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Krauze AV, Megan M, Theresa CZ, Peter M, Shih JH, Tofilon PJ, Rowe L, Gilbert M, Camphausen K. The addition of Valproic acid to concurrent radiation therapy and temozolomide improves patient outcome: a Correlative analysis of RTOG 0525, SEER and a Phase II NCI trial. Cancer Stud Ther 2020; 5. [PMID: 34621499 PMCID: PMC8494241 DOI: 10.31038/cst.2020511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES Valproic Acid (VPA) is an antiepileptic agent with HDACi (histone deacetylase inhibitor) activity shown to radiosensitize glioblastoma (GBM) cells. We evaluated the addition of VPA to standard radiation therapy (RT) and temozolomide (TMZ) in an open-label, phase II study (NCI-06-C-0112). The intent of the current study was to compare our patient outcomes with modern era standard of care data (RTOG 0525) and general population data (SEER 2006-2013). MATERIALS/METHODS 37 patients with newly diagnosed GBM were treated in a phase II NCI trial with daily VPA (25 mg/kg) in addition to concurrent RT and TMZ (2006 - 2013) and 411 patients with newly diagnosed GBM were treated in the standard TMZ dose arm of RTOG 0525 (2006 - 2008). Using the SEER database, adult patients (age > 15) with diagnostic codes 9440-9443 (third edition (IDC-O-3) diagnosed between 2006 - 2013 were identified and 6083 were included in the analysis. Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate OS and PFS. The effect of patient characteristics and clinical factors on OS and PFS was analyzed using univariate analysis and a Cox regression model. A landmark analysis was performed to correlate recurrence to OS and conditional probabilities of surviving an additional 12 months at diagnosis, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 30 months were calculated for both the trial data and the SEER data. RESULTS Updated median OS in the NCI cohort was 30.9m (22.2- 65.6m), compared to RTOG 0525 18.9m (16.8-20.3m) (p= 0.007) and the SEER cohort of 11m. Median PFS in the NCI cohort was 11.1m (6.6 - 49.6m) compared to RTOG 0525 with a median PFS of 7.5m (6.9-8.2m) (p = 0.004). Younger age, class V RPA and MGMT status were significant for PFS in both the NCI cohort and the RTOG 0525 cohort, in addition KPS was also significant for OS. In comparison to RTOG 0525, the population in the NCI cohort had a more favorable KPS and RPA, and a higher proportion of patients receiving bevacizumab after protocol therapy however with the exception of RPA (V) (8% vs 18%) (0.026), the effects of these factors on PFS and OS were not significantly different between the two cohorts. CONCLUSION Previously reported improvements in PFS and OS with the addition of VPA to concurrent RT and TMZ in the NCI phase II study were confirmed by comparison to both a trial population receiving standard of care (RTOG 0525) and a contemporary SEER cohort. These results provide further justification of a phase III trial of VPA/RT/TMZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Krauze
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, CRC, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mackey Megan
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, CRC, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cooley-Zgela Theresa
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, CRC, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mathen Peter
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, CRC, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J H Shih
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, CRC, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - P J Tofilon
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, CRC, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - L Rowe
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, CRC, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - M Gilbert
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, CRC, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - K Camphausen
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Building 10, CRC, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Chiu CH, Shih JH, Yeh JZ, Wei CJ. Development of assessment tool and education materials of CKD-specific health literacy. Eur J Public Health 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cky218.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- CH Chiu
- Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - JH Shih
- Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - JZ Yeh
- Tri-service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - CJ Wei
- FuJen Catholic University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Shuch B, Bratslavsky G, Shih JH, Finley D, Castor B, Linehan W, Pantuck AJ, Said J, Belldegrun AS. Impact of pathologic tumor characteristics in patients with sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2011. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2011.29.7_suppl.343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
343 Background: Patients with sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma (sRCC) are known to have a poor prognosis and response to therapy. We sought to determine the influence of pathologic tumor characteristics on outcome in order to aid clinical management. Methods: A single center database was reviewed from 1989-2009 to identify all patients with sRCC. Clinical and staging variables were collected and pathologic information including histology, necrosis, percentage of sarcomatoid features (PSF), and microvascular invasion (MVI) was recorded. Influence of clinicopathologic variables on outcome was assessed. Results: A total of 104 patients had confirmed sRCC. The median size of tumors was 9.5 cm (range 2.5-30), 65% of patients had areas of clear cell RCC, and 69.2% had metastatic disease at presentation. The PSF did not influence tumor size, stage, necrosis, MVI, nodes, or metastasis. A total of 85 patients (81.7%) died during the follow-up period with a median survival of 5.9 months. In the overall cohort poor performance status, metastatic disease, and MVI were independent predictors of poor survival. Increased PSF was associated with worse outcome, but it failed to reach significance on multivariate analysis. In a subset analysis of those with non-metastatic disease, MVI and non-clear histology influenced prognosis, but only PSF was the only predictor of outcome. Conclusions: The PSF has limited influence on pathologic characteristics. However, increased PSF amounts may impact survival, especially in those with non-metastatic disease. The presence of MVI is an independent predictor of poor outcome while carcinoma grade and subtype have limited impact on survival. When counseling patients or designing clinical trials for these patients, PSF and MVI, not carcinoma grade or subtype should be considered. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Shuch
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Chevy Chase, MD; Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Institute of Urologic Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA; Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - G. Bratslavsky
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Chevy Chase, MD; Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Institute of Urologic Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA; Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - J. H. Shih
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Chevy Chase, MD; Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Institute of Urologic Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA; Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - D. Finley
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Chevy Chase, MD; Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Institute of Urologic Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA; Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - B. Castor
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Chevy Chase, MD; Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Institute of Urologic Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA; Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - W. Linehan
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Chevy Chase, MD; Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Institute of Urologic Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA; Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - A. J. Pantuck
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Chevy Chase, MD; Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Institute of Urologic Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA; Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - J. Said
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Chevy Chase, MD; Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Institute of Urologic Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA; Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - A. S. Belldegrun
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Chevy Chase, MD; Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; Institute of Urologic Oncology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA; University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA; Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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Simone NL, Dan TD, Smith SL, Shih JH, Lita E, Sciuto L, Danforth D, Camphausen K. Abstract P4-10-01: Twenty-Five Year Results in the Treatment of Early Breast Carcinoma with Mastectomy Versus Breast Conservation Therapy: The National Cancer Institute Randomized Trial. Cancer Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs10-p4-10-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Breast conservation therapy (BCT) has become an accepted treatment in women with early stage breast cancer due to multiple randomized trials showing equivalent mortality rates when compared to modified radical mastectomy (MRM). Results of the National Cancer Institute's prospective randomized trial comparing MRM to BCT are now reported at a median follow up of 25.4 years.
Methods: Between 1979 and 1987, 237 evaluable patients with biopsy proven clinical Stage I or Stage II primary breast cancer were randomized to receive a MRM or a lumpectomy followed by definitive radiation to the entire breast followed by a boost to the tumor bed. An axillary dissection was performed in both arms. Negative margins were not required. Patients with node positive disease in either arm were treated with adriamycin and cytoxan. The primary endpoints were overall survival and disease-free survival.
Results: At a median follow-up of 25.4 years, there was no statistical difference in overall survival between either arm, with 45.7% of patients alive in the MRM group and 38.0% alive in the BCT group (p=0.43). Although disease-free survival was significantly worse in patients randomized to BCT (57% vs 82%, P<0.001), the additional treatment failures in the BCT group were primarily isolated ipsilateral breast tumor recurrences (IBTR's) which were salvaged by MRM. 22.3% of BCT patients experienced an IBTR but those patients had no significant decrease in overall survival. There were no differences in distant metastasis between the groups. Clinical factors associated with a worse prognosis include the presence of nodal disease (HR 2.46, 95% CI 1.71-2.71, P<0.05) and tumor size (HR 1.91, 95% CI 1.346-2.711, P<0.05).
Conclusion: The 25 year survival rate among women receiving BCT vs MRM in the National Cancer Institute randomized trial appears to be equivalent and is consistent with findings across multiple trials. In patients receiving BCT there is an increased incidence of IBTR's. Despite a higher risk of local failure in the BCT group, there is no increased risk of distant failure or mortality. The risk of local failure however, should be discussed when counseling patients regarding their treatment options.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2010;70(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P4-10-01.
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Affiliation(s)
- NL Simone
- National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, MD; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - TD Dan
- National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, MD; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - SL Smith
- National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, MD; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - JH Shih
- National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, MD; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - E Lita
- National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, MD; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - L Sciuto
- National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, MD; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - D Danforth
- National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, MD; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - K. Camphausen
- National Cancer Institute/NIH, Bethesda, MD; National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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Abstract
MOTIVATION In cDNA microarray experiments all samples are labelled with either Cy3 dye or Cy5 dye. Certain genes exhibit dye bias-a tendency to bind more efficiently to one of the dyes. The common reference design avoids the problem of dye bias by running all arrays 'forward', so that the samples being compared are always labelled with the same dye. But comparison of samples labelled with different dyes is sometimes of interest. In these situations, it is necessary to run some arrays 'reverse'-with the dye labelling reversed-in order to correct for the dye bias. The design of these experiments will impact one's ability to identify genes that are differentially expressed in different tissues or conditions. We address the design issue of how many specimens are needed, how many forward and reverse labelled arrays to perform, and how to optimally assign Cy3 and Cy5 labels to the specimens. RESULTS We consider three types of experiments for which some reverse labelling is needed: paired samples, samples from two predefined groups, and reference design data when comparison with the reference is of interest. We present simple probability models for the data, derive optimal estimators for relative gene expression, and compare the efficiency of the estimators for a range of designs. In each case, we present the optimal design and sample size formulas. We show that reverse labelling of individual arrays is generally not required.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Dobbin
- National Cancer Institute, Biometric Research Branch, 6130 Executive Blvd., MSC 7434, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Albert PS, McShane LM, Shih JH. Latent class modeling approaches for assessing diagnostic error without a gold standard: with applications to p53 immunohistochemical assays in bladder tumors. Biometrics 2001; 57:610-9. [PMID: 11414591 DOI: 10.1111/j.0006-341x.2001.00610.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Improved characterization of tumors for purposes of guiding treatment decisions for cancer patients will require that accurate and reproducible assays be developed for a variety of tumor markers. No gold standards exist for most tumor marker assays. Therefore, estimates of assay sensitivity and specificity cannot be obtained unless a latent class model-based approach is used. Our goal in this article is to estimate sensitivity and specificity for p53 immunohistochemical assays of bladder tumors using data from a reproducibility study conducted by the National Cancer Institute Bladder Tumor Marker Network. We review latent class modeling approaches proposed by previous authors, and we find that many of these approaches impose assumptions about specimen heterogeneity that are not consistent with the biology of bladder tumors. We present flexible mixture model alternatives that are biologically plausible for our example, and we use them to estimate sensitivity and specificity for our p53 assay example. These mixture models are shown to offer an improvement over other methods in a variety of settings, but we caution that, in general, care must be taken in applying latent class models.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Albert
- Biometric Research Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7434, USA.
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Ogawa T, Ozawa S, Shih JH, Ryu KH, Sukotjo C, Yang JM, Nishimura I. Biomechanical evaluation of osseous implants having different surface topographies in rats. J Dent Res 2000; 79:1857-63. [PMID: 11145355 DOI: 10.1177/00220345000790110701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomechanical and biological factors can co-dependently influence the establishment of implant-tissue integration; thus, concurrent evaluation of these factors should provide a better understanding of osseointegration. This study aimed to establish and validate an in vivo rat model frequently used in molecular/cellular biology for implant biomechanical studies. We tested the hypotheses that the implant push-in test assesses the degree of osseointegration by the breakpoint load at the implant-tissue interface and that it sensitively differentiates between the effects of different implant surface topographies. The implant push-in test, which produces a consistent load-displacement measurement, was used to test miniature cylindrical titanium implants placed at the distal edge of the adult rat femur. The push-in test values obtained at each post-implantation healing point (weeks 0, 2, 4, and 8) significantly increased in a time-dependent manner. The implant surface after the push-in test was associated with remnant tissues containing host-derived elements, such as calcium, phosphate, and sulfate. In this model, acid-etched implants (average roughness, 0.159 microm) showed significantly greater push-in test values than did turned implants (average roughness, 0.063 microm) throughout the experimental period (p < 0.0001). These results support the validity of the push-in test in rats, which may be used as a rapid and sensitive biomechanical assay system for implant osseointegration research.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ogawa
- The Jane and Jerry Weintraub Center for Reconstructive Biotechnology, Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, Biomaterials and Hospital Dentistry, UCLA School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
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Abstract
We propose a class of permutation tests for stratified survival data. The tests are derived using the framework of Fay and Shih (1998, Journal of the American Statistical Association 93, 387-396), which creates tests by permuting scores based on a functional of estimated distribution functions. Here the estimated distribution function for each possibly right-, left-, or interval-censored observation is based on a shrinkage estimator similar to the nonparametric empirical estimator of Ghosh, Lahiri, and Tiwari (1989, Communications in Statistics--Theory and Methods 18, 121-146), and permutation is carried out within strata. The proposed test with a weighted Mann-Whitney functional is similar to the permutation form of the stratified log-rank test when there is a large strata effect or the sample size in each stratum is large and is similar to the permutation form of the ordinary log-rank test when there is little strata effect. Thus, the proposed test unifies the advantages of both the stratified and ordinary log-rank tests. By changing the functional, we may obtain a stratified Prentice-Wilcoxon test or a difference in means test with similar unifying properties. We show through simulations the advantage of the proposed test over existing tests for uncensored and right-censored data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Shih
- Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7938, USA.
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Abstract
We propose a methodology for modeling correlated binary data measured with diagnostic error. A shared random effect is used to induce correlations in repeated true latent binary outcomes and in observed responses and to link the probability of a true positive outcome with the probability of having a diagnosis error. We evaluate the performance of our proposed approach through simulations and compare it with an ad hoc approach. The methodology is illustrated with data from a study that assessed the probability of corneal arcus in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Shih
- Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7938, USA.
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Shih JH. Modeling multivariate discrete failure time data. Biometrics 1998; 54:1115-28. [PMID: 9750256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A bivariate discrete survival distribution that allows flexible modeling of the marginal distributions and yields a constant odds ratio at any grid point is proposed. The distribution can be extended to a multivariate distribution and is readily generalized to accommodate covariates in the marginal distributions and pairwise odds ratios. In addition, a pseudo-likelihood estimation procedure for estimating the regression coefficients in the marginal models and the association parameters in the pairwise odds ratios is presented. We evaluate the performance of the proposed estimation procedure through simulations. For bivariate data, pseudo-likelihood estimation of the association parameter has high efficiency. Loss of efficiency in the marginal regression coefficient estimates is small when the association is not strong. For both the marginal regression coefficients and the association parameter, coverage probabilities are close to the 95% nominal level. For multivariate data, the simulation results show that the parameter estimates are consistent. Coverage probability for the regression coefficient in the marginal model is close to the 95% nominal level but is slightly less than the nominal level for the association parameter. We illustrate the proposed methods using a subset of the Framingham Heart Study data where a significant positive association was found between the failure times of siblings.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Shih
- Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7938, USA.
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Abstract
Antimony compounds are widely used in various manufacturing and semiconducting industries. Previously, it has been shown that antimony trichloride (SbCl3) elevates sister chromatid exchange (SCE) rates in V79 cells after a 28-h incubation. However, only limited data on its genotoxic effects are available so far. The present results demonstrate that a 4-h exposure to > 50 microM SbCl3 could induce micronuclei (MN) formation in cultured Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells, human bronchial epithelial (BES-6) cells and human fibroblasts (HF). The order of sensitivity to SbCl3 determined by Sulforhodamine B (SRB)-staining survival assay is HF > BES-6 cells > CHO-K1 cells, with LD50 values in these cells being approximately 40, 80 and 180 microM, respectively. Apoptosis and DNA fragmentation was not found in cells immediately following 4-h SbCl3 treatment. However, DNA fragmentation was detected in CHO-K1 cells after 4-h SbCl3 treatment and a 16 h or more post incubation in fresh medium by 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis. The delayed apoptosis was also observed under microscopic examination in HF, BES-6 and CHO-K1 cells after similar treatment protocol. In addition, an increase in calcium accumulation appeared in CHO-K1 cells and HF immediately after a 4-h SbCl3 treatment, or after a 24-h post incubation in fresh medium. The present results provide important genotoxic and cytotoxic information characterizing the cellular changes induced by short-term SbCl3 exposure in rodent and human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Huang
- Institute of Radiation Biology, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, ROC
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Klein DN, Shih JH. Depressive personality: associations with DSM-III-R mood and personality disorders and negative and positive affectivity, 30-month stability, and prediction of course of Axis I depressive disorders. J Abnorm Psychol 1998; 107:319-27. [PMID: 9604561 DOI: 10.1037/0021-843x.107.2.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The authors addressed 5 issues bearing on the validity of the construct of depressive personality disorder (DPD): its relationship with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (3rd ed., rev.; American Psychiatric Association, 1987) mood and personality disorders and normal personality dimensions of negative and positive affectivity, its stability over 30-months, and its impact on the course of Axis I depressive disorders. Two samples were used: 156 outpatients with mood disorders, personality disorders, or both, and 267 of their 1st-degree relatives. The association between DPD and dysthymia was fairly modest, whereas the associations with major depression and the personality disorders were quite low. DPD was moderately correlated with both negative and positive affectivity; however, it contributed unique information beyond that available from the 2 emotional superfactors. Finally, DPD was moderately stable over a 30-month period and was associated with a poorer course of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Klein
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Stony Brook 11794-2500, USA.
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Shih JH, Louis TA. Tests of independence for bivariate survival data. Biometrics 1996; 52:1440-9. [PMID: 8962462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We propose two test statistics based on the covariance process of the martingale residuals for testing independence of bivariate survival data. The first test statistic takes the supremum over time of the absolute value of the covariance process, and the second test statistic is a time-weighted summary of the process. We derive asymptotic properties of the two test statistics under the null hypothesis of independence. In addition, we derive the asymptotic distribution of the weighted test and construct optimal weights for contiguous alternatives to independence. Through simulations, we compare the performance of the proposed tests and the inner product of the Savage scores statistics of Clayton and Cuzick (1985, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A 148, 82-108). These demonstrate that the supremum test is generally more powerful with comparatively little power loss relative to their test when Clayton's family alternative holds, and the weighted test is more powerful when the weight is appropriately chosen.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Shih
- Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Shih JH, Louis TA. Inferences on the association parameter in copula models for bivariate survival data. Biometrics 1995; 51:1384-99. [PMID: 8589230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigate two-stage parametric and two-stage semi-parametric estimation procedures for the association parameter in copula models for bivariate survival data where censoring in either or both components is allowed. We derive asymptotic properties of the estimators and compare their performance by simulations. Both parametric and semi-parametric estimators of the association parameter are efficient at independence, and the parameter estimates in the margins have high efficiency and are robust to misspecification of dependency structures. In addition, we propose a consistent variance estimator for the semi-parametric estimator of the association parameter. We apply the proposed methods to an AIDS data set for illustration.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Shih
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-7938, USA
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Abstract
Sample size estimation is important in planning clinical trials. The purpose of this paper is to describe features and use of SIZE, a comprehensive computer program for calculating sample size, power, and duration of study in clinical trials with time-dependent rates of event, crossover, and loss to follow-up. SIZE covers a wide range of complexities commonly occurring in clinical trials, such as nonproportional hazards, lag in treatment effect, and uncertainties in treatment benefit. The use of SIZE is illustrated by several hypothetical examples as well as applications to real study designs, each featuring a statistical issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Shih
- Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892- 7938, USA
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Abstract
Proportional hazards frailty models use a random effect, so called frailty, to construct association for clustered failure time data. It is customary to assume that the random frailty follows a gamma distribution. In this paper, we propose a graphical method for assessing adequacy of the proportional hazards frailty models. In particular, we focus on the assessment of the gamma distribution assumption for the frailties. We calculate the average of the posterior expected frailties at several followup time points and compare it at these time points to 1, the known mean frailty. Large discrepancies indicate lack of fit. To aid in assessing the goodness of fit, we derive and estimate the standard error of the mean of the posterior expected frailties at each time point examined. We give an example to illustrate the proposed methodology and perform sensitivity analysis by simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Shih
- Office of Biostatistics Research, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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21
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Abstract
Pyridostigmine bromide (Pyr), the current drug of choice in the management of myasthenia gravis, has been suggested for use in Alzheimer's dementia, and as a prophylactic treatment for intoxication with organophosphate cholinesterase inhibitors. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the dose-response and time-course effects of acute oral administration of Pyr over a broad dose range (3-40 mg/kg) on the lever pressing of rats maintained under a multiple fixed-ratio (FR-20) time-out schedule of reinforcement for water reward. The drug produced a dose-dependent biphasic response depression in the overall rate of FR responding. Low doses of Pyr (less than or equal to 12 mg/kg) that caused no gross signs of toxicity only moderately decreased rates of responding, primarily due to a decrease in response rates. Whereas high doses of Pyr (greater than 24 mg/kg) which produced overt signs of peripheral cholinergic intoxication markedly suppressed overall responding, primarily due to cessation of responding. The lowest effective dose of performance disruption was 6 mg/kg, and the ED50 was calculated as 23.3 (17.9-28.7) mg/kg. The time-course data of performance disruption showed that low doses of Pyr (less than or equal to 12 mg/kg) had an onset latency within 40-80 min and a duration of 20-80 min, whereas high doses (greater than or equal to 24 mg/kg) had an onset latency of 20-40 min and a duration greater than 80 min. These results suggest the recommended human therapeutic or prophylactic regimen of 30-120.mg Pyr, orally taken each 8 hours, might adversely affect behavioral performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Shih
- Chemical Systems Division, CSIST, Lung-Tan, Taiwan, R.O.C
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22
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Abstract
A series of neurobehavioral testing procedures was used to evaluate the behavioral effects of the pyridinium aldoxime cholinesterase reactivator HI-6 in male Sprague-Dawley rats. These procedures were fixed-ratio (FR) responding, shuttle-box conditioned avoidance response (CAR), conditioned taste aversion (CTA), drinking behavior, open-field exploratory behavior, negative geotaxis, and wire suspension time. Dose-response studies of HI-6 at dose-levels of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, or saline (IP) were evaluated. HI-6 disrupted FR responding in a dose-dependent fashion, with significant effects occurring at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg. The pattern of disruption was characterized by extended periods of nonresponding having an abrupt onset and offset. HI-6 produced CTA in a dose-related manner, with significant effects at doses equal to those that disrupted FR performance. HI-6 did not alter CAR, drinking motivation, exploratory behavior, negative geotaxis, or wire suspension time. These data suggest that there may be a commonality in the underlying mechanism(s) for the disruption in FR performance and the induction of the CTA. This mechanism may relate to the presumed drug-induced adverse internal state inducing the CTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Liu
- Laboratory of Behavioral Pharmacology and Toxicology, Fourth Research Division, CSIST, Taiwan, R.O.C
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23
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Abstract
The effect of WR-2721 on performance maintained by a fixed-ratio 20 (FR-20) schedule for water reinforcement was studied in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Graded doses of WR-2721 (range 25-100 mg/kg) were administered IP immediately prior to a 60 min test session. WR-2721 had a dose dependent monotonic disruptive effect on FR responding, with significant effects at doses of 50, 75 and 100 mg/kg. WR-2721 also decreased postsession water consumption, but only one significant effect at the highest dose (100 mg/kg). Both slopes of the dose-response regression line are parallel in effect. These data indicate that WR-2721 may affect drinking motivation, which could disrupt operant performance, and WR-2721 affects motor behavior at lower doses than those that depress "motivation" to drink. The log dose-probit analysis on the all-or-none disruptive pattern of pause of responding observed from cumulative records disclosed that the slope of this regression line (s = 1.11) was also almost identical to that of reinforcer decrement analyzed from graded dose-response relationship (s = 1.14) and shared the same estimated ED50's (58.5 and 55.6 mg/kg, respectively). A preliminary study using a variety of pharmacological interventions was also carried out to ascertain if the general functional gastrointestinal disorders produced by WR-2721 may subserve the behavioral deficits. Subcutaneous pretreatments with various selective, peripherally active, gastroprotective drugs [cimetidine (30 and 60 mg/kg), pirenzepine (5 and 10 mg/kg) and domperidone (1, 5 and 10 mg/kg)] 30 min prior to challenge with WR-2721 at dose of 100 mg/kg, demonstrated that these drugs did not yield any apparent significant attenuative effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Liu
- Fourth Research Department, CSIST, Taiwan, R.O.C
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Liu WF, Shih JH, Liu RF, Ma C, Lin CH, Liu CY, Chang CL, Wu MT. Relationship between radioprotective and neuromotor effects of S-2(3-aminopropyl-amino)ethylphosphorothioate (WR-2721) in mice. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1987; 9:333-7. [PMID: 2826981 DOI: 10.1016/0892-0362(87)90027-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The radioprotective and neuromotor effects of WR-2721 were studied in male albino ICR strain mice. The protective activity was evaluated by graded doses of WR-2721 (50-400 mg/kg, IP) against whole body 60Co gamma irradiation at a single maximal lethal threshold dose rad (i.e., 1250 rad). The neuromotor effects of the drug were assayed by its action, at the same dose range as used in the protection assay, on spontaneous motor activity (SMA) and wire hanging performance (WHP). Drug doses were administered 30 min before radiation exposure and neurobehavioral testings. The results showed a dose-dependent increase in radioprotection and an inhibition in the neuromotor tasks. The radioprotective efficacy was seen at doses at which intrinsic neuromotor deficits were detected (100-400 mg/kg). A dose-related parallelism of protective efficacy and neurobehavioral toxicity (i.e., SMA inhibition and WHP disruption) was also observed. The present findings suggest that WR-2721 induces neuromotor dysfunctions along with its radioprotectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Liu
- Laboratory of Behavioral Pharmacology and Toxicology, Fourth Research Department CSIST, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Su CT, Wang PH, Liu RF, Shih JH, Ma C, Lin CH, Liu CY, Wu MT. Kinetic studies and structure-activity relationships of bispyridinium oximes as reactivators of acetylcholinesterase inhibited by organophosphorus compounds. Fundam Appl Toxicol 1986; 6:506-14. [PMID: 3699334 DOI: 10.1016/0272-0590(86)90224-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of the reactivation of acetylcholinesterase inhibited by isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate was studied. The reactivators used include nine bispyridinium monooximes and three bispyridinium dioximes. The dissociation constant (Kd) and the rate constant (k2) of dephosphorylation of the complex formed from the organophosphorus acetylcholinesterase (OP-AChE) and the oxime were measured. The reactivation parameters obtained from the in vitro kinetic studies were used to elucidate the structure-activity relationships. The hydrophobic property of a nonoxime substituent at the 3-position on the pyridinium ring can exert a positive effect on their binding affinity to OP-AChE. However, the rate constants (k2) of the nucleophilic displacement of OP-AChE by oximes depend negatively on these physical and structural factors of the oximes. The correlations of the in vivo antidotal efficacy (ED50) of these bispyridinium oximes have been analyzed with their pharmacological properties, e.g., reactivation potency, antimuscarinic activities, and antinicotinic activities. However, no satisfactory correlations were observed. It may be concluded that the detoxication mechanism of poisoning by isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate is different from those of pinacolyl methylphosphonofluoridate and paraoxon.
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