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von Saltza E, Kittinger JN. Financing conservation at scale via visitor green fees. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1036132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Conservation in the Anthropocene requires financing that is commensurate to the scale of threats to ecosystems and the benefits they provide humanity. To meet this challenge, new financing models are needed at a diversity of scales to help support the protection of nature. Visitor green fees – or payments made by visitors to management authorities, for the explicit purpose of funding natural resource management – are an innovative conservation financing tool. In contrast to park fees, these conservation finance systems operate at the scale of an entire jurisdiction, rather than a specific protected area, park or reserve. Despite their recent proliferation worldwide, there is little to no scholarly literature on visitor green fees. In this paper, we assess ten visitor green fee programs worldwide and evaluate their fee system, governance, and management approach. Our over-arching purpose is to explore the challenges and opportunities associated with these conservation financing models, to inform both the evaluation of existing models and to aid practitioners seeking to establish systems to enhance financing for conservation and the ecosystem services that nature provides tourism-dependent destinations.
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Kittinger JN, Bernard M, Finkbeiner E, Murphy E, Obregon P, Klinger DH, Schoon ML, Dooley KJ, Gerber LR. Applying a jurisdictional approach to support sustainable seafood. Conservat Sci and Prac 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- John N. Kittinger
- Conservation International Center for Oceans Honolulu Hawaii USA
- Global Futures Laboratory & School of Sustainability Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
- Conservation International Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science Arlington Virginia USA
| | - Miranda Bernard
- School of Life Sciences, Life Sciences Center Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Elena Finkbeiner
- Conservation International Center for Oceans Honolulu Hawaii USA
| | - Erin Murphy
- School of Life Sciences, Life Sciences Center Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Pablo Obregon
- Conservation International Center for Oceans Honolulu Hawaii USA
| | - Dane H. Klinger
- Conservation International Center for Oceans Honolulu Hawaii USA
- Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health Harvard University Boston Massachusetts USA
| | - Michael L. Schoon
- Global Futures Laboratory & School of Sustainability Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
- School of Sustainability Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
| | - Kevin J. Dooley
- The Sustainability Consortium Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University Scottsdale Arizona USA
| | - Leah R. Gerber
- School of Life Sciences, Life Sciences Center Arizona State University Tempe Arizona USA
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Cinner JE, Zamborain-Mason J, Gurney GG, Graham NAJ, MacNeil MA, Hoey AS, Mora C, Villéger S, Maire E, McClanahan TR, Maina JM, Kittinger JN, Hicks CC, D’agata S, Huchery C, Barnes ML, Feary DA, Williams ID, Kulbicki M, Vigliola L, Wantiez L, Edgar GJ, Stuart-Smith RD, Sandin SA, Green AL, Beger M, Friedlander AM, Wilson SK, Brokovich E, Brooks AJ, Cruz-Motta JJ, Booth DJ, Chabanet P, Tupper M, Ferse SCA, Sumaila UR, Hardt MJ, Mouillot D. Meeting fisheries, ecosystem function, and biodiversity goals in a human-dominated world. Science 2020; 368:307-311. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aax9412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide decline of coral reefs necessitates targeting management solutions that can sustain reefs and the livelihoods of the people who depend on them. However, little is known about the context in which different reef management tools can help to achieve multiple social and ecological goals. Because of nonlinearities in the likelihood of achieving combined fisheries, ecological function, and biodiversity goals along a gradient of human pressure, relatively small changes in the context in which management is implemented could have substantial impacts on whether these goals are likely to be met. Critically, management can provide substantial conservation benefits to most reefs for fisheries and ecological function, but not biodiversity goals, given their degraded state and the levels of human pressure they face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua E. Cinner
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jessica Zamborain-Mason
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Georgina G. Gurney
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Nicholas A. J. Graham
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, UK
| | | | - Andrew S. Hoey
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Camilo Mora
- University of Hawai‘i at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | | - Eva Maire
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, UK
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Joseph M. Maina
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, USA
- Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Christina C. Hicks
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire, UK
| | - Stephanie D’agata
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, NY, USA
- Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- ENTROPIE, IRD-UR-UNC-CNRS-IFREMER, La Réunion/New Caledonia, France
| | - Cindy Huchery
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michele L. Barnes
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Ivor D. Williams
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Michel Kulbicki
- ENTROPIE, IRD-UR-UNC-CNRS-IFREMER, La Réunion/New Caledonia, France
| | - Laurent Vigliola
- ENTROPIE, IRD-UR-UNC-CNRS-IFREMER, La Réunion/New Caledonia, France
| | - Laurent Wantiez
- ENTROPIE, IRD-UR-UNC-CNRS-IFREMER, La Réunion/New Caledonia, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Beger
- University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | | | - Shaun K. Wilson
- Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions, Kensington, WA, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Pascale Chabanet
- ENTROPIE, IRD-UR-UNC-CNRS-IFREMER, La Réunion/New Caledonia, France
| | - Mark Tupper
- University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, Hampshire, UK
| | | | | | | | - David Mouillot
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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4
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Jouffray JB, Wedding LM, Norström AV, Donovan MK, Williams GJ, Crowder LB, Erickson AL, Friedlander AM, Graham NAJ, Gove JM, Kappel CV, Kittinger JN, Lecky J, Oleson KLL, Selkoe KA, White C, Williams ID, Nyström M. Parsing human and biophysical drivers of coral reef regimes. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 286:20182544. [PMID: 30963937 PMCID: PMC6408596 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.2544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs worldwide face unprecedented cumulative anthropogenic effects of interacting local human pressures, global climate change and distal social processes. Reefs are also bound by the natural biophysical environment within which they exist. In this context, a key challenge for effective management is understanding how anthropogenic and biophysical conditions interact to drive distinct coral reef configurations. Here, we use machine learning to conduct explanatory predictions on reef ecosystems defined by both fish and benthic communities. Drawing on the most spatially extensive dataset available across the Hawaiian archipelago—20 anthropogenic and biophysical predictors over 620 survey sites—we model the occurrence of four distinct reef regimes and provide a novel approach to quantify the relative influence of human and environmental variables in shaping reef ecosystems. Our findings highlight the nuances of what underpins different coral reef regimes, the overwhelming importance of biophysical predictors and how a reef's natural setting may either expand or narrow the opportunity space for management interventions. The methods developed through this study can help inform reef practitioners and hold promises for replication across a broad range of ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Jouffray
- 1 Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden.,2 Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Academy Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Lisa M Wedding
- 3 Stanford Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305 , USA
| | - Albert V Norström
- 1 Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Mary K Donovan
- 4 Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa , Kaneohe, HI 96744 , USA
| | - Gareth J Williams
- 5 School of Ocean Sciences, Bangor University , Anglesey LL59 5AB , UK
| | - Larry B Crowder
- 6 Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University , Pacific Grove, CA 9395 , USA
| | - Ashley L Erickson
- 3 Stanford Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305 , USA
| | - Alan M Friedlander
- 7 Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society , Washington, DC 20036 , USA
| | - Nicholas A J Graham
- 8 Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , UK
| | - Jamison M Gove
- 9 Ecosystem Science Division, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration , Honolulu, HI, 96818 , USA
| | - Carrie V Kappel
- 10 National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara, CA 93101 , USA
| | - John N Kittinger
- 11 Center for Oceans, Conservation International , Honolulu, HI 96825 , USA.,12 Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University , Tempe, AZ 85281 , USA
| | - Joey Lecky
- 13 Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa , Honolulu, HI 96822 , USA
| | - Kirsten L L Oleson
- 13 Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa , Honolulu, HI 96822 , USA
| | - Kimberly A Selkoe
- 10 National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara , Santa Barbara, CA 93101 , USA
| | - Crow White
- 14 Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University , San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 , USA
| | - Ivor D Williams
- 9 Ecosystem Science Division, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration , Honolulu, HI, 96818 , USA
| | - Magnus Nyström
- 1 Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University , Stockholm , Sweden
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5
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Donovan MK, Friedlander AM, Lecky J, Jouffray JB, Williams GJ, Wedding LM, Crowder LB, Erickson AL, Graham NAJ, Gove JM, Kappel CV, Karr K, Kittinger JN, Norström AV, Nyström M, Oleson KLL, Stamoulis KA, White C, Williams ID, Selkoe KA. Combining fish and benthic communities into multiple regimes reveals complex reef dynamics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16943. [PMID: 30446687 PMCID: PMC6240066 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35057-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral reefs worldwide face an uncertain future with many reefs reported to transition from being dominated by corals to macroalgae. However, given the complexity and diversity of the ecosystem, research on how regimes vary spatially and temporally is needed. Reef regimes are most often characterised by their benthic components; however, complex dynamics are associated with losses and gains in both fish and benthic assemblages. To capture this complexity, we synthesised 3,345 surveys from Hawai'i to define reef regimes in terms of both fish and benthic assemblages. Model-based clustering revealed five distinct regimes that varied ecologically, and were spatially heterogeneous by island, depth and exposure. We identified a regime characteristic of a degraded state with low coral cover and fish biomass, one that had low coral but high fish biomass, as well as three other regimes that varied significantly in their ecology but were previously considered a single coral dominated regime. Analyses of time series data reflected complex system dynamics, with multiple transitions among regimes that were a function of both local and global stressors. Coupling fish and benthic communities into reef regimes to capture complex dynamics holds promise for monitoring reef change and guiding ecosystem-based management of coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary K Donovan
- Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Kaneohe, HI, 96744, USA.
| | | | - Joey Lecky
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.,Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, HI, 96818, USA
| | - Jean-Baptiste Jouffray
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Academy Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Lisa M Wedding
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Larry B Crowder
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Monterey, CA, 93950, USA
| | - Ashley L Erickson
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Nick A J Graham
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Jamison M Gove
- Ecosystem Sciences Division, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, HI, 96818, USA
| | - Carrie V Kappel
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
| | - Kendra Karr
- Oceans Program, Environmental Defense Fund, San Francisco, CA, 94105, USA
| | - John N Kittinger
- Center for Oceans, Conservation International, Honolulu, HI, 96825, USA.,Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Albert V Norström
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Nyström
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kirsten L L Oleson
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Kostantinos A Stamoulis
- Department of Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA.,Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Crow White
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 93407, USA
| | - Ivor D Williams
- Ecosystem Sciences Division, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, Honolulu, HI, 96818, USA
| | - Kimberly A Selkoe
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Transform Aqorau
- iTUNA Intel and Pacific Catalyst, Honiara, Solomon Islands.,School of Government, Development, and International Affairs, University of the South Pacific, Suva, Fiji.,Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Johann Bell
- Australian National Centre for Ocean Resources and Security, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. .,Center for Oceans, Conservation International, Honolulu, HI 96825, USA
| | - John N Kittinger
- Center for Oceans, Conservation International, Honolulu, HI 96825, USA.,Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Center for Biodiversity Outcomes, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
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7
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Pelletier N, Klinger DH, Sims NA, Yoshioka JR, Kittinger JN. Nutritional Attributes, Substitutability, Scalability, and Environmental Intensity of an Illustrative Subset of Current and Future Protein Sources for Aquaculture Feeds: Joint Consideration of Potential Synergies and Trade-offs. Environ Sci Technol 2018; 52:5532-5544. [PMID: 29634245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b05468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture is anticipated to play an increasingly important role in global food security because it may represent one of the best opportunities to increase the availability of healthy animal protein in the context of resource and environmental constraints. However, the growth and sustainability of the aquaculture industry faces important bottlenecks with respect to feed resources, which may be derived from diverse sources. Here, using a small but representative subset of potential aquafeed inputs (which we selected to highlight a range of relevant attributes), we review a core suite of considerations that need to be accommodated in concert in order to overcome key bottlenecks to the continued development and expansion of the aquaculture industry. Specifically, we evaluate the nutritional attributes, substitutability, scalability, and resource and environmental intensity of each input. On this basis, we illustrate a range of potential synergies and trade-offs within and across attributes that are characteristic of ingredient types. We posit that the recognition and management of such synergies and trade-offs is imperative to satisfying the multi-objective decision-making associated with sustainable increases in future aquaculture production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Pelletier
- 340 Fipke Centre for Innovative Research , University of British Columbia , 3247 University Way , Kelowna , British Columbia V1 V1 V7 , Canada
| | - Dane H Klinger
- Center on Food Security and the Environment , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
| | - Neil A Sims
- Kampachi Farms LLC , Kailua-Kona , Hawaii 96740 , United States
| | - Janice-Renee Yoshioka
- Conservation International , Center for Oceans , Honolulu , Hawaii 96825 , United States
| | - John N Kittinger
- Conservation International , Center for Oceans , Honolulu , Hawaii 96825 , United States
- Center for Biodiversity Outcomes, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85281 , United States
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8
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McCoy KS, Williams ID, Friedlander AM, Ma H, Teneva L, Kittinger JN. Estimating nearshore coral reef-associated fisheries production from the main Hawaiian Islands. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195840. [PMID: 29659616 PMCID: PMC5901996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, information on nearshore reef-associated fisheries is frequently disparate or incomplete, creating a challenge for effective management. This study utilized an existing non-commercial fishery dataset from Hawaiʻi, covering the period 2004–13, to estimate a variety of fundamental fishery parameters, including participation, effort, gear use, and catch per unit effort. We then used those data to reconstruct total catches per island. Non-commercial fisheries in this case comprise recreational, subsistence, and cultural harvest, which may be exchanged, but are not sold. By combining those data with reported commercial catch data, we estimated annual catch of nearshore reef-associated fisheries in the main Hawaiian Islands over the study period to be 1,167,758 ± 43,059 kg year-1 (mean ± standard error). Average annual commercial reef fish catch over the same time period—184,911 kg year-1—was 16% of the total catch, but that proportion varied greatly among islands, ranging from 23% on Oʻahu to 5% on Molokaʻi. These results emphasize the importance of reef fishing in Hawaiʻi for reasons beyond commerce, such as food security and cultural practice, and highlight the large differences in fishing practices across the Hawaiian Islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylyn S. McCoy
- Joint Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Research, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of America
- Fisheries Ecology Research Lab, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of America
- Ecosystem Sciences Division, Coral Reef Ecosystem Program, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Ivor D. Williams
- Ecosystem Sciences Division, Coral Reef Ecosystem Program, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of America
| | - Alan M. Friedlander
- Fisheries Ecology Research Lab, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of America
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Hongguang Ma
- Fisheries Research and Monitoring Division, Insular Fisheries Monitoring Program, Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of America
| | - Lida Teneva
- Conservation International, Center for Oceans, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of America
| | - John N. Kittinger
- Conservation International, Center for Oceans, Honolulu, Hawaiʻi, United States of America
- Arizona State University, Center for Biodiversity Outcomes, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Life Sciences Center, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
- Conservation International, Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science, Arlington, Virginia, United States of America
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9
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Wedding LM, Lecky J, Gove JM, Walecka HR, Donovan MK, Williams GJ, Jouffray JB, Crowder LB, Erickson A, Falinski K, Friedlander AM, Kappel CV, Kittinger JN, McCoy K, Norström A, Nyström M, Oleson KLL, Stamoulis KA, White C, Selkoe KA. Advancing the integration of spatial data to map human and natural drivers on coral reefs. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0189792. [PMID: 29494613 PMCID: PMC5832214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A major challenge for coral reef conservation and management is understanding how a wide range of interacting human and natural drivers cumulatively impact and shape these ecosystems. Despite the importance of understanding these interactions, a methodological framework to synthesize spatially explicit data of such drivers is lacking. To fill this gap, we established a transferable data synthesis methodology to integrate spatial data on environmental and anthropogenic drivers of coral reefs, and applied this methodology to a case study location-the Main Hawaiian Islands (MHI). Environmental drivers were derived from time series (2002-2013) of climatological ranges and anomalies of remotely sensed sea surface temperature, chlorophyll-a, irradiance, and wave power. Anthropogenic drivers were characterized using empirically derived and modeled datasets of spatial fisheries catch, sedimentation, nutrient input, new development, habitat modification, and invasive species. Within our case study system, resulting driver maps showed high spatial heterogeneity across the MHI, with anthropogenic drivers generally greatest and most widespread on O'ahu, where 70% of the state's population resides, while sedimentation and nutrients were dominant in less populated islands. Together, the spatial integration of environmental and anthropogenic driver data described here provides a first-ever synthetic approach to visualize how the drivers of coral reef state vary in space and demonstrates a methodological framework for implementation of this approach in other regions of the world. By quantifying and synthesizing spatial drivers of change on coral reefs, we provide an avenue for further research to understand how drivers determine reef diversity and resilience, which can ultimately inform policies to protect coral reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Wedding
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Joey Lecky
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, United States of America
- Ecosystem Sciences Division, NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, United States of America
| | - Jamison M. Gove
- Ecosystem Sciences Division, NOAA Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, United States of America
| | - Hilary R. Walecka
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Mary K. Donovan
- Fisheries Ecology Research Lab, Department of Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, United States of America
| | | | | | - Larry B. Crowder
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Ashley Erickson
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Kim Falinski
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, United States of America
| | - Alan M. Friedlander
- Fisheries Ecology Research Lab, Department of Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, United States of America
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Carrie V. Kappel
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - John N. Kittinger
- Conservation International, Center for Oceans, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, United States of America
- Arizona State University, Center for Biodiversity Outcomes, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Kaylyn McCoy
- Fisheries Ecology Research Lab, Department of Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, United States of America
| | - Albert Norström
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Academy Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Nyström
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Academy Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kirsten L. L. Oleson
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, United States of America
| | - Kostantinos A. Stamoulis
- Fisheries Ecology Research Lab, Department of Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai‘i, United States of America
- Curtin University, Department of Environment and Agriculture, Perth, Australia
| | - Crow White
- Biological Sciences Department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California, United States of America
| | - Kimberly A. Selkoe
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Kāne‘ohe, Hawai‘i, United States of America
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10
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Delaney DG, Teneva LT, Stamoulis KA, Giddens JL, Koike H, Ogawa T, Friedlander AM, Kittinger JN. Patterns in artisanal coral reef fisheries revealed through local monitoring efforts. PeerJ 2017; 5:e4089. [PMID: 29226033 PMCID: PMC5719965 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustainable fisheries management is key to restoring and maintaining ecological function and benefits to people, but it requires accurate information about patterns of resource use, particularly fishing pressure. In most coral reef fisheries and other data-poor contexts, obtaining such information is challenging and remains an impediment to effective management. We developed the most comprehensive regional view of shore-based fishing effort and catch published to date, to show detailed fishing patterns from across the main Hawaiian Islands (MHI). We reveal these regional patterns through fisher "creel" surveys conducted by local communities, state agencies, academics, and/or environmental organizations, at 18 sites, comprising >10,000 h of monitoring across a range of habitats and human influences throughout the MHI. All creel surveys included in this study except for one were previously published in some form (peer-reviewed articles or gray literature reports). Here, we synthesize these studies to document spatial patterns in nearshore fisheries catch, effort, catch rates (i.e., catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE)), and catch disposition (i.e., use of fish after catch is landed). This effort provides for a description of general regional patterns based on these location-specific studies. Line fishing was by far the dominant gear type employed. The most efficient gear (i.e., highest CPUE) was spear (0.64 kg h-1), followed closely by net (0.61 kg h-1), with CPUE for line (0.16 kg h-1) substantially lower than the other two methods. Creel surveys also documented illegal fishing activity across the studied locations, although these activities were not consistent across sites. Overall, most of the catch was not sold, but rather retained for home consumption or given away to extended family, which suggests that cultural practices and food security may be stronger drivers of fishing effort than commercial exploitation for coral reef fisheries in Hawai'i. Increased monitoring of spatial patterns in nearshore fisheries can inform targeted management, and can help communities develop a more informed understanding of the drivers of marine resource harvest and the state of the resources, in order to maintain these fisheries for food security, cultural practices, and ecological value.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Delaney
- Department of Biology, Fisheries Ecology Research Laboratory, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, USA.,Delaney Aquatic Consulting LLC, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Lida T Teneva
- Center for Oceans, Conservation International, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Kostantinos A Stamoulis
- Department of Biology, Fisheries Ecology Research Laboratory, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, USA.,Department of Environment and Agriculture, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jonatha L Giddens
- Department of Biology, Fisheries Ecology Research Laboratory, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Haruko Koike
- Department of Biology, Fisheries Ecology Research Laboratory, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, USA.,Division of Aquatic Resources (DAR), Department of Land and Natural Resources, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Tom Ogawa
- Division of Aquatic Resources (DAR), Department of Land and Natural Resources, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Alan M Friedlander
- Department of Biology, Fisheries Ecology Research Laboratory, University of Hawai'i, Honolulu, HI, USA.,Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA
| | - John N Kittinger
- Center for Oceans, Conservation International, Honolulu, HI, USA.,Center for Biodiversity Outcomes, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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11
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Grafeld S, Oleson KLL, Teneva L, Kittinger JN. Follow that fish: Uncovering the hidden blue economy in coral reef fisheries. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182104. [PMID: 28771508 PMCID: PMC5542444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite their importance for human well-being, nearshore fisheries are often data poor, undervalued, and underappreciated in policy and development programs. We assess the value chain for nearshore Hawaiian coral reef fisheries, mapping post-catch distribution and disposition, and quantifying associated monetary, food security, and cultural values. We estimate that the total annual value of the nearshore fishery in Hawaiʻi is $10.3-$16.4 million, composed of non-commercial ($7.2-$12.9 million) and commercial ($2.97 million licensed + $148,500-$445,500 unlicensed) catch. Hawaii’s nearshore fisheries provide >7 million meals annually, with most (>5 million) from the non-commercial sector. Over a third (36%) of meals were planktivores, 26% piscivores, 21% primary consumers, and 18% secondary consumers. Only 62% of licensed commercial catch is accounted for in purchase reports, leaving 38% of landings unreported in sales. Value chains are complex, with major buyers for the commercial fishery including grocery stores (66%), retailers (19%), wholesalers (14%), and restaurants (<1%), who also trade and sell amongst themselves. The bulk of total nearshore catch (72–74%) follows a short value chain, with non-commercial fishers keeping catch for household consumption or community sharing. A small amount (~37,000kg) of reef fish—the equivalent of 1.8% of local catch—is imported annually into Hawaiʻi, 23,000kg of which arrives as passenger luggage on commercial flights from Micronesia. Evidence of exports to the US mainland exists, but is unquantifiable given existing data. Hawaiian nearshore fisheries support fundamental cultural values including subsistence, activity, traditional knowledge, and social cohesion. These small-scale coral reef fisheries provide large-scale benefits to the economy, food security, and cultural practices of Hawaiʻi, underscoring the need for sustainable management. This research highlights the value of information on the value chain for small-scale production systems, making the hidden economy of these fisheries visible and illuminating a range of conservation interventions applicable to Hawaiʻi and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna Grafeld
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Kirsten L. L. Oleson
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Lida Teneva
- Conservation International, Center for Oceans, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - John N. Kittinger
- Conservation International, Center for Oceans, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Arizona State University, Center for Biodiversity Outcomes, Julie Ann Wrigley Global Institute of Sustainability, Life Sciences Center, Tempe, Arizona
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12
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Kittinger JN, Teh LCL, Allison EH, Bennett NJ, Crowder LB, Finkbeiner EM, Hicks C, Scarton CG, Nakamura K, Ota Y, Young J, Alifano A, Apel A, Arbib A, Bishop L, Boyle M, Cisneros-Montemayor AM, Hunter P, Le Cornu E, Levine M, Jones RS, Koehn JZ, Marschke M, Mason JG, Micheli F, McClenachan L, Opal C, Peacey J, Peckham SH, Schemmel E, Solis-Rivera V, Swartz W, Wilhelm T'A. Committing to socially responsible seafood. Science 2017; 356:912-913. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aam9969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jhana Young
- See supplementary materials for author affiliations
| | | | - Ashley Apel
- See supplementary materials for author affiliations
| | | | - Lori Bishop
- See supplementary materials for author affiliations
| | - Mariah Boyle
- See supplementary materials for author affiliations
| | | | | | | | - Max Levine
- See supplementary materials for author affiliations
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eva Schemmel
- See supplementary materials for author affiliations
| | | | - Wilf Swartz
- See supplementary materials for author affiliations
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13
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Cinner JE, Huchery C, MacNeil MA, Graham NA, McClanahan TR, Maina J, Maire E, Kittinger JN, Hicks CC, Mora C, Allison EH, D’Agata S, Hoey A, Feary DA, Crowder L, Williams ID, Kulbicki M, Vigliola L, Wantiez L, Edgar G, Stuart-Smith RD, Sandin SA, Green AL, Hardt MJ, Beger M, Friedlander A, Campbell SJ, Holmes KE, Wilson SK, Brokovich E, Brooks AJ, Cruz-Motta JJ, Booth DJ, Chabanet P, Gough C, Tupper M, Ferse SCA, Sumaila UR, Mouillot D. Bright spots among the world’s coral reefs. Nature 2016; 535:416-9. [PMID: 27309809 DOI: 10.1038/nature18607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Kittinger JN, Teneva LT, Koike H, Stamoulis KA, Kittinger DS, Oleson KLL, Conklin E, Gomes M, Wilcox B, Friedlander AM. From Reef to Table: Social and Ecological Factors Affecting Coral Reef Fisheries, Artisanal Seafood Supply Chains, and Seafood Security. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123856. [PMID: 26244910 PMCID: PMC4526684 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean and coastal ecosystems provide critical fisheries, coastal protection, and cultural benefits to communities worldwide, but these services are diminishing due to local and global threats. In response, place-based strategies involve communities and resource users in management have proliferated. Here, we present a transferable community-based approach to assess the social and ecological factors affecting resource sustainability and food security in a small-scale, coral reef fishery. Our results show that this small-scale fishery provides large-scale benefits to communities, including 7,353 ± 1547 kg yr(-1) (mean ± SE) of seafood per year, equating to >30,000 meals with an economic value of $78,432. The vast majority of the catch is used for subsistence, contributing to community food security: 58% is kept, 33.5% is given away, and 8.5% is sold. Our spatial analysis assesses the geographic distribution of community beneficiaries from the fishery (the "food shed" for the fishery), and we document that 20% of seafood procured from the fishery is used for sociocultural events that are important for social cohesion. This approach provides a method for assessing social, economic, and cultural values provided by small-scale food systems, as well as important contributions to food security, with significant implications for conservation and management. This interdisciplinary effort aims to demonstrate a transferable participatory research approach useful for resource-dependent communities as they cope with socioeconomic, cultural, and environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N. Kittinger
- Conservation International, Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science and Oceans, 7192 Kalaniana‘ole Hwy, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, 99 Pacific Street, Monterey, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lida T. Teneva
- Conservation International, Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science and Oceans, 7192 Kalaniana‘ole Hwy, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Haruko Koike
- Fisheries Ecology Research Lab, Department of Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Kostantinos A. Stamoulis
- Fisheries Ecology Research Lab, Department of Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Daniela S. Kittinger
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, 99 Pacific Street, Monterey, California, United States of America
| | - Kirsten L. L. Oleson
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Management, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Eric Conklin
- The Nature Conservancy of Hawai‘i, 923 Nu‘uanu Avenue, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Mahana Gomes
- Hui Aloha Kīholo, Kīholo Bay, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Bart Wilcox
- Hui Aloha Kīholo, Kīholo Bay, Hawaii, United States of America
| | - Alan M. Friedlander
- Fisheries Ecology Research Lab, Department of Biology, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States of America
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
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15
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Wedding LM, Reiter SM, Smith CR, Gjerde KM, Kittinger JN, Friedlander AM, Gaines SD, Clark MR, Thurnherr AM, Hardy SM, Crowder LB. OCEANS. Managing mining of the deep seabed. Science 2015; 349:144-5. [PMID: 26160934 DOI: 10.1126/science.aac6647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L M Wedding
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - S M Reiter
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, CA, USA
| | - C R Smith
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii at Manoa, HI, USA.
| | - K M Gjerde
- Middlebury Institute for International Studies, Monterey, CA, USA. Wycliffe Management, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J N Kittinger
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA. Conservation International, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - A M Friedlander
- Pristine Seas, National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA. Fisheries Ecology Research Lab, Department of Biology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, HI, USA
| | - S D Gaines
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - M R Clark
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - A M Thurnherr
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - S M Hardy
- School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences, University of Alaska-Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | - L B Crowder
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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16
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Aguilera SE, Cole J, Finkbeiner EM, Le Cornu E, Ban NC, Carr MH, Cinner JE, Crowder LB, Gelcich S, Hicks CC, Kittinger JN, Martone R, Malone D, Pomeroy C, Starr RM, Seram S, Zuercher R, Broad K. Managing small-scale commercial fisheries for adaptive capacity: insights from dynamic social-ecological drivers of change in Monterey Bay. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118992. [PMID: 25790464 PMCID: PMC4366077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, small-scale fisheries are influenced by dynamic climate, governance, and market drivers, which present social and ecological challenges and opportunities. It is difficult to manage fisheries adaptively for fluctuating drivers, except to allow participants to shift effort among multiple fisheries. Adapting to changing conditions allows small-scale fishery participants to survive economic and environmental disturbances and benefit from optimal conditions. This study explores the relative influence of large-scale drivers on shifts in effort and outcomes among three closely linked fisheries in Monterey Bay since the Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Conservation and Management Act of 1976. In this region, Pacific sardine (Sardinops sagax), northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax), and market squid (Loligo opalescens) fisheries comprise a tightly linked system where shifting focus among fisheries is a key element to adaptive capacity and reduced social and ecological vulnerability. Using a cluster analysis of landings, we identify four modes from 1974 to 2012 that are dominated (i.e., a given species accounting for the plurality of landings) by squid, sardine, anchovy, or lack any dominance, and seven points of transition among these periods. This approach enables us to determine which drivers are associated with each mode and each transition. Overall, we show that market and climate drivers are predominantly attributed to dominance transitions. Model selection of external drivers indicates that governance phases, reflected as perceived abundance, dictate long-term outcomes. Our findings suggest that globally, small-scale fishery managers should consider enabling shifts in effort among fisheries and retaining existing flexibility, as adaptive capacity is a critical determinant for social and ecological resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy E. Aguilera
- Leonard and Jayne Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, 1365 Memorial Drive, Ungar Building 230M, Coral Gables, FL 33124, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Cole
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, 120 Oceanview Blvd., Pacific Grove, CA 93950, United States of America
| | - Elena M. Finkbeiner
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, 120 Oceanview Blvd., Pacific Grove, CA 93950, United States of America
| | - Elodie Le Cornu
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, 99 Pacific Street, Suite 555E, Monterey, CA 93940, United States of America
| | - Natalie C. Ban
- School of Environmental Studies, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 STN CSC, Victoria, BC V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Mark H. Carr
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, United States of America
| | - Joshua E. Cinner
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Larry B. Crowder
- Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, 120 Oceanview Blvd., Pacific Grove, CA 93950, United States of America
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, 99 Pacific Street, Suite 555E, Monterey, CA 93940, United States of America
| | - Stefan Gelcich
- Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES) & Centro de Conservacion Marina, Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Chile
| | - Christina C. Hicks
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, 99 Pacific Street, Suite 555E, Monterey, CA 93940, United States of America
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - John N. Kittinger
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, 99 Pacific Street, Suite 555E, Monterey, CA 93940, United States of America
- Conservation International, Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science and Oceans, 7192 Kalanianaole Hwy, Ste G-230, Honolulu, Hawaii 96825, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Martone
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, 99 Pacific Street, Suite 555E, Monterey, CA 93940, United States of America
| | - Daniel Malone
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, United States of America
| | - Carrie Pomeroy
- University of California Sea Grant Extension Program and Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California Santa Cruz, Center for Ocean Health, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, United States of America
| | - Richard M. Starr
- University of California Sea Grant Extension Program, Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, 8272 Moss Landing Road, Moss Landing, California 95039, United States of America
| | - Sanah Seram
- McGill School of Environment, McGill University, 3534 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2A7, Canada
| | - Rachel Zuercher
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Santa Cruz, Long Marine Lab, 100 Shaffer Road, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Broad
- Leonard and Jayne Abess Center for Ecosystem Science and Policy, University of Miami, 1365 Memorial Drive, Ungar Building 230M, Coral Gables, FL 33124, United States of America
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17
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Jouffray JB, Nyström M, Norström AV, Williams ID, Wedding LM, Kittinger JN, Williams GJ. Identifying multiple coral reef regimes and their drivers across the Hawaiian archipelago. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20130268. [PMCID: PMC4247404 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Loss of coral reef resilience can lead to dramatic changes in benthic structure, often called regime shifts, which significantly alter ecosystem processes and functioning. In the face of global change and increasing direct human impacts, there is an urgent need to anticipate and prevent undesirable regime shifts and, conversely, to reverse shifts in already degraded reef systems. Such challenges require a better understanding of the human and natural drivers that support or undermine different reef regimes. The Hawaiian archipelago extends across a wide gradient of natural and anthropogenic conditions and provides us a unique opportunity to investigate the relationships between multiple reef regimes, their dynamics and potential drivers. We applied a combination of exploratory ordination methods and inferential statistics to one of the most comprehensive coral reef datasets available in order to detect, visualize and define potential multiple ecosystem regimes. This study demonstrates the existence of three distinct reef regimes dominated by hard corals, turf algae or macroalgae. Results from boosted regression trees show nonlinear patterns among predictors that help to explain the occurrence of these regimes, and highlight herbivore biomass as the key driver in addition to effluent, latitude and depth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Jouffray
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere Academy Programme, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, PO Box 50005, Stockholm 104 05, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Magnus Nyström
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Albert V. Norström
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Ivor D. Williams
- Coral Reef Ecosystem Division (CRED), Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC), National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, 1125B Ala Moana Boulevard, Honolulu, HI 96814, USA
| | - Lisa M. Wedding
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, 99 Pacific Street, Suite 555E, Monterey, CA 93940, USA
| | - John N. Kittinger
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, 99 Pacific Street, Suite 555E, Monterey, CA 93940, USA
- Conservation International, Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science and Oceans, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Gareth J. Williams
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gillman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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18
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Kelly RP, Erickson AL, Mease LA, Battista W, Kittinger JN, Fujita R. Embracing thresholds for better environmental management. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 370:20130276. [PMCID: PMC4247410 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Three decades of study have revealed dozens of examples in which natural systems have crossed biophysical thresholds (‘tipping points’)—nonlinear changes in ecosystem structure and function—as a result of human-induced stressors, dramatically altering ecosystem function and services. Environmental management that avoids such thresholds could prevent severe social, economic and environmental impacts. Here, we review management measures implemented in ecological systems that have thresholds. Using Ostrom's social–ecological systems framework, we analysed key biophysical and institutional factors associated with 51 social–ecological systems and associated management regimes, and related these to management success defined by ecological outcomes. We categorized cases as instances of prospective or retrospective management, based upon whether management aimed to avoid a threshold or to restore systems that have crossed a threshold. We find that smaller systems are more amenable to threshold-based management, that routine monitoring is associated with successful avoidance of thresholds and recovery after thresholds have been crossed, and that success is associated with the explicit threshold-based management. These findings are powerful evidence for the policy relevance of information on ecological thresholds across a wide range of ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Kelly
- School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 93940, USA
| | - Ashley L. Erickson
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 93940, USA
| | - Lindley A. Mease
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 93940, USA
| | - Willow Battista
- School of Marine and Environmental Affairs, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - John N. Kittinger
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 93940, USA
| | - Rod Fujita
- Environmental Defense Fund, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA
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19
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Finkbeiner EM, Ayers AL, Kittinger JN, Crowder LB. A Comparison of Small-Scale Fisheries Governability: Baja California Sur, Mexico and the Hawaiian Islands. MARE Publication Series 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17034-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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20
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Le Cornu E, Kittinger JN, Koehn JZ, Finkbeiner EM, Crowder LB. Current practice and future prospects for social data in coastal and ocean planning. Conserv Biol 2014; 28:902-911. [PMID: 24779578 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Coastal and ocean planning comprises a broad field of practice. The goals, political processes, and approaches applied to planning initiatives may vary widely. However, all planning processes ultimately require adequate information on both the biophysical and social attributes of a planning region. In coastal and ocean planning practice, there are well-established methods to assess biophysical attributes; however, less is understood about the role and assessment of social data. We conducted the first global assessment of the incorporation of social data in coastal and ocean planning. We drew on a comprehensive review of planning initiatives and a survey of coastal and ocean practitioners. There was significantly more incorporation of social data in multiuse versus conservation-oriented planning. Practitioners engaged a wide range of social data, including governance, economic, and cultural attributes of planning regions and human impacts data. Less attention was given to ecosystem services and social-ecological linkages, both of which could improve coastal and ocean planning practice. Although practitioners recognize the value of social data, little funding is devoted to its collection and incorporation in plans. Increased capacity and sophistication in acquiring critical social and ecological data for planning is necessary to develop plans for more resilient coastal and ocean ecosystems and communities. We suggest that improving social data monitoring, and in particular spatial social data, to complement biophysical data, is necessary for providing holistic information for decision-support tools and other methods. Moving beyond people as impacts to people as beneficiaries, through ecosystem services assessments, holds much potential to better incorporate the tenets of ecosystem-based management into coastal and ocean planning by providing targets for linked biodiversity conservation and human welfare outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Le Cornu
- Center for Ocean Solutions, Stanford University, Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment, 99 Pacific Street, Suite 555E, Monterey, CA, 93940, U.S.A.; Université Paul Valéry Montpellier III, Route de Mende, 34090, Montpellier, France
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Friedlander AM, Stamoulis KA, Kittinger JN, Drazen JC, Tissot BN. Understanding the scale of Marine protection in Hawai'i: from community-based management to the remote Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Adv Mar Biol 2014; 69:153-203. [PMID: 25358300 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800214-8.00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ancient Hawaiians developed a sophisticated natural resource management system that included various forms of spatial management. Today there exists in Hawai'i a variety of spatial marine management strategies along a range of scales, with varying degrees of effectiveness. State-managed no-take areas make up less than 0.4% of nearshore waters, resulting in limited ecological and social benefits. There is increasing interest among communities and coastal stakeholders in integrating aspects of customary Hawaiian knowledge into contemporary co-management. A network of no-take reserves for aquarium fish on Hawai'i Island is a stakeholder-driven, adaptive management strategy that has been successful in achieving ecological objectives and economic benefits. A network of large-scale no-take areas for deepwater (100-400m) bottomfishes suffered from a lack of adequate data during their initiation; however, better technology, more ecological data, and stakeholder input have resulted in improvements and the ecological benefits are becoming clear. Finally, the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM) is currently the single largest conservation area in the United States, and one of the largest in the world. It is considered an unqualified success and is managed under a new model of collaborative governance. These case studies allow an examination of the effects of scale on spatial marine management in Hawai'i and beyond that illustrate the advantages and shortcomings of different management strategies. Ultimately a marine spatial planning framework should be applied that incorporates existing marine managed areas to create a holistic, regional, multi-use zoning plan engaging stakeholders at all levels in order to maximize resilience of ecosystems and communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Friedlander
- Fisheries Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA; National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kostantinos A Stamoulis
- Fisheries Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - John N Kittinger
- Conservation International, Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science and Oceans, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Drazen
- Department of Oceanography, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Brian N Tissot
- Marine Laboratory, Humboldt State University, Trinidad, CA, USA
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Wedding LM, Friedlander AM, Kittinger JN, Watling L, Gaines SD, Bennett M, Hardy SM, Smith CR. From principles to practice: a spatial approach to systematic conservation planning in the deep sea. Proc Biol Sci 2013; 280:20131684. [PMID: 24197407 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2013.1684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increases in the demand and price for industrial metals, combined with advances in technological capabilities have now made deep-sea mining more feasible and economically viable. In order to balance economic interests with the conservation of abyssal plain ecosystems, it is becoming increasingly important to develop a systematic approach to spatial management and zoning of the deep sea. Here, we describe an expert-driven systematic conservation planning process applied to inform science-based recommendations to the International Seabed Authority for a system of deep-sea marine protected areas (MPAs) to safeguard biodiversity and ecosystem function in an abyssal Pacific region targeted for nodule mining (e.g. the Clarion-Clipperton fracture zone, CCZ). Our use of geospatial analysis and expert opinion in forming the recommendations allowed us to stratify the proposed network by biophysical gradients, maximize the number of biologically unique seamounts within each subregion, and minimize socioeconomic impacts. The resulting proposal for an MPA network (nine replicate 400 × 400 km MPAs) covers 24% (1 440 000 km(2)) of the total CCZ planning region and serves as example of swift and pre-emptive conservation planning across an unprecedented area in the deep sea. As pressure from resource extraction increases in the future, the scientific guiding principles outlined in this research can serve as a basis for collaborative international approaches to ocean management.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Wedding
- Department of Geography, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, , 445 Saunders Hall, 2424 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA, NOAA Biogeography Branch, , 1305 East-West Hwy, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA, Department of Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, , Edmondson Hall, 2538 McCarthy Mall, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA, Department of Oceanography, School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, , 1000 Pope Road, Marine Science Building 205, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA, Department of Ecology, Evolution and Marine Biology, Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California at Santa Barbara, , 2400 Bren Hall, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-5131, USA, Center for Ocean Solutions, Woods Institute for the Environment, Stanford University, , 99 Pacific Street, Suite 555E, Monterey, CA 93940, USA
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Foley MM, Armsby MH, Prahler EE, Caldwell MR, Erickson AL, Kittinger JN, Crowder LB, Levin PS. Improving Ocean Management through the Use of Ecological Principles and Integrated Ecosystem Assessments. Bioscience 2013. [DOI: 10.1525/bio.2013.63.8.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Van Houtan KS, Kittinger JN, Lawrence AL, Yoshinaga C, Born VR, Fox A. Hawksbill Sea Turtles in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2012. [DOI: 10.2744/ccb-0984.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Kittinger JN, Bambico TM, Watson TK, Glazier EW. Sociocultural significance of the endangered Hawaiian monk seal and the human dimensions of conservation planning. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3354/esr00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Kittinger JN, Pandolfi JM, Blodgett JH, Hunt TL, Jiang H, Maly K, McClenachan LE, Schultz JK, Wilcox BA. Historical reconstruction reveals recovery in Hawaiian coral reefs. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25460. [PMID: 21991311 PMCID: PMC3184997 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Coral reef ecosystems are declining worldwide, yet regional differences in the trajectories, timing and extent of degradation highlight the need for in-depth regional case studies to understand the factors that contribute to either ecosystem sustainability or decline. We reconstructed social-ecological interactions in Hawaiian coral reef environments over 700 years using detailed datasets on ecological conditions, proximate anthropogenic stressor regimes and social change. Here we report previously undetected recovery periods in Hawaiian coral reefs, including a historical recovery in the MHI (~AD 1400-1820) and an ongoing recovery in the NWHI (~AD 1950-2009+). These recovery periods appear to be attributed to a complex set of changes in underlying social systems, which served to release reefs from direct anthropogenic stressor regimes. Recovery at the ecosystem level is associated with reductions in stressors over long time periods (decades+) and large spatial scales (>10(3) km(2)). Our results challenge conventional assumptions and reported findings that human impacts to ecosystems are cumulative and lead only to long-term trajectories of environmental decline. In contrast, recovery periods reveal that human societies have interacted sustainably with coral reef environments over long time periods, and that degraded ecosystems may still retain the adaptive capacity and resilience to recover from human impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Kittinger
- Department of Geography, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, United States of America.
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Kittinger JN, Coontz KM, Yuan Z, Han D, Zhao X, Wilcox BA. Toward holistic evaluation and assessment: linking ecosystems and human well-being for the three gorges dam. Ecohealth 2009; 6:601-613. [PMID: 20217182 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-010-0285-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A significant challenge exists in assessing the social and ecological impacts of development projects in a holistic and comprehensive manner. Our objective is to elucidate the linkages between ecological change and human well-being, and its importance in integrated assessment policy for development projects, using the Three Gorges Dam (China) as a case study. A collaborative research initiative was undertaken to review and synthesize published information on the ecological and human health effects of the Three Gorges Dam. Our synthesis suggests that the Three Gorges Dam has altered social-ecological dynamics of human health and ecosystem function in the Yangtze River basin with significant consequences for human well-being. Direct impacts to human well-being were grouped into four primary categories, including: (1) toxicological impacts; (2) shifting infectious disease dynamics; (3) natural hazards; and (4) social health. Social-ecological relationships were altered in complex ways, with both direct and indirect effects, positive and negative interactions, and chronic and acute impacts on human well-being. Our synthesis supports a comprehensive evaluation of development projects via integrated assessments of human and environmental consequences. This is probably best achieved through a coupled social-environmental impact assessment to ensure holistic and comprehensive analyses of expected costs and benefits. The role of research can thereby be to elucidate the linkages between ecosystems and human health to better inform the assessment process. A synthesis of the existing information on the Three Gorges suggests that this is best achieved through institutional collaboration and transdisciplinary integration of expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N Kittinger
- Department of Geography, NSF IGERT Program in Ecology, Conservation & Pathogen Biology, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 445 Saunders Hall, 2424 Maile Way, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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