Predictors of hospitalization due to infection in rituximab-treated MS patients

BACKGROUND

Rituximab is extensively used off-label to treat multiple sclerosis (MS), and long-term vigilance for adverse events is needed. This study was conducted to determine frequencies and predictors of hematological adverse events, including hypogammaglobulinemia, severe lymphopenia, neutropenia, and infections leading to hospitalization.

METHODS

This retrospective cohort study included all patients with MS initiating rituximab treatment at Haukeland University Hospital between January 1^st, 2017, and July 1^st, 2021. Patients were followed by clinical monitoring and repeated blood sampling every six months. Clinical outcomes and laboratory results were retrieved from the Norwegian MS Registry and Biobank and the patient administrative system at Haukeland University Hospital.

RESULTS

Five hundred and fifty-six patients were included, 515 with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and 41 with progressive MS. Overall, 33 patients (5.9%) experienced 56 episodes of infections requiring hospital admission. Sixty patients (10.8%) had confirmed hypogammaglobulinemia, 17 (3.1%) had confirmed severe lymphopenia, and 10 (1.8%) had confirmed severe neutropenia. Predictors of infection requiring hospital admission were progressive MS (adjusted OR (aOR): 4.81; 95%CI: 1.25-18.48), duration of treatment with rituximab (aOR: 1.52; 95%CI: 1.11-2.09) and confirmed severe lymphopenia (aOR: 13.58; 95%CI: 3.41-54.06) and neutropenia (aOR: 13.40; 95%CI: 2.93-61.25). Of the hematological abnormalities, only hypogammaglobulinemia was associated with treatment duration (aOR: 1.35; 95%CI: 1.09-1.69).

CONCLUSION

The risk of hospitalization due to infection is associated with time on rituximab treatment, in patients with lympho- or neutropenia, and in patients with primary progressive MS. We observed a time-dependent decline in IgG values, in contrast to neutrophil and lymphocyte count, suggesting a cumulative dose-dependent response. These predictors can assist clinicians in assessing and monitoring MS patients receiving rituximab.

Humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination in multiple sclerosis: the relevance of time since last rituximab infusion and first experience from sporadic revaccinations

INTRODUCTION

The effect of disease-modifying therapies (DMT) on vaccine responses is largely unknown. Understanding the development of protective immunity is of paramount importance to fight the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE

To characterise humoral immunity after mRNA-COVID-19 vaccination of people with multiple sclerosis (pwMS).

METHODS

All pwMS in Norway fully vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2 were invited to a national screening study. Humoral immunity was assessed by measuring anti-SARS-CoV-2 SPIKE RBD IgG response 3-12 weeks after full vaccination, and compared with healthy subjects.

RESULTS

528 pwMS and 627 healthy subjects were included. Reduced humoral immunity (anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG <70 arbitrary units) was present in 82% and 80% of all pwMS treated with fingolimod and rituximab, respectively, while patients treated with other DMT showed similar rates as healthy subjects and untreated pwMS. We found a significant correlation between time since the last rituximab dose and the development of humoral immunity. Revaccination in two seronegative patients induced a weak antibody response.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients treated with fingolimod or rituximab should be informed about the risk of reduced humoral immunity and vaccinations should be timed carefully in rituximab patients. Our results identify the need for studies regarding the durability of vaccine responses, the role of cellular immunity and revaccinations.

Immunogenicity and Safety of a Third SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Dose in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis and Weak Immune Response After COVID-19 Vaccination

This cohort study investigates the immunogenicity and safety of a third SARS-CoV-2 vaccine dose in patients with multiple sclerosis who had a weak immune response to COVID-19 vaccination.

Safety and efficacy of rituximab as first- and second line treatment in multiple sclerosis - A cohort study

Background

Rituximab is increasingly used as off-label therapy in multiple sclerosis (MS). More data are needed on safety and efficacy of rituximab, particularly in cohorts of de novo patients and patients in early therapy escalation.

Objective

To investigate the safety and efficacy of off-label treatment with rituximab in an MS-cohort of predominantly de novo patients or as therapy escalation.

Methods

We retrieved safety and efficacy data from the Norwegian MS-registry and biobank for all MS-patients treated with rituximab at Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway, during a four year period.

Results

In the 365 MS-patients (320 relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), 23 secondary progressive MS (SPMS), and 22 primary progressive MS (PPMS)), the overall annualized relapse rate (ARR) was 0.03 and annualized drug discontinuation rate (ADDR) was 0.05. NEDA-3 was achived in 79% of patients with available data (n=351). Sixty-one patients experienced infusion-related adverse events of which two were serious (CTCAE grade 3–4). Eighteen patients experienced serious non-infusion related adverse events, of which 16 were infections. Infections (n = 34; 9.3%, CTCAE grade 2-5), hypogammaglobulinemia (n = 19, 5.2%) and neutropenia (n = 16; 4.4%) were the most common non-infusion-related adverse events.

Conclusion

Rituximab was a safe and highly efficient disease modifying therapy in this cohort of MS-patients; however, infections and neutropenia need to be monitored.

A man in his seventies with spinal cord injury, fever and delirium

INTRODUCTION

Spinal cord injury includes damage to the motor, sensory and autonomic nervous system.

CASE PRESENTATION

A man in his seventies was admitted to hospital after an acute traumatic incomplete cervical spinal cord injury. Over the following weeks, he experienced multiple febrile episodes with CRP elevated to 100 – >300 mg/L, but few other symptoms. Two weeks after admission, he was febrile with neuropathic pain, and oxygen saturation spontaneously decreased from 98 % to 87 %. Chest X-ray showed pneumonia, which was treated with antibiotics. Four weeks after the injury he again experienced fever and increased spasticity. Clinical examination revealed dull abdominal pain on palpation in the left upper quadrant. The same day, a PEG placement procedure had been performed. CT abdomen, chest X-ray and microbiological investigation revealed no clear infectious origin. The patient was treated with antibiotic coverage for presumed abdominal infection, with successful recovery. Two months after his injury, the patient became febrile and delirious. Clinical examination revealed mild pain on palpation in the upper right quadrant. CT abdomen revealed cholecystitis.

DISCUSSION

Diagnosis of acute serious illness in a patient with spinal cord injury may be challenging due to scarce and atypical clinical presentation. Prevalence of gallstones is increased after spinal cord injury.