Two-dimensional Cu Plates with Steady Fluid Fields for High-rate Nitrate Electroreduction to Ammonia and Efficient Zn-Nitrate Batteries

Nitrate electroreduction reaction (eNO3 -RR) to ammonia (NH3) provides a promising strategy for nitrogen utilization, while achieving high selectivity and durability at an industrial scale has remained challenging. Herein, we demonstrated that the performance of eNO3 -RR could be significantly boosted by introducing two-dimensional Cu plates as electrocatalysts and eliminating the general carrier gas to construct a steady fluid field. The developed eNO3 -RR setup provided superior NH3 Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 99 %, exceptional long-term electrolysis for 120 h at 200 mA cm-2, and a record-high yield rate of 3.14 mmol cm-2 h-1. Furthermore, the proposed strategy was successfully extended to the Zn-nitrate battery system, providing a power density of 12.09 mW cm-2 and NH3 FE of 85.4 %, outperforming the state-of-the-art eNO3 -RR catalysts. Coupled with the COMSOL multiphysics simulations and in situ infrared spectroscopy, the main contributor for the high-efficiency NH3 production could be the steady fluid field to timely rejuvenate the electrocatalyst surface during the electrocatalysis.

Seeding Atomic Silver into Internal Lattice Sites of Transition Metal Oxide for Advanced Electrocatalysis

Transition metal oxides (TMOs) are widely studied for loading of various catalysts due to their low cost and high structure flexibility. However, the prevailing close-packed nature of most TMOs crystals has restricted the available loading sites to surface only, while their internal bulk lattice remains unactuated due to the inaccessible narrow space that blocks out most key reactants and/or particulate catalysts. Herein, using tunnel-structured MnO2, this study demonstrates how TMO's internal lattice space can be activated as extra loading sites for atomic Ag in addition to the conventional surface-only loading, via which a dual-form Ag catalyst within MnO2 skeleton is established. In this design, not only faceted Ag nanoparticles are confined onto MnO2 surface by coherent lattice-sharing, Ag atomic strings are also seeded deep into the sub-nanoscale MnO2 tunnel lattice, enriching the catalytically active sites. Tested for electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR), such dual-form catalyst exhibits a high Faradaic efficiency (94%), yield (67.3 mol g-1 h-1) and durability (≈48 h) for CO production, exceeding commercial Ag nanoparticles and most Ag-based electrocatalysts. Theoretical calculations further reveal the concurrent effect of such dual-form catalyst featuring facet-dependent eCO2RR for Ag nanoparticles and lattice-confined eCO2RR for Ag atomic strings, inspiring the future design of catalyst-substrate configuration.

Toripalimab plus axitinib versus sunitinib as first-line treatment for advanced renal cell carcinoma: RENOTORCH, a randomized, open-label, phase III study

BACKGROUND

Immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination with tyrosine kinase inhibitors are standard treatments for advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC). This phase III RENOTORCH study compared the efficacy and safety of toripalimab plus axitinib versus sunitinib for the first-line treatment of patients with intermediate-/poor-risk advanced RCC.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients with intermediate-/poor-risk unresectable or metastatic RCC were randomized in a ratio of 1 : 1 to receive toripalimab (240 mg intravenously once every 3 weeks) plus axitinib (5 mg orally twice daily) or sunitinib [50 mg orally once daily for 4 weeks (6-week cycle) or 2 weeks (3-week cycle)]. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS) assessed by an independent review committee (IRC). The secondary endpoints were investigator-assessed PFS, overall response rate (ORR), overall survival (OS), and safety.

RESULTS

A total of 421 patients were randomized to receive toripalimab plus axitinib (n = 210) or sunitinib (n = 211). With a median follow-up of 14.6 months, toripalimab plus axitinib significantly reduced the risk of disease progression or death by 35% compared with sunitinib as assessed by an IRC [hazard ratio (HR) 0.65, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.49-0.86; P = 0.0028]. The median PFS was 18.0 months in the toripalimab-axitinib group, whereas it was 9.8 months in the sunitinib group. The IRC-assessed ORR was significantly higher in the toripalimab-axitinib group compared with the sunitinib group (56.7% versus 30.8%; P < 0.0001). An OS trend favoring toripalimab plus axitinib was also observed (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.40-0.92). Treatment-related grade ≥3 adverse events occurred in 61.5% of patients in the toripalimab-axitinib group and 58.6% of patients in the sunitinib group.

CONCLUSION

In patients with previously untreated intermediate-/poor-risk advanced RCC, toripalimab plus axitinib provided significantly longer PFS and higher ORR than sunitinib and had a manageable safety profile TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04394975.

Construction active sites in nickel sulfide by dual-doping vanadium/cobalt for highly effective oxygen evolution reaction

Rational design and exploration of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts with exceptional performance are crucial for the advancement of the hydrogen energy economy. In this study, vanadium/cobalt (V/Co) dual-doped nickel sulfide (Ni3S2) nanowires were synthesized on a nickel foam (NF) substrate to overcome the sluggish kinetics typically associated with OER. The resulting catalyst exhibited outstanding electrocatalytic activity towards OER in a 1.0 M KOH electrolyte, with a minimal overpotential of 155 and 263 mV, the current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm-2 can be achieved effortlessly. Importantly, this catalyst demonstrated remarkable stability over extended periods, maintaining its performance for 25 h under constant current density, 55 h under continuously varying current density, and even after undergoing 2000 cycles of cyclic voltammetry (CV), which had surpassed those of most non-noble metal electrocatalysts. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory analyses confirmed that the co-doping of Co and V redistributed the electron of Ni, leading to improvements in the d-band center, structural characteristics, and free energy landscapes of adsorbed intermediates. This work presents a novel strategy, based on the connection between electronic structure and catalytic properties, in the design of double-doped catalysts for efficient OER.

Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction to Ethylene: From Advanced Catalyst Design to Industrial Applications

The value-added chemicals, monoxide, methane, ethylene, ethanol, ethane, and so on, can be efficiently generated through the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2 RR) when equipped with suitable catalysts. Among them, ethylene is particularly important as a chemical feedstock for petrochemical manufacture. However, despite its high Faradaic efficiency achievable at relatively low current densities, the substantial enhancement of ethylene selectivity and stability at industrial current densities poses a formidable challenge. To facilitate the industrial implementation of eCO2 RR for ethylene production, it is imperative to identify key strategies and potential solutions through comprehending the recent advancements, remaining challenges, and future directions. Herein, the latest and innovative catalyst design strategies of eCO2 RR to ethylene are summarized and discussed, starting with the properties of catalysts such as morphology, crystalline, oxidation state, defect, composition, and surface engineering. The review subsequently outlines the related important state-of-the-art technologies that are essential in driving forward eCO2 RR to ethylene into practical applications, such as CO2 capture, product separation, and downstream reactions. Finally, a greenhouse model that integrates CO2 capture, conversion, storage, and utilization is proposed to present an ideal perspective direction of eCO2 RR to ethylene.

Accelerating ammonia synthesis in a membraneless flow electrolyzer through coupling ambient dinitrogen oxidation and water splitting

An electrochemical approach for ammonia production is successfully developed by coupling the anodic dinitrogen oxidation reaction (NOR) and cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) within a well-designed membraneless flow electrolyzer. The obtained reactor shows the preferential yield of ammonia over nitrogen oxides on the vanadium nitride catalyst surface. At an applied oxidation potential of 2.25 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (vs RHE), a promoted ammonia production rate and Faradaic efficiency (FE) were obtained with 9.9 mmol g^-1 h^-1 (0.029 mmol cm^-2 h^-1) and 4.8%, respectively. Besides, the negative affection of ammonia contamination is efficiently alleviated. Density functional theory calculations revealed that the thermodynamic energy needed to produce ammonia (-0.63 eV) is far lower than that of producing nitrogen oxide (0.96 eV) from hydrogenated nitrogen oxides [∗N₂OH] splitting, confirming the coupling of NOR and HER.

A novel coumarin-TPA based fluorescent probe for turn-on hypochlorite detection and lipid-droplet-polarity bioimaging in cancer cells

A novel fluorescent compound, named C-TPA, based on coumarin (acceptor) and triphenylamine (donor) was facilely designed and fabricated through a one-step Suzuki coupling reaction. As a donor group, triphenylamine can efficiently enhance the fluorescence intensity and photostability of coumarin, and thus improve the detection efficiency. C-TPA-S was obtained from C-TPA treated with Lawesson's reagent and C-TPA-S can be used for the turn-on detection of hypochlorite through oxidative desulfurization with a low detection limit of 0.12 μM. Moreover, the intramolecular charge transfer process between the donor and acceptor group endows C-TPA with solvatochromism property and makes C-TPA a good candidate for polarity detection. The C-TPA with bright green fluorescence was highly efficient for imaging the microenvironment of polarity both in living cells and tissues with high selectivity and photostability, which can be applied in the diagnosis for the cancer cells.

[Moxibustion on plaque psoriasis of blood stasis: a randomized controlled trial]

OBJECTIVE

To observe the short-term and long-term effects of moxibustion on plaque psoriasis of blood stasis, and to compare the curative effect between moxibustion and calcipotriol ointment.

METHODS

A total of 80 patients with plaque psoriasis of blood stasis were randomly divided into an observation group (40 cases, 2 cases dropped off) and a control group (40 cases, 4 cases dropped off). Both groups were given routine medical vaseline topical emollient basic treatment. In the observation group, moxibustion was applied to ashi point (target skin lesions), Zusanli (ST 36), Xuehai (SP 10) and Qihai (CV 6) for 30 min each time, 3 times a week. The control group was treated with calcipotriol ointment (0.25 g each time, once in the morning and evening) on the target skin lesions. Both groups were treated for 8 weeks. The psoriasis area and severity index (PASI) score before and after treatment, main clinical symptoms of TCM score and dermatology life quality index (DLQI) score before and after treatment and 3 and 6 moths follow-up were observed in the two groups; the clinical efficacy after treatment was evaluated and the recurrence rates of the two groups were followed up for 3 and 6 months after treatment.

RESULTS

After treatment, the PASI scores in the both groups were lower than before treatment (P<0.01). After treatment and 3 and 6 months follow-up, the main clinical symptoms of TCM scores and DLQI scores of the two groups were lower than those before treatment (P<0.05), and at 3 and 6 months follow-up, those in the observation group were lower than the control group (P<0.01). There was no statistically significant difference between the observation group and the control group in overall effective rate and target skin lesion effective rate (P>0.05). At 3 and 6 months follow-up, the overall recurrence rate and target skin lesion recurrence rate in the observation group were lower than those in the control group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION

Both moxibustion and calcipotriol ointment have good short-term effects on plaque psoriasis of blood stasis. Moxibustion has more advantages in reducing the recurrence rate of psoriasis, improving the main clinical symptoms of TCM and quality of life.

Filter-Free Selective Light Monitoring by Organic Field-Effect Transistor Memories with a Tunable Blend Charge-Trapping Layer

Integration of selective photodetection and signal storage in a single device, such as organic field-effect transistor (OFET) memories, meets the demands for radiation monitoring and protection. A new strategy is developed to achieve filter-free and selective light monitoring by adopting a solution-processed blend charge-trapping layer in OFET memories, where the charge-trapping layer is composed of phenyl-C₆₁-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) dispersed in a polymer electret thin film. The OFET memory without PCBM shows response only to ultraviolet light, whereas the spectral response edges are extended to the visible and near-infrared regions in the corresponding devices with relatively low and high contents of PCBM in the charge-trapping layer, respectively. A set of OFET memories with different PCBM contents is used to qualitatively evaluate the light composition in an optical source. The tunable spectral response in the OFET memories is ascribed to the additional photoassisted charge-trapping paths depending on the blend ratio in the charge-trapping layer. This mechanism may inspire alternative approaches to organic-based optical sensing and monitoring in flexible and wearable electronics.

Changes in seroprevalence of hepatitis A after the implementation of universal childhood vaccination in Shandong Province, China: A comparison between 2006 and 2014

OBJECTIVES

The hepatitis A vaccine (HepA) has been included in the national expanded program on immunization (EPI) in China since 2008. This study was performed to evaluate the change in dynamics of the seroepidemiology of hepatitis A virus (HAV) before and after the introduction of the program.

METHODS

The trends in seroepidemiology of anti-HAV antibodies were examined in Shandong Province, China, drawing on two population-based samples of persons aged 1-59 years, one obtained in the year 2006 (n = 6682) and the other in 2014 (n = 5095).

RESULTS

A dramatic increase in seroprevalence of anti-HAV antibodies from 30.76% (95% confidence interval (CI) 26.24-35.28%) to 77.46% (95% CI 74.04-80.87%) among children aged 1.5-7 years (born after HepA was recommended for routine childhood immunization), as well as an increase from 35.32% (95% CI 29.31-41.33%) to 66.69% (95% CI 55.59-77.80%) in subjects aged 8-14 years, was observed in 2014 when compared with 2006. By contrast, a decline in seroprevalence among subjects aged 15-29 years, as seen particularly in those 20-29 years of age, from 85.72% (95% CI 80.29-91.14%) to 69.24% (95% CI 62.02-76.45%), was found in this study. There was no statistically significant difference in seroprevalence between 2006 and 2014 among the subjects older than 30 years of age.

CONCLUSIONS

The national HepA routine immunization program has had a positive effect, leading to an increase in anti-HAV seroprevalence among children in Shandong Province, China. More attention should be paid to young adults in the province.

A Highly Porous Copper Electrocatalyst for Carbon Dioxide Reduction

Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO₂ ) is an appealing approach toward tackling climate change associated with atmospheric CO₂ emissions. This approach uses CO₂ as the carbon feedstock to produce value-added chemicals, resulting in a carbon-neutral (or even carbon-negative) process for chemical production. Many efforts have been devoted to the development of CO₂ electrolysis devices that can be operated at industrially relevant rates; however, limited progress has been made, especially for valuable C₂₊ products. Herein, a nanoporous copper CO₂ reduction catalyst is synthesized and integrated into a microfluidic CO₂ flow cell electrolyzer. The CO₂ electrolyzer exhibits a current density of 653 mA cm^-2 with a C₂₊ product selectivity of ≈62% at an applied potential of -0.67 V (vs reversible hydrogen electrode). The highly porous electrode structure facilitates rapid gas transport across the electrode-electrolyte interface at high current densities. Further investigations on electrolyte effects reveal that the surface pH value is substantially different from the pH of bulk electrolyte, especially for nonbuffering near-neutral electrolytes when operating at high currents.

Nickel Molybdenum Nitride Nanorods Grown on Ni Foam as Efficient and Stable Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Overall Water Splitting

Non-noble-metal electrocatalysts for water splitting hold great promises for developing sustainable and clean energy sources. Herein, a highly efficient bifunctional electrode consisting of Ni-doped molybdenum nitride nanorods on Ni foam is prepared through topotactic transformation of NiMoO₄ nanorods that are in situ hydrothermally grown on Ni foam. The electrode not only contains rich, accessible, electrochemically active sites but also possesses extraordinary chemical stability. It exhibits excellent hydrogen evolution reaction and oxygen evolution reaction performance in 1.0 M KOH with low overpotentials of 15 and 218 mV, respectively, at a current density of 10 mA cm^-2, superior to the commercial benchmark materials Pt/C and RuO₂ under the same condition. A simple water electrolyzer using the obtained electrode as both the anode and cathode needs a very low cell potential of 1.49 V to reach a current density of 10 mA cm^-2 and maintains stability for 110 h without degradation. The excellent performance of the electrode could be attributed to the formation of highly conductive, corrosion- and oxidation-resistant metal nitrides and the synergetic effect between intimately interconnected, electrochemically active nickel molybdenum nitride and Ni or NiO nanoparticles. This study shows that the use of transition metal nitrides in combination of nanostructured heterojunctions of multiple active components enables one to develop highly stable and efficient water electrolyzers without precious metals. The preparative strategy used in this work could be applied to devise new electrocatalysts.

Oxygen Species on Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanosheets as Efficient Active Sites for Multiple Electrocatalysis

Designing and synthesizing nanomaterials with high coverages of active sites is one of the most-pivotal factors in the construction of state-of-the-art electrocatalysts with high performance. Herein, we proposed a facile in situ templated method for the fabrication of oxygen-species-modified nitrogen-doped carbon nanosheets (O-N-CNs). The epoxy oxygen and ketene oxygen combined with graphitic-nitrogen defects in O-N-CNs gave more active sites for the oxygen-reduction reaction (ORR) and the oxygen-evolution reaction (OER), as proven via theoretical and experimental results, while the carbonyl-oxygen and epoxy-oxygen species showed more efficient electrocatalytic activity for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Hence, the O-N-CNs showed highly active electrocatalytic performance toward ORR, OER, and HER. More importantly, the superior multifunctional electrocatalytic activity of O-N-CNs allowed their use in the construction of Zn-air batteries to power the corresponding water-splitting cells. This work can offer an understanding of underlying mechanisms of oxygen species on N-doped carbon materials toward multiple electrocatalysis and facilitate the engineering of electrocatalysts for energy-storage and -conversion devices.

Use of human aortic extracellular matrix as a scaffold for construction of a patient-specific tissue engineered vascular patch

Synthetic or biologic materials are usually used to repair vascular malformation in congenital heart defects; however, non-autologous materials show both mismatch compliance and antigenicity, as well as a lack of recellularization on its surface. Here, we constructed a tissue-engineered vascular patch (TEVP) using decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold obtained from excised human aorta during surgery, which was seeded with patient-derived bone marrow CD34-positive (CD34+) progenitor cells. While cellular components were removed, the decellularized ECM scaffold retained native ECM composition, similar mechanical performance to undecellularized aortic tissue, and supported the adhesion, survival and proliferation of CD34+ progenitor cells. Interestingly, after in vitro seeding of decellularized aortic ECM scaffold for 21 d, CD34+ progenitor cells differentiated into mature vascular endothelial cells without addition of any growth factors, as confirmed by the increased levels of endothelial surface markers (CD31, Von Willebrand factor (VWF), VE-cadherin and ICAM-2) and upregulated gene levels (CD31, VWF and eNOS) concurrently with decreased expression of stem cell markers (CD133 and CD34), thus, resulting in surface endothelialization of decellularized ECM scaffold. Consequently, the patient-specific TEVP constructed in this study holds great potential for clinical use in pediatric patients with vascular malformation.

Controlled deposition of palladium nanodendrites on the tips of gold nanorods and their enhanced catalytic activity

Plasmonic Au-Pd nanostructures have drawn significant attention for use in heterogeneous catalysis. In this study, palladium nanodendrite-tipped gold nanorods (PdND-T-AuNRs) were subjected to a facile fabrication under mild reaction conditions. The palladium amounts on the two tips were tunable. In the preparation of PdND-T-AuNRs, dense capped AuNRs, a low reaction temperature, and suitable stabilizing agents were identified as critical reaction parameters for controlling palladium nanodendrites deposited on both ends of AuNRs. After overgrowth with palladium nanodendrites, the longitudinal surface plasmonic resonance peaks of PdND-T-AuNRs were red-shifted from 810 nm to 980 nm. The electrocatalytic activity of PdND-T-AuNRs for ethanol oxidation was examined, which was a bit weaker than that of cuboid core-shell Au-Pd nanodendrites; however, PdND-T-AuNRs were more stable in ethanol electrooxidation. Moreover, the photocatalytic activity of PdND-T-AuNRs for Suzuki cross-coupling reactions was investigated. At room temperature, nearly 100% yield was obtained under laser irradiation. The results can further enhance our capability of fine-tuning the optical, electronic, and catalytic properties of the bimetallic Au-Pd nanostructures.

Incorporating Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Quantum Dots and Ni3 S2 Nanosheets: A Synergistic Electrocatalyst with Highly Enhanced Activity for Overall Water Splitting

A noble-metal-free electrocatalyst is fabricated via in situ formation of nanocomposite of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs) and Ni₃ S₂ nanosheets on the Ni foam (Ni₃ S₂ -NGQDs/NF). The resultant Ni₃ S₂ -NGQDs/NF can serve as an active, binder-free, and self-supported catalytic electrode for direct water splitting, which delivers a current density of 10 mA cm^-2 at an overpotential of 216 mV for oxygen evolution reaction and 218 mV for hydrogen evolution reaction in alkaline media. This bifunctional electrocatalyst enables the construction of an alkali electrolyzer with a low cell voltage of 1.58 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) at 10 mA cm^-2 . The experimental results and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the synergistic effects of the constructed active interfaces are the key factor for excellent performance. The nanocomposite of NGQDs and Ni₃ S₂ nanosheets can be promising water splitting electrocatalyst for large-scale hydrogen generation or other energy storage and conversion applications.

[Correlation Research on HGF and c-Met of Chronic Erosive Gastritis Patients]

Objective To observe the correlation of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and Hepato- cyte growth factor receptor (c-Met ) in serum and gastric mucosa tissues of chronic erosive gastritis pa- tients. Methods Totally 70 patients with chronic erosive gastritis were selected and assigned to turbidity toxin intrinsic syndrome group and Gan-wei disharmony syndrome group, HGF expression level of ser- um,and HGF,c-Met expression level of gastric mucosa tissues were measured;the correlation of HGF and c-Met in gastric mucosa tissues, and the correlation of HGF in serum and gastric mucosa tissues were analyzed. Results The expression level of HGF and c-Met in turbidity toxin intrinsic syndrome group was higher than that in Gan-wei disharmony syndrome group (P <0. 05) ; the expression level of HGF in gastric mucosa tissues was positively correlated with c-Met(r =0. 831 , P <0. 05) ; the expression level of HGF in serum was positively correlated with that of gastric mucosa tissues(r =0. 656, P <0. 05). Conclusions There was correlation between turbidity toxin intrinsic syndrome of Chronic Erosive Gastri- tis patients and the expression level of HGF and c-Met.

Bimetallic Au–Pd nanochain networks: facile synthesis and promising application in biaryl synthesis

A facile approach was developed for the synthesis of Au–Pd NNCs that show excellent catalytic performance for the Ullmann coupling reaction.

A novel aptasensor for thrombin detection based on alkaline phosphatase decorated ZnO/Pt nanoflowers as signal amplifiers

To remedy the problems caused by the introduction of an additional electron mediator and realize signal amplification, a new strategy has been presented to construct an electrochemical aptasensor for thrombin detection based on the cascade electrocatalysis of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Pt nanoparticle (PtNP)-functionalized ZnO nanoflowers.

Facile synthesis of three-dimensional Pt-Pd alloyed multipods with enhanced electrocatalytic activity and stability for ethylene glycol oxidation

A facile one-pot solvothermal method was developed for the fabrication of well-defined three-dimensional highly branched Pt-Pd alloyed multipods, using ethylene glycol as a solvent and a reducing agent, along with N-methylimidazole as a structure-directing agent, without any seed, template, or surfactant. The as-prepared nanocrystals exhibited a relatively large electrochemically active surface area, improved electrocatalytic activity and superior stability for ethylene glycol oxidation in alkaline media, compared with commercial Pt black and Pd black, making them promising electrocatalysts in fuel cells.

Enhanced catalytic performance of Pd–Pt nanodendrites for ligand-free Suzuki cross-coupling reactions

The Pd–Pt NDs were synthesized by a one-pot wet-chemical method, which showed enhanced catalytic activity toward Suzuki cross-coupling reaction.

Cu(ii)@Luviset clear as recyclable catalyst for the formation of C–C bond in homo-coupling of terminal alkynes

A recyclable catalytic system of Cu(ii)@Luviset clear was developed for the homo-coupling of terminal alkyne with excellent product yield.

Facile synthesis of PdPt@Pt nanorings supported on reduced graphene oxide with enhanced electrocatalytic properties

In this work, a facile one-pot wet-chemical method was developed for the self-assembly of PdPt@Pt nanorings via in situ reduction of [PdCl4](2-) and [PtCl6](2-) at room temperature, which are simultaneously dispersed on reduced graphene oxide (rGO; denoted as PdPt@Pt/rGO). Hexadecylpyridinium chloride was demonstrated as a shape-directing agent and formic acid as a reducing agent during the reaction process. The as-prepared PdPt@Pt/rGO exhibited enhanced electrocatalytic activity and better stability for oxygen reduction reaction and ethanol oxidation reaction in acid media, compared with PtPd/rGO, Pt/rGO, Pd/rGO, Pt black, and Pt/C catalysts.

Comparison between the EQ-5D-5L and the EQ-5D-3L in patients with hepatitis B

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of the study was to compare psychometric properties of the EQ-5D-5L (5L) and the EQ-5D-3L (3L) health outcomes assessment instruments in patients with hepatitis B in China.

METHODS

Patients, including hepatitis B virus carriers and those with active or inactive chronic hepatitis B, compensated cirrhosis, decompensated cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma, answered a questionnaire composed of 5L, socio-demographic information, 3L, and the visual analog scale (VAS), respectively. After 1 week, a retest was conducted for inpatients. We compared acceptability, face validity, redistribution properties, convergent validity, known-group validity, discriminatory power, ceiling effect, test-retest reliability, and responsiveness of 5L and 3L.

RESULTS

A total of 369 outpatients and 276 inpatients were recruited for the first interview. Of the inpatients, 183 were used in the retest. Most patients preferred 5L-3L. The 3L-5L response pairs had an inconsistency rate of 2.4%. Correlation with the VAS was greater with 5L than with 3L. Age, education, and comorbidity were associated with health-related quality of life (HRQoL). 5L discriminated more infectious conditions than 3L. In all dimensions, the Shannon's index from 5L was larger while in three dimensions the Shannon's evenness index from 5L was slightly larger. The ceiling effect was reduced in 5L. In patients with stable health states, no significant difference was detected in the weighted kappa between 5L and 3L, but intraclass correlation coefficient of 5L was higher than that of 3L. In patients with improved health states, HRQoL was seen as increased in both 5L and 3L, without significant difference.

CONCLUSIONS

The EQ-5D-5L was more suitable than the EQ-5D-3L in the patients with hepatitis B in China.

Synthesis, characterization and cytocompatibility of a degradable polymer using ferric catalyst for esophageal tissue engineering

This study focused on the synthesis, characterization and cytocompatibility of a biodegradable polymer by the cross-linking from poly(ethylene glycol-co-lactide) dimethacrylate (PLEGDMA), polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) and N-isopropylacrylamide, where PLEGDMA was synthesized by ring-opening oligomerization of poly(ethylene glycol) with different molecular weights (Mn = 400, 600, 1000, 2000 Da) and L-lactide using low toxic iron(III) acetylacetonate (Fe(acac)3) as the catalyst and subsequently being terminated with dimethacrylate. The product, PLEGDMA, was analyzed to confirm its chemistry using FTIR spectroscopy, (1)H NMR spectra and gel permeation chromatography etc. The thermodynamic properties, mechanical behaviors, surface hydrophilicity, degradability and cytotoxicity of the cross-linked product were evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry, tensile tests, contact angle measurements and cell cultures. The effects of reaction variables such as PEGDA content and reactants ratio were optimized to achieve a material with low glass transition temperature (Tg), high wettability and preferable mechanical characteristics. Using a tubular mould which has been patented in our group, a tubular scaffold with predetermined dimension and pattern was fabricated, which aims at guiding the growth and phenotype regulation of esophageal primary cells like fibroblast and smooth muscle cell towards fabricating tissue engineered esophagus in future.

Facile synthesis of ultrathin worm-like Au nanowires for highly active SERS substrates

Ultrathin worm-like Au nanowires were facilely synthesized and used for the fabrication of porous Au films as highly active SERS substrates.

Identification of the up-regulation of TP-alpha, collagen alpha-1(VI) chain, and S100A9 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by a proteomic method

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common primary malignant tumor of digestive tract. However, the early diagnosis and molecular mechanisms that underlie tumor formation and progression have been progressed less. To identify new biomarkers for ESCC, we performed a comparative proteomic research. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation-based proteomic method was used to screen biomarkers between ESCC and normal. 802 non-redundant proteins were identified, 39 of which were differentially expressed with 1.5-fold difference (29 up-regulated and 10 down-regulated). Through Swiss-Prot and GO database, the location and function of differential proteins were analyzed, which are related to the biological processes of binding, cell structure, signal transduction, cell adhesion, etc. Among the differentially expressed proteins, TP-alpha, collagen alpha-1(VI) chain and S100A9 were verified to be upregulated in 77.19%, 75.44% and 59.65% of ESCC by immunohistochemistry and western-blot. Diagnostic value of these three proteins was validated. These results provide new insights into ESCC biology and potential diagnostic and therapeutic biomarkers, which suggest that TP-alpha, collagen alpha-1(VI) chain and S100A9 are potential biomarkers of ESCC, and may play an important role in tumorigenesis and development of ESCC.

Synthesis and antitumor activity of novel podophyllotoxin derivatives against multidrug-resistant cancer cells

Seven novel 4β-N-substituted podophyllotoxin derivatives with indole rings were prepared and evaluated for cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines HeLa, KB, KBV, K562, and K562/AO2. Most of them demonstrated improved antitumor activity and weak multidrug resistance compared to the drugs currently available.