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Privatt SR, Braga CP, Johnson A, Lidenge SJ, Berry L, Ngowi JR, Ngalamika O, Chapple AG, Mwaiselage J, Wood C, West JT, Adamec J. Comparative polar and lipid plasma metabolomics differentiate KSHV infection and disease states. Cancer Metab 2023; 11:13. [PMID: 37653396 PMCID: PMC10470137 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-023-00316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a neoplastic disease etiologically associated with infection by the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). KS manifests primarily as cutaneous lesions in individuals due to either age (classical KS), HIV infection (epidemic KS), or tissue rejection preventatives in transplantation (iatrogenic KS) but can also occur in individuals, predominantly in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), lacking any obvious immune suppression (endemic KS). The high endemicity of KSHV and human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) co-infection in Africa results in KS being one of the top 5 cancers there. As with most viral cancers, infection with KSHV alone is insufficient to induce tumorigenesis. Indeed, KSHV infection of primary human endothelial cell cultures, even at high levels, is rarely associated with long-term culture, transformation, or growth deregulation, yet infection in vivo is sustained for life. Investigations of immune mediators that distinguish KSHV infection, KSHV/HIV co-infection, and symptomatic KS disease have yet to reveal consistent correlates of protection against or progression to KS. In addition to viral infection, it is plausible that pathogenesis also requires an immunological and metabolic environment permissive to the abnormal endothelial cell growth evident in KS tumors. In this study, we explored whether plasma metabolomes could differentiate asymptomatic KSHV-infected individuals with or without HIV co-infection and symptomatic KS from each other. METHODS To investigate how metabolic changes may correlate with co-infections and tumorigenesis, plasma samples derived from KSHV seropositive sub-Saharan African subjects in three groups, (A) asymptomatic (lacking neoplastic disease) with KSHV infection only, (B) asymptomatic co-infected with KSHV and HIV, and (C) symptomatic with clinically diagnosed KS, were subjected to analysis of lipid and polar metabolite profiles RESULTS: Polar and nonpolar plasma metabolic differentials were evident in both comparisons. Integration of the metabolic findings with our previously reported KS transcriptomics data suggests dysregulation of amino acid/urea cycle and purine metabolic pathways, in concert with viral infection in KS disease progression. CONCLUSIONS This study is, to our knowledge, the first to report human plasma metabolic differentials between in vivo KSHV infection and co-infection with HIV, as well as differentials between co-infection and epidemic KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Privatt
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Alicia Johnson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Salum J Lidenge
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Luke Berry
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Redox Biology Center, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - John R Ngowi
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Owen Ngalamika
- Dermatology and Venereology Section, Adult Hospital of the University Teaching Hospitals, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Andrew G Chapple
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Julius Mwaiselage
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Charles Wood
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - John T West
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
| | - Jiri Adamec
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Ngalamika O, Lidenge SJ, Mukasine MC, Kawimbe M, Kamanzi P, Ngowi JR, Mwaiselage J, Tso FY. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell and humoral immunity in individuals with and without HIV in an African population: a prospective cohort study. Int J Infect Dis 2023; 127:106-115. [PMID: 36516914 PMCID: PMC9741763 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2022.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To longitudinally compare SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell and humoral immune responses between convalescent individuals who are HIV-positive (HIV+) and HIV-negative (HIV-). METHODS We conducted enzyme-linked immunospots to determine the SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses to spike and nucleocapsid, membrane protein, and other open reading frame proteins (NMO), whereas an immunofluorescence assay was used to determine the humoral responses. Participants were sampled at baseline and after 8 weeks of follow-up. RESULTS Individuals who are HIV- had significantly more T cell responses to NMO and spike than individuals who are HIV+ at baseline, P-value = 0.026 and P-value = 0.029, respectively. At follow-up, T cell responses to NMO and spike in individuals who are HIV+ increased to levels comparable with individuals who are HIV-. T cell responses in the HIV- group significantly decreased from baseline levels at the time of follow-up (spike [P-value = 0.011] and NMO [P-value = 0.014]). A significantly higher number of individuals in the HIV+ group had an increase in T cell responses to spike (P-value = 0.01) and NMO (P-value = 0.026) during the follow-up period than the HIV- group. Antispike and antinucleocapsid antibody titers were high (1: 1280) and not significantly different between individuals who were HIV- and HIV+ at baseline. A significant decrease in antinucleocapsid titer was observed in the HIV- (P-value = 0.0001) and the HIV+ (P-value = 0.001) groups at follow-up. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was more effective in boosting the T cell than antibody responses shortly after infection. CONCLUSION There is an impairment of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immunity in individuals who are HIV+ with advanced immunosuppression. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell immune responses may be delayed in individuals who are HIV+, even in those on antiretroviral therapy. There is no difference in SARS-CoV-2-specific humoral immunity between individuals who are HIV- and HIV+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Ngalamika
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine, University Teaching Hospital, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia,HHV-8 Molecular Virology Laboratory, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia,Corresponding author: Tel: +260961406928
| | - Salum J. Lidenge
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar-es-Salam, Tanzania,Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar-es-Salam, Tanzania
| | | | - Musonda Kawimbe
- HHV-8 Molecular Virology Laboratory, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Patrick Kamanzi
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine, University Teaching Hospital, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Julius Mwaiselage
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar-es-Salam, Tanzania,Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar-es-Salam, Tanzania
| | - For Yue Tso
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, and The Stanley S Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
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Tso FY, Lidenge SJ, Ngowi JR, Peña PB, Clegg AA, Ngalamika O, Mwita CJ, Mwaiselage J, Wood C. Lower SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence among Cancer Patients in Sub-Saharan Africa. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11154428. [PMID: 35956046 PMCID: PMC9369079 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11154428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the high COVID-19 morbidity and mortality rates across the world, the reported rates in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), which has a higher burden of other infectious diseases and overwhelmed healthcare systems, remain relatively low. This study aims to better understand the potential factors that contribute to this phenomenon, especially among cancer patients who are considered as a high-risk group for developing severe COVID-19. METHODS Plasma samples collected during the COVID-19 pandemic from SARS-CoV-2 unvaccinated cancer and potential blood donor populations were analyzed for SARS-CoV-2 (spike and nucleocapsid proteins) antibodies by an immunofluorescence assay. The relationships between SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalences and study variables were determined using a logistic regression analysis. RESULTS High seroprevalence against the SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins were found among the SARS-CoV-2 unvaccinated COVID-19 pandemic populations in SSA. However, the cancer patients demonstrated a lower seroprevalence compared to potential blood donors. There was also an association between mild COVID-19 symptoms with prior tuberculosis vaccination among cancer patients. CONCLUSION Cancer patients in SSA tend to have a relatively lower SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence compared to potential blood donors recruited from the same geographic locations during the COVID-19 pandemic. More study is required to determine its cause and potential impact on SARS-CoV-2 vaccination among cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- For Yue Tso
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, and the Stanley S Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - Salum J. Lidenge
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 3592, Tanzania; (S.J.L.); (J.R.N.); (C.J.M.); (J.M.)
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 65001, Tanzania
| | - John R. Ngowi
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 3592, Tanzania; (S.J.L.); (J.R.N.); (C.J.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Phoebe B. Peña
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (P.B.P.); (A.A.C.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Ashley A. Clegg
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA; (P.B.P.); (A.A.C.)
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Owen Ngalamika
- Dermatology and Venereology Section, University Teaching Hospitals, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka P.O. Box 50110, Zambia;
| | - Chacha J. Mwita
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 3592, Tanzania; (S.J.L.); (J.R.N.); (C.J.M.); (J.M.)
| | - Julius Mwaiselage
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 3592, Tanzania; (S.J.L.); (J.R.N.); (C.J.M.); (J.M.)
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam P.O. Box 65001, Tanzania
| | - Charles Wood
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, and the Stanley S Scott Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Tso FY, Lidenge SJ, Poppe LK, Peña PB, Privatt SR, Bennett SJ, Ngowi JR, Mwaiselage J, Belshan M, Siedlik JA, Raine MA, Ochoa JB, Garcia-Diaz J, Nossaman B, Buckner L, Roberts WM, Dean MJ, Ochoa AC, West JT, Wood C. Presence of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 plasma. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247640. [PMID: 33661923 PMCID: PMC7932539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neutralizing-antibody (nAb) is the major focus of most ongoing COVID-19 vaccine trials. However, nAb response against SARS-CoV-2, when present, decays rapidly. Given the myriad roles of antibodies in immune responses, it is possible that antibodies could also mediate protection against SARS-CoV-2 via effector mechanisms such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), which we sought to explore here. Methods Plasma of 3 uninfected controls and 20 subjects exposed to, or recovering from, SARS-CoV-2 infection were collected from U.S. and sub-Saharan Africa. Immunofluorescence assay was used to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies in the plasma samples. SARS-CoV-2 specific neutralizing capability of these plasmas was assessed with SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped virus. ADCC activity was assessed with a calcein release assay. Results SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies were detected in all COVID-19 subjects studied. All but three COVID-19 subjects contained nAb at high potency (>80% neutralization). Plasma from 19/20 of COVID-19 subjects also demonstrated strong ADCC activity against SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein, including two individuals without nAb against SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion Both neutralizing and non-neutralizing COVID-19 plasmas can mediate ADCC. Our findings argue that evaluation of potential vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 should include investigation of the magnitude and durability of ADCC, in addition to nAb.
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Affiliation(s)
- For Yue Tso
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
| | - Salum J. Lidenge
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Lisa K. Poppe
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
| | - Phoebe B. Peña
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
| | - Sara R. Privatt
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
| | - Sydney J. Bennett
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
| | - John R. Ngowi
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Julius Mwaiselage
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Michael Belshan
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Jacob A. Siedlik
- Department of Exercise Science and Pre-Health Professions, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Morgan A. Raine
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States of America
| | - Juan B. Ochoa
- Department of Surgery, Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Julia Garcia-Diaz
- Department of Internal Medicine Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Bobby Nossaman
- Department of Internal Medicine Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Lyndsey Buckner
- Department of Internal Medicine Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - W. Mark Roberts
- Department of Internal Medicine Ochsner Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Dean
- Louisiana State University Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - Augusto C. Ochoa
- Louisiana State University Cancer Center, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics LSU Health, New Orleans, LA, United States of America
| | - John T. West
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
| | - Charles Wood
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Tso FY, Lidenge SJ, Peña PB, Clegg AA, Ngowi JR, Mwaiselage J, Ngalamika O, Julius P, West JT, Wood C. High prevalence of pre-existing serological cross-reactivity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in sub-Saharan Africa. Int J Infect Dis 2020; 102:577-583. [PMID: 33176202 PMCID: PMC7648883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.10.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Significant morbidity and mortality have occurred in the USA, Europe, and Asia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), whereas the numbers of infections and deaths in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) have remained comparatively low. It has been hypothesized that exposure of the population in SSA to other coronaviruses prior to the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in some degree of cross-protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis. We evaluated this hypothesis by comparing SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive antibodies in pre-pandemic plasma samples collected from SSA and the USA. Method Pre-COVID-19 pandemic plasma samples from SSA and the USA were collected and tested by immunofluorescence assay against the spike and nucleocapsid proteins of all known human coronaviruses (HCoVs). Results The prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 serological cross-reactivity was significantly higher in samples from SSA compared with the USA. Most of these cross-reactive samples cross-recognized the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and the spike proteins of other HCoVs. Nucleocapsid proteins from HCoV-NL63 and HCoV-229E were detected in most samples, thereby implicating prior exposure to these two HCoVs as the likely source of cross-reactive antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Conclusion The low incidences of SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease in SSA appear to be correlated with the pre-pandemic serological cross-recognition of HCoVs, which are substantially more prevalent in SSA than the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- For Yue Tso
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, NE, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Salum J Lidenge
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, NE, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA; Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Phoebe B Peña
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, NE, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Ashley A Clegg
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, NE, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - John R Ngowi
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Julius Mwaiselage
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania; Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Owen Ngalamika
- Dermatology and Venereology Section, University Teaching Hospitals, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Peter Julius
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John T West
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, NE, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Charles Wood
- Nebraska Center for Virology, Lincoln, NE, USA; School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA; Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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Lidenge SJ, Kossenkov AV, Tso FY, Wickramasinghe J, Privatt SR, Ngalamika O, Ngowi JR, Mwaiselage J, Lieberman PM, West JT, Wood C. Comparative transcriptome analysis of endemic and epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) lesions and the secondary role of HIV-1 in KS pathogenesis. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008681. [PMID: 32706839 PMCID: PMC7406108 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In sub-Saharan Africa, endemic Kaposi's sarcoma (EnKS) is still prevalent despite high incidence of epidemic Kaposi's sarcoma (EpKS) resulting from the on-going HIV-1 epidemic. While KSHV is clearly the etiologic agent of KS, the mechanisms underlying KS development are not fully understood. For example, HIV-1 co-infection and concomitant immune dysfunction have been associated with EpKS development. However, the direct or indirect role(s) of HIV-1, and therefore of immune suppression, in EpKS remains unclear. How, or whether, EpKS is mechanistically distinct from EnKS is unknown. Thus, the absence of HIV-1 co-infection in EnKS provides a unique control for investigating and deciphering whether HIV-1 plays a direct or indirect role in the EpKS tumor microenvironment. We hypothesized that HIV-1 co-infection would induce transcriptome changes that differentiate EpKS from EnKS, thereby defining the direct intra-tumor role of HIV-1 in KS. Comparison of ART-treated and -naïve patients would further define the impact of ART on the KS transcriptome. We utilized RNA-seq followed by multiparameter bioinformatics analysis to compare transcriptomes from KS lesions to uninvolved control skin. We provide the first transcriptomic comparison of EpKS versus EnKS, ART-treated vs-naïve EpKS and male vs female EpKS to define the roles of HIV-1 co-infection, the impact of ART, and gender on KS gene expression profiles. Our findings suggest that ART-use and gender have minimal impact on transcriptome profiles of KS lesions. Gene expression profiles strongly correlated between EpKS and EnKS patients (Spearman r = 0.83, p<10-10). A subset of genes involved in tumorigenesis and inflammation/immune responses showed higher magnitude, but not unique dysregulation in EnKS compared to EpKS. While gender and ART had no detectable contribution, the trend toward higher magnitude of gene dysregulation in EnKS coupled with the absence of HIV-1 transcripts in EpKS may suggest an indirect or systemic effect of HIV-1 to promote KS tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salum J. Lidenge
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - For Yue Tso
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | | | - Sara R. Privatt
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Owen Ngalamika
- Dermatology and Venereology section, University Teaching Hospitals, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John R. Ngowi
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Julius Mwaiselage
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Paul M. Lieberman
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John T. West
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Charles Wood
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
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Lidenge SJ, Tso FY, Ngalamika O, Ngowi JR, Mortazavi Y, Kwon EH, Shea DM, Minhas V, Mwaiselage J, Wood C, West JT. Similar Immunological Profiles Between African Endemic and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Associated Epidemic Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) Patients Reveal the Primary Role of KS-Associated Herpesvirus in KS Pathogenesis. J Infect Dis 2020; 219:1318-1328. [PMID: 30452681 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kaposi sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is etiologically linked to all KS forms, but mechanisms underlying KS development are unclear. The incidence of KS in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected (HIV-1+) individuals implicates immune dysregulation; however, the lack of characterization of KSHV immune responses in endemic KS makes the role of HIV-1 unclear. The study objective was to investigate the HIV-1 and KSHV roles in viral nucleic acid detection, antibody responses, and cytokine responses in polymerase chain reaction-confirmed epidemic KS and endemic KS patients and non-cancer controls from sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS KSHV viral DNA (vDNA), total anti-KSHV antibody, KSHV neutralizing antibody (nAb), and cytokines were quantified. RESULTS KSHV vDNA was detectable in tumors but variably in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Consistent with elevated antibody-associated cytokines (interleukin [IL] 6, IL-5, and IL-10), nAb titers were higher in epidemic KS and endemic KS patients than in controls (P < .05). Despite HIV-1 coinfection in epidemic KS, nAb titers were similar between epidemic KS and endemic KS patients (P = 0.3). CONCLUSIONS Similarities in antibody and cytokine responses between epidemic and endemic KS patients suggest that KSHV drives KS pathogenesis, whereas HIV-1 exacerbates it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salum J Lidenge
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - For Yue Tso
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Owen Ngalamika
- Dermatology and Venereology Section, University Teaching Hospitals, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka
| | - John R Ngowi
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Yasaman Mortazavi
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Eun Hee Kwon
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Danielle M Shea
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Veenu Minhas
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha
| | - Julius Mwaiselage
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Charles Wood
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - John T West
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Tso FY, Kossenkov AV, Lidenge SJ, Ngalamika O, Ngowi JR, Mwaiselage J, Wickramasinghe J, Kwon EH, West JT, Lieberman PM, Wood C. RNA-Seq of Kaposi's sarcoma reveals alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006844. [PMID: 29352292 PMCID: PMC5792027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS). It is endemic in a number of sub-Saharan African countries with infection rate of >50%. The high prevalence of HIV-1 coupled with late presentation of advanced cancer staging make KS the leading cancer in the region with poor prognosis and high mortality. Disease markers and cellular functions associated with KS tumorigenesis remain ill-defined. Several studies have attempted to investigate changes of the gene profile with in vitro infection of monoculture models, which are not likely to reflect the cellular complexity of the in vivo lesion environment. Our approach is to characterize and compare the gene expression profile in KS lesions versus non-cancer tissues from the same individual. Such comparisons could identify pathways critical for KS formation and maintenance. This is the first study that utilized high throughput RNA-seq to characterize the viral and cellular transcriptome in tumor and non-cancer biopsies of African epidemic KS patients. These patients were treated anti-retroviral therapy with undetectable HIV-1 plasma viral load. We found remarkable variability in the viral transcriptome among these patients, with viral latency and immune modulation genes most abundantly expressed. The presence of KSHV also significantly affected the cellular transcriptome profile. Specifically, genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism disorder pathways were substantially affected. Moreover, infiltration of immune cells into the tumor did not prevent KS formation, suggesting some functional deficits of these cells. Lastly, we found only minimal overlaps between our in vivo cellular transcriptome dataset with those from in vitro studies, reflecting the limitation of in vitro models in representing tumor lesions. These findings could lead to the identification of diagnostic and therapeutic markers for KS, and will provide bases for further mechanistic studies on the functions of both viral and cellular genes that are involved. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa and cause Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS). KS is one of the most common cancer among HIV-1 patients in this region. Despite anti-retroviral treatment, prognosis for KS is poor with high mortality often due to presentation of late cancer stage. In order to identify biomarkers or therapeutic targets against KS, a better understanding of the viral and cellular genes expression/transcriptome in the tumor will be necessary. We used RNA-seq, a highly efficient method to sequence transcriptome, to characterize and compare the viral and cellular transcriptome in tumor and non-cancer tissues from KS patients. We found that viral genes involved in latency and immune modulation are most commonly expressed among KS patients. Additionally, cellular genes involved in lipid and glucose metabolism disorder pathways are significantly affected by the presence of KSHV. Despite the detection of immune cells in the tumor, it did not prevent the tumor progression, suggesting some level of immune cell dysfunctions in KS patients. Lastly, we found limited overlap of our data, derived from actual KS biopsy, with other cell culture models, suggesting that the complexity of tumor is difficult to be reflected in cell line models.
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Affiliation(s)
- For Yue Tso
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | | | - Salum J. Lidenge
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Owen Ngalamika
- Dermatology and Venereology section, University Teaching Hospitals, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - John R. Ngowi
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Julius Mwaiselage
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Eun Hee Kwon
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - John T. West
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Lieberman
- Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Charles Wood
- Nebraska Center for Virology and the School of Biological Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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