A Single-Institution Review of the Use of Radiation in the Adjuvant and Definitive Management of Keloids

AIMS

Many individuals suffer from keloids that are refractory to standard treatment modalities, including surgical excision alone. Radiation therapy can be used to reduce the risk of recurrent keloids post-operatively, as well as be used as primary treatment for keloids not amenable to surgical resection. The purpose of this study was to review our institutional experience of radiation therapy for keloid management.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective review of patients treated with radiation therapy for keloids between 2014 and 2020 at our institution was performed.

RESULTS

A total of 70 keloids in 41 patients were treated. For the 55 keloids treated with post-operative radiation therapy (16Gy delivered in 2 fractions), 82.5% (33/40) of evaluable lesions did not recur. Among the 15 keloids treated with definitive radiation therapy (24Gy delivered in 3 fractions), 78.6% (11/14) of evaluable keloids showed complete flattening, and 14.3% (2/14) had partial flattening. Both acute and late toxicities were mild, with only a single instance of grade 3 toxicity (dermatitis).

CONCLUSION

Our study confirms that radiation therapy has a role in reducing the risk of keloid recurrence post-operatively, and plays an important role in the definitive management of unresectable keloids.

Pesticide residues in herbs and their transfer for infusions

In this work, a cost-effective gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was validated for the analysis of twenty-five pesticide residues in herbs and infusions using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe procedure or a dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method, respectively. Figures of merit of the method showed good accordance with current guidelines. From the 58 herb samples studied (pertaining to 20 different species), 80% presented at least one detectable pesticide, with 62% of them above the maximum residual level. Results showed that pesticide residues from naturally contaminated herbs were not transferred at a significant rate to the herbal infusions. When a control assay was conducted by spiking a blank herb sample with a large amount of each pesticide (7 mg/L) 15 analytes were detected below the limit of quantification in the infusion.

Open-source tool for real-time and automated analysis of droplet-based microfluidic

Droplet-based microfluidic technology is a powerful tool for generating large numbers of monodispersed nanoliter-sized droplets for ultra-high throughput screening of molecules or single cells. Yet further progress in the development of methods for the real-time detection and measurement of passing droplets is needed for achieving fully automated systems and ultimately scalability. Existing droplet monitoring technologies are either difficult to implement by non-experts or require complex experimentation setups. Moreover, commercially available monitoring equipment is expensive and therefore limited to a few laboratories worldwide. In this work, we validated for the first time an easy-to-use, open-source Bonsai visual programming language to accurately measure in real-time droplets generated in a microfluidic device. With this method, droplets are found and characterized from bright-field images with high processing speed. We used off-the-shelf components to achieve an optical system that allows sensitive image-based, label-free, and cost-effective monitoring. As a test of its use we present the results, in terms of droplet radius, circulation speed and production frequency, of our method and compared its performance with that of the widely-used ImageJ software. Moreover, we show that similar results are obtained regardless of the degree of expertise. Finally, our goal is to provide a robust, simple to integrate, and user-friendly tool for monitoring droplets, capable of helping researchers to get started in the laboratory immediately, even without programming experience, enabling analysis and reporting of droplet data in real-time and closed-loop experiments.

Single-scan ultrafast laser inscription of waveguides in IG2 for type-I and type-II operation in the mid-infrared

We demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, single-scan ultrafast laser inscription and performance of mid-infrared waveguiding in IG2 chalcogenide glass in the type-I and type-II configurations. The waveguiding properties at 4550 nm are studied as a function of pulse energy, repetition rate, and additionally separation between the two inscribed tracks for type-II waveguides. Propagation losses of ∼1.2 dB/cm in a type-II waveguide and ∼2.1 dB/cm in a type-I waveguide have been demonstrated. For the latter type, there is an inverse relation between the refractive index contrast and the deposited surface energy density. Notably, type-I and type-II waveguiding have been observed at 4550 nm within and between the tracks of two-track structures. In addition, although type-II waveguiding has been observed in the near infrared (1064 nm) and mid infrared (4550 nm) in two-track structures, type-I waveguiding within each track has only been observed in the mid infrared.

Influence of Deep Sedation in Intensive Care Medicine Memories of Critical COVID-19 Survivors

Introduction: Critical care survivors sustain a variety of sequelae after intensive care medicine (ICM) admission, and the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has added further challenges. Specifically, ICM memories play a significant role, and delusional memories are associated with poor outcomes post-discharge including a delayed return to work and sleep problems. Deep sedation has been associated with a greater risk of perceiving delusional memories, bringing a move toward lighter sedation. However, there are limited reports on post-ICM memories in COVID-19, and influence of deep sedation has not been fully defined. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate ICM-memory recall in COVID-19 survivors and their relation with deep sedation. Materials/Methods: Adult COVID-19 ICM survivors admitted to a Portuguese University Hospital between October 2020 and April 2021 (second/third "waves") were evaluated 1 to 2 months post-discharge using "ICU Memory Tool," to assess real, emotional, and delusional memories. Results: The study included 132 patients (67% male; median age = 62 years, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation [APACHE]-II = 15, Simplified Acute Physiology Score [SAPS]-II = 35, ICM stay = 9 days). Approximately 42% received deep sedation (median duration = 19 days). Most participants reported real (87%) and emotional (77%) recalls, with lesser delusional memories (36.4%). Deeply sedated patients reported significantly fewer real memories (78.6% vs 93.4%, P = .012) and increased delusional memories (60.7% vs 18.4%, P < .001), with no difference in emotional memories (75% vs 80.4%, P = .468). In multivariate analysis, deep sedation had a significant, independent association with delusional memories, increasing their likelihood by a factor of approximately 6 (OR = 6.274; 95% confidence interval = 1.165-33.773, P = .032), without influencing real (P = .545) or emotional (P = .133) memories. Conclusions: This study contributes to a better understanding of the potential adverse effects of deep sedation on ICM memories in critical COVID-19 survivors, indicating a significant, independent association with the incidence of delusional recalls. Although further studies are needed to support these findings, they suggest that strategies targeted to minimize sedation should be favored, aiming to improve long-term recovery.

Magnetic hydrogel particles improve nanopore sequencing of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viruses

Presented here is a magnetic hydrogel particle enabled workflow for capturing and concentrating SARS-CoV-2 from diagnostic remnant swab samples that significantly improves sequencing results using the Oxford Nanopore Technologies MinION sequencing platform. Our approach utilizes a novel affinity-based magnetic hydrogel particle, circumventing low input sample volumes and allowing for both rapid manual and automated high throughput workflows that are compatible with Nanopore sequencing. This approach enhances standard RNA extraction protocols, providing up to 40 × improvements in viral mapped reads, and improves sequencing coverage by 20-80% from lower titer diagnostic remnant samples. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this approach works for contrived influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus samples, suggesting that it can be used to identify and improve sequencing results of multiple viruses in VTM samples. These methods can be performed manually or on a KingFisher automation platform.

Anxiety symptoms in critically ill COVID-19 survivors and its association with post-discharge health concerns

Introduction

Evidence suggest that critically ill COVID-19 patients are at higher risk of developing anxiety symptoms, which may be related to or exacerbated by patients concerns regarding their health status and recovery.

Objectives

To assess anxiety symptoms in critically ill COVID-19 survivors, 1-2 months after hospital discharge and to analyze its association with concerns reported by patients regarding their own health status and recovery.

Methods

In the framework of MAPA prospective research, this preliminary study included COVID-19 patients admitted in the Intensive Care Medicine Department (ICMD) of a University Hospital. Patients were excluded if they had an ICMD length of stay (LoS) ≤24h, terminal illness, major auditory impairment or inability to communicate at the evaluation time. Participants were assessed at a scheduled telephone follow-up appointment, with Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale (GAD-7). Additional questions were asked to assess the survivors’ post-discharge concerns regarding discrimination against for COVID-19, infection of a family member, re-infection or sequelae related to COVID-19.

Results

Eighty-three patients were included (median age=63 years; 63% male) and 24% had anxiety symptoms. Anxiety scores were higher in survivors who reported being afraid of being discriminated against for COVID-19 (30% vs 10%; p=0.034), being re-infected (100% vs 79%; p=0.032) and having sequelae (94% vs 44%; p<0.001).

Conclusions

These findings revealed that anxiety is common in COVID-19 survivors and is associated with post-discharge patients concerns that may limit patient daily living. This study emphasizes the importance of psychological assessment and follow-up of the COVID-19 survivors, in order to support these patients recovery.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

Depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life in critical COVID-19 survivors: Preliminary results of 1-year follow-up

Introduction

A higher risk of mental health consequences in critical COVID-19 patients is expected due to several reasons, including prolonged mechanical ventilation with exposure to high sedation. In this context, post-discharge depression has been reported in previous COVID-19 studies, with a profound impact on patients’ health-related quality of life (HRQoL).

Objectives

To identify depressive symptoms in COVID-19 survivors 1-year after hospital discharge and to analyse its association with HRQoL.

Methods

As part of the longitudinal MAPA project, this study enrolled critical COVID-19 patients admitted in the Intensive Care Medicine Department of a University Hospital (March-May 2020). Participants were assessed through telephone by an intensive care nurse and a psychologist, with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) (depressive symptoms), EuroQol five-dimension five-level questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L) and EQ-Visual Analogue Scale (EQ-VAS) (global health status patient record).

Results

A sample of 55 survivors (median age=66 years; 69% males) were included, with 20% showing depressive symptoms. Pain/discomfort (67%) and anxiety/depression (67%) were the most EQ-5D-5L domains reported. Survivors scoring for depression had more problems in all HRQoL areas (mobility:91%vs.48%, p=0.015; self-care:64%vs.27%, p=0.035; usual activities:91%vs.50%, p=0.017; pain/discomfort:100%vs.59%, p=0.010; anxiety/depression:100%vs.59%, p=0.010). Moreover, they had a lower EQ-VAS median, corresponding a worse self-perception of health status (50vs.80, p=0.010).

Conclusions

Even after 1-year, a significant proportion of survivors presented depressive symptoms with repercussions in all HRQoL dimensions and association with worse self-perception of global quality of life. Taking this in mind, early screening and treatment of depression in COVID-19 survivors will be crucial, minimizing its impact on quality of life.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

Delirium and health-related quality of life in severe COVID-19 survivors

Introduction

Severe COVID-19 survivors experience long-term neuropsychiatric morbidity, particularly those who developed delirium, with a negative impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL).

Objectives

To identify the cases of delirium in severe COVID-19 patients and to describe its association with post-hospital discharge HRQoL.

Methods

In the context of the longitudinal MAPA project, we included adult patients (≥ 18 years old) admitted with COVID-19 to the Intensive Care Medicine Department (ICMD) of a Portuguese University Hospital (October 2020-April 2021). Exclusion criteria were: ICMD length of stay ≤24h, terminal illness, major auditory loss, or inability to communicate at the time of assessment. Delirium during ICMD stay was ascertained based on patients’ clinical records. HRQoL was evaluated using the 5-Level EQ-5D questionnaire (EQ-5D-5L), at a scheduled telephone follow-up appointment on average 1-2 months after hospital discharge.

Results

Overall, 124 patients were included with a median age of 62 (range: 24-86) years, being mostly male (65%). About 19% had delirium, 42% were deeply sedated and 43% required invasive mechanical ventilation. Most survivors reported problems on the EQ-5D-5L domains: usual activities (85%), mobility (73%) and anxiety/depression (65%). Patients with delirium reported more pain/discomfort (75%vs46%; p=0.011) and considerably anxiety/depression (83%vs60%; p=0.032).

Conclusions

These findings pointed that COVID-19 patients who experienced delirium reported worse HRQoL, regarding pain/discomfort and anxiety/depression. This study highlights the importance of not only prevention but also early screening of delirium during hospital stay, as well as the crucial role of the timely interventions at discharge, in order to minimize delirium long-term impacts.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

Depression and health-related quality of life in critical COVID-19 survivors

Introduction

Long-term neuropsychiatric consequences of critical illness are well known. Therefore, it is expected that critical COVID-19 patients might also present several psychiatric symptoms such as depression, with inevitable negative effect on health-related quality of life (HRQoL), commonly used as an indicator of illness and treatment impact.

Objectives

To identify depressive symptoms in critical COVID-19 survivors and to examine its association with HRQoL domains.

Methods

This preliminary study involved critical COVID-19 patients admitted into the Intensive Care Medicine Department (ICMD) of a University Hospital, between October and December of 2020. Patients with an ICMD length of stay (LoS)≤24h, terminal illness, major auditory loss, or inability to communicate at the follow-up time were excluded. From 1-2 months after discharge, all participants were evaluated by telephone at follow-up appointment, with Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) (depression) and EuroQol 5-dimension 5-level EQ-5D-5L (HRQoL). This study is part of the longitudinal MAPA project.

Results

Eighty-three patients were included with a median age of 63 years (range: 31-86) and the majority were male (63%). The most reported problems on EQ-5D-5L domains were usual activities (82%) and mobility (76%). About 27% presented depressive symptoms, and with more problems of self-care (68%vs41%; p=0.029), pain/discomfort (86%vs49%; p=0.002), and anxiety/depression (96%vs54%; p<0.001).

Conclusions

These preliminary results are in line in previous studies in critical COVID-19 survivors, with depression being associated with worse HRQoL. Bearing this in mind, follow-up approaches with an early screening and treatment of these psychiatric symptoms will be fundamental to optimize the recovery of these patients.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.

Assessment of chloride natural background levels by applying statistical approaches. Analyses of European coastal aquifers in different environments

Estimated natural background levels (NBLs) are needed to assess groundwater chemical status according to the EU Groundwater Directive. They are commonly derived for different substances by applying statistical methodologies. Due to the complexity of the sea water intrusion process, some of those methods do not always provide appropriate assessment of chloride NBLs. This paper analyzes the applicability of different NBL estimation methods in five EU coastal aquifers with significant differences in available datasets and hydrogeological settings. A sensitivity analysis of results to different constraints was performed to remove samples with anthropogenic impacts. A novel statistical approach combining different methods to identify the range of chloride NBLs is proposed. In all pilots the estimated NBLs were below 85 mg/L and fitted well with previous studies and expert judgment, except Campina del Faro aquifer (the maximum being 167.5 mg/L). Although this approach is more time consuming, it provides a more robust solution.

Arthroscopic Resection of Humeral Enchondroma

Enchondromas are common benign bone tumors. They are often found incidentally and usually do not require any treatment other than clinical surveillance. Signs of lesion progression or nontolerable pain are criteria for surgical resection. We present a case of a 44-year-old woman with long-lasting shoulder pain, diagnosed with enchondroma. Imaging studies showed an enchondroma near the great tuberosity. Shoulder arthroscopy made it possible to diagnose and treat an SLAP lesion as well as to resect by curettage and shaving through the subacromial lateral portal. One year after surgery, the patient had significant pain relief and improved shoulder function. Shoulder arthroscopy seems to be a safe and suitable technique for resection of small-sized humeral enchondromas, with the advantage of allowing to treat other possible concomitant shoulder pathologies.

O-188 Participation in a video-based fertility awareness program advances the desire to have children sooner

Study question

Participating in a fertility awareness program accelerates the intention to have children 6 to 12 months after video- fertility awareness?

Summary answer

In combination with positive childbearing motivation, those in the video condition anticipated their intentions to have children at 6-12 months follow-up

What is known already

Fertility awareness education and initiatives have been focused on increasing fertility awareness and knowledge. However, the role of fertility awareness on reproductive decisions is less explored in literature. There are few studies showing that participating in fertility awareness education is related to higher intentions to have children or decreased time until trying to conceive regarding beforehand planned. Since intentions seem to be a good predictor of behaviour, we were interested in exploring the variables which might predict higher intentions to have children after participating in a fertility awareness education study based on a video intervention

Study design, size, duration

This study is part of a randomised controlled trial initiated in October 2016. Participants were randomly allocated into the intervention (IG) and control group (CG) at baseline (TO). The follow-up was evaluated 6 to 12 months later. IG participants were exposed to a 5-min video delivering information on age-related fertility decline, infertility risk factors, and pregnancy chances after having filled-in the T0 questionnaire: Participants in CG received no stimulus.

Participants/materials, setting, methods

Three hundred sixty-five individuals (65% women) were recruited through social media, gynaecology clinics, and religious pre-marital courses. From those, 128 responded to follow-up (between 6 and 12 months). Childbearing Motivation Scale (positive and negative) and a question about childbearing timing intentions were used. Regression analysis was conducted to explore the role of video intervention and childbearing motivation on childbearing timing intention.

Main results and the role of chance

Participants were, on average, 29.5 years old (SD = 5.13). From baseline to 6-12 months later, participants significantly anticipated their desire to have children (p&lt;.005). Correlations showed that childbearing timing intention was positively and significantly associated with the following subscales of the positive motivations: personal fulfilment, continuity, and couple relationship; negative motivations were not associated with the childbearing timing intention. The regression analysis revealed that only the childbearing motivation regarding couple relationship (having a child would strengthening partnership ties, fulfilling partner’s project, growing as a couple, fulfilling a shared project) and the visualization of the educational video significantly contributed to predicting at follow-up the increased desire to have children sooner at follow-up.

Limitations, reasons for caution

Other factors, not considered, might contribute to the prediction of childbearing motivation timing. Although we had randomly allocated people to CG and IG, the high attrition rate may limit the generalization of our results.

Wider implications of the findings

This study seems to indicate that watching an educational video about fertility awareness might contribute to a significant change in childbearing timing. In addition, the importance of the couple relationship is highlighted. These findings reinforce the importance to assist people with informed reproductive decisions in social and healthcare settings. 

Trial registration number

NCT02813993

P–473 Should couples be educated on how to try to conceive (TTC) before an infertility diagnosis? A comparative study of fertile, subfertile and infertile couples

Study question

What sexual strategies do individuals TTC with different fertility status use?; What are the predictors of sexual dysfunction(SD) and frequency of intercourse(IF) when TTC? Summary answer: TTC strategies with no evidence of effectiveness are the most used. Poor marital quality predicted SD, and female SD was a significant predictor of IF.

What is known already

It is well known that couples TTC have low fecundity knowledge. Previous evidence showed that after 12 months the frequency of intercourse decreases. After seeing a fertility specialist couples report a feeling of waiting time by attempting natural conception, which can be associated to evidence of an overestimation and excessive confidence in the success of fertility treatments. Existing guidelines recommend intercourse every other day, but no comparative studies exist up to date on what sexual strategies are used in different fertility status and what are the predictors of sexual frequency and sexual dysfunction when trying to conceive.

Study design, size, duration

This study is part of a randomized controlled trial on the effects of timed intercourse in psychosocial outcomes. Data was collected between July 2016 and November 2019 via an advertising strategy and obstetrics/gynecology centers. Inclusion criteria were: i) adult in a marital/cohabitation heterosexual relationship &gt;1 year; ii) not knowing of any condition that can prevent pregnancy; iii) being actively TTC; iv) female age &gt;22&lt;42 years old; v) no previous children. Measurements were carried out online.

Participants/materials, setting, methods

Our final sample had 399 subjects (252 women). Participants rated the use of the following strategies: intercourse every other day (EOD), fertile week (FW), basal temperature, cervical mucus monitoring (CMM), ovulation predictor kits (OPK), and keeping legs elevated afterwards (EL). We also accessed psychological adjustment, relationship quality, SD and IF. Comparisons between groups were made by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Chi-square tests, and logistic regression was used to determine predictors of SD and IF.

Main results and the role of chance

Participants were highly educated (72,8%), in the relationship for 9 years (±5.2), cohabitating for 5 (±3.6), and TTC for 2,5 years (range 0–16). Women were 33 years old (±4.4) and men 36 (±5.5). Regarding fertility status, 22.6% of participants were TTC &lt;12 months, 22.8% &gt;12 months but not diagnosed, 23.6% had a diagnosis but no treatment, and 31.1% had ART. The most reported female strategy in all groups was EL, and the most never used was OPK. Differences were found in EOD, with significantly more women TTC &lt;12 months that never used it, and more women with previous ART using it. Women who had ART are the ones who more frequently use FW and CMM comparing to other women (P&gt;.05). In all groups, the majority reported IF once or twice/week. SD was found in 17.5% of women and 10,9% of men. Age (OR 0.91, 95%CI 0.85–0.97) and SD (OR 2.47, 95%CI 1.02–6.02) were the only predictors of low IF for women, with no significant findings for men. Poor relationship quality increased the risk of SD for both men (OR 0.11, 95%CI 0.03–0.40) and women (OR 0.46, 95%CI 0.03–0.40), and depression increased the risk of female SD (OR 1.24, 95%CI 1.06–0.46).

Limitations, reasons for caution

The cross-sectional nature of this study does not allow causal relationships to be determined. Further cohort studies allowing to assess differences as couples cross different fertility status are warranted. There are important predictors of SD that were not considered, specifically the comorbidity of diseases and pain.

Wider implications of the findings: Findings indicate that individuals TTC are misinformed, and that those using evidence-based sexual strategies are fertility patients. SD should be screened in patients TTC given that it might be an important predictor of IF. Couples might benefit from counselling to improve marital quality and consequently sexual functioning.

Trial registration number

NCT028140069

P-473 Should couples be educated on how to try to conceive (TTC) before an infertility diagnosis? A comparative study of fertile, subfertile and infertile couples

Study question

What sexual strategies do individuals TTC with different fertility status use?; What are the predictors of sexual dysfunction(SD) and frequency of intercourse(IF) when TTC? 

Summary answer

TTC strategies with no evidence of effectiveness are the most used. Poor marital quality predicted SD, and female SD was a significant predictor of IF.

What is known already

It is well known that couples TTC have low fecundity knowledge. Previous evidence showed that after 12 months the frequency of intercourse decreases. After seeing a fertility specialist couples report a feeling of waiting time by attempting natural conception, which can be associated to evidence of an overestimation and excessive confidence in the success of fertility treatments. Existing guidelines recommend intercourse every other day, but no comparative studies exist up to date on what sexual strategies are used in different fertility status and what are the predictors of sexual frequency and sexual dysfunction when trying to conceive.

Study design, size, duration

This study is part of a randomized controlled trial on the effects of timed intercourse in psychosocial outcomes. Data was collected between July 2016 and November 2019 via an advertising strategy and obstetrics/gynecology centers. Inclusion criteria were: i) adult in a marital/cohabitation heterosexual relationship &gt;1 year; ii) not knowing of any condition that can prevent pregnancy; iii) being actively TTC; iv) female age &gt;22&lt;42 years old; v) no previous children. Measurements were carried out online.

Participants/materials, setting, methods

Our final sample had 399 subjects (252 women). Participants rated the use of the following strategies: intercourse every other day (EOD), fertile week (FW), basal temperature, cervical mucus monitoring (CMM), ovulation predictor kits (OPK), and keeping legs elevated afterwards (EL). We also accessed psychological adjustment, relationship quality, SD and IF. Comparisons between groups were made by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Chi-square tests, and logistic regression was used to determine predictors of SD and IF.

Main results and the role of chance

Participants were highly educated (72,8%), in the relationship for 9 years (±5.2), cohabitating for 5 (±3.6), and TTC for 2,5 years (range 0-16). Women were 33 years old (±4.4) and men 36 (±5.5). Regarding fertility status, 22.6% of participants were TTC &lt;12 months, 22.8% &gt;12 months but not diagnosed, 23.6% had a diagnosis but no treatment, and 31.1% had ART. 

The most reported female strategy in all groups was EL, and the most never used was OPK. Differences were found in EOD, with significantly more women TTC &lt;12 months that never used it, and more women with previous ART using it. Women who had ART are the ones who more frequently use FW and CMM comparing to other women (P&gt;.05). In all groups, the majority reported IF once or twice/week. SD was found in 17.5% of women and 10,9% of men. Age (OR 0.91, 95%CI 0.85-0.97) and SD (OR 2.47, 95%CI 1.02-6.02) were the only predictors of low IF for women, with no significant findings for men. Poor relationship quality increased the risk of SD for both men (OR 0.11, 95%CI 0.03-0.40) and women (OR 0.46, 95%CI 0.03-0.40), and depression increased the risk of female SD (OR 1.24, 95%CI 1.06-0.46).

Limitations, reasons for caution

The cross-sectional nature of this study does not allow causal relationships to be determined. Further cohort studies allowing to assess differences as couples cross different fertility status are warranted. There are important predictors of SD that were not considered, specifically the comorbidity of diseases and pain.

Wider implications of the findings

Findings indicate that individuals TTC are misinformed, and that those using evidence-based sexual strategies are fertility patients. SD should be screened in patients TTC given that it might be an important predictor of IF. Couples might benefit from counselling to improve marital quality and consequently sexual functioning.

Trial registration number

NCT028140069

Adults at risk of pneumococcal disease in France

BACKGROUND

Immunocompromised patients and those with certain underlying medical conditions are at risk of pneumococcal disease, but in France their vaccine coverage is largely unknown. We aimed to assess the number of adult patients eligible for pneumococcal vaccination in France.

METHODS

We conducted an annual cross-sectional study based on retrospective data from the French National Health Data System. Over 2014-2018, we included all adults continuously affiliated to the General health insurance scheme (covering 76% of the population), at risk of pneumococcal disease. Patients were identified with published or newly developed algorithms using diagnoses and reimbursements for hospital stays, medical procedures, and specific treatments, laboratory tests, or medical devices.

RESULTS

On January 1, 2018, we identified 4,045,021 at-risk patients (11% increase since 2014). Mean age was 66.1years (55.1% were aged≥65), 51% were men, and 18% had at least two conditions. Of these, 3,634,594 had a chronic medical condition (including 2,617,921 patients treated for diabetes, 616,003 for chronic respiratory disease, 424,223 for heart failure, and 285,214 for chronic liver disease) and 570,035 were immunocompromised (of these, 191,527 were treated with immunosuppressive drugs or biotherapy, 152,255 with chemotherapy for cancer, and 100,604 for HIV).

CONCLUSION

These published or newly developed algorithms - which can be used to address other public health issues - identified more than 4 million adults eligible for pneumococcal vaccination in the main health insurance scheme (10% of the studied adult population). This is a first step towards ensuring patients get vaccinated as part of their chronic condition management.

Post-discharge depressive symptoms and health-related quality of life of critical COVID-19 survivors

Introduction

Survivors of critical illness stay frequently experience long-term mental health morbidity, suggesting that many critically ill patients with COVID-19 may also show a high prevalence of psychiatric conditions.

Objectives

To describe depression in COVID-19 survivors 4-months post-hospital discharge and to examine its association with health-related quality of life (HRQoL).

Methods

This pilot study involved COVID-19 adult patients admitted in Intensive Care Medicine Service (ICMS) of a University Hospital. Exclusion criteria were: ICMS length of stay (LoS)≤24h, terminal illness, major sensory loss and inability to communicate at the time of assessment. All participants were evaluated at ICMS scheduled telephone follow-up appointment, with Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) (depression) and EQ-5D-5L (HRQoL). Critical-illness severity was assessed with APACHE-II and SAPS-II.

Results

Twenty patients were included with a median age of 62(range: 24-77) y.o., the majority male (75%) and married (70%). Median (range) APACHE-II and SAPS-II was 17 (5-34) and 32.5 (7-77), respectively, and LoS was 18 (4-58) days. Overall, 25% patients presented depression symptoms and most reported problems on EQ-5D-5L domains of pain/discomfort (65%), anxiety/depression (55%) and mobility (50%). Depression scores were higher in patients with problems in EQ-5D-5L domains of usual activities (median 4 vs 1.5; p=0.046), pain/discomfort (median 0 vs 4; p=0.004) and anxiety/depression (median 4 vs 0;p<0.001).

Conclusions

These preliminary findings show that depression is frequent in COVID-19 survivors and it is associated with worse HRQoL. This pilot study highlights the importance of psychological assessment and treatment of COVID-19 survivors, in order to minimize its negative impact on HRQoL, optimizing their recovery.

Opinions of patients with persistent asthma regarding the use of mobile applications for disease monitoring

Summary

Background. We assessed adherence to treatment and management needs of adults with persistent asthma and their interest in using apps for asthma management. Secondarily, we explored opinions of patients about an app to assess and improve adherence to treatment. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 40 adults with persistent asthma (49.9 ± 15.8 years) recruited at outpatient clinics from a district hospital. Participants answered a survey on sociodemographic, asthma control, treatment adherence and use of mobile devices, social networks and apps. Four patients participated in a prospective extension of the study, in which they were invited to use the InspirerMundi app. Results. 48 percent of the participants had at least greater-equal than 1 exacerbation in the previous year and 85 percent had uncontrolled asthma. Self-reported adherence to treatment showed that one in four participants had low adherence. At least daily, 55 percent of participants navigated on the internet with their smartphone-tablet, 35 percent used apps and 93 percent social networks. Nine (22 percent) participants had previously used health-fitness apps and 65 percent would like to use apps to improve inhaler adherence. Conclusions. Most participants had uncontrolled asthma, reported high adherence to treatment and were daily users of social networks and the internet. Only 1/4 used apps but 2/3 would like to use apps to support asthma management.

Regional Variation of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)-Producing Enterobacterales, Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Salmonella enterica and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Among Febrile Patients in Sub-Saharan Africa

Background

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) thwarts the curative power of drugs and is a present-time global problem. We present data on antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance determinants of bacteria the WHO has highlighted as being key antimicrobial resistance concerns in Africa, to strengthen knowledge of AMR patterns in the region.

Methods

Blood, stool, and urine specimens of febrile patients, aged between ≥ 30 days and ≤ 15 years and hospitalized in Burkina Faso, Gabon, Ghana, and Tanzania were cultured from November 2013 to March 2017 (Patients > 15 years were included in Tanzania). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed for all Enterobacterales and Staphylococcus aureus isolates using disk diffusion method. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production was confirmed by double-disk diffusion test and the detection of bla_CTX–M, bla_TEM and bla_SHV. Multilocus sequence typing was conducted for ESBL-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica and S. aureus. Ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica were screened for plasmid-mediated resistance genes and mutations in gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE. S. aureus isolates were tested for the presence of mecA and Panton-Valentine Leukocidin (PVL) and further genotyped by spa typing.

Results

Among 4,052 specimens from 3,012 patients, 219 cultures were positive of which 88.1% (n = 193) were Enterobacterales and 7.3% (n = 16) S. aureus. The prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales (all CTX-M15 genotype) was 45.2% (14/31; 95% CI: 27.3, 64.0) in Burkina Faso, 25.8% (8/31; 95% CI: 11.9, 44.6) in Gabon, 15.1% (18/119; 95% CI: 9.2, 22.8) in Ghana and 0.0% (0/12; 95% CI: 0.0, 26.5) in Tanzania. ESBL positive non-typhoid Salmonella (n = 3) were detected in Burkina Faso only and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (n = 2) were detected in Ghana only. While sequence type (ST)131 predominated among ESBL E. coli (39.1%;9/23), STs among ESBL K. pneumoniae were highly heterogenous. Ciprofloxacin resistant nt Salmonella were commonest in Burkina Faso (50.0%; 6/12) and all harbored qnrB genes. PVL were found in 81.3% S. aureus.

Conclusion

Our findings reveal a distinct susceptibility pattern across the various study regions in Africa, with notably high rates of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales and ciprofloxacin-resistant nt Salmonella in Burkina Faso. This highlights the need for local AMR surveillance and reporting of resistances to support appropriate action.

Factors associated with high-risk pregnancy: role of environmental contaminants, Brazil

Introduction

The Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista (RMBS) is considered as a region with the worst maternal and child mortality rates in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Besides this, RMBS has the worst rates of environmental contamination. High-Risk Pregnancy is one of the factors that lead to a higher chance of morbidity and mortality of the mother and fetus binomial.

Objective

Evaluate the relationship between exposure to environmental contaminants and high-risk pregnancy.

Methodology

Case-control study, using a probabilistic sample composed of 402 pregnant women divided into with and without high-risk pregnancy. The instrument used was a self-administered questionnaire and secondary data on contaminated areas obtained from the Environmental Company of the State of São Paulo. Descriptive analysis, Chi-square test, univariate and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed. The participants were also georeferenced by place of residence.

Results

It was observed an association, by chi-square test between high-risk pregnancy and age over 35 years (p &lt; 0.05), use of insecticide (p &lt; 0.001), consumption of foods packed in plastics (p = 0.050) and manipulation with oil paint (p = 0.002). The final multiple logistic regression model demonstrated that those who live in contaminated areas are 2 times more likely to have a risk pregnancy (OR = 1.993; 95%CI: 1.02; 3.90), as well as identified as jointly important risk factors for pregnancy: working in health services (OR = 3.97 (95%CI: 1.00; 16.09)), use of insecticide (OR = 3.45 (95%CI: 1.66; 7.16)) and use of oil paint (OR = 6.96 (95%CI: 1.38; 35.09)).

Conclusions

Environmental contaminants play an important role in pregnancy, and mitigating measures are needed to improve the environment and reduce high-risk pregnancy in RMBS.

Key messages

Exposure to the environmental contaminants is an important rik factor in the pregnancy. The Região Metropolitana da Baixada Santista (RMBS) is considered as a region with the worst maternal and child mortality rates in the state of São Paulo, Brazil.

P588Flow profile for a better non-invasive pressure drop in CoA

Introduction

In cardiovascular obstructions, as Coarctation of the Aorta (CoA), guidelines recommend treatment based on a relevant pressure drop (ΔP). Diagnostic ΔP is estimated by simplified Bernoulli (SB) and is measured as peak-to-peak (PtP) ΔP via catheterization. The divergences amid methods are understood, but it is common practice to widely and positively accept both as valid diagnostic. Recently, simplified advective work-energy relative pressure (SAW) to correct SB by considering the full velocity profile for the ΔP computation.

Purpose

To verify the correctness of peak flow derived pressure drop via maximal velocity (SB), and full flow profile (SAW) versus clinical gold-standard PtP ΔP in a CoA phantom.

Methods

An MRI-compatible and pulsatile CoA phantom was built and tested in eight configurations, with four levels of obstruction (9, 11 and 13 mm CoA diameter and no CoA) under two flow regimes (stress and normal). The ΔP was measured via catheterization between ascending and in descending aorta (DA) as instantaneous and as PtP. Also, MRI 4D-flow velocity vector fields were acquired, enabling the ΔP estimation by SB and SAW at effective orifice area (EOA) and DA catheterization locations. at the point of the effective orifice area (EOA) and at DA catheterization location.

Results

The disparity in ΔP illustrate the fundamental differences between methods (figure and table). Catheterised instant and PtP ΔPs are similar for the CoA phantom configurations, where SB and SAW are valid. The lesser the obstruction, the greater is the temporal acceleration contribution to the ΔP and discrepancies between methods arise. As recognised, SB is an overestimation of the catheterization measurements. The most equivalent ΔPs are the catheterization PtP and SAW. Velocity-based ΔPs (SB and SAW) show a drop in performance when the velocity is captured at the DA instead of the right EOA point, illustrating the sensitivity to the acquisition location.

Peak ΔPs per method and per phantom 9mm CoA 11mm CoA 13mm CoA Normal R2 Linear eq. rest stress rest stress rest stress rest stress Instant ΔP 33.4 45.7 11.5 19.6 12.1 14.5 −2.7 −12.2 0.949 y=1.12x PtP ΔP 29.3 43.5 10.0 16.0 5.8 11.2 −1.8 -3.6 – – SB EOA 37.5 52.3 13.4 22.3 6.1 11.4 1.4 1.4 0.988 y=1.23x SB DA 22.6 59.8 10.7 18.6 5.2 8.5 0.9 1.2 0.893 y=1.15x SAW EOA 29.9 51.4 11.3 19.0 4.9 9.7 0.8 0.8 0.972 y=1.11x SAW DA 11.74 28.3 5.5 9.9 2.7 4.5 0.6 0.7 0.911 y=0.56x Linear comparisons were made against gold-standard catheterised PtP ΔP.

Velocity meshes and ΔPs in cardiac cycle

Conclusions

Initial phantom evidence suggests that the non-invasive ΔP assessments based on flow should consider the full flow profile and be acquired at the point of EOA.

Acknowledgement/Funding

PIC project, European Union's Horizon 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie ITN Project under grant agreement No 764738

Sleep disturbances in Parkinson's disease are associated with central parkinsonian pain

Introduction

Sleep disturbances and pain are common non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD). This study aimed to explore the association between these two symptoms in a cohort of patients with PD.

Materials and methods

The Parkinson’s Disease Sleep Scale (PDSS-2) was used to identify sleep disturbances in a series of 229 PD patients. The identification and characterization of pain was performed by a semi-structured interview and by the application of the Ford classification and the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI). The Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale-III, Hoehn & Yahr (H&Y), and Schwab and England Independence Scale were used to assess motor symptoms and functional independence in off and on conditions. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and SF-36 were applied to screen for anxiety and depression and to evaluate the quality of life. Non-parametric tests were used for group comparisons and logistic regressions were applied to explore predictors of sleep disturbances.

Results

Seventy-five (33%) patients had clinically relevant sleep disturbances (PDSS-2≥18) and 162 patients (71%) reported pain. Of those with pain, 38 (24%) had central parkinsonian pain. PD patients with sleep disturbances experienced more pain and had more severe motor symptoms, lower functional independence, more anxiety and depression symptoms, and worst quality of life. Among patients with pain, central parkinsonian pain was the subtype of pain with the highest odds of sleep disturbances, even when taking into account motor symptoms (H&Y off), motor fluctuations, intensity of pain (BPI), and symptoms of anxiety and depression (HADS).

Conclusions

The association between pain and sleep disturbances in PD appears to be dependent on subtype of pain. The close relationship between central parkinsonian pain and sleep disturbances in PD raises the possibility of common pathophysiological mechanisms. A better understanding of the relationship between sleep disturbances and central parkinsonian pain may contribute to the development of new care strategies in PD patients.

Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Risk in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Insights From the DCCT/EDIC Study

Background

Hyperglycemia leading to increased oxidative stress is implicated in the increased risk for the development of macrovascular and microvascular complications in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Methods and Results

A random subcohort of 349 participants was selected from the DCCT / EDIC (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications) cohort. This included 320 controls and 29 cardiovascular disease cases that were augmented with 98 additional known cases to yield a case cohort of 447 participants (320 controls, 127 cases). Biosamples from DCCT baseline, year 1, and closeout of DCCT , and 1 to 2 years post‐ DCCT ( EDIC years 1 and 2) were measured for markers of oxidative stress, including plasma myeloperoxidase, paraoxonase activity, urinary F 2α isoprostanes, and its metabolite, 2,3 dinor‐8 iso prostaglandin F 2α . Following adjustment for glycated hemoblobin and weighting the observations inversely proportional to the sampling selection probabilities, higher paraoxonase activity, reflective of antioxidant activity, and 2,3 dinor‐8 iso prostaglandin F 2α , an oxidative marker, were significantly associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease (−4.5% risk for 10% higher paraoxonase, P <0.003; −5.3% risk for 10% higher 2,3 dinor‐8 iso prostaglandin F 2α , P =0.0092). In contrast, the oxidative markers myeloperoxidase and F 2α isoprostanes were not significantly associated with cardiovascular disease after adjustment for glycated hemoblobin. There were no significant differences between DCCT intensive and conventional treatment groups in the change in all biomarkers across time segments.

Conclusions

Heightened antioxidant activity (rather than diminished oxidative stress markers) is associated with lower cardiovascular disease risk in type 1 diabetes mellitus, but these biomarkers did not change over time with intensification of glycemic control.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL : https://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifiers: NCT 00360815 and NCT 00360893.

Cortical responses before 6 months of life associate with later autism

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common, highly heritable, developmental disorder and later-born siblings of diagnosed children are at higher risk of developing ASD than the general population. Although the emergence of behavioural symptoms of ASD in toddlerhood is well characterized, far less is known about development during the first months of life of infants at familial risk. In a prospective longitudinal study of infants at familial risk followed to 36 months, we measured functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) brain responses to social videos of people (i.e. peek-a-boo) compared to non-social images (vehicles) and human vocalizations compared to non-vocal sounds. At 4-6 months, infants who went on to develop ASD at 3 years (N = 5) evidenced-reduced activation to visual social stimuli relative to low-risk infants (N = 16) across inferior frontal (IFG) and posterior temporal (pSTS-TPJ) regions of the cortex. Furthermore, these infants also showed reduced activation to vocal sounds and enhanced activation to non-vocal sounds within left lateralized temporal (aMTG-STG/pSTS-TPJ) regions compared with low-risk infants and high-risk infants who did not develop ASD (N = 15). The degree of activation to both the visual and auditory stimuli correlated with parent-reported ASD symptomology in toddlerhood. These preliminary findings are consistent with later atypical social brain responses seen in children and adults with ASD, and highlight the need for further work interrogating atypical processing in early infancy and how it may relate to later social interaction and communication difficulties characteristic of ASD.

Design and Performance Assessment of a Solid-State Microcooler for Thermal Neuromodulation

It is well known that neural activity can be modulated using a cooling device. The applications of this technique range from the treatment of medication-resistant cerebral diseases to brain functional mapping. Despite the potential benefits of such technique, its use has been limited due to the lack of suitable thermal modulators. This paper presents the design and validation of a solid-state cooler that was able to modulate the neural activity of rodents without the use of large and unpractical water pipes. A miniaturized thermal control solution based exclusively on solid-state devices was designed, occupying only 5 mm × 5 mm × 3 mm, and featuring the potential for wireless power and communications. The cold side of the device was cooled to 26 °C, while the hot side was kept below 43 °C. This range of temperatures is compatible with brain cooling and efficient enough for achieving some control of neural activity.

Emotional processing in obesity: a systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis

The role of emotional functioning in the development and maintenance of obesity has been investigated, but the literature is poorly integrated. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to explore emotional processing impairments in obesity. PubMed, Web of Knowledge and PsycINFO databases were searched in March 2016, yielding 31 studies comparing emotional processing competencies in individuals with obesity, with or without binge eating disorder (BED), and control groups. Meta-analyses demonstrated that individuals with obesity had higher scores of alexithymia (d = 0.53), difficulty in identifying feelings (d = 0.34) and externally oriented thinking style (d = 0.31), when compared with control groups. On other competencies, patients with obesity, especially those with comorbid BED, reported lower levels of emotional awareness and difficulty in using emotion regulation strategies, namely, reduced cognitive reappraisal and acceptance, and greater suppression of expression. No evidence of impaired ability to recognize emotions in others or verbally express emotions was found. A general emotion-processing deficit in obesity was not supported. Instead, an emotional avoidance style may occur modulating later responses of emotion regulation. Additional research is needed to extend the comprehension of these conclusions and the role of BED in emotional functioning in obesity.

MACVIA-LR (Fighting Chronic Diseases for Active and Healthy Ageing in Languedoc-Roussillon): A Success Story of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing

The Région Languedoc Roussillon is the umbrella organisation for an interconnected and integrated project on active and healthy ageing (AHA). It covers the 3 pillars of the European Innovation Partnership on Active and Healthy Ageing (EIP on AHA): (A) Prevention and health promotion, (B) Care and cure, (C) and (D) Active and independent living of elderly people. All sub-activities (poly-pharmacy, falls prevention initiative, prevention of frailty, chronic respiratory diseases, chronic diseases with multimorbidities, chronic infectious diseases, active and independent living and disability) have been included in MACVIA-LR which has a strong political commitment and involves all stakeholders (public, private, patients, policy makers) including CARSAT-LR and the Eurobiomed cluster. It is a Reference Site of the EIP on AHA. The framework of MACVIA-LR has the vision that the prevention and management of chronic diseases is essential for the promotion of AHA and for the reduction of handicap. The main objectives of MACVIA-LR are: (i) to develop innovative solutions for a network of Living labs in order to reduce avoidable hospitalisations and loss of autonomy while improving quality of life, (ii) to disseminate the innovation. The three years of MACVIA-LR activities are reported in this paper.

Acute increases in serum colonic short-chain fatty acids elicited by inulin do not increase GLP-1 or PYY responses but may reduce ghrelin in lean and overweight humans

Background

Colonic fermentation of dietary-fibre to short-chain-fatty-acids (SCFA) influences appetite hormone secretion in animals, but SCFA production is excessive in obese animals. This suggests there may be resistance to the effect of SCFA on appetite-hormones in obesity.

Objectives

to determine the effects of inulin (IN) and resistant-starch (RS) on postprandial SCFA, and gut hormone (GLP-1, PYY, and ghrelin) responses in healthy overweight/obese (OWO) vs lean (LN) humans.

Methods

Overnight fasted participants (13 OWO, 12 LN) consumed 300mL water containing 75g glucose (GLU) as Control, or 75g glucose plus 24g IN, or 28.2g RS using a randomized, single-blind, cross-over design. Blood for appetite-hormones and SCFA was collected at intervals over 6h. A standard lunch was served 4h after the test drink.

Results

Relative to GLU, IN, but not RS, significantly increased SCFA AUC from 4–6h (AUC_4-6). Neither IN nor RS affected GLP-1 or PYY-AUC_4-6. Although neither IN nor RS reduced ghrelin-AUC_4-6 compared to GLU, ghrelin at 6h after IN was significantly lower than that after GLU (p<0.05). After IN, relative to GLU, the changes in SCFA-AUC_4-6 were negatively related to the changes in ghrelin-AUC_4-6 (p=0.017). SCFA and hormone responses did not differ significantly between LN and OWO.

Conclusions

Acute increases in colonic SCFA do not affect GLP-1 or PYY responses in LN or OWO subjects, but may reduce ghrelin. The results do not support the hypothesis that SCFA acutely stimulate PYY and GLP-1 secretion; however, a longer adaptation to increased colonic fermentation or a larger sample size may yield different results.

Locked rigid antegrade intramedullary nailing of adolescent femoral fractures using a lateral trochanteric entry point

The purpose of this study is to present our experience of treating adolescent femoral fractures using a locked intramedullary nail with a lateral trochanteric entry point. We retrospectively reviewed 15 femoral fractures in 13 adolescents who were treated in our unit between 2011 and 2014. Data collected included patient demographics, mechanism of injury, type of fracture, associated injuries, time to union and complications. A radiographic review was also undertaken. The mean time to radiological union in 14 out of the 15 fractures was 13 weeks (range, 10-20 weeks). One patient had a delayed union that required bone grafting and united finally at 30 weeks post injury. The mean difference in the neck shaft angle between the operated and non-operated side was 1.5 degrees (range : -10 to 10 degrees). No patients had infection or avascular necrosis. Five nails were removed after the fractures had healed without complications. Locked rigid intramedullary nailing of adolescent femoral fractures is a safe and effective treatment option when the lateral aspect of the greater trochanter is used as an entry point.

Erratum to: 36th International Symposium on Intensive Care and Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium. 15-18 March 2016

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/s13054-016-1208-6.].

Effects of chronic exposure to benzalkonium chloride in Oncorhynchus mykiss: cholinergic neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, peroxidative damage and genotoxicity

Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is one of the most used conservatives in pharmaceutical preparations. However, its use is limited to a small set of external use formulations, due to its high toxicity. Benzalkonium chloride effects are related to the potential exertion of deleterious effects, mediated via oxidative stress and through interaction with membrane enzymes, leading to cellular damage. To address the ecotoxicity of this specific compound rainbow trouts were chronically exposed to BAC at environmental relevant concentrations (ranging from 0.100 to 1.050mg/L), and the biological response of cholinergic neurotoxicity, modulation of the antioxidant defense, phase II metabolism, lipid peroxidation and genotoxicity was studied. The obtained results showed a dual pattern of antioxidant response, with significant alterations in catalase activity (starting at 0.180mg/L), and lipid peroxidation, for intermediate (0.180 and 0.324mg/L) concentrations. No significant alterations occurred for glutathione-S-transferases activity. An unexpected increased of the acetylcholinesterase activity was also recorded for the individuals exposed to higher concentrations of BAC (starting at 0.180mg/L). Furthermore, exposure to BAC resulted in the establishment of genotoxic alterations, observable (for the specific case of the comet assay results) for all tested BAC concentrations. However, and considering that the oxidative response was not devisable, other mechanisms may be involved in the genotoxic effects reported here.