Comparison of Decaying Antibody Level After SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Case of Home Treated and Hospital Treated Patients at Different Interval

The aim of the study was to evaluate the quantities difference and persistence of antibody in home and hospital treated patients at different interval. A cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, BIRDEM General Hospital, from July, 2020 to June, 2021. This study protocol was approved by Institutional Review Board (IRB), BIRDEM. SARS-CoV-2 caused death of huge number of people. The disease most commonly represents with fever, cough, loss of smell sensation, fatigue etc. Who had mild symptoms did not admit at hospital. But when the disease progress to respiratory distress, involvement of lung field more than 50.0% and other complications then the patients need hospital admission. Hospital treated patients showed higher antibody status in comparison to home treated patients. Moreover it was reported that increased amount of antibody developed after 3rd and 4th months of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this study, statistically significant difference of decaying antibody level between home and hospital treated patients was observed.

Disparities in Radiotherapy: Practice Patterns Analysis of DIBH use in Non-English Speakers

PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES

To examine current practice patterns in non-English speaking patients with breast cancer undergoing Deep Inspiratory Breath Hold (DIBH).

MATERIALS/METHODS

An anonymous, voluntary REDCap survey was distributed to 60 residency program coordinators of U.S. radiation oncology departments to survey their faculty and recent graduates. Eligibility was limited to board-certified radiation oncologists who have treated breast cancer within the prior 6 months.

RESULTS

There were 69 respondents, 53 of whom were eligible. 42% (n=22) of eligible respondents were from the main site at an academic center, with 28% (n=15) representing a satellite site, and 30% (n=16) from private practice. 53% reported at least 10% of their patients were non-English speaking. 90% offered DIBH at their institution and of those, 74% used DIBH for at least 1/4^th of their patients with breast cancer. 98% of those who use DIBH performed coaching at simulation, with 32% answering they would be "less likely" to utilize DIBH for non-English speakers. When utilized, 94% take into consideration potential language barriers for proper execution of DIBH. However, 51% had an interpreter present 76-100% of the time at CT simulation, which decreased to 31% at first fraction, and 11% at subsequent treatments. For non-English speaking patients undergoing DIBH coaching without a certified interpreter, 55% of respondents indicated that they provided verbal coaching in English, 32% indicated "not applicable" because they always use a certified interpreter, 11% used visual aids, and 32% indicated "other." Of those who answered other, the most commonly cited response was utilizing therapists or staff who spoke the patient's native language.

CONCLUSIONS

Disparities in the application of DIBH exist despite its established utility in reducing cardiac dose. This study provides evidence that language barriers may impact physician treatment practices from initial consideration of DIBH to subsequent delivery. This data suggests that breast cancer treatment considerations and subsequent execution are negatively affected in non-English speaking patients.

Growth dynamics among adolescent girls in Bangladesh: Evidence from nationally representative data spanning 2011-2014

Background

Adolescence is the last opportunity to reverse any growth faltering accumulated from fetal life through childhood and it is considered a crucial period to optimize human development. In Bangladesh, a growing double burden of underweight and obesity in adolescents is recognized, yet limited data exists on how, when, and where to intervene. This study assesses the dynamics of growth among adolescent girls in Bangladesh, providing insight about critical junctures where faltering occurs and where immediate interventions are warranted.

Methods

We pooled data from Bangladesh’s Food Security and Nutrition Surveillance Project collected between 2011 and 2014 to document the age dynamics of weight and linear growth. 20,572 adolescent girls were measured for height and 19,345 for weight. We constructed growth curves for height, weight, stunting, and underweight. We also stratified growth dynamics by wealth quintile to assess socioeconomic inequities in adolescent trajectories.

Results

Height-for-age z-score (HAZ) in Bangladeshi girls deteriorates throughout adolescence and especially during the early years. Mean HAZ decreases by 0.20 standard deviations (sd) per year in early adolescence (10–14 years) vs 0.06 sd/year during late adolescence (15–19 years), while stunting increases by 16 percentage points (pp) vs 6.7 pp, respectively. Conversely, BMI-for-age z-score (BAZ) increases by 0.13 sd/year in early adolescence vs 0.02 sd/year in late adolescence, and underweight decreases by 12.8 pp vs 3.2 pp. Adolescent girls in all socioeconomic groups show a similar pattern of HAZ and BAZ dynamics, but the curve for the richest quintile stays above that of the poorest across all ages.

Conclusions

Trends and levels of stunting and underweight among adolescent girls in Bangladesh are worrisome, suggesting substantial linear growth faltering in early adolescence, with improving weight-for-age occurring only as linear growth slows and stops. Given the rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Bangladesh and emerging evidence of the link between stunting and later chronic diseases, greater attention to adolescent growth and development is needed. Our findings suggest that, to address stunting, interventions in early adolescence would have the greatest benefits. School-based interventions could be a way to target this population.

Morphological, Histobiochemical and Molecular Characterisation of Low Lignin Phloem Fibre (llpf) Mutant of Dark Jute (Corchorus olitorius L.)

Lignin is a versatile plant metabolite challenging high-end industrial applications of several plant products including jute. Application of developmental mutant in regulation of lignification in jute may open up door for much awaited jute based diversified products. In the present study, a novel dark jute (Corchorus olitorius L.) mutant with low lignin (7.23%) in phloem fibre being compared to wild-type JRO 204 (13.7%) was identified and characterised. Unique morphological features including undulated stem, petiole and leaf vein distinguished the mutant in gamma ray irradiated mutant population. Histological and biochemical analysis revealed reduced lignification of phloem fibre cells of the plant. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated temporal transcriptional regulation of CCoAMT1 gene in the mutant. The mutant was found an extremely useful model to study phloem fibre developmental biology in the crop besides acting as a donor genetic stock for low lignin containing jute fibre in dark jute improvement programme.

Aerobiological and immunochemical studies on Carica papaya L. pollen: an aeroallergen from India

BACKGROUND

Carica papaya L. is a fruit yielding tree, wildly grown or cultivated in the tropics and subtropics. Its pollen grain has been reported to be airborne and cause immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated hypersensitivity.

OBJECTIVE

To conduct long-term aerobiological study on Carica pollen, along with aeroallergenic particles originating from it and to identify vis-a-vis characterize an important IgE-reactive component present in this pollen.

METHODS

The seasonal and diurnal periodicities of airborne C. papaya pollen were recorded in a 5-year survey using a Burkard volumetric sampler. The allergenic potential was studied by skin prick tests, IgE-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and also by aeroallergen immunoblotting. The total pollen extract was fractionated by Sephacryl S-200 column, and out of the eluted five fractions, the maximum IgE-reactive fraction (as found in ELISA inhibition) was resolved into five major subfractions in reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The subfraction with optimum IgE reactivity was studied by activity gel, native and nonreducing sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). The homogeneity of the isolated protein fraction was checked by crossed immunoelectrophoresis with rabbit antisera and IgE reactivity was confirmed by ELISA inhibition and immunoblotting using individual patient sera.

RESULTS

The Carica pollen occurred in the air round the year with peaks during January and September-October. Among a patient population of 1000, skin-test results showed 27.8% +1 level and 5.6% +2/+3 level reactions. In aeroallergen immunoblotting of exposed Burkard tape segments, the detected allergen spots showed a significant correlation with airborne pollen count recorded. The pollen extract elicited loss of IgE reactivity when treated with reducing agent-like beta-mercaptoethanol and heat, but showed six IgE-reactive components in nonreducing IgE-immunoblot. The fraction 1 eluted from Sephacryl S-200 column showed highest IgE reactivity and resolved into five major components in RP-HPLC. Out of these, the fraction showing optimum IgE reactivity in IgE-ELISA inhibition and immunoblotting with patient antisera, elicited esterase activity and found to be a homogenous protein of 100 kDa.

CONCLUSION

Carica papaya tree contributes significantly to the aeropollen and aeroallergen load of the suburban outskirts of Calcutta metropolis, India. The pollen extract contains an important IgE-reactive protein component of 100 kDa molecular weight with esterase activity.

In vitro effects of mammalian leptin, neuropeptide-Y, β-endorphin and galanin on transcript levels of thyrotropin β and common α subunit mRNAs in the pituitary of bighead carp (aristichthys nobilis)

Thyrotropin (thyroid stimulating hormone, TSH) is a member of the pituitary glycoprotein hormones, consisting of two dissimilar subunits, alpha and beta. The two subunits are produced by different genes and are regulated independently. We have previously cloned a TSHbeta cDNA from bighead carp pituitary and investigated its gene regulation. We report here the direct effects of mammalian TSH-releasing hormone (TRH), leptin, neuropeptide-Y (NPY), beta-endorphin and galanin on mRNA levels of both TSHbeta and alpha-subunits in the pituitary of bighead carp in vitro. The dispersed pituitary cells of bighead carp were incubated at 25 degrees C for 6 h with different doses of these factors. The relative mRNA levels of TSHbeta and alpha-subunits were estimated by traditional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and fluorescence real-time PCR analysis. The results revealed that mammalian TRH, leptin and beta-endorphin produced dose-dependent stimulatory effects on mRNA levels of both TSHbeta and alpha-subunits while thyroxine (T4) and mammalian galanin suppressed mRNA levels of both TSHbeta and alpha-subunits. NPY suppressed TSHbeta mRNA level, but stimulated alpha-subunit mRNA level. This study has demonstrated that mammalian TRH, leptin, NPY, beta-endorphin and galanin were active in modulating the steady-state mRNA levels of TSHbeta and alpha-subunits of bighead carp pituitary in vitro. The results suggest that endogenous TRH, leptin, NPY, beta-endorphin and galanin may modulate transcript levels of TSHbeta and alpha-subunits in pituitary of bighead carp.

In vivo and in vitro studies on Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection of the myeloid cells of a patient with chronic myelogenous leukaemia and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis

AIMS

The occurrence of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) in a patient with chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) provided an opportunity to study whether Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the aetiological agent of HGE, infects mature or immature cells, both in vivo and in vitro.

METHODS

Diagnosis of HGE was confirmed by culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), detection of intragranulocytic inclusions, and serology. The infection rates of different myelogenous stages of granulocytic differentiation were determined by microscopy. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection of the bone marrow was analysed by PCR, culture, and microscopy. In addition, the in vitro growth of A phagocytophilum in the patient's granulocytes and in HL-60 cells (a promyelocytic leukaemia cell line) was compared.

RESULTS

Pretreatment blood smears showed that mature granulocytic cells had a higher infection rate with A phagocytophilum than did immature cells. In the original inoculation of the patient's cells into HL-60 cells to isolate A phagocytophilum, the bacterium grew faster in the patient's leukaemic cells than in HL-60 cells. Anaplasma phagocytophilum inclusions were rarely seen in bone marrow granulocytes and PCR was negative. In vitro, two A phagocytophilum isolates grew faster in the patient's granulocytes than in HL-60 cells.

CONCLUSIONS

The superior growth in CML cells compared with HL-60 cells suggests that A phagocytophilum preferentially infects mature granulocytes. The higher infection rate of the patient's mature versus immature granulocytes before treatment and the minimal level of infection of the patient's bone marrow support this. It is possible that the primary site of infection in HGE is the peripheral mature granulocytic population.

Responses of seminal vesicle and testicular beta-glucuronidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase to testosterone and some metabolites in Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch)

Intraperitoneal administration of testosterone for 20 days produced differential effects on beta-glucuronidase and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase (beta-Glc) activity in seminal vesicle (SV) and testis of the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis in preparatory phase (March). The lower dosages of 0.25 and 0.5 microg/g body weight (BW) of the steroid did not alter enzyme activity, and the higher dosages (1.0 and 2.0 microg/g BW) inhibited it significantly. Under in vitro conditions, addition of ascorbate and fructose (0.5-100 mM) to the incubation medium influenced enzyme activity differentially. At concentrations 0.5 and 1.0 mM, both fructose and ascorbate were ineffective except for the inhibition of testicular beta-Glc activity in the 1.0 mM ascorbate group. At higher concentrations (10, 50, and 100 mM), ascorbate inhibited enzyme activity in a concentration-dependent manner. At 10 mM concentration of fructose, only testicular beta-Glc activity was inhibited, but at higher concentrations (50 and 100 mM), activities of both enzymes decreased uniformly in a concentration-dependent manner. The addition of glucose had no significant effect on the enzyme activity at any of the concentrations tested. The results suggest that the inhibitory effect of testosterone on enzyme activity may be mediated through androgen-dependent metabolites, such as fructose and ascorbate.

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Ehrlichia phagocytophila

Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis is a recently described disease caused by an obligate intracellular gram-negative organism recently named Ehrlichia phagocytophila. To expand our knowledge of the susceptibility of E. phagocytophila, we tested six New York State isolates for susceptibility to 12 antimicrobials using an HL-60 cell culture system. All of the isolates were susceptible to doxycycline (MIC, < or =0.125 microg/ml; minimum bactericidal concentration [MBC], 0.125 to 0.5 microg/ml), rifampin (MIC, < or =0.125 microg/ml; MBC, < or =0.125 microg/ml), ofloxacin (MIC, < or =2 microg/ml; MBC, < or =2 microg/ml), levofloxacin (MIC, < or =1 microg/ml; MBC, < or =1 microg/ml), and trovafloxacin (MIC, < or =0.032 microg/ml; MBC, < or =0.032 microg/ml). Isolates were uniformly resistant to amoxicillin, ceftriaxone, erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, and amikacin. For one strain, the MBC of chloramphenicol was < or =8 microg/ml. These data suggest that quinolone antibiotics and rifampin may be alternative agents for patients with intolerance to tetracyclines.

Differences in concentrations of allergenic pollens and spores at different heights on an agricultural farm in West Bengal, India

The aim of the study was to assess the vertical profile of the major airborne pollen and spore concentration in the lower heights (up to six meters) and to check their allergenic potential causing respiratory allergy in agricultural workers. The study was conducted using rotorod samplers mounted at different heights at weekly intervals for two consecutive years (November 1997-October 1999). The major pollen grains and fungal spores (from mass culture) were collected in bulk and studied by skin-prick tests to detect allergenicity. Of the recorded pollen, 10 major and perennial types (e.g., Poaceae, Cheno-Amaranthaceae, Cyperaceae, Areca, etc.) were considered for comparative analyses. The tree pollen count showed more or less good correlation with increasing heights, whereas herb/shrub members are dominant at lower heights during all the three seasons (winter, summer and rains). The 10 major and perennial fungal spore types included Aspergilli group, Cladosporium, Nigrospora, etc. The smaller spores were dominant at greater heights and larger spores and conidia were more prevalent at lower levels. The total spore count was higher just after the rainy season during winter. In terms of allergenicity, Saccharum officinarum (sugar cane) of Poaceae, showed highest reactivity (70.58%) in skin test carried out in 189 adult agricultural field workers with respiratory disorders living inside the study area. Among fungal spores, Aspergillus japonicus was the strongest allergen, evoking 74.07% positive reactions. Drechslera oryzae, the pathogen causing brown spot of rice was also found to be a potent allergen.

Annual cyclic variations in some biochemical constituents of seminal vesicle and testis of the catfish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch): a study correlating plasma testosterone level

In Heteropneustes fossilis, significant annual variations were observed in seminal vesicle-somatic index (SVSI), gonadosomatic index (GSI), concentrations of total proteins, hexosamines, fructose and glucose in both SV and testis, and in plasma testosterone with high values in late prespawning-early spawning phases (June-July) and low or undetectable levels in resting phase (December-January) except for glucose. There is an inverse relationship between the annual patterns of fructose and glucose with fructose dominant in the prespawning and early spawning phases (June-July), and glucose in the resting phase (November-January). The increase in the concentrations of SV and testicular protein, hexosamine and fructose can be correlated with the increase in testosterone concentration on one hand and with the increase of SVSI and GSI, on the other. The decrease in glucose level in the recrudescent phase may be due to its increased conversion into fructose, the main seminal sugar in this species.

Effects of administration of testosterone on some biochemical correlates in seminal vesicle of Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) during preparatory phase: a study correlating changes in plasma testosterone level and testis activity

In the catfish H. fossilis, administration of testosterone (0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 micrograms/g body weight for 20 days) during mid-preparatory phase (March) increased plasma testosterone, gonadosomatic index, seminal vesicle-somatic index and concentrations of total proteins, fructose and hexosamines in seminal vesicle (SV) and testis in a dose-related manner. In the lowest dosage (0.25 microgram) group, only the hexosamine and SV protein levels were significantly high. Glucose level decreased in a dose-related manner, the decrease being not significant in the 0.25 microgram group. The results indicate that testosterone stimulates SV and testicular secretions of total proteins, hexosamines and fructose in catfish. Decrease in glucose content suggests its conversion into fructose under testosterone stimulation.

Survival of the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent under refrigeration conditions

The human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) agent in infected blood specimens remained viable during refrigeration at 4 degrees C for up to 18 days. These findings suggest that blood specimens submitted for culture may withstand transportation to a remote laboratory. HGE should be added to the list of infections potentially transmitted by blood transfusion.

Clinicoimmunologic studies on Phoenix sylvestris Roxb. pollen: an aeroallergen from Calcutta, India

BACKGROUND

This study highlights the allergenicity and allergenic components of the pollen of Phoenix sylvestris Roxb. (PS), or date sugar palm, which is predominantly airborne in the air of Greater Calcutta.

METHODS

A 2-year aerobiologic survey was performed by Burkard sampler. PS pollen extract was used in skin tests of allergic patients, fractionated by (NH4)2SO4 and the Sephacryl S-200 column. The allergenicity of each fraction was checked by skin test and IgE ELISA inhibition. The principal allergenic fraction, Fr.lla, was separated in 11% SDS-PAGE, and its allergenicity was confirmed by IgE ELISA inhibition and immunoblotting.

RESULTS

PS pollen grains were found to be prevalent in the air of the suburban zone of Calcutta from January to March with a peak in February. The pollen extract showed high (44.07%) positive skin reaction on 540 respiratory allergic patients. Among the (NH4)2SO4 cut fractions, Fr.II was the most active one, and it was resolved into four subfractions in the Sephacryl S-200 column. Fr.lla was the principal allergenic fraction, showing the presence of two components of 33 and 66 kDa in SDS-PAGE. In IgE immunoblotting, both of the components were found to be allergenic.

CONCLUSIONS

The PS pollen grain is an important aeroallergen from Calcutta, India. The 33- and 66-kDa components are the major allergens present in the relevant pollen extract.

Antigenic relationship between four airborne palm pollen grains from Calcutta, India

The pollen grains of Areca catechu, Borassus flabellifer, Cocos nucifera and Phoenix sylvestris, all belonging to the family Aracaceae (Palmae), are airborne and found to be potent in causing human respiratory allergy. The present study was undertaken to discover the antigenic relationship, if any, in the four relevant palm pollen grains. The study was conducted by using Borassus and Phoenix antisera raised in rabbit. These antisera were used in rabbit IgG specific ELISA-inhibition and rocket immunoelectro-phoresis (RIE) assays for all four palm pollen extracts. In ELISA-inhibition, a distinct inhibition was obtained with comparable amount of soluble pollen protein. The RIE precipitin bands also revealed the presence of common antigenic components in the palm pollen. After isolation and purification, such common antigens may be useful in allergen immunotherapy in asthmatics.

The immunological and clinical effects of immunotherapy in patients suffering from house dust allergy

A group of 48 patients with asthma and rhinitis, sensitive to house dust allergen, underwent immunotherapy with an extract of crude house dust for a period of 6-12 months. The clinical results of the therapy, as evaluated by symptom medication scores, demonstrated the significant clinical improvement of the patients treated by crude dust extract (CDE) compared to those treated by placebo. A significant (p < 0.001) reduction of specific IgE and elevation (p < 0.001) of specific IgG in the post-therapeutic patient sera was demonstrated by serological tests. A good correlation was observed between the changes in specific IgE and IgG levels.

Allergenic relationship among four common and dominant airborne palm pollen grains from Eastern India

BACKGROUND

Palm pollen grains are predominant aeroallergens in the tropics including India. Evidence of allergenic crossreactivity had been reported from various parts of the world on different families, e.g. Poaceae, Asteraceae, etc. No such information is available about the palm pollen of tropical countries.

OBJECTIVES

The present study was undertaken to find out the allergenic relationship, if any, in four common and important palm pollen in India.

METHODS

A 2-year aerobiological survey was carried out at Madhyamgram situated at the suburban fringe of Calcutta Metropolis using Burkard volumetric sampler to know the seasonal variation of Areca catechu, Borassus flabellifer, Cocos nucifera and Phoenix sylvestris among others. Skin-prick tests (SPT) were performed with the relevant pollen extracts on the respiratory allergic patients. Sera from the subjects were tested directly by ELISA for estimating the allergen specific IgE. ELISA inhibitions and dot blotting were performed with pooled patients sera and four palm pollen extracts to detect the cross-reactivity.

RESULTS

Among 70 patients, Areca catechu exhibited the maximum percentage (48.5%) of positive responses followed by Cocos nucifera (45.7%), Phoenix sylvestris (42.85%) and Borassus flabellifer (38.5%). On an average, 30-50% of the patients showed positive skin reactions and enhanced specific IgE level to more than one palm pollen extract. Further evidence of allergenic crossreactivity among the four palm pollen grains were provided by dot blotting and ELISA inhibition studies. In ELISA inhibition, a distinct inhibition was obtained with comparable amounts of the pollen extracts.

CONCLUSION

The suburban aerobiological survey of Calcutta and SPT results confirmed that the relevant pollen types are significant contributors of aeroallergen load of the study area. ELISA inhibition studies with the pooled patients sera using antihuman IgE probe revealed the presence of shared allergenic components among the four palm pollen grains.

Aerobiologic and immunochemical studies on Borassus flabellifer pollen: evidence for a 90-kD allergen

BACKGROUND

The pollen grains of Arecaceae have been proved to be a very common aeroallergen in India. Except for the pollen grains of Cocos nucifera, detailed information about the allergenicity of other dominant Indian palm pollen is not available.

OBJECTIVES

To explore the aerobiologic and allergenic significance of the pollen of palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer Linn.), one of the important and common palm trees in India, with a view to isolate and purify its major allergenic components.

METHODS

The aerobiologic survey was performed continuously using Burkard volumetric and Rotorod samplers from July, 1994 to June, 1996 in a northern suburb of greater Calcutta. The allergenic potential of the pollen extract and different fractions were studied by skin prick tests (SPT). ELISA and ELISA inhibition experiments were performed with individual and pooled patient sera to detect the specific IgE level. By 2-step ammonium sulphate fractionation and gel filtration study, the allergic fraction Fr.IIA1 was isolated. Its molecular weight was determined by SDS-PAGE and homogeneity was confirmed by rocket and crossed immunoelectrophoresis using rabbit antisera.

RESULTS

Pollen grains of B. flabellifer were found to be present in air from February to May and June contributing more than 7% of the total airborne pollen load of the study area. The pollen elicited maximum concentration at 19 to 20 hours in the evening and at a height of 4 m from ground level. Skin prick testing of 455 respiratory allergic patients with whole pollen extract exhibited 31.64% positive response. After 2-step ammonium sulphate fraction and gel filtration, a fraction (Fr.IIA1) having remarkable allergenicity was isolated. In native and SDS-PAGE, it was found as a single protein component of 90 kD and as homogeneous in RIE and CIE. The soluble protein-carbohydrate analysis indicated the probability of the component to be a glycoprotein.

CONCLUSION

The aerobiologic, clinical, and immunochemical, studies demonstrated that the pollen of B. flabellifer is a dominant aeroallergen to cause respiratory trouble in the area where these trees grow. The isolated 90-kD component is one of the major allergens present in the pollen extract.

Variability in Survival of Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus, strictly Anaerobic Bacteria, under Different Oxygen Conditions

Survival of Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus DSM 20466 in pure culture at variable temperatures under different oxygen concentrations was measured. Survival of P. cerevisiiphilus in co-culture with Saccharomyces cerevisiae under both saturated oxygen and brewing conditions was also studied. The survival of strictly anaerobic bacteria to oxygen seems to follow the classical laws of heat resistance. The D(oxy) values of P. cerevisiiphilus , calculated as a function of oxygen level, shows that the oxygen level is important for the survival duration of the bacteria. The temperature greatly influences the oxygen resistance of P. cerevisiiphilus, which increases when the temperature decreases. P. cerevisiiphilus resists better in co-culture than in pure culture under saturated oxygen conditions. Therefore, the oxygenation of the wort does not totally eliminate the risk of beer contamination by this bacterium. Under brewing conditions in co-culture at 8 degrees C, P. cerevisiiphilus grows slowly to reach a final cell concentration up to 10(6) cells/mL in beer, which is undrinkable. Pectinatus is a strictly anaerobic bacterium; however, it is resistant under certain oxygen conditions of incubation. This resistance is considerably higher in the presence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae .