1
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Groce B, Aucoin AV, Ullah MA, DiCesare J, Wingfield C, Sardin J, Harris JT, Nguyen JC, Raley P, Stanley SS, Palardy G, Pojman JA. Free-Standing 3D Printing of Epoxy-Vinyl Ether Structures Using Radical-Induced Cationic Frontal Polymerization. ACS Appl Polym Mater 2024; 6:572-582. [PMID: 38230368 PMCID: PMC10788858 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.3c02226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The application of frontal polymerization to additive manufacturing has advantages in energy consumption and speed of printing. Additionally, with frontal polymerization, it is possible to print free-standing structures that require no supports. A resin was developed using a mixture of epoxies and vinyl ether with an iodonium salt and peroxide initiating system that frontally polymerizes through radical-induced cationic frontal polymerization. The formulation, which was optimized for reactivity, physical properties, and rheology, allowed the printing of free-standing structures. Increasing ratios of vinyl ether and reactive cycloaliphatic epoxide were found to increase the front velocity. Addition of carbon nanofibers increased the front velocity more than the addition of milled carbon fibers. The resin filled with carbon nanofibers and fumed silica exhibited shear-thinning behavior and was suitable for extrusion-based printing at a weight fraction of 4 wt %. A desktop 3D printer was modified to control resin extrusion and deposition with a digital syringe dispenser. Flexural properties of molded and 3D-printed specimens showed that specimens printed in the transverse direction exhibited the lowest strength, likely due to the presence of voids, adhesion issues between filaments, and preferential carbon nanofiber alignment along the filaments. Finally, free-standing printing of single, angled filaments and helical geometries was successfully demonstrated by coordinating ultraviolet-based reaction initiation, low air pressure for resin extrusion, and printing speed to match front velocity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brecklyn
R. Groce
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Alexandra V. Aucoin
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Md Asmat Ullah
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, 3261 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Jake DiCesare
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Claire Wingfield
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Jonathan Sardin
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, 3261 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Jackson T. Harris
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, 3261 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - John C. Nguyen
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, 3261 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Patrick Raley
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, 3261 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Svetlana S. Stanley
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, 3261 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Genevieve Palardy
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Louisiana State University, 3261 Patrick F. Taylor Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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2
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Groce B, Lane EE, Gary DP, Ngo DT, Ngo DT, Shaon F, Belgodere JA, Pojman JA. Kinetic and Chemical Effects of Clays and Other Fillers in the Preparation of Epoxy-Vinyl Ether Composites Using Radical-Induced Cationic Frontal Polymerization. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:19403-19413. [PMID: 37027250 PMCID: PMC10119861 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Addition of fillers to formulations can generate composites with improved mechanical properties and lower the overall cost through a reduction of chemicals needed. In this study, fillers were added to resin systems consisting of epoxies and vinyl ethers that frontally polymerized through a radical-induced cationic frontal polymerization (RICFP) mechanism. Different clays, along with inert fumed silica, were added to increase the viscosity and reduce the convection, results of which did not follow many trends present in free-radical frontal polymerization. The clays were found to reduce the front velocity of RICFP systems overall compared to systems with only fumed silica. It is hypothesized that chemical effects and water content produce this reduction when clays are added to the cationic system. Mechanical and thermal properties of composites were studied, along with filler dispersion in the cured material. Drying the clays in an oven increased the front velocity. Comparing thermally insulating wood flour to thermally conducting carbon fibers, we observed that the carbon fibers resulted in an increase in front velocity, while the wood flour reduced the front velocity. Finally, it was shown that acid-treated montmorillonite K10 polymerizes RICFP systems containing vinyl ether even in the absence of an initiator, resulting in a short pot life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brecklyn
R. Groce
- Department
of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Emma E. Lane
- Department
of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Daniel P. Gary
- Department
of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Douglas T. Ngo
- Department
of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Dylan T. Ngo
- Department
of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Fahima Shaon
- Department
of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Jorge A. Belgodere
- Department
of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton
Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department
of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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3
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Suslick BA, Hemmer J, Groce BR, Stawiasz KJ, Geubelle PH, Malucelli G, Mariani A, Moore JS, Pojman JA, Sottos NR. Frontal Polymerizations: From Chemical Perspectives to Macroscopic Properties and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3237-3298. [PMID: 36827528 PMCID: PMC10037337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and processing of most thermoplastics and thermoset polymeric materials rely on energy-inefficient and environmentally burdensome manufacturing methods. Frontal polymerization is an attractive, scalable alternative due to its exploitation of polymerization heat that is generally wasted and unutilized. The only external energy needed for frontal polymerization is an initial thermal (or photo) stimulus that locally ignites the reaction. The subsequent reaction exothermicity provides local heating; the transport of this thermal energy to neighboring monomers in either a liquid or gel-like state results in a self-perpetuating reaction zone that provides fully cured thermosets and thermoplastics. Propagation of this polymerization front continues through the unreacted monomer media until either all reactants are consumed or sufficient heat loss stalls further reaction. Several different polymerization mechanisms support frontal processes, including free-radical, cat- or anionic, amine-cure epoxides, and ring-opening metathesis polymerization. The choice of monomer, initiator/catalyst, and additives dictates how fast the polymer front traverses the reactant medium, as well as the maximum temperature achievable. Numerous applications of frontally generated materials exist, ranging from porous substrate reinforcement to fabrication of patterned composites. In this review, we examine in detail the physical and chemical phenomena that govern frontal polymerization, as well as outline the existing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Suslick
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Julie Hemmer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Brecklyn R Groce
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 United States
| | - Katherine J Stawiasz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Philippe H Geubelle
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alberto Mariani
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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4
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Khan AH, Zhou SP, Moe M, Ortega Quesada BA, Bajgiran KR, Lassiter HR, Dorman JA, Martin EC, Pojman JA, Melvin AT. Generation of 3D Spheroids Using a Thiol-Acrylate Hydrogel Scaffold to Study Endocrine Response in ER + Breast Cancer. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:3977-3985. [PMID: 36001134 PMCID: PMC9472224 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Culturing cancer cells in a three-dimensional (3D) environment
better recapitulates in vivo conditions by mimicking
cell-to-cell interactions and mass transfer limitations of metabolites,
oxygen, and drugs. Recent drug studies have suggested that a high
rate of preclinical and clinical failures results from mass transfer
limitations associated with drug entry into solid tumors that 2D model
systems cannot predict. Droplet microfluidic devices offer a promising
alternative to grow 3D spheroids from a small number of cells to reduce
intratumor heterogeneity, which is lacking in other approaches. Spheroids
were generated by encapsulating cells in novel thiol–acrylate
(TA) hydrogel scaffold droplets followed by on-chip isolation of single
droplets in a 990- or 450-member trapping array. The TA hydrogel rapidly
(∼35 min) polymerized on-chip to provide an initial scaffold
to support spheroid development followed by a time-dependent degradation.
Two trapping arrays were fabricated with 150 or 300 μm diameter
traps to investigate the effect of droplet size and cell seeding density
on spheroid formation and growth. Both trapping arrays were capable
of ∼99% droplet trapping efficiency with ∼90% and 55%
cellular encapsulation in trapping arrays containing 300 and 150 μm
traps, respectively. The oil phase was replaced with media ∼1
h after droplet trapping to initiate long-term spheroid culturing.
The growth and viability of MCF-7 3D spheroids were confirmed for
7 days under continuous media flow using a customized gravity-driven
system to eliminate the need for syringe pumps. It was found that
a minimum of 10 or more encapsulated cells are needed to generate
a growing spheroid while fewer than 10 parent cells produced stagnant
3D spheroids. As a proof of concept, a drug susceptibility study was
performed treating the spheroids with fulvestrant followed by interrogating
the spheroids for proliferation in the presence of estrogen. Following
fulvestrant exposure, the spheroids showed significantly less proliferation
in the presence of estrogen, confirming drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anowar H Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Sophia P Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Margaret Moe
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Braulio A Ortega Quesada
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Khashayar R Bajgiran
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Haley R Lassiter
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - James A Dorman
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Elizabeth C Martin
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Adam T Melvin
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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5
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Abstract
Thermal frontal polymerization (FP) is a chemical process during which a cold monomer-initiator mixture is converted into a hot polymer as a polymerization front propagates in the system due to the interplay between heat diffusion and the exothermicity of the reaction. The theoretical description of FP generally focuses on one-dimensional (1D) reaction-diffusion (RD) models where the effect of heat losses is encoded into an effective parameter in the heat equation. We show here the limits of such 1D models to describe FP under nonadiabatic conditions. To do so, the propagation of a polymerization front is analyzed both analytically and numerically in a rectangular two-dimensional (2D) layer. The layer thickness is shown to control the dynamics of the front and to determine its very existence. We find that for given heat losses, a minimum thickness is required for front propagation as recently observed in FP experiments of 2D thin films on wood. Moreover, when the thickness exceeds a critical value, the front is observed to survive independently of the rate of heat losses. This result cannot be predicted with 1D models where front extinction is always possible. A scaling analysis is proposed to highlight the physical interpretation of such a front survival. The influence of dimensionality on thermal instabilities is also analyzed, with a focus on the differences with the 1D predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reda Tiani
- Nonlinear Physical Chemistry Unit, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Faculté des Sciences, CP231, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Laurence Rongy
- Nonlinear Physical Chemistry Unit, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Faculté des Sciences, CP231, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
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6
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Gary DP, Ngo D, Bui A, Pojman JA. Charge transfer complexes as dual thermal/photo initiators for
free‐radical
frontal polymerization. Journal of Polymer Science 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Gary
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Douglas Ngo
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Amber Bui
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
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7
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Gao Y, Li S, Kim JY, Hoffman I, Vyas SK, Pojman JA, Geubelle PH. Anisotropic frontal polymerization in a model resin-copper composite. Chaos 2022; 32:013109. [PMID: 35105137 DOI: 10.1063/5.0077552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates experimentally and numerically frontal polymerization in a thermally anisotropic system with parallel copper strips embedded in 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate resin. Both experiments and multiphysics finite element analyses reveal that the front propagation in the thermally anisotropic system is orientation-dependent, leading to variations in the front shape and the front velocity due to the different front-metal strip interaction mechanisms along and across the metal strips. The parameters entering the cure kinetics model used in this work are chosen to capture the key characteristics of the polymerization front, i.e., the front temperature and velocity. Numerical parametric analyses demonstrate that the front velocity in the directions parallel and perpendicular to the metal strips increases as the system size decreases and approaches the analytical prediction for homogenized systems. A two-dimensional homogenized model for anisotropic frontal polymerization in the metal-resin system is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Sarah Li
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Jin-Young Kim
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Imogen Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Sagar K Vyas
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Philippe H Geubelle
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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8
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Gao Y, Shaon F, Kumar A, Bynum S, Gary D, Sharp D, Pojman JA, Geubelle PH. Rapid frontal polymerization achieved with thermally conductive metal strips. Chaos 2021; 31:073113. [PMID: 34340327 DOI: 10.1063/5.0052821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Frontal polymerization, which involves a self-propagating polymerizing reaction front, has been considered as a rapid, energy-efficient, and environmentally friendly methodology to manufacture lightweight, high-performance thermoset polymers, and composites. Previous work has reported that the introduction of thermally conductive elements can enhance the front velocity. As follow-up research, the present work investigates this problem more systemically using both numerical and experimental approaches by investigating the front shape, front width, and heat exchange when aluminum and cooper metal strips are embedded in the resin. The study reveals that the enhancement in the front velocity is mainly due to a preheating effect associated with the conductive element. Moreover, the numerical parametric study for the system size shows that the front speed increases as the system size decreases, ultimately approaching a prediction provided by a homogenized model for polymer-metal composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Fahima Shaon
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Aditya Kumar
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Samuel Bynum
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Daniel Gary
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - David Sharp
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Philippe H Geubelle
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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9
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Mai AQ, Bánsági T, Taylor AF, Pojman JA. Reaction-diffusion hydrogels from urease enzyme particles for patterned coatings. Commun Chem 2021; 4:101. [PMID: 36697546 PMCID: PMC9814597 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-021-00538-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The reaction and diffusion of small molecules is used to initiate the formation of protective polymeric layers, or biofilms, that attach cells to surfaces. Here, inspired by biofilm formation, we present a general method for the growth of hydrogels from urease enzyme-particles by combining production of ammonia with a pH-regulated polymerization reaction in solution. We show through experiments and simulations how the propagating basic front and thiol-acrylate polymerization were continuously maintained by the localized urease reaction in the presence of urea, resulting in hydrogel layers around the enzyme particles at surfaces, interfaces or in motion. The hydrogels adhere the enzyme-particles to surfaces and have a tunable growth rate of the order of 10 µm min-1 that depends on the size and spatial distribution of particles. This approach can be exploited to create enzyme-hydrogels or chemically patterned coatings for applications in biocatalytic flow reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Q. Mai
- grid.64337.350000 0001 0662 7451Department of Chemistry & The Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA USA
| | - Tamás Bánsági
- grid.11835.3e0000 0004 1936 9262Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK ,grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Department of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Annette F. Taylor
- grid.11835.3e0000 0004 1936 9262Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - John A. Pojman
- grid.64337.350000 0001 0662 7451Department of Chemistry & The Macromolecular Studies Group, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA USA
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10
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Khan A, Smith NM, Tullier MP, Roberts BS, Englert D, Pojman JA, Melvin AT. Development of a Flow-free Gradient Generator Using a Self-Adhesive Thiol-acrylate Microfluidic Resin/Hydrogel (TAMR/H) Hybrid System. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:26735-26747. [PMID: 34081856 PMCID: PMC8289190 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic gradient generators have been used to study cellular migration, growth, and drug response in numerous biological systems. One type of device combines a hydrogel and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to generate "flow-free" gradients; however, their requirements for either negative flow or external clamps to maintain fluid-tight seals between the two layers have restricted their utility among broader applications. In this work, a two-layer, flow-free microfluidic gradient generator was developed using thiol-ene chemistry. Both rigid thiol-acrylate microfluidic resin (TAMR) and diffusive thiol-acrylate hydrogel (H) layers were synthesized from commercially available monomers at room temperature and pressure using a base-catalyzed Michael addition. The device consisted of three parallel microfluidic channels negatively imprinted in TAMR layered on top of the thiol-acrylate hydrogel to facilitate orthogonal diffusion of chemicals to the direction of flow. Upon contact, these two layers formed fluid-tight channels without any external pressure due to a strong adhesive interaction between the two layers. The diffusion of molecules through the TAMR/H system was confirmed both experimentally (using fluorescent microscopy) and computationally (using COMSOL). The performance of the TAMR/H system was compared to a conventional PDMS/agarose device with a similar geometry by studying the chemorepulsive response of a motile strain of GFP-expressing Escherichia coli. Population-based analysis confirmed a similar migratory response of both wild-type and mutant E. coli in both of the microfluidic devices. This confirmed that the TAMR/H hybrid system is a viable alternative to traditional PDMS-based microfluidic gradient generators and can be used for several different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anowar
H. Khan
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, Louisiana, United States
| | - Noah Mulherin Smith
- Cain
Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana
State University, Baton Rouge 70803, Louisiana, United States
| | - Michael P. Tullier
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, Louisiana, United States
| | - B. Seth Roberts
- Cain
Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana
State University, Baton Rouge 70803, Louisiana, United States
| | - Derek Englert
- Chemical
and Materials Engineering, University of
Kentucky, Paducah 42002, Kentucky, United States
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge 70803, Louisiana, United States
| | - Adam T. Melvin
- Cain
Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana
State University, Baton Rouge 70803, Louisiana, United States
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11
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Groce BR, Gary DP, Cantrell JK, Pojman JA. Front velocity dependence on vinyl ether and initiator concentration in
radical‐induced
cationic frontal polymerization of epoxies. Journal of Polymer Science 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brecklyn R. Groce
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Daniel P. Gary
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Joseph K. Cantrell
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
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12
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13
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Mai AQ, Davies J, Nguyen D, Carranza A, Vincent M, Pojman JA. Microparticles and latexes prepared via suspension polymerization of a biobased vegetable oil and renewable carboxylic acid. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Q. Mai
- Department of Chemistry Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Jackie Davies
- Department of Chemistry Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Dan Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Arturo Carranza
- Department of Chemistry Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Michael Vincent
- Department of Chemistry Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of Chemistry Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
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14
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Gary DP, Bynum S, Thompson BD, Groce BR, Sagona A, Hoffman IM, Morejon‐Garcia C, Weber C, Pojman JA. Thermal transport and chemical effects of fillers on
free‐radical
frontal polymerization. Journal of Polymer Science 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20200323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P. Gary
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies GroupLouisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Samuel Bynum
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies GroupLouisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Baylen D. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies GroupLouisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Brecklyn R. Groce
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies GroupLouisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Anthony Sagona
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies GroupLouisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Imogen M. Hoffman
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies GroupLouisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Catherine Morejon‐Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies GroupLouisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - Corey Weber
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies GroupLouisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies GroupLouisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana USA
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15
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Upadhyay J, Bounds CO, Totaro N, Thakuri S, Garber L, Vincent M, Huang Z, Pojman JA. Production and analysis of stable microfluidic devices with tunable surface hydrophilicity via the in-situ tertiary-amine catalyzed Michael addition of a multifunctional thiol to a multifunctional acrylate. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Fazende KF, Gary DP, Mota‐Morales JD, Pojman JA. Kinetic Studies of Photopolymerization of Monomer‐Containing Deep Eutectic Solvents. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kylee F. Fazende
- Department of ChemistryLouisiana State University 232 Choppin Hall Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Daniel P. Gary
- Department of ChemistryLouisiana State University 232 Choppin Hall Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
| | - Josué D. Mota‐Morales
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología AvanzadaUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México Boulevard Juriquilla No. 3001 Queretaro 76230 Mexico
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of ChemistryLouisiana State University 232 Choppin Hall Baton Rouge LA 70803 USA
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17
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Abstract
Frontal polymerization has been explored as a technique to form two-dimensional thin films (<0.5 mm) on wood. We used trimethylolpropane triacrylate with a thermal free-radical initiator. The viscosity of the resin was adjusted by incorporating fumed silica within the formulation. As filler materials, either calcium carbonate or graphene nanoplatelets was used to evaluate the effect of filler type and content on front propagation. We observed that resin viscosity and film thickness critically affected the qualitative and quantitative propagation of the thermal front resulting in the formation of the coating. A workable coating was formed at a viscosity of 0.6 Pa·s, which was obtained when 3 phr (parts per hundred resin) of fumed silica was used in the resin formulation. Wet film thickness for this resin system was also found to have a limiting value, and full propagation of the front to result in a conformal coating required at least 15 mil (1 mil = 25 μm) of wet film thickness. Filler materials affected film propagation as a function of particle size and thermal properties. While 15 phr calcium carbonate could be incorporated with the resin, only 5 phr graphene nanoplatelets could be loaded within the matrix to ensure complete propagation of the front. Interestingly, for graphene fronts, velocity and temperature reduced systematically as a function of filler content. Filler type and content affected porosity and roughness of the coating, which was quantified by computerized tomography to understand the relationship between porosity and adhesion of the coated film with the wood substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karan Bansal
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Dean Webster
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Mohiuddin Quadir
- Department of Coatings and Polymeric Materials, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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18
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Khan AH, Cook JK, Wortmann WJ, Kersker ND, Rao A, Pojman JA, Melvin AT. Synthesis and characterization of thiol‐acrylate hydrogels using a base‐catalyzed Michael addition for 3D cell culture applications. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2020; 108:2294-2307. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anowar H. Khan
- Department of ChemistryLouisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana
| | - Jeffery K. Cook
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular EngineeringUniversity of California Berkeley California
| | - Wayne J. Wortmann
- Cain Department of Chemical EngineeringLouisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana
| | - Nathan D. Kersker
- Department of ChemistryLouisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana
| | - Asha Rao
- Cain Department of Chemical EngineeringLouisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of ChemistryLouisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana
| | - Adam T. Melvin
- Cain Department of Chemical EngineeringLouisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana
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19
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Hong S, Sun X, Lian H, Pojman JA, Mota‐Morales JD. Zinc chloride/acetamide deep eutectic solvent‐mediated fractionation of lignin produces high‐ and low‐molecular‐weight fillers for phenol‐formaldehyde resins. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Hong
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Xiang Sun
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - Hailan Lian
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing 210037 China
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of Chemistry Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana 70820
| | - Josué D. Mota‐Morales
- Departamento de Nanotecnología, Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Querétaro QRO 76230 Mexico
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20
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Bynum S, Tullier M, Morejon‐Garcia C, Guidry J, Runnoe E, Pojman JA. The effect of acrylate functionality on frontal polymerization velocity and temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.29352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Bynum
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
| | - Michael Tullier
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
| | - Catherine Morejon‐Garcia
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
| | - Jesse Guidry
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
| | - Emma Runnoe
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of Chemistry and the Macromolecular Studies Group Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
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21
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Markovic VM, Bánsági T, McKenzie D, Mai A, Pojman JA, Taylor AF. Influence of reaction-induced convection on quorum sensing in enzyme-loaded agarose beads. Chaos 2019; 29:033130. [PMID: 30927847 DOI: 10.1063/1.5089295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In theory, groups of enzyme-loaded particles producing an acid or base may show complex behavior including dynamical quorum sensing, the appearance of synchronized oscillations above a critical number or density of particles. Here, experiments were performed with the enzyme urease loaded into mm-sized agarose beads and placed in a solution of urea, resulting in an increase in pH. This behavior was found to be dependent upon the number of beads present in the array; however, reaction-induced convection occurred and plumes of high pH developed that extended to the walls of the reactor. The convection resulted in the motion of the mm-sized particles and conversion of the solution to high pH. Simulations in a simple model of the beads demonstrated the suppression of dynamical quorum sensing in the presence of flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir M Markovic
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamás Bánsági
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Dennel McKenzie
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Anthony Mai
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Annette F Taylor
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
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22
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Yang D, Fan J, Cao F, Deng Z, Pojman JA, Ji L. Immobilization adjusted clock reaction in the urea–urease–H+ reaction system. RSC Adv 2019; 9:3514-3519. [PMID: 35518065 PMCID: PMC9060300 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09244c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The bell-shaped reactivity-pH curve is the fundamental reason that the temporal programmable kinetic switch in clock reactions can be obtained in bio-competitive enzymatic reactions. In this work, urease was loaded on small resin particles through ionic binding. Experimental results reveal that the immobilization not only increased the stability of the enzyme and the reproducibility of the clock reaction, but also shifted the bell-shaped activity curve to lower pHs. The latter change enables the clock reaction to occur from an initial pH of 2.3, where the free enzyme had already lost its activity. Two mechanisms explain the influence of the immobilization on the clock reaction. Immobilization modified the pH sensitive functional groups on the enzyme, shifting the activity curve to a more acidic region, and reduced diffusion alters the enzyme dynamics. The reported immobilization shifts the bell-shaped reactivity-pH curve to lower pHs and enables the clock reaction to occur from a very low initial pH, where the free enzyme had already lost its activity.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- Capital Normal University
- Beijing 100048
- China
| | - Junhe Fan
- Department of Chemistry
- Capital Normal University
- Beijing 100048
- China
| | - Fengyi Cao
- Department of Chemistry
- Capital Normal University
- Beijing 100048
- China
| | - Zuojun Deng
- Department of Chemistry
- Capital Normal University
- Beijing 100048
- China
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of Chemistry
- Louisiana State University
- Baton Rouge
- USA
| | - Lin Ji
- Department of Chemistry
- Capital Normal University
- Beijing 100048
- China
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23
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Forghani A, Garber L, Chen C, Tavangarian F, Tighe TB, Devireddy R, Pojman JA, Hayes D. Fabrication and characterization of thiol-triacrylate polymer via Michael addition reaction for biomedical applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 14:015001. [PMID: 30355851 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aae684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Thiol-acrylate polymers have therapeutic potential as biocompatible scaffolds for bone tissue regeneration. Synthesis of a novel cyto-compatible and biodegradable polymer composed of trimethylolpropane ethoxylate triacrylate-trimethylolpropane tris (3-mercaptopropionate) (TMPeTA-TMPTMP) using a simple amine-catalyzed Michael addition reaction is reported in this study. This study explores the impact of molecular weight and crosslink density on the cyto-compatibility of human adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells. Eight groups were prepared with two different average molecular weights of trimethylolpropane ethoxylate triacrylate (TMPeTA 692 and 912) and four different concentrations of diethylamine (DEA) as catalyst. The materials were physically characterized by mechanical testing, wettability, mass loss, protein adsorption and surface topography. Cyto-compatibility of the polymeric substrates was evaluated by LIVE/DEAD staining® and DNA content assay of cultured human adipose derived stem cells (hASCs) on the samples over over days. Surface topography studies revealed that TMPeTA (692) samples have island pattern features whereas TMPeTA (912) polymers showed pitted surfaces. Water contact angle results showed a significant difference between TMPeTA (692) and TMPeTA (912) monomers with the same DEA concentration. Decreased protein adsorption was observed on TMPeTA (912) -16% DEA compared to other groups. Fluorescent microscopy also showed distinct hASCs attachment behavior between TMPeTA (692) and TMPeTA (912), which is due to their different surface topography, protein adsorption and wettability. Our finding suggested that this thiol-acrylate based polymer is a versatile, cyto-compatible material for tissue engineering applications with tunable cell attachment property based on surface characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoosha Forghani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Millennium Science Complex, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States of America
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24
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Pereira KE, Crother BI, Sever DM, Fontenot CL, Pojman JA, Wilburn DB, Woodley SK. Skin glands of an aquatic salamander vary in size and distribution and release antimicrobial secretions effective against chytrid fungal pathogens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 221:jeb.183707. [PMID: 29880633 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.183707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Amphibian skin is unique among vertebrate classes, containing a large number of multicellular exocrine glands that vary among species and have diverse functions. The secretions of skin glands contain a rich array of bioactive compounds including antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Such compounds are important for amphibian innate immune responses and may protect some species from chytridiomycosis, a lethal skin disease caused by the fungal pathogens Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) and Batrachochytrium salamandrivorans (Bsal). While the bioactivity of skin secretions against Bd has been assessed for many amphibian taxa, similar studies are lacking for Bsal, a chytrid fungus that is especially pathogenic for salamanders. We studied the skin glands and their potential functions in an aquatic salamander, the three-toed amphiuma (Amphiuma tridactylum). Skin secretions of captive adult salamanders were analyzed by RP-HPLC and tested against the growth of Bd and Bsal using in vitro assays. We found that compounds within collected skin secretions were similar between male and female salamanders and inhibited the growth of Bd and Bsal. Thus, skin secretions that protect against Bd may also provide protection against Bsal. Histological examination of the skin glands of preserved salamanders revealed the presence of enlarged granular glands concentrated within caudal body regions. A site of potential gland specialization was identified at the tail base and may indicate specialized granular glands related to courtship and communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenzie E Pereira
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA .,Department of Biology, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA 70402, USA
| | - Brian I Crother
- Department of Biology, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA 70402, USA
| | - David M Sever
- Department of Biology, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA 70402, USA
| | - Clifford L Fontenot
- Department of Biology, Southeastern Louisiana University, Hammond, LA 70402, USA
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Damien B Wilburn
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sarah K Woodley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
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25
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Fazende KF, Phachansitthi M, Mota-Morales JD, Pojman JA. Frontal Polymerization of Deep Eutectic Solvents Composed of Acrylic and Methacrylic Acids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kylee F. Fazende
- Department of Chemistry; 232 Choppin Hall, Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
| | - Manysa Phachansitthi
- Department of Chemistry; 232 Choppin Hall, Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
| | - Josué D. Mota-Morales
- Centro de Física Aplicada y Tecnología Avanzada, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Boulevard Juriquilla No. 3001; Querétaro QRO 76230 México
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of Chemistry; 232 Choppin Hall, Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
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26
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Abstract
A new deep eutectic solvent (DES) was developed as a phase-selective gelator for oil-spill remediation. The newly designed nonionic DES is based on a combination of an amide (N-methylacetamide) and a long chain carboxylic acid (lauric acid) and does not require any synthetic procedure besides mixing. Our studies show that the DES works as gelator by forming a gel between lauric acid and the hydrocarbon, whereas the amide serves to form the DES and dissolves in water during the gelation process. In addition, the DES material has gelation properties comparable to those considered as state-of-the-art. Overall, the newly developed material shows a promising future in oil recovery methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowen Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Mei-Chun Li
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Qinglin Wu
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Daniel G Kuroda
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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27
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Viner G, La Monica T, Lombardo R, Pojman JA. Effect of pseudo-gravitational acceleration on the dissolution rate of miscible drops. Chaos 2017; 27:104603. [PMID: 29092439 DOI: 10.1063/1.4990069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The effect of pseudo-gravitational acceleration on the dissolution process of two phase miscible systems has been investigated at high acceleration values using a spinning drop tensiometer with three systems: 1-butanol/water, isobutyric acid/water, and triethylamine/water. We concluded that the dissolution process involves at least three different transport phenomena: diffusion, barodiffusion, and gravitational (buoyancy-driven) convection. The last two phenomena are significantly affected by the centrifugal acceleration acting at the interface between the two fluids, and the coupling with the geometry of the dissolving drop leads to a change of the mass flux during the course of the dissolution process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Viner
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Tatiana La Monica
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Renato Lombardo
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, viale delle Scienze, ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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28
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Bunton PH, Tullier MP, Meiburg E, Pojman JA. The effect of a crosslinking chemical reaction on pattern formation in viscous fingering of miscible fluids in a Hele-Shaw cell. Chaos 2017; 27:104614. [PMID: 29092415 DOI: 10.1063/1.5001285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Viscous fingering can occur in fluid motion whenever a high mobility fluid displaces a low mobility fluid in a Darcy type flow. When the mobility difference is primarily attributable to viscosity (e.g., flow between the two horizontal plates of a Hele-Shaw cell), viscous fingering (VF) occurs, which is sometimes termed the Saffman-Taylor instability. Alternatively, in the presence of differences in density in a gravity field, buoyancy-driven convection can occur. These instabilities have been studied for decades, in part because of their many applications in pollutant dispersal, ocean currents, enhanced petroleum recovery, and so on. More recent interest has emerged regarding the effects of chemical reactions on fingering instabilities. As chemical reactions change the key flow parameters (densities, viscosities, and concentrations), they may have either a destabilizing or stabilizing effect on the flow. Hence, new flow patterns can emerge; moreover, one can then hope to gain some control over flow instabilities through reaction rates, flow rates, and reaction products. We report effects of chemical reactions on VF in a Hele-Shaw cell for a reactive step-growth cross-linking polymerization system. The cross-linked reaction product results in a non-monotonic viscosity profile at the interface, which affects flow stability. Furthermore, three-dimensional internal flows influence the long-term pattern that results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick H Bunton
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, William Jewell College, Liberty, Missouri 64068, USA
| | - Michael P Tullier
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
| | - Eckart Meiburg
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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29
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Kondepudi D, Petrosky T, Pojman JA. Dissipative structures and irreversibility in nature: Celebrating 100th birth anniversary of Ilya Prigogine (1917-2003). Chaos 2017; 27:104501. [PMID: 29092431 DOI: 10.1063/1.5008858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Kondepudi
- Department of Chemistry, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27109, USA
| | - Tomio Petrosky
- Center for Studies in Complex Quantum Systems, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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30
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Carranza A, Pérez-García MG, Song K, Jeha GM, Diao Z, Jin R, Bogdanchikova N, Soltero AF, Terrones M, Wu Q, Pojman JA, Mota-Morales JD. Deep-Eutectic Solvents as MWCNT Delivery Vehicles in the Synthesis of Functional Poly(HIPE) Nanocomposites for Applications as Selective Sorbents. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:31295-31303. [PMID: 27779385 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We report an alternative green strategy based on deep-eutectic solvents (DES) to deliver multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) for a bottom-up approach that allows for the selective interfacial functionalization of nonaqueous poly(high internal phase emulsions), poly(HIPEs). The formation and polymerization of methacrylic and styrenic HIPEs were possible through stabilization with nitrogen doped carbon nanotube (CNX) and surfactant mixtures using a urea-choline chloride DES as a delivering phase. Subtle changes in CNX concentration (less than 0.2 wt % to the internal phase) produced important changes in the macroporous monolith functionalization, which in turn led to increased monolith hydrophobicity and pore openness. These materials displayed great oleophilicity with water contact angles as high as 140° making them apt for biodiesel, diesel, and gasoline fuel sorption applications. Overall, styrene divinylbenzene (StDvB) based poly(HIPEs) showed hydrophobicity and fuel sorption capacities as high as 4.8 (g/g). Pore hierarchy, namely pore openness, regulated sorption capacity, and sorption times where greater openness resulted in faster sorption and increased sorption capacity. Monoliths were subject to 20 sorption-desorption cycles demonstrating recyclability and stable sorption capacity. Finally, CNX/surfactant hybrids made it possible to reduce surfactant requirements for successful HIPE formation and stabilization during polymerization. All poly(HIPEs) retained acceptable conversion as a function of CNX loading nearing 90% or better with thermal stability as high as 283 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Carranza
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70820, United States
| | - María G Pérez-García
- Centro Universitario de Tonalá, Universidad de Guadalajara , Tonalá, Jalisco 45425, México
| | - Kunlin Song
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - George M Jeha
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70820, United States
| | - Zhenyu Diao
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70820, United States
| | - Rongying Jin
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70820, United States
| | - Nina Bogdanchikova
- Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ensenada, Baja California 22860, México
| | - Armando F Soltero
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Guadalajara , Guadalajara, Jalisco 44430, México
| | - Mauricio Terrones
- Department of Physics and Center for 2-Dimensional and Layered Materials, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Qinglin Wu
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70820, United States
| | - Josué D Mota-Morales
- CONACYT-Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México , Ensenada, Baja California 22860, México
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31
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- TreyVon Holt
- Department of ChemistryLouisiana State University232 Choppin HallBaton Rouge Louisiana70803
| | - Kylee Fazende
- Department of ChemistryLouisiana State University232 Choppin HallBaton Rouge Louisiana70803
| | - Elizabeth Jee
- Department of ChemistryLouisiana State University232 Choppin HallBaton Rouge Louisiana70803
| | - Qinglin Wu
- School of Renewable Natural ResourcesLouisiana State UniversityRoom 227 Renewable Natural Resources BldgBaton Rouge Louisiana70803
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of ChemistryLouisiana State University232 Choppin HallBaton Rouge Louisiana70803
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubaiyet Abedin
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - F. Carl Knopf
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Richard G. Rice
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
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34
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Jee E, Bánsági T, Taylor AF, Pojman JA. Temporal Control of Gelation and Polymerization Fronts Driven by an Autocatalytic Enzyme Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:2127-31. [PMID: 26732469 PMCID: PMC4755207 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201510604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chemical systems that remain kinetically dormant until activated have numerous applications in materials science. Herein we present a method for the control of gelation that exploits an inbuilt switch: the increase in pH after an induction period in the urease-catalyzed hydrolysis of urea was used to trigger the base-catalyzed Michael addition of a water-soluble trithiol to a polyethylene glycol diacrylate. The time to gelation (minutes to hours) was either preset through the initial concentrations or the reaction was initiated locally by a base, thus resulting in polymerization fronts that converted the mixture from a liquid into a gel (ca. 0.1 mm min(-1)). The rate of hydrolytic degradation of the hydrogel depended on the initial concentrations, thus resulting in a gel lifetime of hours to months. In this way, temporal programming of gelation was possible under mild conditions by using the output of an autocatalytic enzyme reaction to drive both the polymerization and subsequent degradation of a hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Jee
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Louisiana, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Tamás Bánsági
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Annette F Taylor
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Louisiana, LA, 70803, USA.
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35
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Jee E, Bánsági T, Taylor AF, Pojman JA. Temporal Control of Gelation and Polymerization Fronts Driven by an Autocatalytic Enzyme Reaction. Angew Chem Weinheim Bergstr Ger 2016; 128:2167-2171. [PMID: 27478280 PMCID: PMC4950125 DOI: 10.1002/ange.201510604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Chemical systems that remain kinetically dormant until activated have numerous applications in materials science. Herein we present a method for the control of gelation that exploits an inbuilt switch: the increase in pH after an induction period in the urease-catalyzed hydrolysis of urea was used to trigger the base-catalyzed Michael addition of a water-soluble trithiol to a polyethylene glycol diacrylate. The time to gelation (minutes to hours) was either preset through the initial concentrations or the reaction was initiated locally by a base, thus resulting in polymerization fronts that converted the mixture from a liquid into a gel (ca. 0.1 mm min-1). The rate of hydrolytic degradation of the hydrogel depended on the initial concentrations, thus resulting in a gel lifetime of hours to months. In this way, temporal programming of gelation was possible under mild conditions by using the output of an autocatalytic enzyme reaction to drive both the polymerization and subsequent degradation of a hydrogel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Jee
- Department of ChemistryLouisiana State UniversityLouisianaLA70803USA
| | - Tamás Bánsági
- Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS1 3JDUK
| | - Annette F. Taylor
- Chemical and Biological EngineeringUniversity of SheffieldSheffieldS1 3JDUK
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of ChemistryLouisiana State UniversityLouisianaLA70803USA
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36
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Hong S, Lian H, Sun X, Pan D, Carranza A, Pojman JA, Mota-Morales JD. Zinc-based deep eutectic solvent-mediated hydroxylation and demethoxylation of lignin for the production of wood adhesive. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18290a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Choline chloride–ZnCl2 deep-eutectic solvent (ChCl–ZnCl2 DES), mole ratio 1 : 2, was used to improve the chemical reactivity of wheat straw alkali lignin under different temperatures and times of pretreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Hong
- College of Material Science and Technology
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Hailan Lian
- College of Material Science and Technology
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Xiang Sun
- College of Material Science and Technology
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Dong Pan
- College of Material Science and Technology
- Nanjing Forestry University
- Nanjing
- China
| | - Arturo Carranza
- Department of Chemistry
- Louisiana State University (LSU)
- Baton Rouge
- USA
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of Chemistry
- Louisiana State University (LSU)
- Baton Rouge
- USA
| | - Josué D. Mota-Morales
- CONACYT-Centro de Nanociencias y Nanotecnología (CNyN)
- Universidad Nancional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
- Ensenada
- Mexico
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37
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Zhang W, Tullier MP, Patel K, Carranza A, Pojman JA, Radadia AD. Microfluidics using a thiol-acrylate resin for fluorescence-based pathogen detection assays. Lab Chip 2015; 15:4227-4231. [PMID: 26371689 DOI: 10.1039/c5lc00971e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate thiol-acrylate microfluidics prepared via soft lithography for single-step protein immobilization and fluorescence-based pathogen detection. Such microfluidics are formed via room temperature curing, and bonded without oxygen plasma. The background fluorescence of the resin was found to be similar to PDMS for several filter sets. We also show that thiol-acrylate devices are able to bond to gold-coated surfaces, which allows for integration with microfabricated sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhang
- Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, 911 Hergot Ave, Ruston, LA 71272, USA.
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38
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Totaro NP, Murphy ZD, Burcham AE, King CT, Scherr TF, Bounds CO, Dasa V, Pojman JA, Hayes DJ. In vitro evaluation of thermal frontally polymerized thiol-ene composites as bone augments. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 104:1152-60. [PMID: 26061219 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Because of the large number of total knee replacement (TKR) surgeries conducted per year, and with projections of increased demand to almost a million primary TKR surgeries per year by 2030 in the United States alone, there is a need to discover more efficient working materials as alternatives to current bone cements. There is a need for surgeons and hospitals to become more efficient and better control over the operative environment. One area of inefficiency is the cement steps during TKR. Currently the surgeon has very little control over cement polymerization. This leads to an increase in time, waste, and procedural inefficiencies. There is a clear need to create an extended working time, moldable, osteoconductive, and osteoinductive bone augment as a substitution for the current clinically used bone cement where the surgeon has better control over the polymerization process. This study explored several compositions of pentaerythritol-co-trimethylolpropane tris-(3-mercaptopropionate) hydroxyapatite composite materials prepared via benzoyl peroxide-initiated thermal frontal polymerization. The 4:1 acrylate to thiol ratio containing augment material shows promise with a maximal propagation temperature of 160°C ± 10°C, with mechanical strength of 3.65 MPa, and 111% cytocompatibility, relative to the positive control. This frontally polymerized material may have application as an augment with controlled polymerization supporting cemented implants. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1152-1160, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Totaro
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University and LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803
| | - Zachari D Murphy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803
| | - Abigail E Burcham
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803
| | - Connor T King
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University and LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803
| | - Thomas F Scherr
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37235
| | - Christopher O Bounds
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803
| | - Vinod Dasa
- Department of Orthopedics, Louisiana State University Health Science Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, 70115
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803
| | - Daniel J Hayes
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Louisiana State University and LSU AgCenter, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803
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39
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Kiss IZ, Pojman JA. Introduction to Focus Issue: Oscillations and Dynamic Instabilities in Chemical Systems: Dedicated to Irving R. Epstein on occasion of his 70th birthday. Chaos 2015; 25:064201. [PMID: 26117111 DOI: 10.1063/1.4922594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- István Z Kiss
- Department of Chemistry, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, Missouri 63103, USA
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian McFarland
- Department of Biology and Chemistry; Morningside College; Sioux City Iowa 51106
| | - John A. Pojman
- Louisiana State University Department of Chemistry; Baton Rouge Louisiana 70803
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41
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Nuvoli D, Alzari V, Pojman JA, Sanna V, Ruiu A, Sanna D, Malucelli G, Mariani A. Synthesis and characterization of functionally gradient materials obtained by frontal polymerization. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:3600-3606. [PMID: 25611548 DOI: 10.1021/am507725k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Functionally gradient materials (FGMs) with gradual and continuous changes of their properties in one or more dimensions are useful in a wide range of applications. However, obtaining such materials with accurate control of the gradient, especially when the gradient is nonlinear, is not easy. In this work, frontal polymerization (FP) was exploited to synthesize polymeric FGMs. We demonstrated that the use of ascending FP with continuous feeding of monomers with computer-controlled peristaltic pumps provided an excellent method for the preparation of functionally gradient materials with programmed gradients. To test the effectiveness of the method, copolymers made from triethylene glycol dimethacrylate/hexyl methacrylate with linear and hyperbolic gradient in composition were synthesized. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Shore A hardness measurements, compression tests, and swelling studies were performed along the length of the materials to assess the relationship between the gradients and the material properties. Glass transition temperatures, determined by DSC, showed a linear dependence on the composition and were in agreement with theoretical values. The other properties showed different and specific behaviors as a function of the compositional gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Nuvoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari , Local INSTM Unit, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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42
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Chen C, Garber L, Smoak M, Fargason C, Scherr T, Blackburn C, Bacchus S, Lopez MJ, Pojman JA, Del Piero F, Hayes DJ. In vitro and in vivo characterization of pentaerythritol triacrylate-co-trimethylolpropane nanocomposite scaffolds as potential bone augments and grafts. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 21:320-31. [PMID: 25134965 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2014.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A thiol-acrylate-based copolymer synthesized via an amine-catalyzed Michael addition was studied in vitro and in vivo to assess its potential as an in situ polymerizing graft or augment in bone defect repair. The blends of hydroxyapatite (HA) with pentaerythritol triacrylate-co-trimethylolpropane (PETA), cast as solids or gas foamed as porous scaffolds, were evaluated in an effort to create a biodegradable osteogenic material for use as a bone-void-filling augment. Osteogenesis experiments were conducted with human adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (hASCs) to determine the ability of the material to serve as an osteoinductive substrate. Poly(ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) composites PCL:HA (80:20) (wt/wt%) served as the control scaffold, while the experimental scaffolds included PETA:HA (100:0), (85:15), (80:20), and (75:25) composites (wt/wt%). The results indicate that PETA:HA (80:20) foam composites had higher mechanical strength than the corresponding porous PCL:HA (80:20) scaffolds made by thermo-precipitation method, and in the case of foamed composites, increasing HA content directly correlated with increased yield strength. For cytotoxicity and osteogenesis experiments, hASCs cultured for 21 days on PETA:HA scaffolds in stromal medium displayed the greatest number of live cells compared with PCL:HA composites. Moreover, hASCs cultured on foamed PETA:HA (80:20) scaffolds resulted in the greatest mineralization, increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression, and the highest osteocalcin (OCN) expression after 21 days. Overall, the PETA:HA (80:20) and PETA:HA (85:15) scaffolds, with 66.38% and 72.02% porosity, respectively, had higher mechanical strength and cytocompatibility compared with the PCL:HA control. The results of the 6-week in vivo biocompatibility study using a posterior lumbar spinal fusion model demonstrate that PETA:HA can be foamed in vivo without serious adverse effects at the surgical site. Additionally, it was demonstrated that cells migrate into the interconnected pore volume and are found within centers of ossification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Chen
- 1 Department of Biological Engineering, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center , Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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43
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Smoak M, Chen C, Qureshi A, Garber L, Pojman JA, Janes ME, Hayes DJ. Antimicrobial cytocompatible pentaerythritol triacrylate-co-trimethylolpropane composite scaffolds for orthopaedic implants. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mollie Smoak
- Department of Biological Engineering; Louisiana State University and Louisiana State University Agricultural Center; Louisiana
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Biological Engineering; Louisiana State University and Louisiana State University Agricultural Center; Louisiana
| | - Ammar Qureshi
- Department of Biological Engineering; Louisiana State University and Louisiana State University Agricultural Center; Louisiana
| | - Leah Garber
- Department of Chemistry; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge Louisiana
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of Chemistry; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge Louisiana
| | - Marlene E. Janes
- Department of Food Science; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge Louisiana
| | - Daniel J. Hayes
- Department of Biological Engineering; Louisiana State University and Louisiana State University Agricultural Center; Louisiana
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44
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Carranza A, Gewin M, Pojman JA. Europium-doped aluminum oxide phosphors as indicators for frontal polymerization dynamics. Chaos 2014; 24:023118. [PMID: 24985432 DOI: 10.1063/1.4876438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present an inexpensive and practical method that allows the monitoring and visualization of front polymerization, propagation, and dynamics. Commercially available europium-doped aluminum oxide powders were combined with video imaging to visualize free-radical propagating polymer fronts. In order to demonstrate the applicability of this method, frontal copolymerization reactions of propoxylated glycerin triacrylate (EB53), pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA), and pentaerythritol tetra-acrylate (PETEA) with 1,1-Bis(tert-butylperoxy)-3,3,5-trimethylcyclohexane (Luperox 231®) as an initiator were studied and compared to the results obtained by IR imaging. Systems exhibiting higher filler loading, higher EB53 content, and less acrylated monomers showed a marked decrease in front velocity, while those with more acrylated monomers and higher crosslinking density showed a marked increase in front velocity. Finally, in order to show the potential of the imaging technique, we studied fronts propagating in planar and spherical geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo Carranza
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1804, USA
| | - Mariah Gewin
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1804, USA
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803-1804, USA
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45
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Scognamillo S, Bounds C, Thakuri S, Mariani A, Wu Q, Pojman JA. Frontal cationic curing of epoxy resins in the presence of defoaming or expanding compounds. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Scognamillo
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Sassari; Sassari 07100 Italy
- Department of Chemistry; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge LA 70803
| | - Chris Bounds
- Department of Chemistry; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge LA 70803
| | - Suman Thakuri
- Department of Chemistry; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge LA 70803
| | - Alberto Mariani
- Dipartimento di Chimica; Università degli Studi di Sassari; Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Qinglin Wu
- School of Natural Resources; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge LA 70803
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of Chemistry; Louisiana State University; Baton Rouge LA 70803
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46
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Higham AK, Garber LA, Latshaw DC, Hall CK, Pojman JA, Khan SA. Gelation and Cross-Linking in Multifunctional Thiol and Multifunctional Acrylate Systems Involving an in Situ Comonomer Catalyst. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma402157f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alina K. Higham
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Leah A. Garber
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - David C. Latshaw
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Carol K. Hall
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department
of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Saad A. Khan
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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47
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Garber L, Chen C, Kilchrist KV, Bounds C, Pojman JA, Hayes D. Thiol-acrylate nanocomposite foams for critical size bone defect repair: A novel biomaterial. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 101:3531-41. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leah Garber
- Department of Chemistry; Louisiana State University; 232 Choppin Hall Louisiana 70803
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering; Louisiana State University and Louisiana State University Agricultural Center; 149 E.B. Doran Building Louisiana 70803
| | - Kameron V. Kilchrist
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering; Louisiana State University and Louisiana State University Agricultural Center; 149 E.B. Doran Building Louisiana 70803
| | - Christopher Bounds
- Department of Chemistry; Louisiana State University; 232 Choppin Hall Louisiana 70803
| | - John A. Pojman
- Department of Chemistry; Louisiana State University; 232 Choppin Hall Louisiana 70803
| | - Daniel Hayes
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering; Louisiana State University and Louisiana State University Agricultural Center; 149 E.B. Doran Building Louisiana 70803
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48
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Bounds CO, Upadhyay J, Totaro N, Thakuri S, Garber L, Vincent M, Huang Z, Hupert M, Pojman JA. Fabrication and characterization of stable hydrophilic microfluidic devices prepared via the in situ tertiary-amine catalyzed Michael addition of multifunctional thiols to multifunctional acrylates. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2013; 5:1643-1655. [PMID: 23406255 DOI: 10.1021/am302544h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In situ tertiary amine-catalyzed thiol-acrylate chemistry was employed to produce hydrophilic microfluidic devices via a soft lithography process. The process involved the Michael addition of a secondary amine to a multifunctional acrylate producing a nonvolatile in situ tertiary amine catalyst/comonomer molecule. The Michael addition of a multifunctional thiol to a multifunctional acrylate was facilitated by the catalytic activity of the in situ catalyst/comonomer. These cost-efficient thiol-acrylate devices were prepared at room temperature, rapidly, and with little equipment. The thiol-acrylate thermoset materials were more natively hydrophilic than the normally employed poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) thermoset material, and the surface energies were stable compared to PDMS. Because the final chip was self-adhered via a simple chemical process utilizing the same chemistry, and it was naturally hydrophilic, there was no need for expensive instrumentation or complicated methods to "activate" the surface. There was also no need for postprocessing removal of the catalyst as it was incorporated into the polymer network. These bottom-up devices were fabricated to completion proving their validity as microfluidic devices, and the materials were manipulated and characterized via various analyses illustrating the potential diversity and tunability of the devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher O Bounds
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70303, USA
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49
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Mota-Morales JD, Gutiérrez MC, Ferrer ML, Sanchez IC, Elizalde-Peña EA, Pojman JA, Monte FD, Luna-Bárcenas G. Deep eutectic solvents as both active fillers and monomers for frontal polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.26555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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50
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Wrobel MM, Bánsági T, Scott SK, Taylor AF, Bounds CO, Carranza A, Pojman JA. pH wave-front propagation in the urea-urease reaction. Biophys J 2013; 103:610-615. [PMID: 22947878 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The urease-catalyzed hydrolysis of urea displays feedback that results in a switch from acid (pH ~3) to base (pH ~9) after a controllable period of time (from 10 to >5000 s). Here we show that the spatially distributed reaction can support pH wave fronts propagating with a speed of the order of 0.1-1 mm min(-1). The experimental results were reproduced qualitatively in reaction-diffusion simulations including a Michaelis-Menten expression for the urease reaction with a bell-shaped rate-pH dependence. However, this model fails to predict that at lower enzyme concentrations, the unstirred reaction does not always support fronts when the well-stirred reaction still rapidly switches to high pH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tamás Bánsági
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen K Scott
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Annette F Taylor
- School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.
| | - Chris O Bounds
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - Arturo Carranza
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
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