Riemann D, Rosenzweig I, Rostampour M, Saberi A, Schiel J, Schmidt C, Schrantee A, Sciberras E, Silk TJ, Sim K, Smevik H, Soares JC, Spiegelhalder K, Stein DJ, Talwar P, Tamm S, Teresi GI, Valk SL, Van Someren E, Vandewalle G, Van Egroo M, Völzke H, Walter M, Wassing R, Weber FD, Weihs A, Westlye LT, Wright MJ, Wu MJ, Zak N, Zarei M. ENIGMA-Sleep: Challenges, opportunities, and the road map. J Sleep Res 2021; 30:e13347. [PMID: 33913199 PMCID: PMC8803276 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging and genetics studies have advanced our understanding of the neurobiology of sleep and its disorders. However, individual studies usually have limitations to identifying consistent and reproducible effects, including modest sample sizes, heterogeneous clinical characteristics and varied methodologies. These issues call for a large-scale multi-centre effort in sleep research, in order to increase the number of samples, and harmonize the methods of data collection, preprocessing and analysis using pre-registered well-established protocols. The Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) consortium provides a powerful collaborative framework for combining datasets across individual sites. Recently, we have launched the ENIGMA-Sleep working group with the collaboration of several institutes from 15 countries to perform large-scale worldwide neuroimaging and genetics studies for better understanding the neurobiology of impaired sleep quality in population-based healthy individuals, the neural consequences of sleep deprivation, pathophysiology of sleep disorders, as well as neural correlates of sleep disturbances across various neuropsychiatric disorders. In this introductory review, we describe the details of our currently available datasets and our ongoing projects in the ENIGMA-Sleep group, and discuss both the potential challenges and opportunities of a collaborative initiative in sleep medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Tahmasian
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - André Aleman
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Inst of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Zahra Arab
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marion Baillet
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Center/In Vivo Imaging, Sleep and Chronobiology Lab, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Francesco Benedetti
- Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Tom Bresser
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joanna Bright
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Michael W.L. Chee
- Centre for Sleep and Cognition, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Daphne Chylinski
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Center/In Vivo Imaging, Sleep and Chronobiology Lab, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Wei Cheng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Michele Deantoni
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Center/In Vivo Imaging, Sleep and Chronobiology Lab, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Martin Dresler
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Simon B. Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty,, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claudia R. Eickhoff
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Structural and functional organisation of the brain (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Medical Faculty, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Torbjørn Elvsåshagen
- Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Jessica C. Foster-Dingley
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Habib Ganjgahi
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hans J. Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nynke A. Groenewold
- SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tiffany C. Ho
- Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Seung Bong Hong
- Department of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, SBRI (Samsung Biomedical Research Institute), Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Josselin Houenou
- Univ Paris Saclay, NeuroSpin neuroimaging platform, Psychiatry Team, UNIACT Lab, CEA Saclay, Gif-Sur-Yvette Cedex, France
- DMU IMPACT de Psychiatrie et d'Addictologie, APHP, Hôpitaux Universitaires Mondor, Créteil, France
- Univ Paris Est Créteil, INSERM U 955, IMRB Team 15 « Translational Neuropsychiatry », Foundation FondaMental, Créteil, France
| | - Benson Irungu
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Habibolah Khazaie
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hosung Kim
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging at USC Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ekaterina Koshmanova
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Center/In Vivo Imaging, Sleep and Chronobiology Lab, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Desi Kocevska
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oti Lakbila-Kamal
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jeanne Leerssen
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Meng Li
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Annemarie I. Luik
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vincenzo Muto
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Center/In Vivo Imaging, Sleep and Chronobiology Lab, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Justinas Narbutas
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Center/In Vivo Imaging, Sleep and Chronobiology Lab, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gustav Nilsonne
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Alexander Olsen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ricardo S. Osorio
- Healthy Brain Aging and Sleep Center, Department of Psychiatry, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Sara Poletti
- Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - Govinda Poudel
- Mary Mackillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Joyce E. Reesen
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Reneman
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Reyt
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Center/In Vivo Imaging, Sleep and Chronobiology Lab, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Dieter Riemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Ivana Rosenzweig
- Sleep and Brain Plasticity Centre, Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), King’s College London, London, UK
- Sleep Disorders Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Masoumeh Rostampour
- Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Amin Saberi
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Julian Schiel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Christina Schmidt
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Center/In Vivo Imaging, Sleep and Chronobiology Lab, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Psychology and Neuroscience of Cognition Research Unit, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Anouk Schrantee
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emma Sciberras
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - Tim J. Silk
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, Vic., Australia
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Vic., Australia
| | - Kang Sim
- Institute of Mental Health, Buangkok, Singapore
| | - Hanne Smevik
- Department of Psychology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jair C. Soares
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Kai Spiegelhalder
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Dan J. Stein
- SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Puneet Talwar
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Center/In Vivo Imaging, Sleep and Chronobiology Lab, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sandra Tamm
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychology, Stress Research Institute, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Giana I. Teresi
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sofie L. Valk
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty,, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Otto Hahn Group Cognitive Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Eus Van Someren
- Department of Sleep and Cognition, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience (NIN), an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (CNCR), Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Vrije Universiteit, Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gilles Vandewalle
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Center/In Vivo Imaging, Sleep and Chronobiology Lab, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maxime Van Egroo
- GIGA-Institute, Cyclotron Research Center/In Vivo Imaging, Sleep and Chronobiology Lab, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Henry Völzke
- Institute for Community Medicine, Department SHIP/Clinical Epidemiological Research, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Rick Wassing
- Department of Sleep and Circadian Research, Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Frederik D. Weber
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine Weihs
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lars Tjelta Westlye
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Inst of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- K.G Jebsen Center for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Margaret J. Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld, Australia
| | - Mon-Ju Wu
- Department of Psychology and Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Nathalia Zak
- NORMENT, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Inst of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mojtaba Zarei
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
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