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Novel genotyping algorithms for rare variants significantly improve the accuracy of Applied Biosystems™ Axiom™ array genotyping calls: Retrospective evaluation of UK Biobank array data. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277680. [PMID: 36395175 PMCID: PMC9671364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The UK Biobank genotyped about 500k participants using Applied Biosystems Axiom microarrays. Participants were subsequently sequenced by the UK Biobank Exome Sequencing Consortium. Axiom genotyping was highly accurate in comparison to sequencing results, for almost 100,000 variants both directly genotyped on the UK Biobank Axiom array and via whole exome sequencing. However, in a study using the exome sequencing results of the first 50k individuals as reference (truth), it was observed that the positive predictive value (PPV) decreased along with the number of heterozygous array calls per variant. We developed a novel addition to the genotyping algorithm, Rare Heterozygous Adjusted (RHA), to significantly improve PPV in variants with minor allele frequency below 0.01%. The improvement in PPV was roughly equal when comparing to the exome sequencing of 50k individuals, or to the more recent ~200k individuals. Sensitivity was higher in the 200k data. The improved calling algorithm, along with enhanced quality control of array probesets, significantly improved the positive predictive value and the sensitivity of array data, making it suitable for the detection of ultra-rare variants.
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Abstract
The distribution of parasites across mammalian hosts is complex and represents a differential ability or opportunity to infect different host species. Here, we take a macroecological approach to investigate factors influencing why some parasites show a tendency to infect species widely distributed in the host phylogeny (phylogenetic generalism) while others infect only closely related hosts. Using a database on over 1400 parasite species that have been documented to infect up to 69 terrestrial mammal host species, we characterize the phylogenetic generalism of parasites using standard effect sizes for three metrics: mean pairwise phylogenetic distance (PD), maximum PD and phylogenetic aggregation. We identify a trend towards phylogenetic specialism, though statistically host relatedness is most often equivalent to that expected from a random sample of host species. Bacteria and arthropod parasites are typically the most generalist, viruses and helminths exhibit intermediate generalism, and protozoa are on average the most specialist. While viruses and helminths have similar mean pairwise PD on average, the viruses exhibit higher variation as a group. Close-contact transmission is the transmission mode most associated with specialism. Most parasites exhibiting phylogenetic aggregation (associating with discrete groups of species dispersed across the host phylogeny) are helminths and viruses.
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Performance of the plant-based repellent TT-4302 against mosquitoes in the laboratory and field and comparative efficacy to 16 mosquito repellents against Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 51:392-399. [PMID: 24724289 DOI: 10.1603/me12240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Repellent efficacy of the plant-based repellent, TT-4302 (5% geraniol), was compared with 16 other products in laboratory arm-in-cage trials against Aedes aegypti (L). Eight repellents (Badger, BioUD, Burt's bees, California Baby, Cutter Natural, EcoSMART, Herbal Armor, and SkinSmart) exhibited a mean repellency below 90% to Ae. aegypti at 0.5 h after application. Three repellents (Buzz Away Extreme, Cutter Advanced, and OFF! Botanicals lotion) fell below 90% repellency 1.5 h after application. TT-4302 exhibited 94.7% repellency 5 h posttreatment, which was a longer duration than any of the other repellents tested. The positive control, 15% DEET (OFF! Active), was repellent for 3 h before activity dropped below 90%. Additional arm-in-cage trials comparing TT-4302 with 15% DEET were carried out against Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say. At 6 h after treatment, TT-4302 provided 95.2% repellency while DEET exhibited 72.2%. In North Carolina field trials, TT-4302 provided 100% repellency 5 h after application against Aedes albopictus Skuse while DEET provided 77.6% repellency. These results demonstrate that TT-4302 is an efficacious plant-based repellent that provides an extended duration of protection compared with many other commercially available products.
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Activity of the plant-based repellent, TT-4302 against the ticks Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes scapularis and Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2014; 62:105-113. [PMID: 23907554 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-013-9719-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The plant-based repellent TT-4302 (5 % geraniol) was compared to deet (15 %) in laboratory two-choice bioassays against the ticks Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, Ixodes scapularis, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus. At 2.5 and 3.5 h after treatment of filter paper with TT-4302, 100 % repellency was observed for all species at both time points with the exception of I. scapularis at the 3.5 h evaluation where repellency was 95.8 %. Deet was 100 % repellent at both time points for D. variabilis and R. sanguineus and was 100 % repellent at the 2.5 h evaluation for I. scapularis. Repellency of deet to A. americanum was 88.9 and 95.8 % at 2.5 and 3.5 h, respectively which was not significantly different than that of TT-4302. No significant difference against I. scapularis was observed between TT-4302 and deet at 3.5 h after treatment where deet was 87.5 % repellent. A variant of TT-4302, TT-4228 was tested in the laboratory against A. americanum and was compared to deet (15 %) in field trials against wild populations of ticks in North Carolina, USA. In the laboratory, TT-4228 was 94.4 and 87.5 % repellent at 2.5 and 3.5 h after treatment, respectively. In the field where the predominant tick species was A. americanum, significantly fewer ticks were collected from socks worn by human volunteers that were treated with TT-4228 compared to those treated with deet 2.5 or 3.5 h after treatment. Significantly fewer ticks were recovered from socks treated with TT-4228 than their paired untreated controls 2.5 or 3.5 h after treatment and repellencies were 90 and 70 %, respectively. Fewer ticks were collected from deet-treated compared to their paired untreated socks 2.5 h after application; however, no significant difference was found in the number of ticks collected from deet-and untreated socks 3.5 h after treatment.
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The Simbios National Center: Systems Biology in Motion. PROCEEDINGS OF THE IEEE. INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS 2008; 96:1266. [PMID: 20107615 PMCID: PMC2811325 DOI: 10.1109/jproc.2008.925454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Physics-based simulation is needed to understand the function of biological structures and can be applied across a wide range of scales, from molecules to organisms. Simbios (the National Center for Physics-Based Simulation of Biological Structures, http://www.simbios.stanford.edu/) is one of seven NIH-supported National Centers for Biomedical Computation. This article provides an overview of the mission and achievements of Simbios, and describes its place within systems biology. Understanding the interactions between various parts of a biological system and integrating this information to understand how biological systems function is the goal of systems biology. Many important biological systems comprise complex structural systems whose components interact through the exchange of physical forces, and whose movement and function is dictated by those forces. In particular, systems that are made of multiple identifiable components that move relative to one another in a constrained manner are multibody systems. Simbios' focus is creating methods for their simulation. Simbios is also investigating the biomechanical forces that govern fluid flow through deformable vessels, a central problem in cardiovascular dynamics. In this application, the system is governed by the interplay of classical forces, but the motion is distributed smoothly through the materials and fluids, requiring the use of continuum methods. In addition to the research aims, Simbios is working to disseminate information, software and other resources relevant to biological systems in motion.
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Predicting allosteric communication in myosin via a pathway of conserved residues. J Mol Biol 2007; 373:1361-73. [PMID: 17900617 PMCID: PMC2128046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2007.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 08/21/2007] [Accepted: 08/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We present a computational method that predicts a pathway of residues that mediate protein allosteric communication. The pathway is predicted using only a combination of distance constraints between contiguous residues and evolutionary data. We applied this analysis to find pathways of conserved residues connecting the myosin ATP binding site to the lever arm. These pathway residues may mediate the allosteric communication that couples ATP hydrolysis to the lever arm recovery stroke. Having examined pre-stroke conformations of Dictyostelium, scallop, and chicken myosin II as well as Dictyostelium myosin I, we observed a conserved pathway traversing switch II and the relay helix, which is consistent with the understood need for allosteric communication in this conformation. We also examined post-rigor and rigor conformations across several myosin species. Although initial residues of these paths are more heterogeneous, all but one of these paths traverse a consistent set of relay helix residues to reach the beginning of the lever arm. We discuss our results in the context of structural elements and reported mutational experiments, which substantiate the significance of the pre-stroke pathways. Our method provides a simple, computationally efficient means of predicting a set of residues that mediate allosteric communication. We provide a refined, downloadable application and source code (on https://simtk.org) to share this tool with the wider community (https://simtk.org/home/allopathfinder).
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In situ measurements of nitrate leaching implicate poor nitrogen and irrigation management on sandy soils. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2005; 34:2243-54. [PMID: 16275726 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2005.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Minimizing the risk of nitrate contamination along the waterways of the U.S. Great Plains is essential to continued irrigated corn production and quality water supplies. The objectives of this study were to quantify nitrate (NO(3)) leaching for irrigated sandy soils (Pratt loamy fine sand [sandy, mixed, mesic Lamellic Haplustalfs]) and to evaluate the effects of N fertilizer and irrigation management strategies on NO(3) leaching in irrigated corn. Two irrigation schedules (1.0x and 1.25x optimum) were combined with six N fertilizer treatments broadcast as NH(4)NO(3) (kg N ha(-1)): 300 and 250 applied pre-plant; 250 applied pre-plant and sidedress; 185 applied pre-plant and sidedress; 125 applied pre-plant and sidedress; and 0. Porous-cup tensiometers and solution samplers were installed in each of the four highest N treatments. Soil solution samples were collected during the 2001 and 2002 growing seasons. Maximum corn grain yield was achieved with 125 or 185 kg N ha(-1), regardless of the irrigation schedule (IS). The 1.25x IS exacerbated the amount of NO(3) leached below the 152-cm depth in the preplant N treatments, with a mean of 146 kg N ha(-1) for the 250 and 300 kg N preplant applications compared with 12 kg N ha(-1) for the same N treatments and 1.0x IS. With 185 kg N ha(-1), the 1.25x IS treatment resulted in 74 kg N ha(-1) leached compared with 10 kg N ha(-1) for the 1.0x IS. Appropriate irrigation scheduling and N fertilizer rates are essential to improving N management practices on these sandy soils.
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Identifying periodic occurrences of a template with applications to protein structure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-56024-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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Abstract
A perfect single tandem repeat is defined as a nonempty string that can be divided into two identical substrings, e.g., abcabc. An approximate single tandem repeat is one in which the substrings are similar, but not identical, e.g., abcdaacd. In this paper we consider two criterions of similarity: the Hamming distance (k mismatches) and the edit distance (k differences). For a string S of length n and an integer k our algorithm reports all locally optimal approximate repeats, r = umacro û, for which the Hamming distance of umacro and û is at most k, in O(nk log (n/k)) time, or all those for which the edit distance of umacro and û is at most k, in O(nk log k log (n/k)) time. This paper concentrates on a more general type of repeat called multiple tandem repeats. A multiple tandem repeat in a sequence S is a (periodic) substring r of S of the form r = u(a)u', where u is a prefix of r and u' is a prefix of u. An approximate multiple tandem repeat is a multiple repeat with errors; the repeated subsequences are similar but not identical. We precisely define approximate multiple repeats, and present an algorithm that finds all repeats that concur with our definition. The time complexity of the algorithm, when searching for repeats with up to k errors in a string S of length n, is O(nka log (n/k)) where a is the maximum number of periods in any reported repeat. We present some experimental results concerning the performance and sensitivity of our algorithm. The problem of finding repeats within a string is a computational problem with important applications in the field of molecular biology. Both exact and inexact repeats occur frequently in the genome, and certain repeats occurring in the genome are known to be related to diseases in the human.
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Synthesis and evaluation of nitroheterocyclic phosphoramidates as hypoxia-selective alkylating agents. J Med Chem 2000; 43:2258-65. [PMID: 10841804 DOI: 10.1021/jm0001020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel nitroheterocyclic phosphoramidates has been prepared, and the cytotoxicity of these compounds has been evaluated in clonogenic assays against B16, wild-type and cyclophosphamide-resistant MCF-7, and HT-29 cells under aerobic conditions and HT-29 cells under hypoxic conditions. All compounds were comparable in toxicity to wild-type and resistant MCF-7 cells and were also selectively toxic to HT-29 cells under hypoxic conditions (selectivity ratios 1.7 to >20). Analogues lacking the nitro group were not cytotoxic. Electron-withdrawing substituents increased cytotoxicity under aerobic conditions and thereby decreased hypoxic selectivity. In contrast, an electron-donating substituent markedly decreased both aerobic and hypoxic cytotoxicity but enhanced hypoxic selectivity. Chemical reduction of the nitro group resulted in rapid expulsion of the cytotoxic phosphoramide mustard. The most potent of these compounds show significant cytotoxicity under both aerobic and hypoxic conditions.
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A surface measure for probabilistic structural computations. PROCEEDINGS. INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS FOR MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1998; 6:148-56. [PMID: 9783220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Computing three-dimensional structures from sparse experimental constraints requires method for combining heterogeneous sources of information, such as distances, angles, and measures of total volume, shape, and surface. For some types of information, such as distances between atoms, numerous methods are available for computing structures that satisfy the provided constraints. It is more difficult, however, to use information about the degree to which an atom is on the surface or buried as a useful constraint during structure computations. Surface measures have been used as accept/reject criteria for previously computed structures, but this is not an efficient strategy. In this paper, we investigate the efficacy of applying a surface measure in the computation of molecular structure, using a method of probabilistic least square computations which facilitates the introduction of multiple, noisy, heterogeneous data sources. For this purpose, we introduce a simple purely geometrical measure of surface proximity called maximal conic view (MCV). MCV is efficiently computable and differentiable, and is hence well suited to driving a structural optimization method based, in part, on surface data. As an initial validation, we show that MCV correlates well with known measures for total exposed surface area. We use this measure in our experiments to show that information about surface proximity (derived from theory or experiment, for example) can be added to a set of distance measurements to increase significantly the quality of the computed structure. In particular, when 30 to 50 percent of all possible short-range distances are provided, the addition of surface information improves the quality of the computed structure (as measured by RMS fit) by as much as 80 percent. Our results demonstrate that knowledge of which atoms are on the surface and which are buried can be used as a powerful constraint in estimating molecular structure.
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An information theoretic view of gapped and other alignments. PACIFIC SYMPOSIUM ON BIOCOMPUTING. PACIFIC SYMPOSIUM ON BIOCOMPUTING 1998:561-572. [PMID: 9697212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We use an information theoretical framework to estimate the probability of the score of gapped alignments. With appropriate scaling, the score of a global (and with some adjustments also the score of a local) alignment of two sequences can be viewed as the difference in the number of bits needed to transmit the two sequences T1 and T2 under two different encoding schemes C1 and C2. C1 is an idealized scheme, assumed to achieve an optimal encoding with respect to a distribution p, and the assumption that T1 and T2 are independent. C2 is an alternate scheme, that will transmit T1 and T2 while taking advantage of the optimal alignment between the two. That is under C1, the strings T1 and T2 (with respective probabilities p(T1) and p(T2)), are assumed to be encoded using C1(T1, T2) = log [formula: see text] bits. By slightly modifying a known Theorem we show that the probability (under p) that two independent sequences T1, T2 can be transmitted with an alternate encoding scheme (C2) with no more than C1(T1, T2)-r bits is bounded by 2-r. We then show how to use this bound to derive upper bounds for the probability of gapped alignment scores between two sequences.
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Abstract
A series of novel nitrobenzyltetrakis(chloroethyl)phosphorodiamidates has been prepared, and its cytotoxicity has been evaluated against HT-29 cells under aerobic and hypoxic conditions and against murine bone marrow progenitor cells under aerobic conditions. All compounds were selectively toxic to HT-29 cells under hypoxic conditions, and the selectivity ratios varied from 1.6 to > 90. Analogs lacking either the nitro group or the tetrakis(chloroethyl) moiety were not cytotoxic, confirming that the presence of both nitro and incipient alkylating groups are essential for activity. Surprisingly, some analogs were far more toxic to bone marrow progenitors than to HT-29 cells under aerobic conditions, suggesting that other activation mechanisms must exist in these hematopoietic cells. Cytotoxicity increased with increasing depth in the HT-29 spheroid model, consistent with the preferential hypoxic toxicity of these compounds. Alkaline elution experiments showed a greater number of DNA interstrand cross-links under hypoxic compared to aerobic conditions. The extent of cross-linking in hypoxic cells was essentially identical to that produced by an equitoxic dose of melphalan, suggesting that the cytotoxicity of these compounds results from phosphorodiamidate release and alkylation of DNA.
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Integration Of SiON waveguides and photodiodes on silicon substrates. APPLIED OPTICS 1992; 31:4186-9. [PMID: 20725401 DOI: 10.1364/ao.31.004186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Two methods of coupling integrated optical waveguides to photodetectors are investigated. As waveguides, SiON layers were deposited by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition on a thick isolation layer of thermally grown SiO(2) on silicon substrates. Lateral p-i-n diode photodetectors were fabricated by standard processing in the silicon substrates. Structures for end-fire and leaky-wave coupling were fabricated. Coupling efficiencies of up to 84% for end-fire and 88% for leaky-wave coupling were obtained. The fabrication steps are described, and the resulting optoelectrical behavior is discussed.
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Abstract
The populations of Pseudomonas sp. B4, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Micrococcus flavus, and Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli declined rapidly in lake water. The initially rapid decline of the two pseudomonads and R. phaseoli was followed by a period of slow loss of viability, but viable cells of the other species were not found after 10 days. The rapid initial phase of decline was not a result of Bdellovibrio spp., bacteriophages, or toxins in the water since Bdellovibrio spp. were not present and passage of the lake water through filters that should not have removed bacteriophages or soluble toxins led to the elimination of the rapid phase of decline. The addition of 250 micrograms of cycloheximide and 30 micrograms of nystatin per ml eliminated viable protozoa form the lake water, and the population of Pseudomonas sp. B4 did not fall and the decline of E. coli and K. pneumoniae was delayed or slowed under these conditions. Pseudomonas sp. L2 proliferated rapidly in lake water amended with glucose, phosphate, and NH4NO3, but its numbers subsequently fell abruptly; however, in water amended with cycloheximide and nystatin, which killed indigenous protozoa, the population density was higher and the fall in numbers was delayed. Of the nutrients, the chief response was to carbon, but when glucose was added, phosphorus and nitrogen stimulated growth further. Removing other bacteria by filtering the lake water before inoculation with Pseudomonas sp. L2 suggested that competition reduced the extent of response of the pseudomonad to added nutrients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Abstract
To examine the interrelationships of MMPI scale scores among low back pain patients, 50 profiles were scored on the traditional 13 scales, Hanvik's Lb scale and seven subscales derived from Scales 1 and 3. The profiles were randomly divided into two equal samples and factor analyzed. Comparison of the two samples yielded three common factors. The first factor measured severity of the symptoms, the second assessed the level of anger and aggression and the third assessed the psychogenic components of the syndrome. The implications of the factors are discussed.
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Issues in psychiatric day-care programs in non-urban areas: a case study. CANADA'S MENTAL HEALTH 1980; 28:13-4, 20. [PMID: 10249557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
As community mental health continues to grow in credibility, it has expanded, not only into new areas of treatment (e.g., child abuse), but also into new geographical areas, such as rural Canada. However, transplantation of urban-based community mental health models into the rural community poses major problems. To illustrate such problems as well as possible solutions, this paper describes a day-care program in a non-urban area, the overall settings of the program, a description of its structure and the issues facing it, as well as some of the ways we have dealt with them. We then discuss some recent changes we made in the program and how we evaluated these, to illustrate how such a program can institute an ongoing program evaluation. Finally, some data on the outcome of the program is presented.
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Role of interferon in the antiviral state elicited by selected interferon inducers. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 1980; 163:146-50. [PMID: 6243412 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-163-40737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Ambiversion: Characteristics of Midrange Responders on the Introversion-Extraversion Continuum. J Pers Assess 1979; 43:514-6. [PMID: 16367029 DOI: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4305_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Sixty-nine midrange responders on the Introversion-Extroversion (IE) scale of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) were given an experimental measure to assess tendency toward ambivalence (i.e., both strongly introverted and strongly extraverted responses) vs. moderation (i.e., midrange responses), and degree of importance given to IE types of activities. The participants were divided into those showing ambivalence vs. those showing moderate responses, and into those reporting high vs. low importance of such activities. As was predicted, the ambivalent group showed significantly higher scores on the neuroticism scale of the EPQ, while the low importance group tended to show more psychoticism, but not to a significant degree. Both of the midrange scores were unrelated to the Bem Sex Role Inventory. Based on the findings, at least two groups are posited in the midrange of the IE dimension: an ambivalent group with mixed strong introversive and extraversive tendencies, and an ambiverted group with midrange scores.
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Social class and psychiatric treatment: application of a decision-making model to use patterns in a cost-free clinic. J Consult Clin Psychol 1979. [PMID: 500915 DOI: 10.1037//0022-006x.47.4.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
A behavioral program for increasing a patient's compliance with a drug regimen can be administered by a physician or by trained health care personnel. The program focuses first on the development of a strong external cue to the timing of medication and then on helping the patient to have realistic expectations and to establish an appropriate self-reward for compliance. Monitoring of degree of compliance is essential to the success of the program, as is development of a cooperative, rather than authoritatian, relationship between physician and patient.
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Social class and psychiatric treatment: Application of a decision-making model to use patterns in a cost-free clinic. J Consult Clin Psychol 1979; 47:771-2. [PMID: 500915 DOI: 10.1037/0022-006x.47.4.771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Factorial relationships of measures of perceived level of psychopathology and sociometric choice. J Clin Psychol 1978; 34:715-7. [PMID: 357452 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4679(197807)34:3<715::aid-jclp2270340327>3.0.co;2-h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Studied the relationship of diagnosis, age, length of hospitalization, and various measures of perceived level of psychopathology, perceived appropriateness of hospitalization, and sociometric choice among 39 adolescent psychiatric inpatients. Factor analysis revealed two factors, one that was apparently a measure of perceived level of psychopathology and another that was apparently a measure of sociometric choice. Perceptions of an individual's level of psychopathology appear to be shared across staff and patient boundaries. Appropriateness of hospitalization had a strong positive relationship to perceived level of psychopathology and a weak negative relationship to sociometric standing. The relative lack of relationship between sociometric standing and perceived level of psychopathology is discussed in light of past research and methodological design issues.
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The interactive effects of instructional set, field dependence, and extraversion on the Holtzman Inkblot Technique. J Clin Psychol 1978; 34:533-6. [PMID: 681538 DOI: 10.1002/1097-4679(197804)34:2<533::aid-jclp2270340260>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Studied the interactive effects of examiner, instructional set, field dependence, and extraversion on the reactions of 81 males and 39 females to five Holtzman Inkblot Technique factor scores. Half of the Ss were told that the HIT was a measure of mental health and half that it was experimental in nature, which produced two instructional sets. Field dependence was measured with the Embedded Figures Test and extraversion by the Eysenck Personality Inventory. Subjective anxiety was tapped via the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Results revealed no differences among five examiners. However, three of the five HIT factors and the STAI were affected significantly by the instructional set. The effects, while significant, were not massive. Field dependence interacted with instructional set; field dependent Ss reacted with generally more changes in scores than did field independent S. Unlike field dependence, extraversion appeared unrelated to instructional set effects. The results are discussed in terms of how the factor scores interacted with the field dependence and instructional set in psychologically meaningful ways.
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Effects of hypobaric hyperoxia on the development and activity of immune spleen cells. AEROSPACE MEDICINE 1973; 44:1023-5. [PMID: 4744245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Abstract
Certain steroids have been reported to enhance experimental viral infections, whereas others have little or no effect. Interference with the interferon system has been suggested as a possible mechanism for the viral infection-enhancing (VIE) activity of hormones. In the present study, steroids (prednisolone, progesterone, testosterone) which had no effect on MM virus infection demonstrated VIE activity against Mayaro virus infection. It is suggested that the VIE activity of a hormone may be dependent on the viral agent used for challenge. Data are also presented which suggest that, in addition to interference with the interferon system, the VIE activity of steroid hormones may be the result of at least two other actions: (i) alteration of cell membranes; (ii) stimulation of initial viral replication.
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31
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Interferon tolerance and antiviral protection in mice given single or multiple injections of endotoxin or poly I : C. Acta Virol 1973; 17:209-14. [PMID: 4147139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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32
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Induction of viral resistance by poly I:C in cells which apparently produce no interferon. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 1972; 141:47-51. [PMID: 5082319 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-141-36713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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33
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Tilorone hydrochloride: lack of correlation between interferon induction and viral protection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1972; 1:78-9. [PMID: 4670433 PMCID: PMC444169 DOI: 10.1128/aac.1.1.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The protection of mice against MM virus infection and the induction of circulating interferon by tilorone hydrochloride were determined. Whereas protection was evident with doses of 0.15 and 1.5 mg/kg, interferon was not detected with doses lower than 150 mg/kg. Protection was apparently not dependent on interferon induction.
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34
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Abstract
The effect of interferon inducers and exogenous L-cell interferon on the infection of mice by Pasteurella tularensis or Diplococcus pneumoniae was investigated. The results indicate that the degree of protection is dependent on the type of inducer used. A variety of defense mechanisms with limited nonspecific activity appear to be involved.
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35
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Effect of progesterone and testosterone on interferon production and on the viral infection-enhancing activity of estrone and hydrocortisone. Infect Immun 1971; 4:537-40. [PMID: 5154893 PMCID: PMC416348 DOI: 10.1128/iai.4.5.537-540.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of progesterone and testosterone on interferon production and on the viral infection-enhancing (VIE) activity of estrone and hydrocortisone was investigated. Neither hormone interfered with interferon production. Progesterone reduced the VIE activity of estrone but not that of hydrocortisone. Testosterone had no effect on the VIE activity of either hormone. It is concluded that the lack of VIE activity by progesterone and testosterone may be related to their inabilities to suppress interferon production. The interference by progesterone with the VIE activity of estrone suggests that, in this system, the two hormones may affect common target cells.
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36
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Interferon levels and resistance to viral infection associated with selected interferon inducers. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 1971; 138:317-21. [PMID: 4331094 DOI: 10.3181/00379727-138-35887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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37
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Ingestive capacity of peritoneal macrophages from mice exposed to hypobaric hypoxia. AEROSPACE MEDICINE 1971; 42:995-8. [PMID: 4938778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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38
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Abstract
Interferon induction by MM virus in mice and in L cells was studied. In mice the virus readily induced interferon. The time of appearance was dose-dependent. A large virus dose induced interferon by 4 hr, whereas a small dose resulted in interferon production which paralleled virus replication 24 hr after infection. In L cells the interferon-inducing capacity of the virus was rapidly destroyed by ultraviolet light irradiation. Heating (56 C) of the virus, on the other hand, greatly increased its ability to induce interferon. Interferon production could also be increased by prior treatment of the cells with homologous interferon (priming). The increase in interferon production after priming was dependent on the concentration of interferon used for priming, the length of interferon treatment, and the multiplicity of infection. It is suggested that MM virus might be useful for the further study of the mechanisms involved in the production and action of interferon.
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39
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Consumption of oxytetracycline in drinking water by healthy mice. LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE 1971; 21:121-2. [PMID: 4322773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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40
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Inhibition by Estrone of the Antiviral Protection and Interferon Elicited by Interferon Inducers in Mice. Infect Immun 1971; 3:318-22. [PMID: 16557971 PMCID: PMC416149 DOI: 10.1128/iai.3.2.318-322.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The susceptibility of mice to infection with MM virus is markedly increased after treatment with the sex hormone estrone. Studies were undertaken to determine if either suppression of production or interference with the action of interferon was involved in this phenomenon. The protection of mice against MM virus infection by several interferon-inducing agents was partially impeded by estrone treatment either 24 hr before or 24 hr after the administration of the inducing agent. The titers of circulating interferon induced by each of the agents were lower in estrone-pretreated animals than in untreated controls. The protection of mice by exogenous L cell interferon was blocked only when the hormone was given prior to the interferon. It is concluded that the adverse activity of estrone is related to its ability to interfere with the action of interferon.
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41
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Atmospheric oxygen: effect on resistance of mice to pneumococcal pneumonia. AEROSPACE MEDICINE 1970; 41:1238-9. [PMID: 4395234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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42
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Resistance to bacterial infection in a hypobaric normoxic environment. AEROSPACE MEDICINE 1970; 41:873-5. [PMID: 4988141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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43
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Effect of hypobaric hypoxia on MM virus infection. AEROSPACE MEDICINE 1970; 41:854-5. [PMID: 4317234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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44
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Hematologic changes associated with viral infection and hypobaric hypoxia. AEROSPACE MEDICINE 1970; 41:602-7. [PMID: 4315768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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45
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Resistance to infection of mice and hamsters following short term acceleration stress. AEROSPACE MEDICINE 1969; 40:1248-51. [PMID: 4913567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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46
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Abstract
Various interferon inducers are known to elicit protection against lethal or infecting doses of certain viral agents. Because of the relatively high morbidity rate of influenza and its seasonal occurrence, we wished to determine whether statolon-induced interferon might be effective in controlling this disease. Mice were treated intraperitoneally with statolon and challenged with influenza A(2) virus by the intranasal route. Although interferon was present in the serum at the time of virus administration, no change in mortality rate was observed. There was, however, a significant increase in the mean survival time of treated animals. Similar results were obtained when Newcastle disease virus was used as the interferon inducer. To determine the effect of the route of challenge, other mice were treated with statolon or Newcastle disease virus and inoculated with mengovirus by the intranasal or intraperitoneal route. The results demonstrated that the treated mice were protected to similar degree against challenge by either route. It is suggested that the relative ineffectiveness of interferon in protecting mice against influenza is due to an intrinsic characteristic of the virus itself rather than the type of interferon induced or the route of virus challenge.
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47
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Effect of prophylactic isoniazid on early developing experimental tuberculosis in Macaca mulatta. THE AMERICAN REVIEW OF RESPIRATORY DISEASE 1969; 100:224-7. [PMID: 4979746 DOI: 10.1164/arrd.1969.100.2.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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48
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Abstract
Baby hamster kidney (BHK), McCoy, and L cell lines were found to be suitable for isolation of MM virus from infected mouse brain tissue. The virus was recovered in high titer in the first passage in BHK and McCoy cells, with concomitant cytopathic effect (CPE). In L cells, virus yield was lower than in the other two cell lines and CPE was incomplete. Adaptation of the virus to BHK and McCoy cells by serial passages was evidenced by accelerated development of the CPE and increase in the virus titer. Plaques were obtained in all three cell lines when inoculated with infected mouse brain or with the tissue culture-propagated virus. In the BHK cells, the virus release preceded the appearance of CPE and maximal yield of virus was obtained after 1 to 3 days of incubation, depending on the size of inoculum. The BHK-propagated virus had the same lethality for mice as did the mouse brain-propagated stock, and there was no difference in the course of the disease caused by the two preparations.
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49
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Resistance to infectious disease versus exposure to hypobaric pressure and hypoxic, normoxic or hyperoxic atmospheres. FEDERATION PROCEEDINGS 1969; 28:1099-1103. [PMID: 5783508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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50
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Rapid antibiotic sensitivity test. IMS, INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE AND SURGERY 1969; 38:140-2. [PMID: 4890223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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