1
|
Kistler LM, Asamura K, Kasahara S, Miyoshi Y, Mouikis CG, Keika K, Petrinec SM, Stevens ML, Hori T, Yokota S, Shinohara I. The variable source of the plasma sheet during a geomagnetic storm. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6143. [PMID: 37903790 PMCID: PMC10616164 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41735-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Both solar wind and ionospheric sources contribute to the magnetotail plasma sheet, but how their contribution changes during a geomagnetic storm is an open question. The source is critical because the plasma sheet properties control the enhancement and decay rate of the ring current, the main cause of the geomagnetic field perturbations that define a geomagnetic storm. Here we use the solar wind composition to track the source and show that the plasma sheet source changes from predominantly solar wind to predominantly ionospheric as a storm develops. Additionally, we find that the ionospheric plasma during the storm main phase is initially dominated by singly ionized hydrogen (H+), likely from the polar wind, a low energy outflow from the polar cap, and then transitions to the accelerated outflow from the dayside and nightside auroral regions, identified by singly ionized oxygen (O+). These results reveal how the access to the magnetotail of the different sources can change quickly, impacting the storm development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L M Kistler
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA.
- Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - K Asamura
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Japan
| | | | | | - C G Mouikis
- University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - K Keika
- University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S M Petrinec
- Lockheed Martin Advanced Technology Center, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - M L Stevens
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - T Hori
- Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - S Yokota
- Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - I Shinohara
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Elliott SS, Breneman AW, Colpitts C, Pettit JM, Cattell CA, Halford AJ, Shumko M, Sample J, Johnson AT, Miyoshi Y, Kasahara Y, Cully CM, Nakamura S, Mitani T, Hori T, Shinohara I, Shiokawa K, Matsuda S, Connors M, Ozaki M, Manninen J. Quantifying the Size and Duration of a Microburst-Producing Chorus Region on 5 December 2017. Geophys Res Lett 2022; 49:e2022GL099655. [PMID: 36247517 PMCID: PMC9540649 DOI: 10.1029/2022gl099655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Microbursts are impulsive (<1 s) injections of electrons into the atmosphere, thought to be caused by nonlinear scattering by chorus waves. Although attempts have been made to quantify their contribution to outer belt electron loss, the uncertainty in the overall size and duration of the microburst region is typically large, so that their contribution to outer belt loss is uncertain. We combine datasets that measure chorus waves (Van Allen Probes [RBSP], Arase, ground-based VLF stations) and microburst (>30 keV) precipitation (FIREBIRD II and AC6 CubeSats, POES) to determine the size of the microburst-producing chorus source region beginning on 5 December 2017. We estimate that the long-lasting (∼30 hr) microburst-producing chorus region extends from 4 to 8Δ MLT and 2-5Δ L. We conclude that microbursts likely represent a major loss source of outer radiation belt electrons for this event.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - M. Shumko
- NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbeltMDUSA
| | - J. Sample
- Montana State UniversityBozemanMTUSA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - T. Hori
- ISEENagoya UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | | | | | | | | | - M. Ozaki
- Kanazawa UniversityKanazawaJapan
| | - J. Manninen
- Sodankylä Geophysical ObservatoryUniversity of OuluSodankyläFinland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Miyoshi Y, Shinohara I, Ukhorskiy S, Claudepierre SG, Mitani T, Takashima T, Hori T, Santolik O, Kolmasova I, Matsuda S, Kasahara Y, Teramoto M, Katoh Y, Hikishima M, Kojima H, Kurita S, Imajo S, Higashio N, Kasahara S, Yokota S, Asamura K, Kazama Y, Wang SY, Jun CW, Kasaba Y, Kumamoto A, Tsuchiya F, Shoji M, Nakamura S, Kitahara M, Matsuoka A, Shiokawa K, Seki K, Nosé M, Takahashi K, Martinez-Calderon C, Hospodarsky G, Colpitts C, Kletzing C, Wygant J, Spence H, Baker DN, Reeves GD, Blake JB, Lanzerotti L. Collaborative Research Activities of the Arase and Van Allen Probes. Space Sci Rev 2022; 218:38. [PMID: 35757012 PMCID: PMC9213325 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-022-00885-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the highlights of joint observations of the inner magnetosphere by the Arase spacecraft, the Van Allen Probes spacecraft, and ground-based experiments integrated into spacecraft programs. The concurrent operation of the two missions in 2017-2019 facilitated the separation of the spatial and temporal structures of dynamic phenomena occurring in the inner magnetosphere. Because the orbital inclination angle of Arase is larger than that of Van Allen Probes, Arase collected observations at higher L -shells up to L ∼ 10 . After March 2017, similar variations in plasma and waves were detected by Van Allen Probes and Arase. We describe plasma wave observations at longitudinally separated locations in space and geomagnetically-conjugate locations in space and on the ground. The results of instrument intercalibrations between the two missions are also presented. Arase continued its normal operation after the scientific operation of Van Allen Probes completed in October 2019. The combined Van Allen Probes (2012-2019) and Arase (2017-present) observations will cover a full solar cycle. This will be the first comprehensive long-term observation of the inner magnetosphere and radiation belts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Miyoshi
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - I. Shinohara
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, 252-5210 Japan
| | - S. Ukhorskiy
- Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, 11101 Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA
| | - S. G. Claudepierre
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 7115 Math Sciences Bldg., Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - T. Mitani
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, 252-5210 Japan
| | - T. Takashima
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, 252-5210 Japan
| | - T. Hori
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - O. Santolik
- Faculty of Mathematics an Physics, Charles University, V Holesovickach 2, 18000 Prague, Czechia
- Dept. of Space Physics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bocni II 1401, 14100 Prague, Czechia
| | - I. Kolmasova
- Faculty of Mathematics an Physics, Charles University, V Holesovickach 2, 18000 Prague, Czechia
- Dept. of Space Physics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Bocni II 1401, 14100 Prague, Czechia
| | - S. Matsuda
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192 Japan
| | - Y. Kasahara
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192 Japan
| | - M. Teramoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyusyu, 804-8550 Japan
| | - Y. Katoh
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578 Japan
| | - M. Hikishima
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, 252-5210 Japan
| | - H. Kojima
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011 Japan
| | - S. Kurita
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011 Japan
| | - S. Imajo
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - N. Higashio
- Strategic Planning and Management Department, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tokyo, 101-8008 Japan
| | - S. Kasahara
- Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - S. Yokota
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, 560-0043 Japan
| | - K. Asamura
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, 252-5210 Japan
| | - Y. Kazama
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
| | - S.-Y. Wang
- Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Academia Sinica, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd, Taipei, 10617 Taiwan
| | - C.-W. Jun
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - Y. Kasaba
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578 Japan
| | - A. Kumamoto
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578 Japan
| | - F. Tsuchiya
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578 Japan
| | - M. Shoji
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - S. Nakamura
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
- Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - M. Kitahara
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578 Japan
| | - A. Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - K. Shiokawa
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - K. Seki
- Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - M. Nosé
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - K. Takahashi
- Applied Physics Laboratory, The Johns Hopkins University, 11101 Johns Hopkins Rd, Laurel, MD 20723 USA
| | - C. Martinez-Calderon
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601 Japan
| | - G. Hospodarsky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Van Allen Hall (VAN), Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - C. Colpitts
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, 116 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Craig Kletzing
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Van Allen Hall (VAN), Iowa City, IA 52242 USA
| | - J. Wygant
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Minnesota, 116 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - H. Spence
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, 8 College Road, Durham, NH 03824 USA
| | - D. N. Baker
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, 3665 Discovery Drive, 600 UCB, Boulder, CO 80303 USA
| | - G. D. Reeves
- Inteligence & Space Reserarch Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, PO Box 1663, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - J. B. Blake
- The Aerospace Corporation, P.O. Box 92957, Los Angeles, CA 90009-2957 USA
| | - L. Lanzerotti
- Department of Physics, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102 USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Miyoshi Y, Hosokawa K, Kurita S, Oyama SI, Ogawa Y, Saito S, Shinohara I, Kero A, Turunen E, Verronen PT, Kasahara S, Yokota S, Mitani T, Takashima T, Higashio N, Kasahara Y, Matsuda S, Tsuchiya F, Kumamoto A, Matsuoka A, Hori T, Keika K, Shoji M, Teramoto M, Imajo S, Jun C, Nakamura S. Penetration of MeV electrons into the mesosphere accompanying pulsating aurorae. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13724. [PMID: 34257336 PMCID: PMC8277844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92611-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsating aurorae (PsA) are caused by the intermittent precipitations of magnetospheric electrons (energies of a few keV to a few tens of keV) through wave-particle interactions, thereby depositing most of their energy at altitudes ~ 100 km. However, the maximum energy of precipitated electrons and its impacts on the atmosphere are unknown. Herein, we report unique observations by the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) radar showing electron precipitations ranging from a few hundred keV to a few MeV during a PsA associated with a weak geomagnetic storm. Simultaneously, the Arase spacecraft has observed intense whistler-mode chorus waves at the conjugate location along magnetic field lines. A computer simulation based on the EISCAT observations shows immediate catalytic ozone depletion at the mesospheric altitudes. Since PsA occurs frequently, often in daily basis, and extends its impact over large MLT areas, we anticipate that the PsA possesses a significant forcing to the mesospheric ozone chemistry in high latitudes through high energy electron precipitations. Therefore, the generation of PsA results in the depletion of mesospheric ozone through high-energy electron precipitations caused by whistler-mode chorus waves, which are similar to the well-known effect due to solar energetic protons triggered by solar flares.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Miyoshi
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.
| | - K Hosokawa
- Graduate School of Communication Engineering and Informatics, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, 182-8585, Japan
| | - S Kurita
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | - S-I Oyama
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.,National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, 190-8518, Japan.,University of Oulu, Pentti Kaiteran katu 1, Linnanmaa, Oulu, Finland
| | - Y Ogawa
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, 190-8518, Japan.,The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Hayama, 240-0193, Japan.,Joint Support-Center for Data Science Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Tachikawa, 190-8518, Japan
| | - S Saito
- National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo, 184-8795, Japan
| | - I Shinohara
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - A Kero
- Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Sodankylä, Finland
| | - E Turunen
- Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Sodankylä, Finland
| | - P T Verronen
- Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Sodankylä, Finland.,Space and Earth Observation Centre, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - S Kasahara
- Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - S Yokota
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - T Mitani
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - T Takashima
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - N Higashio
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Y Kasahara
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - S Matsuda
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - F Tsuchiya
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - A Kumamoto
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - A Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - T Hori
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - K Keika
- Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - M Shoji
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - M Teramoto
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Fukuoka, 820-8501, Japan
| | - S Imajo
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - C Jun
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - S Nakamura
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nosé M, Matsuoka A, Kumamoto A, Kasahara Y, Teramoto M, Kurita S, Goldstein J, Kistler LM, Singh S, Gololobov A, Shiokawa K, Imajo S, Oimatsu S, Yamamoto K, Obana Y, Shoji M, Tsuchiya F, Shinohara I, Miyoshi Y, Kurth WS, Kletzing CA, Smith CW, MacDowall RJ, Spence H, Reeves GD. Oxygen torus and its coincidence with EMIC wave in the deep inner magnetosphere: Van Allen Probe B and Arase observations. Earth Planets Space 2020; 72:111. [PMID: 32831576 PMCID: PMC7410109 DOI: 10.1186/s40623-020-01235-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the longitudinal structure of the oxygen torus in the inner magnetosphere for a specific event found on 12 September 2017, using simultaneous observations from the Van Allen Probe B and Arase satellites. It is found that Probe B observed a clear enhancement in the average plasma mass (M) up to 3-4 amu at L = 3.3-3.6 and magnetic local time (MLT) = 9.0 h. In the afternoon sector at MLT ~ 16.0 h, both Probe B and Arase found no clear enhancements in M. This result suggests that the oxygen torus does not extend over all MLT but is skewed toward the dawn. Since a similar result has been reported for another event of the oxygen torus in a previous study, a crescent-shaped torus or a pinched torus centered around dawn may be a general feature of the O+ density enhancement in the inner magnetosphere. We newly find that an electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave in the H+ band appeared coincidently with the oxygen torus. From the lower cutoff frequency of the EMIC wave, the ion composition of the oxygen torus is estimated to be 80.6% H+, 3.4% He+, and 16.0% O+. According to the linearized dispersion relation for EMIC waves, both He+ and O+ ions inhibit EMIC wave growth and the stabilizing effect is stronger for He+ than O+. Therefore, when the H+ fraction or M is constant, the denser O+ ions are naturally accompanied by the more tenuous He+ ions, resulting in a weaker stabilizing effect (i.e., larger growth rate). From the Probe B observations, we find that the growth rate becomes larger in the oxygen torus than in the adjacent regions in the plasma trough and the plasmasphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Nosé
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - A. Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - A. Kumamoto
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Y. Kasahara
- Advanced Research Center for Space Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - M. Teramoto
- Department of Space Systems Engineering, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyusyu, Japan
| | - S. Kurita
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - J. Goldstein
- Space Science and Engineering Division, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
- University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - L. M. Kistler
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH USA
| | - S. Singh
- Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - A. Gololobov
- North-Eastern Federal University, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - K. Shiokawa
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - S. Imajo
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - S. Oimatsu
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - K. Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y. Obana
- Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Electro-Communication University, Neyagawa, Japan
| | - M. Shoji
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - F. Tsuchiya
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - I. Shinohara
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Y. Miyoshi
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - W. S. Kurth
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - C. A. Kletzing
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - C. W. Smith
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH USA
| | - R. J. MacDowall
- Solar System Exploration Division, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - H. Spence
- Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH USA
| | - G. D. Reeves
- Space Sciences and Applications Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hosokawa K, Miyoshi Y, Ozaki M, Oyama SI, Ogawa Y, Kurita S, Kasahara Y, Kasaba Y, Yagitani S, Matsuda S, Tsuchiya F, Kumamoto A, Kataoka R, Shiokawa K, Raita T, Turunen E, Takashima T, Shinohara I, Fujii R. Multiple time-scale beats in aurora: precise orchestration via magnetospheric chorus waves. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3380. [PMID: 32098993 PMCID: PMC7042315 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59642-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The brightness of aurorae in Earth’s polar region often beats with periods ranging from sub-second to a few tens of a second. Past observations showed that the beat of the aurora is composed of a superposition of two independent periodicities that co-exist hierarchically. However, the origin of such multiple time-scale beats in aurora remains poorly understood due to a lack of measurements with sufficiently high temporal resolution. By coordinating experiments using ultrafast auroral imagers deployed in the Arctic with the newly-launched magnetospheric satellite Arase, we succeeded in identifying an excellent agreement between the beats in aurorae and intensity modulations of natural electromagnetic waves in space called “chorus”. In particular, sub-second scintillations of aurorae are precisely controlled by fine-scale chirping rhythms in chorus. The observation of this striking correlation demonstrates that resonant interaction between energetic electrons and chorus waves in magnetospheres orchestrates the complex behavior of aurora on Earth and other magnetized planets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Hosokawa
- Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan. .,Center for Space Science and Radio Engineering, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Y Miyoshi
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - M Ozaki
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - S-I Oyama
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan.,National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan.,Ionospheric Physics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Y Ogawa
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan.,The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - S Kurita
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Y Kasahara
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Y Kasaba
- Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - S Yagitani
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - S Matsuda
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - F Tsuchiya
- Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - A Kumamoto
- Department of Geophysics, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - R Kataoka
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tachikawa, Tokyo, Japan.,The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - K Shiokawa
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - T Raita
- Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Sodankylä, Finland
| | - E Turunen
- Sodankylä Geophysical Observatory, University of Oulu, Sodankylä, Finland
| | - T Takashima
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - I Shinohara
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - R Fujii
- Research Organization of Information and Systems, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Angelopoulos V, Cruce P, Drozdov A, Grimes EW, Hatzigeorgiu N, King DA, Larson D, Lewis JW, McTiernan JM, Roberts DA, Russell CL, Hori T, Kasahara Y, Kumamoto A, Matsuoka A, Miyashita Y, Miyoshi Y, Shinohara I, Teramoto M, Faden JB, Halford AJ, McCarthy M, Millan RM, Sample JG, Smith DM, Woodger LA, Masson A, Narock AA, Asamura K, Chang TF, Chiang CY, Kazama Y, Keika K, Matsuda S, Segawa T, Seki K, Shoji M, Tam SWY, Umemura N, Wang BJ, Wang SY, Redmon R, Rodriguez JV, Singer HJ, Vandegriff J, Abe S, Nose M, Shinbori A, Tanaka YM, UeNo S, Andersson L, Dunn P, Fowler C, Halekas JS, Hara T, Harada Y, Lee CO, Lillis R, Mitchell DL, Argall MR, Bromund K, Burch JL, Cohen IJ, Galloy M, Giles B, Jaynes AN, Le Contel O, Oka M, Phan TD, Walsh BM, Westlake J, Wilder FD, Bale SD, Livi R, Pulupa M, Whittlesey P, DeWolfe A, Harter B, Lucas E, Auster U, Bonnell JW, Cully CM, Donovan E, Ergun RE, Frey HU, Jackel B, Keiling A, Korth H, McFadden JP, Nishimura Y, Plaschke F, Robert P, Turner DL, Weygand JM, Candey RM, Johnson RC, Kovalick T, Liu MH, McGuire RE, Breneman A, Kersten K, Schroeder P. The Space Physics Environment Data Analysis System (SPEDAS). Space Sci Rev 2019; 215:9. [PMID: 30880847 PMCID: PMC6380193 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-018-0576-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
With the advent of the Heliophysics/Geospace System Observatory (H/GSO), a complement of multi-spacecraft missions and ground-based observatories to study the space environment, data retrieval, analysis, and visualization of space physics data can be daunting. The Space Physics Environment Data Analysis System (SPEDAS), a grass-roots software development platform (www.spedas.org), is now officially supported by NASA Heliophysics as part of its data environment infrastructure. It serves more than a dozen space missions and ground observatories and can integrate the full complement of past and upcoming space physics missions with minimal resources, following clear, simple, and well-proven guidelines. Free, modular and configurable to the needs of individual missions, it works in both command-line (ideal for experienced users) and Graphical User Interface (GUI) mode (reducing the learning curve for first-time users). Both options have "crib-sheets," user-command sequences in ASCII format that can facilitate record-and-repeat actions, especially for complex operations and plotting. Crib-sheets enhance scientific interactions, as users can move rapidly and accurately from exchanges of technical information on data processing to efficient discussions regarding data interpretation and science. SPEDAS can readily query and ingest all International Solar Terrestrial Physics (ISTP)-compatible products from the Space Physics Data Facility (SPDF), enabling access to a vast collection of historic and current mission data. The planned incorporation of Heliophysics Application Programmer's Interface (HAPI) standards will facilitate data ingestion from distributed datasets that adhere to these standards. Although SPEDAS is currently Interactive Data Language (IDL)-based (and interfaces to Java-based tools such as Autoplot), efforts are under-way to expand it further to work with python (first as an interface tool and potentially even receiving an under-the-hood replacement). We review the SPEDAS development history, goals, and current implementation. We explain its "modes of use" with examples geared for users and outline its technical implementation and requirements with software developers in mind. We also describe SPEDAS personnel and software management, interfaces with other organizations, resources and support structure available to the community, and future development plans. ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL The online version of this article (10.1007/s11214-018-0576-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V. Angelopoulos
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - P. Cruce
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - A. Drozdov
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - E. W. Grimes
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - N. Hatzigeorgiu
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - D. A. King
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - D. Larson
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - J. W. Lewis
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - J. M. McTiernan
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | | | - C. L. Russell
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - T. Hori
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - A. Kumamoto
- Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba Sendai, 980-8578 Japan
| | - A. Matsuoka
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Y. Miyashita
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Y. Miyoshi
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - I. Shinohara
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - M. Teramoto
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - A. J. Halford
- Space Sciences Department, The Aerospace Corporation, Chantilly, VA USA
| | - M. McCarthy
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - R. M. Millan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
| | - J. G. Sample
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT USA
| | - D. M. Smith
- Santa Cruz Institute of Particle Physics and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - L. A. Woodger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH USA
| | - A. Masson
- European Space Agency, ESAC, SCI-OPD, Madrid, Spain
| | - A. A. Narock
- ADNET Systems Inc., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - K. Asamura
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - T. F. Chang
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - C.-Y. Chiang
- Institute of Space and Plasma Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Y. Kazama
- Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - K. Keika
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S. Matsuda
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - T. Segawa
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - K. Seki
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M. Shoji
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - S. W. Y. Tam
- Institute of Space and Plasma Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - N. Umemura
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - B.-J. Wang
- Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Space Science, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - S.-Y. Wang
- Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - R. Redmon
- National Centers for Environmental Information, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO USA
| | - J. V. Rodriguez
- National Centers for Environmental Information, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) at University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO USA
| | - H. J. Singer
- Space Weather Prediction Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Boulder, CO USA
| | - J. Vandegriff
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD USA
| | - S. Abe
- International Center for Space Weather Science and Education, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - M. Nose
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
- World Data Center for Geomagnetism, Kyoto Data Analysis Center for Geomagnetism and Space Magnetism, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - A. Shinbori
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Y.-M. Tanaka
- National Institute of Polar Research, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S. UeNo
- Hida Observatory, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - L. Andersson
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - P. Dunn
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - C. Fowler
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - J. S. Halekas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - T. Hara
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Y. Harada
- Department of Geophysics, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - C. O. Lee
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - R. Lillis
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - D. L. Mitchell
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - M. R. Argall
- Physics Department and Space Science Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH USA
| | - K. Bromund
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - J. L. Burch
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - I. J. Cohen
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD USA
| | - M. Galloy
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO USA
| | - B. Giles
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - A. N. Jaynes
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA USA
| | - O. Le Contel
- Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas, CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique/Sorbonne Université/Univ. Paris Sud/Observatoire de Paris, Paris, France
| | - M. Oka
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - T. D. Phan
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - B. M. Walsh
- Center for Space Physics, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - J. Westlake
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD USA
| | - F. D. Wilder
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - S. D. Bale
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - R. Livi
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - M. Pulupa
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - P. Whittlesey
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - A. DeWolfe
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - B. Harter
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - E. Lucas
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - U. Auster
- Institute for Geophysics and Extraterrestrial Physics, Technical University of Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - J. W. Bonnell
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - C. M. Cully
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Ontario Canada
| | - E. Donovan
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Ontario Canada
| | - R. E. Ergun
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO USA
| | - H. U. Frey
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - B. Jackel
- University of Calgary, Calgary, Ontario Canada
| | - A. Keiling
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - H. Korth
- The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD USA
| | - J. P. McFadden
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Y. Nishimura
- Center for Space Physics and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - F. Plaschke
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Physics, University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - P. Robert
- Laboratoire de Physique des Plasmas, CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique/Sorbonne Université/Univ. Paris Sud/Observatoire de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - J. M. Weygand
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, and Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - R. M. Candey
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - R. C. Johnson
- ADNET Systems Inc., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - T. Kovalick
- ADNET Systems Inc., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | - M. H. Liu
- ADNET Systems Inc., NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD USA
| | | | - A. Breneman
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - K. Kersten
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - P. Schroeder
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kasahara S, Miyoshi Y, Yokota S, Mitani T, Kasahara Y, Matsuda S, Kumamoto A, Matsuoka A, Kazama Y, Frey HU, Angelopoulos V, Kurita S, Keika K, Seki K, Shinohara I. Pulsating aurora from electron scattering by chorus waves. Nature 2018; 554:337-340. [PMID: 29446380 DOI: 10.1038/nature25505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Auroral substorms, dynamic phenomena that occur in the upper atmosphere at night, are caused by global reconfiguration of the magnetosphere, which releases stored solar wind energy. These storms are characterized by auroral brightening from dusk to midnight, followed by violent motions of distinct auroral arcs that suddenly break up, and the subsequent emergence of diffuse, pulsating auroral patches at dawn. Pulsating aurorae, which are quasiperiodic, blinking patches of light tens to hundreds of kilometres across, appear at altitudes of about 100 kilometres in the high-latitude regions of both hemispheres, and multiple patches often cover the entire sky. This auroral pulsation, with periods of several to tens of seconds, is generated by the intermittent precipitation of energetic electrons (several to tens of kiloelectronvolts) arriving from the magnetosphere and colliding with the atoms and molecules of the upper atmosphere. A possible cause of this precipitation is the interaction between magnetospheric electrons and electromagnetic waves called whistler-mode chorus waves. However, no direct observational evidence of this interaction has been obtained so far. Here we report that energetic electrons are scattered by chorus waves, resulting in their precipitation. Our observations were made in March 2017 with a magnetospheric spacecraft equipped with a high-angular-resolution electron sensor and electromagnetic field instruments. The measured quasiperiodic precipitating electron flux was sufficiently intense to generate a pulsating aurora, which was indeed simultaneously observed by a ground auroral imager.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kasahara
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Miyoshi
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, 24105 Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - S Yokota
- Department of Earth and Space Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
| | - T Mitani
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Y Kasahara
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - S Matsuda
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, 24105 Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - A Kumamoto
- Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, 6-3 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578 Japan
| | - A Matsuoka
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Y Kazama
- Academia Sinica Institute of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 11F Astronomy-Mathematics Building, AS/NTU, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - H U Frey
- Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-7450, USA
| | - V Angelopoulos
- Department of Earth, Planetary and Space Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095-1567, USA
| | - S Kurita
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, 24105 Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - K Keika
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - K Seki
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - I Shinohara
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Funaki I, Kajimura Y, Ashida Y, Nishida H, Oshio Y, Shinohara I, Yamakawa H. The Use of Dipole Plasma Equilibrium for Magnetic Sail Spacecraft. Fusion Science and Technology 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst13-a16897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Funaki
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - Y. Kajimura
- Akashi National College of Technology, Akashi, 674-8501, Japan
| | - Y. Ashida
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| | - H. Nishida
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Y. Oshio
- Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - I. Shinohara
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Sagamihara, 252-5210, Japan
| | - H. Yamakawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Angelopoulos V, Runov A, Zhou XZ, Turner DL, Kiehas SA, Li SS, Shinohara I. Electromagnetic Energy Conversion at Reconnection Fronts. Science 2013; 341:1478-82. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1236992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
11
|
Nakamura TKM, Hasegawa H, Shinohara I. Kinetic effects on the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in ion-to-magnetohydrodynamic scale transverse velocity shear layers: Particle simulations. Phys Plasmas 2010; 17:042119. [PMID: 20838425 PMCID: PMC2931600 DOI: 10.1063/1.3385445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Ion-to-magnetohydrodynamic scale physics of the transverse velocity shear layer and associated Kelvin-Helmholtz instability (KHI) in a homogeneous, collisionless plasma are investigated by means of full particle simulations. The shear layer is broadened to reach a kinetic equilibrium when its initial thickness is close to the gyrodiameter of ions crossing the layer, namely, of ion-kinetic scale. The broadened thickness is larger in B⋅Ω<0 case than in B⋅Ω>0 case, where Ω is the vorticity at the layer. This is because the convective electric field, which points out of (into) the layer for B⋅Ω<0 (B⋅Ω>0), extends (reduces) the gyrodiameters. Since the kinetic equilibrium is established before the KHI onset, the KHI growth rate depends on the broadened thickness. In the saturation phase of the KHI, the ion vortex flow is strengthened (weakened) for B⋅Ω<0 (B⋅Ω>0), due to ion centrifugal drift along the rotational plasma flow. In ion inertial scale vortices, this drift effect is crucial in altering the ion vortex size. These results indicate that the KHI at Mercury-like ion-scale magnetospheric boundaries could show clear dawn-dusk asymmetries in both its linear and nonlinear growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T K M Nakamura
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Kanagawa 229-8510, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Miyashita Y, Machida S, Kamide Y, Nagata D, Liou K, Fujimoto M, Ieda A, Saito MH, Russell CT, Christon SP, Nosé M, Frey HU, Shinohara I, Mukai T, Saito Y, Hayakawa H. A state-of-the-art picture of substorm-associated evolution of the near-Earth magnetotail obtained from superposed epoch analysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008ja013225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Miyashita
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Kanagawa Japan
| | - S. Machida
- Department of Geophysics; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - Y. Kamide
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - D. Nagata
- Department of Geophysics; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - K. Liou
- Applied Physics Laboratory; Johns Hopkins University; Laurel Maryland USA
| | - M. Fujimoto
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Kanagawa Japan
| | - A. Ieda
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Nagoya Japan
| | - M. H. Saito
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Kanagawa Japan
| | - C. T. Russell
- Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics; University of California; Los Angeles California USA
| | | | - M. Nosé
- Data Analysis Center for Geomagnetism and Space Magnetism, Graduate School of Science; Kyoto University; Kyoto Japan
| | - H. U. Frey
- Space Sciences Laboratory; University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - I. Shinohara
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Kanagawa Japan
| | - T. Mukai
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Kanagawa Japan
| | - Y. Saito
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Kanagawa Japan
| | - H. Hayakawa
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Science; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Kanagawa Japan
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Oka M, Fujimoto M, Nakamura TKM, Shinohara I, Nishikawa KI. Magnetic reconnection by a self-retreating X line. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 101:205004. [PMID: 19113348 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.101.205004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Particle-in-cell simulations of collisionless magnetic reconnection are performed to study asymmetric reconnection in which an outflow is blocked by a hard wall while leaving sufficiently large room for the outflow of the opposite direction. This condition leads to a slow, roughly constant motion of the diffusion region away from the wall, the so-called "X-line retreat." The typical retreat speed is approximately 0.1 times the Alfvén speed. At the diffusion region, ion flow pattern shows strong asymmetry and the ion stagnation point and the X line are not collocated. A surprise, however, is that the reconnection rate remains the same unaffected by the retreat motion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Oka
- Center for Space Plasma and Aeronomic Research, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama 35805, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- K. Shiokawa
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Toyokawa Japan
| | - Y. Miyashita
- Solar-Terrestrial Environment Laboratory; Nagoya University; Toyokawa Japan
| | - I. Shinohara
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Sciences; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Sagamihara Japan
| | - A. Matsuoka
- Institute of Space and Astronautical Sciences; Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency; Sagamihara Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Nakamura TKM, Hayashi D, Fujimoto M, Shinohara I. Decay of MHD-scale Kelvin-Helmholtz vortices mediated by parasitic electron dynamics. Phys Rev Lett 2004; 92:145001. [PMID: 15089547 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.92.145001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have simulated nonlinear development of MHD-scale Kelvin-Helmholtz (KH) vortices by a two-dimensional two-fluid system including finite electron inertial effects. In the presence of moderate density jump across a shear layer, in striking contrast to MHD results, MHD KH vortices are found to decay by the time one eddy turnover is completed. The decay is mediated by smaller vortices that appear within the parent vortex and stays effective even when the shear layer width is made larger. It is shown that the smaller vortices are basically of MHD nature while the seeding for these is achieved by the electron inertial effect. Application of the results to the magnetotail boundary layer is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T K M Nakamura
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nagai T, Shinohara I, Fujimoto M, Hoshino M, Saito Y, Machida S, Mukai T. Geotail observations of the Hall current system: Evidence of magnetic reconnection in the magnetotail. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001ja900038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Shinohara I, Suzuki H, Fujimoto M, Hoshino M. Rapid large-scale magnetic-field dissipation in a collisionless current sheet via coupling between Kelvin-Helmholtz and lower-hybrid drift instabilities. Phys Rev Lett 2001; 87:095001. [PMID: 11531571 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.87.095001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2001] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Rapid large-scale magnetic-field dissipation is observed in a full kinetic simulation of cross-field current instabilities in a current sheet even when the thickness of the current sheet is at ion scale. The Kelvin-Helmholtz instability caused by the velocity shear between the current-carrying ions and the cold background ions excites the lower-hybrid drift instability at the edges of the undulated current sheet. We show that the nonlinear coupling between these two instabilities is responsible for the observed rapid dissipation. The simulation result presents a new route for magnetic-field dissipation in an ion-scale current sheet and demonstrates the general significance of nonlinear cross-scale coupling in collisionless plasmas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Shinohara
- Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics, Garching 85748, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shinohara I, Nagai T, Fujimoto M, Terasawa T, Mukai T, Tsuruda K, Yamamoto T. Low-frequency electromagnetic turbulence observed near the substorm onset site. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98ja01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
20
|
Terasawa T, Kawano H, Shinohara I, Mukai T, Saito Y, Hoshino M, Nishida A, Machida S, Nagai T, Yamamoto T, Kokubun S. On the Determination of a Moving MHD Structure: Minimization of the Residue of Integrated Faraday's Equation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.5636/jgg.48.603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
21
|
Okano T, Uruno M, Sugiyama N, Shimada M, Shinohara I, Kataoka K, Sakurai Y. Suppression of platelet activity on microdomain surfaces of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate-polyether block copolymers. J Biomed Mater Res 1986; 20:1035-47. [PMID: 3760002 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.820200716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers constructed from chains of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) and either poly-ethyleneoxide (PEO) or poly-propyleneoxide (PPO) were synthesized. These block copolymers exhibited microdomain structure. Platelet adhesion on their surfaces was investigated by a column elution method to examine the effect of microdomain structure. The number of platelets adhered from whole blood was smaller for the block copolymer systems than for the homopolymers. Minimum points of platelet adhesion appeared at approximately 0.38 mol fraction of HEMA in the HEMA-PO system. Both block copolymer surfaces showed microdomains of alternate lamellar structure. Furthermore, the percent of platelets released from the column after incubation was investigated using PRP. In the case of homopolymers, released platelet percentages decreased with an increase of incubation time. Released platelet percentages from the block copolymers, however, were nearly constant with changing incubation time. These results show that HEMA-EO and HEMA-PO block copolymers had the ability to suppress both reversible and irreversible adhesion of platelets to their respective microdomain surfaces.
Collapse
|
22
|
Okano T, Aoyagi T, Kataoka K, Abe K, Sakurai Y, Shimada M, Shinohara I. Hydrophilic-hydrophobic microdomain surfaces having an ability to suppress platelet aggregation and their in vitro antithrombogenicity. J Biomed Mater Res 1986; 20:919-27. [PMID: 3760008 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.820200707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers were synthesized by a coupling reaction of hydrophilic chains of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) with hydrophobic chains of polystyrene (PSt), or poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS). Microstructures of films of the block copolymers exhibited a hydrophilic-hydrophobic microphase separated structure. For evaluation of in vivo antithrombogenicity, small diameter tubes (1.5 mm I.D. and 20 cm length) coated by the copolymers on their internal surfaces were implanted in rabbits as arteriovenous shunts. Occlusion times of the tubes, measured by formation of thrombus, were three days for PHEMA, two days for PSt, and three days for PDMS. The block copolymers showed excellent antithrombogenic properties: occlusion times were 20 days for HEMA-St block copolymer and 12 days for HEMA-DMS block copolymers. In vitro examination of polymer-platelet interaction in terms of platelet adhesion and aggregation, which are important initial processes of blood coagulation, demonstrated suppressed adhesion and aggregation on microdomain surfaces constructed of hydrophilic and hydrophobic block copolymers. From both in vivo and in vitro examination, it was concluded that HEMA-St and HEMA-DMS block copolymers showed promising antithrombogenic activities by suppressing activation and aggregation of platelets.
Collapse
|
23
|
Nagaoka K, Naruse H, Shinohara I, Watanabe M. High ionic conductivity in poly(dimethyl siloxane-co-ethylene oxide) dissolving lithium perchlorate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.1984.130221205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
24
|
Suzuki T, Kanbara N, Tomono T, Hayashi N, Shinohara I. Physicochemical and biological properties of poly(ethylene glycol)-coupled immunoglobulin G. Biochim Biophys Acta 1984; 788:248-55. [PMID: 6743669 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(84)90268-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
In order to develop a new intravenous immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgG was covalently coupled to poly(ethylene glycol) previously activated by cyanuric chloride. The poly(ethylene glycol) coupled IgG obtained was studied for physicochemical and biological properties such as molecular structure, size-exclusion chromatographic behaviour, surface activity, interfacial aggregability, heat aggregability inducing nonspecific complement activation, and antigen-binding activity. The poly(ethylene glycol) coupling to IgG increased the apparent Stokes' radius and the surface activity of IgG and stabilized IgG on heating and/or on exposure to interface, while no structural denaturation of IgG was observed. The suppressed nonspecific aggregability was interpreted mainly by difficulty in association between the modified IgG molecules. These results indicated the use of the poly(ethylene glycol)-coupled IgG as an intravenous preparation and also as an additive stabilizing intact IgG for intravenous use.
Collapse
|
25
|
Watanabe M, Takizawa Y, Shinohara I. Effect of poly(propylene oxide) segment size on structure-property relationships in elastomeric ionene. POLYMER 1983. [DOI: 10.1016/0032-3861(83)90041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
26
|
Okano T, Nishiyama S, Shinohara I, Akaike T, Sakurai Y, Kataoka K, Tsuruta T. Effect of hydrophilic and hydrophobic microdomains on mode of interaction between block polymer and blood platelets. J Biomed Mater Res 1981; 15:393-402. [PMID: 7348273 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.820150310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
ABA-type block copolymers composed of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), a hydrophilic monomer, and styrene (St), a hydrophobic monomer, were synthesized by the coupling reaction of telechelic oligomers used as prepolymers. These block copolymers may be represented as microphase-separated structures. It is therefore possible to change the balance between hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity in the level of an assembled order of macromolecules. In response to the relative composition of the copolymers, three typical morphological patterns were observed in electron microscopic photographs: dispersed domains of continuous St chains in the region of HEMA chains, alternate HEMA and St lamellae and finally, dispersed phases of continuous HEMA chains in the region of St chains. The effect of the hydrophilic and hydrophobic microdomains of the copolymers on the mode of interaction between polymers and platelets was studied by the microsphere column method. In the case of homopolymers and random copolymers, a significant degree of platelet adhesion and aggregation was observed. However, the degree of platelet adhesion and deformation was suppressed on the surfaces of the block copolymers containing 0.608 and 0.347 mole fractions of HEMA whose microdomains were hydrophilic-hydrophobic lamellae and isolated hydrophilic islands in hydrophobic areas, respectively. These results show that the microphase-separated structures were antithrombogenic and prevented platelet adhesion and deformation. On the basis of the results obtained, the interaction between platelets and polymer surfaces was described in terms of the effect of hydrophilic and hydrophobic microdomains.
Collapse
|
27
|
Hagiwara M, Tagawa T, Tsuchida E, Shinohara I, Kagiya T. Strahleninduzierte Vernetzung von Polyäthylen in Gegenwart verschiedener Acetylen-Verbindungen. Colloid Polym Sci 1978. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01544471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
28
|
|