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Belyy V, Zuazo-Gaztelu I, Alamban A, Ashkenazi A, Walter P. Endoplasmic reticulum stress activates human IRE1α through reversible assembly of inactive dimers into small oligomers. eLife 2022; 11:e74342. [PMID: 35730415 PMCID: PMC9217129 DOI: 10.7554/elife.74342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein folding homeostasis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is regulated by a signaling network, termed the unfolded protein response (UPR). Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) is an ER membrane-resident kinase/RNase that mediates signal transmission in the most evolutionarily conserved branch of the UPR. Dimerization and/or higher-order oligomerization of IRE1 are thought to be important for its activation mechanism, yet the actual oligomeric states of inactive, active, and attenuated mammalian IRE1 complexes remain unknown. We developed an automated two-color single-molecule tracking approach to dissect the oligomerization of tagged endogenous human IRE1 in live cells. In contrast to previous models, our data indicate that IRE1 exists as a constitutive homodimer at baseline and assembles into small oligomers upon ER stress. We demonstrate that the formation of inactive dimers and stress-dependent oligomers is fully governed by IRE1's lumenal domain. Phosphorylation of IRE1's kinase domain occurs more slowly than oligomerization and is retained after oligomers disassemble back into dimers. Our findings suggest that assembly of IRE1 dimers into larger oligomers specifically enables trans-autophosphorylation, which in turn drives IRE1's RNase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladislav Belyy
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | | | - Andrew Alamban
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Avi Ashkenazi
- Cancer Immunology, Genentech, IncSouth San FranciscoUnited States
| | - Peter Walter
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
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Guttman O, Le Thomas A, Marsters S, Lawrence DA, Gutgesell L, Zuazo-Gaztelu I, Harnoss JM, Haag SM, Murthy A, Strasser G, Modrusan Z, Wu T, Mellman I, Ashkenazi A. Antigen-derived peptides engage the ER stress sensor IRE1α to curb dendritic cell cross-presentation. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2022; 221:213173. [PMID: 35446348 PMCID: PMC9036094 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202111068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) promote adaptive immunity by cross-presenting antigen-based epitopes to CD8+ T cells. DCs process internalized protein antigens into peptides that enter the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), bind to major histocompatibility type I (MHC-I) protein complexes, and are transported to the cell surface for cross-presentation. DCs can exhibit activation of the ER stress sensor IRE1α without ER stress, but the underlying mechanism remains obscure. Here, we show that antigen-derived hydrophobic peptides can directly engage ER-resident IRE1α, masquerading as unfolded proteins. IRE1α activation depletes MHC-I heavy-chain mRNAs through regulated IRE1α-dependent decay (RIDD), curtailing antigen cross-presentation. In tumor-bearing mice, IRE1α disruption increased MHC-I expression on tumor-infiltrating DCs and enhanced recruitment and activation of CD8+ T cells. Moreover, IRE1α inhibition synergized with anti–PD-L1 antibody treatment to cause tumor regression. Our findings identify an unexpected cell-biological mechanism of antigen-driven IRE1α activation in DCs, revealing translational potential for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Guttman
- Departments of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Adrien Le Thomas
- Departments of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Scot Marsters
- Departments of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - David A Lawrence
- Departments of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Lauren Gutgesell
- Departments of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | - Simone M Haag
- Departments of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Aditya Murthy
- Departments of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Zora Modrusan
- Departments of Microchemistry, Proteomics and Lipidomics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Thomas Wu
- Departments of Oncology Bioinformatics, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Ira Mellman
- Departments of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Avi Ashkenazi
- Departments of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
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3
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Zuazo-Gaztelu I, Pàez-Ribes M, Carrasco P, Martín L, Soler A, Martínez-Lozano M, Pons R, Llena J, Palomero L, Graupera M, Casanovas O. Antitumor Effects of Anti-Semaphorin 4D Antibody Unravel a Novel Proinvasive Mechanism of Vascular-Targeting Agents. Cancer Res 2019; 79:5328-5341. [PMID: 31239269 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-3436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the main consequences of inhibition of neovessel growth and vessel pruning produced by angiogenesis inhibitors is increased intratumor hypoxia. Growing evidence indicates that tumor cells escape from this hypoxic environment to better nourished locations, presenting hypoxia as a positive stimulus for invasion. In particular, anti-VEGF/R therapies produce hypoxia-induced invasion and metastasis in a spontaneous mouse model of pancreatic neuroendocrine cancer (PanNET), RIP1-Tag2. Here, a novel vascular-targeting agent targeting semaphorin 4D (Sema4D) demonstrated impaired tumor growth and extended survival in the RIP1-Tag2 model. Surprisingly, although there was no induction of intratumor hypoxia by anti-Sema4D therapy, the increase in local invasion and distant metastases was comparable with the one produced by VEGFR inhibition. Mechanistically, the antitumor effect was due to an alteration in vascular function by modification of pericyte coverage involving platelet-derived growth factor B. On the other hand, the aggressive phenotype involved a macrophage-derived Sema4D signaling engagement, which induced their recruitment to the tumor invasive fronts and secretion of stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1) that triggered tumor cell invasive behavior via CXCR4. A comprehensive clinical validation of the targets in different stages of PanNETs demonstrated the implication of both Sema4D and CXCR4 in tumor progression. Taken together, we demonstrate beneficial antitumor and prosurvival effects of anti-Sema4D antibody but also unravel a novel mechanism of tumor aggressivity. This mechanism implicates recruitment of Sema4D-positive macrophages to invasive fronts and their secretion of proinvasive molecules that ultimately induce local tumor invasion and distant metastasis in PanNETs. SIGNIFICANCE: An anti-semaphorin-4D vascular targeting agent demonstrates antitumor and prosurvival effects but also unravels a novel promalignant effect involving macrophage-derived SDF1 that promotes tumor invasion and metastasis, both in animal models and patients.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/79/20/5328/F1.large.jpg.See related commentary by Tamagnone and Franzolin, p. 5146.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iratxe Zuazo-Gaztelu
- Tumor Angiogenesis Group, ProCURE Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, OncoBell Program, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Pàez-Ribes
- Tumor Angiogenesis Group, ProCURE Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, OncoBell Program, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Carrasco
- Tumor Angiogenesis Group, ProCURE Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, OncoBell Program, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Martín
- Tumor Angiogenesis Group, ProCURE Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, OncoBell Program, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adriana Soler
- Vascular Signaling Group, ProCURE Research Program, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Martínez-Lozano
- Tumor Angiogenesis Group, ProCURE Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, OncoBell Program, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Pons
- Tumor Angiogenesis Group, ProCURE Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, OncoBell Program, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Llena
- Vascular Signaling Group, ProCURE Research Program, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Palomero
- Tumor Angiogenesis Group, ProCURE Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, OncoBell Program, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariona Graupera
- Vascular Signaling Group, ProCURE Research Program, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Casanovas
- Tumor Angiogenesis Group, ProCURE Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, OncoBell Program, IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain.
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Abstract
Activation of the tumor and stromal cell-driven angiogenic program is one of the first requirements in the tumor ecosystem for growth and dissemination. The understanding of the dynamic angiogenic tumor ecosystem has rapidly evolved over the last decades. Beginning with the canonical sprouting angiogenesis, followed by vasculogenesis and intussusception, and finishing with vasculogenic mimicry, the need for different neovascularization mechanisms is further explored. In addition, an overview of the orchestration of angiogenesis within the tumor ecosystem cellular and molecular components is provided. Clinical evidence has demonstrated the effectiveness of traditional vessel-directed antiangiogenics, stressing on the important role of angiogenesis in tumor establishment, dissemination, and growth. Particular focus is placed on the interaction between tumor cells and their surrounding ecosystem, which is now regarded as a promising target for the development of new antiangiogenics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iratxe Zuazo-Gaztelu
- Tumor Angiogenesis Group, ProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology - IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Casanovas
- Tumor Angiogenesis Group, ProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology - IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
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Carrasco P, Zuazo-Gaztelu I, Casanovas O. Sprouting strategies and dead ends in anti-angiogenic targeting of NETs. J Mol Endocrinol 2017; 59:R77-R91. [PMID: 28469004 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are a heterogeneous group of neoplasms that arise from cells of the neuroendocrine system. NETs are characterized by being highly vascularized tumors that produce large amounts of proangiogenic factors. Due to their complexity and heterogeneity, progress in the development of successful therapeutic approaches has been limited. For instance, standard chemotherapy-based therapies have proven to be poorly selective for tumor cells and toxic for normal tissues. Considering the urge to develop an efficient therapy to treat NET patients, vascular targeting has been proposed as a new approach to block tumor growth. This review provides an update of the mechanisms regulating different components of vessels and their contribution to tumor progression in order to develop new therapeutic drugs. Following the description of classical anti-angiogenic therapies that target VEGF pathway, new angiogenic targets such as PDGFs, EGFs, FGFs and semaphorins are further explored. Based on recent research in the field, the combination of therapies that target multiple and different components of vessel formation would be the best approach to specifically target NETs and inhibit tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Carrasco
- Tumor Angiogenesis GroupProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology - IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iratxe Zuazo-Gaztelu
- Tumor Angiogenesis GroupProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology - IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oriol Casanovas
- Tumor Angiogenesis GroupProCURE, Catalan Institute of Oncology - IDIBELL, Barcelona, Spain
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