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Gemery L, Cronin TM, Cooper LW, Dowsett HJ, Grebmeier JM. Biogeography and ecology of Ostracoda in the U.S. northern Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251164. [PMID: 33984001 PMCID: PMC8118254 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ostracoda (bivalved Crustacea) comprise a significant part of the benthic meiofauna in the Pacific-Arctic region, including more than 50 species, many with identifiable ecological tolerances. These species hold potential as useful indicators of past and future ecosystem changes. In this study, we examined benthic ostracodes from nearly 300 surface sediment samples, >34,000 specimens, from three regions—the northern Bering, Chukchi and Beaufort Seas—to establish species’ ecology and distribution. Samples were collected during various sampling programs from 1970 through 2018 on the continental shelves at 20 to ~100m water depth. Ordination analyses using species’ relative frequencies identified six species, Normanicythere leioderma, Sarsicytheridea bradii, Paracyprideis pseudopunctillata, Semicytherura complanata, Schizocythere ikeyai, and Munseyella mananensis, as having diagnostic habitat ranges in bottom water temperatures, salinities, sediment substrates and/or food sources. Species relative abundances and distributions can be used to infer past bottom environmental conditions in sediment archives for paleo-reconstructions and to characterize potential changes in Pacific-Arctic ecosystems in future sampling studies. Statistical analyses further showed ostracode assemblages grouped by the summer water masses influencing the area. Offshore-to-nearshore transects of samples across different water masses showed that complex water mass characteristics, such as bottom temperature, productivity, as well as sediment texture, influenced the relative frequencies of ostracode species over small spatial scales. On the larger biogeographic scale, synoptic ordination analyses showed dominant species—N. leioderma (Bering Sea), P. pseudopunctillata (offshore Chukchi and Beaufort Seas), and S. bradii (all regions)—remained fairly constant over recent decades. However, during 2013–2018, northern Pacific species M. mananensis and S. ikeyai increased in abundance by small but significant proportions in the Chukchi Sea region compared to earlier years. It is yet unclear if these assemblage changes signify a meiofaunal response to changing water mass properties and if this trend will continue in the future. Our new ecological data on ostracode species and biogeography suggest these hypotheses can be tested with future benthic monitoring efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gemery
- U.S. Geological Survey, Florence Bascom Geoscience Center, Reston, VA, United States of America
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Sciences, Solomons, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Thomas M. Cronin
- U.S. Geological Survey, Florence Bascom Geoscience Center, Reston, VA, United States of America
| | - Lee W. Cooper
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Sciences, Solomons, MD, United States of America
| | - Harry J. Dowsett
- U.S. Geological Survey, Florence Bascom Geoscience Center, Reston, VA, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline M. Grebmeier
- Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland Center for Environmental Sciences, Solomons, MD, United States of America
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Haywood AM, Dowsett HJ, Dolan AM. Integrating geological archives and climate models for the mid-Pliocene warm period. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10646. [PMID: 26879640 PMCID: PMC4757764 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mid-Pliocene Warm Period (mPWP), analogous to future climate conditions, is considered a test-bed for the predictive capability of climate models. Here, Dowsett et al. review our understanding of the mPWP and discuss recent and future advances in the context of proxy data/model integration. The mid-Pliocene Warm Period (mPWP) offers an opportunity to understand a warmer-than-present world and assess the predictive ability of numerical climate models. Environmental reconstruction and climate modelling are crucial for understanding the mPWP, and the synergy of these two, often disparate, fields has proven essential in confirming features of the past and in turn building confidence in projections of the future. The continual development of methodologies to better facilitate environmental synthesis and data/model comparison is essential, with recent work demonstrating that time-specific (time-slice) syntheses represent the next logical step in exploring climate change during the mPWP and realizing its potential as a test bed for understanding future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Haywood
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Harry J Dowsett
- Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center, US Geological Survey, 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive, Reston, Virginia 20192, USA
| | - Aisling M Dolan
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK
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Saupe EE, Hendricks JR, Portell RW, Dowsett HJ, Haywood A, Hunter SJ, Lieberman BS. Macroevolutionary consequences of profound climate change on niche evolution in marine molluscs over the past three million years. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:rspb.2014.1995. [PMID: 25297868 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to predict the fate of biodiversity in a rapidly changing world, we must first understand how species adapt to new environmental conditions. The long-term evolutionary dynamics of species' physiological tolerances to differing climatic regimes remain obscure. Here, we unite palaeontological and neontological data to analyse whether species' environmental tolerances remain stable across 3 Myr of profound climatic changes using 10 phylogenetically, ecologically and developmentally diverse mollusc species from the Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plains, USA. We additionally investigate whether these species' upper and lower thermal tolerances are constrained across this interval. We find that these species' environmental preferences are stable across the duration of their lifetimes, even when faced with significant environmental perturbations. The results suggest that species will respond to current and future warming either by altering distributions to track suitable habitat or, if the pace of change is too rapid, by going extinct. Our findings also support methods that project species' present-day environmental requirements to future climatic landscapes to assess conservation risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Saupe
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Geology, University of Kansas, 1475 Jayhawk Boulevard, Room 120 Lindley Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA Department of Geology and Geophysics, Yale University, 210 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - J R Hendricks
- Department of Geology, San José State University, Duncan Hall 321, San José, CA 95192, USA Paleontological Research Institution, 1259 Trumansburg Road, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - R W Portell
- Division of Invertebrate Paleontology, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, 1659 Museum Road, PO Box 117800, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - H J Dowsett
- US Geological Survey, 926A National Center, Reston, VA 20192, USA
| | - A Haywood
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - S J Hunter
- Sellwood Group for Palaeo-Climatology, School of Earth and Environment, Room 9.127, Earth and Environment Building, University of Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK
| | - B S Lieberman
- Biodiversity Institute and Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, 1345 Jayhawk Boulevard, Dyche Hall, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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Dowsett HJ, Robinson MM, Stoll DK, Foley KM, Johnson ALA, Williams M, Riesselman CR. The PRISM (Pliocene palaeoclimate) reconstruction: time for a paradigm shift. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2013; 371:20120524. [PMID: 24043866 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Global palaeoclimate reconstructions have been invaluable to our understanding of the causes and effects of climate change, but single-temperature representations of the oceanic mixed layer for data-model comparisons are outdated, and the time for a paradigm shift in marine palaeoclimate reconstruction is overdue. The new paradigm in marine palaeoclimate reconstruction stems the loss of valuable climate information and instead presents a holistic and nuanced interpretation of multi-dimensional oceanographic processes and responses. A wealth of environmental information is hidden within the US Geological Survey's Pliocene Research, Interpretation and Synoptic Mapping (PRISM) marine palaeoclimate reconstruction, and we introduce here a plan to incorporate all valuable climate data into the next generation of PRISM products. Beyond the global approach and focus, we plan to incorporate regional climate dynamics with emphasis on processes, integrating multiple environmental proxies wherever available in order to better characterize the mixed layer, and developing a finer time slice within the Mid-Piacenzian Age of the Pliocene, complemented by underused proxies that offer snapshots into environmental conditions. The result will be a proxy-rich, temporally nested, process-oriented approach in a digital format-a relational database with geographic information system capabilities comprising a three-dimensional grid representing the surface layer, with a plethora of data in each cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry J Dowsett
- Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center, US Geological Survey, Reston, VA 20192, USA
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Haywood AM, Dolan AM, Pickering SJ, Dowsett HJ, McClymont EL, Prescott CL, Salzmann U, Hill DJ, Hunter SJ, Lunt DJ, Pope JO, Valdes PJ. On the identification of a Pliocene time slice for data-model comparison. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2013; 371:20120515. [PMID: 24043865 PMCID: PMC3785814 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2012.0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The characteristics of the mid-Pliocene warm period (mPWP: 3.264-3.025 Ma BP) have been examined using geological proxies and climate models. While there is agreement between models and data, details of regional climate differ. Uncertainties in prescribed forcings and in proxy data limit the utility of the interval to understand the dynamics of a warmer than present climate or evaluate models. This uncertainty comes, in part, from the reconstruction of a time slab rather than a time slice, where forcings required by climate models can be more adequately constrained. Here, we describe the rationale and approach for identifying a time slice(s) for Pliocene environmental reconstruction. A time slice centred on 3.205 Ma BP (3.204-3.207 Ma BP) has been identified as a priority for investigation. It is a warm interval characterized by a negative benthic oxygen isotope excursion (0.21-0.23‰) centred on marine isotope stage KM5c (KM5.3). It occurred during a period of orbital forcing that was very similar to present day. Climate model simulations indicate that proxy temperature estimates are unlikely to be significantly affected by orbital forcing for at least a precession cycle centred on the time slice, with the North Atlantic potentially being an important exception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M. Haywood
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Aisling M. Dolan
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Steven J. Pickering
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Harry J. Dowsett
- Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center, USGS, 926A National Center, Reston, VA 20192, USA
| | - Erin L. McClymont
- Department of Geography, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Caroline L. Prescott
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Ulrich Salzmann
- School of Built and Natural Environment, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Daniel J. Hill
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- British Geological Survey, Environmental Science Centre, Keyworth, Nottingham NG12 5GG, UK
| | - Stephen J. Hunter
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Daniel J. Lunt
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
| | - James O. Pope
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Paul J. Valdes
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
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Yasuhara M, Hunt G, Dowsett HJ, Robinson MM, Stoll DK. Latitudinal species diversity gradient of marine zooplankton for the last three million years. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:1174-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Moriaki Yasuhara
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Hong Kong; Pok Fu Lam Road Hong Kong SAR China
- Swire Institute of Marine Science; University of Hong Kong; Cape d'Aguilar Road, Shek O Hong Kong SAR China
- Department of Earth Sciences; University of Hong Kong; Pok Fu Lam Road Hong Kong SAR China
- Center for Advanced Marine Core Research; Kochi University; Nankoku Kochi 783-8502 Japan
- Department of Paleobiology; National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC 20013-7012 USA
| | - Gene Hunt
- Department of Paleobiology; National Museum of Natural History; Smithsonian Institution; Washington DC 20013-7012 USA
| | - Harry J. Dowsett
- Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center; U.S. Geological Survey; Reston VA 20192 USA
| | - Marci M. Robinson
- Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center; U.S. Geological Survey; Reston VA 20192 USA
| | - Danielle K. Stoll
- Eastern Geology and Paleoclimate Science Center; U.S. Geological Survey; Reston VA 20192 USA
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Haywood AM, Ridgwell A, Lunt DJ, Hill DJ, Pound MJ, Dowsett HJ, Dolan AM, Francis JE, Williams M. Are there pre-Quaternary geological analogues for a future greenhouse warming? Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2011; 369:933-956. [PMID: 21282155 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2010.0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Given the inherent uncertainties in predicting how climate and environments will respond to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, it would be beneficial to society if science could identify geological analogues to the human race's current grand climate experiment. This has been a focus of the geological and palaeoclimate communities over the last 30 years, with many scientific papers claiming that intervals in Earth history can be used as an analogue for future climate change. Using a coupled ocean-atmosphere modelling approach, we test this assertion for the most probable pre-Quaternary candidates of the last 100 million years: the Mid- and Late Cretaceous, the Palaeocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), the Early Eocene, as well as warm intervals within the Miocene and Pliocene epochs. These intervals fail as true direct analogues since they either represent equilibrium climate states to a long-term CO(2) forcing--whereas anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases provide a progressive (transient) forcing on climate--or the sensitivity of the climate system itself to CO(2) was different. While no close geological analogue exists, past warm intervals in Earth history provide a unique opportunity to investigate processes that operated during warm (high CO(2)) climate states. Palaeoclimate and environmental reconstruction/modelling are facilitating the assessment and calculation of the response of global temperatures to increasing CO(2) concentrations in the longer term (multiple centuries); this is now referred to as the Earth System Sensitivity, which is critical in identifying CO(2) thresholds in the atmosphere that must not be crossed to avoid dangerous levels of climate change in the long term. Palaeoclimatology also provides a unique and independent way to evaluate the qualities of climate and Earth system models used to predict future climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Haywood
- School of Earth and Environment, Earth and Environment Building, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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Dowsett HJ, Robinson MM. Mid-Pliocene equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature reconstruction: a multi-proxy perspective. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2009; 367:109-125. [PMID: 18854303 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2008.0206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The Mid-Pliocene is the most recent interval of sustained global warmth, which can be used to examine conditions predicted for the near future. An accurate spatial representation of the low-latitude Mid-Pliocene Pacific surface ocean is necessary to understand past climate change in the light of forecasts of future change. Mid-Pliocene sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies show a strong contrast between the western equatorial Pacific (WEP) and eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) regardless of proxy (faunal, alkenone and Mg/Ca). All WEP sites show small differences from modern mean annual temperature, but all EEP sites show significant positive deviation from present-day temperatures by as much as 4.4 degrees C. Our reconstruction reflects SSTs similar to modern in the WEP, warmer than modern in the EEP and eastward extension of the WEP warm pool. The east-west equatorial Pacific SST gradient is decreased, but the pole to equator gradient does not change appreciably. We find it improbable that increased greenhouse gases (GHG) alone would cause such a heterogeneous warming and more likely that the cause of Mid-Pliocene warmth is a combination of several forcings including both increased meridional heat transport and increased GHG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry J Dowsett
- US Geological Survey, 926A National Center, Reston, VA 20192, USA.
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Haywood AM, Dowsett HJ, Valdes PJ, Lunt DJ, Francis JE, Sellwood BW. Introduction. Pliocene climate, processes and problems. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2009; 367:3-17. [PMID: 18852089 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2008.0205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Climate predictions produced by numerical climate models, often referred to as general circulation models (GCMs), suggest that by the end of the twenty-first century global mean annual surface air temperatures will increase by 1.1-6.4 degrees C. Trace gas records from ice cores indicate that atmospheric concentrations of CO2 are already higher than at any time during the last 650000 years. In the next 50 years, atmospheric CO2 concentrations are expected to reach a level not encountered since an epoch of time known as the Pliocene. Uniformitarianism is a key principle of geological science, but can the past also be a guide to the future? To what extent does an examination of the Pliocene geological record enable us to successfully understand and interpret this guide? How reliable are the 'retrodictions' of Pliocene climates produced by GCMs and what does this tell us about the accuracy of model predictions for the future? These questions provide the scientific rationale for this Theme Issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Haywood
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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Dowsett HJ, Chandler MA, Robinson MM. Surface temperatures of the Mid-Pliocene North Atlantic Ocean: implications for future climate. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2009; 367:69-84. [PMID: 18852090 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2008.0213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The Mid-Pliocene is the most recent interval in the Earth's history to have experienced warming of the magnitude predicted for the second half of the twenty-first century and is, therefore, a possible analogue for future climate conditions. With continents basically in their current positions and atmospheric CO2 similar to early twenty-first century values, the cause of Mid-Pliocene warmth remains elusive. Understanding the behaviour of the North Atlantic Ocean during the Mid-Pliocene is integral to evaluating future climate scenarios owing to its role in deep water formation and its sensitivity to climate change. Under the framework of the Pliocene Research, Interpretation and Synoptic Mapping (PRISM) sea surface reconstruction, we synthesize Mid-Pliocene North Atlantic studies by PRISM members and others, describing each region of the North Atlantic in terms of palaeoceanography. We then relate Mid-Pliocene sea surface conditions to expectations of future warming. The results of the data and climate model comparisons suggest that the North Atlantic is more sensitive to climate change than is suggested by climate model simulations, raising the concern that estimates of future climate change are conservative.
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Dowsett HJ, Cronin TM, Poore RZ, Thompson RS, Whatley RC, Wood AM. Micropaleontological Evidence for Increased Meridional Heat Transport in the North Atlantic Ocean During the Pliocene. Science 1992; 258:1133-5. [PMID: 17789085 DOI: 10.1126/science.258.5085.1133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Middle Pliocene ( approximately 3 million years ago) has been identified as the last time the Earth was significantly warmer than it was during the Last Interglacial and Holocene. A quantitative micropaleontological paleotemperature transect from equator to high latitudes in the North Atlantic indicates that Middle Pliocene warmth involved increased meridional oceanic heat transport.
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