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Zanin M, Azzalini A, Ranaweera J, Weaving D, Darrall-Jones J, Roe G. The contributing external load factors to internal load during small-sided games in professional rugby union players. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1092186. [PMID: 36873663 PMCID: PMC9975384 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1092186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to investigate which external load variables were associated with internal load during three small-sided games (SSG) in professional rugby union players. Methods Forty professional rugby union players (22 forwards, 18 backs) competing in the English Gallagher Premiership were recruited. Three different SSGs were designed: one for backs, one for forwards, and one for both backs and forwards. General linear mixed-effects models were implemented with internal load as dependent variable quantified using Stagno's training impulse, and external load as independent variables quantified using total distance, high-speed (>61% top speed) running distance, average acceleration-deceleration, PlayerLoad™, PlayerLoad™ slow (<2 m·s-1), number of get-ups, number of first-man-to-ruck. Results Internal load was associated with different external load variables dependent on SSG design. When backs and forwards were included in the same SSG, internal load differed between positional groups (MLE = -121.94, SE = 29.03, t = -4.20). Discussion Based on the SSGs investigated, practitioners should manipulate different constraints to elicit a certain internal load in their players based on the specific SSG design. Furthermore, the potential effect of playing position on internal load should be taken into account in the process of SSG design when both backs and forwards are included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zanin
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Performance Department, Bath Rugby Football Club, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Adelchi Azzalini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Statistiche, Università Degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Jayamini Ranaweera
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Performance Department, Bath Rugby Football Club, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Weaving
- Performance Department, Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Darrall-Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Roe
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Performance Department, Bath Rugby Football Club, Bath, United Kingdom
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Zanin M, Azzalini A, Ranaweera J, Till K, Darrall-Jones J, Roe G. Designing a small-sided game to elicit attacking tactical behaviour in professional rugby union forwards. J Sports Sci 2022; 40:2304-2314. [PMID: 36508221 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2022.2156101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the consistency of attacking tactical and technical behaviour, and physical characteristics, over multiple bouts, and variability across days, of a specific rugby union forwards small-sided game (SSG). Data was collected from 21 professional rugby union forwards during four training sessions. The SSG, consisting of five bouts of work (150-s) interspersed by passive recovery (75-s), aimed to elicit specific attacking tactical behaviour. Tactical behaviour (i.e., regularity of attacking shape [entropy]), and technical (e.g., passes) and physical (e.g., total distance) characteristics were quantified. Results showed that technical characteristics remained consistent, whereas the regularity of width of the attacking shape and two physical characteristics (i.e., total distance, training impulse) varied across bouts. However, these effects had limited practical significance. Technical characteristics were consistent across days, but minimal variability was observed for tactical behaviour and physical characteristics, as shown by their small random effects with 95% profile likelihood confidence intervals (PLCI) including zero (e.g., SD[95%PLCI] = 0.03[0.00, 0.06]). Consequently, consistency of stimulus over bouts and days is achievable for the majority of the variables investigated, thus supporting the use of SSG to elicit consistent attacking behaviour, but also technical and physical characteristics in rugby union forwards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zanin
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Performance department, Bath Rugby Football Club, Bath, UK
| | - Adelchi Azzalini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Statistiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Jayamini Ranaweera
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Performance department, Bath Rugby Football Club, Bath, UK
| | - Kevin Till
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
| | - Joshua Darrall-Jones
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
| | - Gregory Roe
- Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Performance department, Bath Rugby Football Club, Bath, UK
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Darrall-Jones J, Roe G, Cremen E, Jones B. Can Team-Sport Athletes Accurately Run at Submaximal Sprinting Speeds? Implications for Rehabilitation and Warm-Up Protocols. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:2218-2222. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zanin M, Ranaweera J, Darrall-Jones J, Weaving D, Till K, Roe G. A systematic review of small sided games within rugby: Acute and chronic effects of constraints manipulation. J Sports Sci 2021; 39:1633-1660. [PMID: 33956579 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2021.1891723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Small-sided games is a commonly used training method to develop technical, tactical and physical qualities concurrently. However, a review of small-sided games in rugby football codes (e.g. rugby union, rugby league) is not available. This systematic review aims to investigate the acute responses and chronic adaptations of small-sided games within rugby football codes considering the constraints applied. Four electronical databases were systematically searched until August 2020. Acute and chronic studies investigating rugby football codes small-sided games, with healthy amateur and professional athletes were included. Twenty studies were eventually included: 4 acute and 1 chronic in rugby union, 13 acute and 2 chronic in rugby league. Acute studies investigated task and individual constraints. Chronic studies showed that small-sided games would be an effective training method to improve physical performance. Current research in rugby football codes is heavily biased towards investigating how manipulating constraints can affect the physical characteristics of small-sided games, with limited literature investigating the effect on technical skills, and no studies investigating tactical behaviour. Future research is needed to evidence the effects of constraint manipulation on technical and tactical behaviour of rugby football players in small-sided games, in addition to physical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zanin
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, Leeds, UK.,Performance Department, Bath Rugby Football Club, Bath, UK
| | - Jayamini Ranaweera
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, Leeds, UK.,Performance Department, Bath Rugby Football Club, Bath, UK
| | - Joshua Darrall-Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, Leeds, UK
| | - Dan Weaving
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, Leeds, UK.,Performance Department, Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK.,Department of Sport Health, and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | - Kevin Till
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, Leeds, UK.,Performance Department, Leeds Rhinos Rugby League Club, Leeds, UK
| | - Gregory Roe
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Carnegie Applied Rugby Research Centre, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, Leeds, UK.,Performance Department, Bath Rugby Football Club, Bath, UK
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Weakley JJS, Till K, Read DB, Leduc C, Roe GAB, Phibbs PJ, Darrall-Jones J, Jones B. Jump Training in Rugby Union Players: Barbell or Hexagonal Bar? J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:754-761. [PMID: 29985223 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Weakley, JJS, Till, K, Read, DB, Leduc, C, Roe, GAB, Phibbs, PJ, Darrall-Jones, J, and Jones, B. Jump training in rugby union players: barbell or hexagonal bar?. J Strength Cond Res 35(3): 754-761, 2021-The countermovement jump (CMJ) is an exercise that can develop athletic performance. Using the conventional barbell (BAR) and hexagonal barbell (HEX) while jumping, the intensity can be increased. However, the bar that provides greater adaptations is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to assess changes in loaded and unloaded CMJ with either a BAR or HEX across a 4-week mesocycle in rugby union players. Twenty-nine subjects were strength-matched and randomized into 2 groups. Subjects completed 3 sets of CMJ at 20% of 1 repetition maximum back squat, 3 times per week for 4 weeks, using either a BAR or HEX. Subjects completed an unloaded CMJ on a force plate before and after, whereas the highest peak concentric velocity during the jump squat was recorded in the first and last training sessions using a linear position transducer. Magnitude-based inferences assessed meaningful changes within- and between-groups. Possibly greater improvements in unloaded CMJ were found in the HEX group in jump height (effect size ± 90% confidence intervals: 0.27 ± 0.27), relative peak (0.21 ± 0.23), and mean power (0.32 ± 0.36). In addition, likely to very likely greater improvements were observed in the HEX group in peak velocity (0.33 ± 0.27), relative mean power (0.53 ± 0.30), mean force (0.47 ± 0.27), and 100-ms impulse (0.60 ± 0.48). Similar raw changes in jump squat peak velocity occurred (0.20-0.25 m·s-1), despite the likely greater ES occurring with the BAR (0.32 ± 0.26). These results indicate that training with the HEX leads to superior unloaded CMJ adaptations. In addition, practitioners should use either the HEX or BAR when aiming to enhance loaded jump ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon J S Weakley
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Till
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Dale B Read
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Cedric Leduc
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory A B Roe
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom.,Bath Rugby, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Padraic J Phibbs
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Darrall-Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom.,Wasps Rugby, Coventry, United Kingdom; and
| | - Ben Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom.,The Rugby Football League, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Weakley JJS, Till K, Read DB, Phibbs PJ, Roe G, Darrall-Jones J, Jones BL. The Effects of Superset Configuration on Kinetic, Kinematic, and Perceived Exertion in the Barbell Bench Press. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 34:65-72. [PMID: 28796130 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Weakley, JJS, Till, K, Read, DB, Phibbs, PJ, Roe, G, Darrall-Jones, J, and Jones, BL. The effects of superset configuration on kinetic, kinematic, and perceived exertion in the barbell bench press. J Strength Cond Res 34(1): 65-72, 2020-Training that is efficient and effective is of great importance to an athlete. One method of improving efficiency is by incorporating supersets into resistance training routines. However, the structuring of supersets is still unexplored. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the effects of agonist-antagonist (A-A), alternate peripheral (A-P), and similar biomechanical (SB) superset configurations on rate of perceived exertion (RPE), kinetic and kinematic changes during the bench press. Ten subjects performed resistance training protocols in a randomized-crossover design, with magnitude-based inferences assessing changes/differences within and between protocols. Changes in rate of perceived exertion were very likely and almost certainly greater in the A-P and SB protocols when compared with the A-A, whereas all superset protocols had very likely to almost certain reductions in mean velocity and power from baseline. Reductions in mean velocity and power were almost certainly greater in the SB protocol, with differences between the A-A and A-P protocols being unclear. Decreases in peak force were likely and almost certain in the A-A and SB protocols respectively, with changes in A-P being unclear. Differences between these protocols showed likely greater decreases in SB peak forces when compared to A-A, with all other superset comparisons being unclear. This study demonstrates the importance of exercise selection when incorporating supersets into a training routine. It is suggested that the practitioner uses A-A supersets when aiming to improve training efficiency and minimize reductions in kinetic and kinematic output of the agonist musculature while completing the barbell bench press.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon J S Weakley
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom; and.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Till
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom; and.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Dale B Read
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom; and.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Padraic J Phibbs
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom; and.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Roe
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom; and.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Darrall-Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom; and.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ben L Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom; and.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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Weakley JJ, Wilson KM, Till K, Read DB, Darrall-Jones J, Roe GA, Phibbs PJ, Jones B. Visual Feedback Attenuates Mean Concentric Barbell Velocity Loss and Improves Motivation, Competitiveness, and Perceived Workload in Male Adolescent Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2420-2425. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Weakley JJ, Till K, Darrall-Jones J, Roe GA, Phibbs PJ, Read DB, Jones BL. Strength and Conditioning Practices in Adolescent Rugby Players: Relationship With Changes in Physical Qualities. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:2361-2369. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Phibbs PJ, Jones B, Roe G, Read DB, Darrall-Jones J, Weakley J, Rock A, Till K. Organized Chaos in Late Specialization Team Sports: Weekly Training Loads of Elite Adolescent Rugby Union Players. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1316-1323. [PMID: 29683915 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Phibbs, PJ, Jones, B, Roe, G, Read, DB, Darrall-Jones, J, Weakley, J, Rock, A, and Till, K. Organized chaos in late specialization team sports: weekly training loads of elite adolescent rugby union players. J Strength Cond Res 32(5): 1316-1323, 2018-The aim of this study was to quantify the mean weekly training load (TL) of elite adolescent rugby union players participating in multiple teams and examine the differences between playing positions. Twenty elite male adolescent rugby union players (17.4 ± 0.7 years) were recruited from a regional academy and categorized by playing position: forwards (n = 10) and backs (n = 10). Global positioning system and accelerometer microtechnology was used to quantify external TL, and session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) was used to quantify internal TL during all sessions throughout a 10-week in-season period. A total of 97 complete observations (5 ± 3 weeks per participant) were analyzed, and differences between positions were assessed using Cohen's d effect sizes (ES) and magnitude-based inferences. Mean weekly sRPE was 1,217 ± 364 arbitrary units (AU) (between-subject coefficient of variation [CV] = 30%), with a total distance (TD) of 11,629 ± 3,445 m (CV = 30%), and PlayerLoad (PL) of 1,124 ± 330 AU (CV = 29%). Within-subject CV ranged between 5 and 78% for sRPE, 24 and 82% for TD, and 19 and 84% for PL. Mean TD (13,063 ± 3,933 vs. 10,195 ± 2,242 m) and PL (1,246 ± 345 vs. 1,002 ± 279 AU) were both likely greater for backs compared with forwards (moderate ES); however, differences in sRPE were unclear (small ES). Although mean internal TLs and volumes were low, external TLs were higher than previously reported during preseason and in-season periods in senior professional players. Additionally, the large between-subject and within-subject variation in weekly TL suggests that players participate in a chaotic training system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padraic J Phibbs
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory Roe
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Dale B Read
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Darrall-Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Rock
- Bath Rugby, Farleigh House, Farleigh Hungerford, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Till
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Read DB, Till K, Beasley G, Clarkson M, Heyworth R, Lee J, Weakley JJ, Phibbs PJ, Roe GA, Darrall-Jones J, Jones B. Maximum running intensities during English academy rugby union match-play. SCI MED FOOTBALL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24733938.2018.1464660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dale B. Read
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club, Leeds, UK
| | - Kevin Till
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club, Leeds, UK
| | | | | | | | | | - Jonathon J.S. Weakley
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club, Leeds, UK
| | - Padraic J. Phibbs
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club, Leeds, UK
| | - Gregory A.B. Roe
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club, Leeds, UK
| | - Joshua Darrall-Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club, Leeds, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club, Leeds, UK
- The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
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Jones B, Weaving D, Tee J, Darrall-Jones J, Weakley J, Phibbs P, Read D, Roe G, Hendricks S, Till K. Bigger, stronger, faster, fitter: the differences in physical qualities of school and academy rugby union players. J Sports Sci 2018; 36:2399-2404. [PMID: 29608414 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2018.1458589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Limited research has compared the physical qualities of adolescent rugby union (RU) players across differing playing standards. This study therefore compared the physical qualities of academy and school Under-18 RU players. One-hundred and eighty-four (professional regional academy, n = 55 school, n = 129) male RU players underwent a physical testing battery to quantify height, body mass, strength (bench press and pull-up), speed (10, 20 and 40 m), 10 m momentum (calculated; 10 m velocity * body mass) and a proxy measure of aerobic fitness (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1; IRTL1). The practical significance of differences between playing levels were assessed using magnitude-based inferences. Academy players were taller (very likely small), heavier (likely moderate) and stronger (bench press possibly large; pull-up plus body mass likely small) than school players. Academy players were faster than school players over 20 and 40 m (possibly and likely small), although differences in 10 m speed were not apparent (possibly trivial). Academy players displayed greater 10 m momentum (likely moderate) and greater IRTL1 performance (likely small) than school players. These findings suggest that body size, strength, running momentum, 40 m speed and aerobic fitness contribute to a higher playing standard in adolescent rugby union.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Jones
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union club , Leeds , UK.,c The Rugby Football League , Leeds , UK.,d Leeds Rhinos Rugby League club , Leeds , UK
| | - Dan Weaving
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,d Leeds Rhinos Rugby League club , Leeds , UK
| | - Jason Tee
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK
| | - Joshua Darrall-Jones
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,e Wasps Rugby Union club , Coventry , UK
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union club , Leeds , UK
| | - Padraic Phibbs
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union club , Leeds , UK
| | - Dale Read
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union club , Leeds , UK
| | - Gregory Roe
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,f Bath Rugby Union club , Bath , UK
| | - Sharief Hendricks
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,g University of Cape Town , Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine , Cape Town , South Africa
| | - Kevin Till
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union club , Leeds , UK.,d Leeds Rhinos Rugby League club , Leeds , UK
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Till K, Darrall-Jones J, Weakley JJ, Roe GA, Jones BL. The Influence of Training Age on the Annual Development of Physical Qualities Within Academy Rugby League Players. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 31:2110-2118. [PMID: 27442330 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Till, K, Darrall-Jones, J, Weakley, JJ, Roe, GA, and Jones, BL. The influence of training age on the annual development of physical qualities within academy rugby league players. J Strength Cond Res 31(8): 2110-2118, 2017-Previous research in academy rugby league players has evaluated the development of physical qualities according to chronological age. However, no study has considered the training age, defined as the number of formalized years of strength and conditioning training, of these players. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to present and compare the annual changes in physical qualities of academy rugby league players according to training age. Sixty-one academy players undertook a fitness testing assessment, including anthropometric (height, body mass, sum of 4 skinfolds) and physical (10 and 20 m sprint, 10m momentum, vertical jump, Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 [Yo-Yo IRTL1], one-repetition maximum [1RM] squat, bench press and prone row) measures at the start of preseason on 2 consecutive annual occasions. Players were categorized into one of 3 training age groups (i.e., 0, 1, or 2 years) and were analyzed using magnitude-based inferences. Almost certain, very likely or likely annual improvements were identified for body mass, 10m momentum, Yo-Yo IRTL1, vertical jump, and all strength measures for the 3 training age groups. When training age groups were compared, 1 year showed possibly or likely lower strength increases than 0 years training age. However, the 2 years training age group demonstrated possibly or likely increased strength changes compared with 1 year. These findings suggest that training age is an important consideration for strength and conditioning practitioners but it is likely to be a combination of chronological age, biological maturity, and training experience alongside dynamic interplayer variability that influences the physical development of academy rugby league players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Till
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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Roe G, Shaw W, Darrall-Jones J, Phibbs PJ, Read D, Weakley JJ, Till K, Jones B. Reliability and Validity of a Medicine Ball-Contained Accelerometer for Measuring Upper-Body Neuromuscular Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1915-1918. [PMID: 29389696 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Roe, G, Shaw, W, Darrall-Jones, J, Phibbs, PJ, Read, D, Weakley, JJ, Till, K, and Jones, B. Reliability and validity of a medicine ball-contained accelerometer for measuring upper-body neuromuscular performance. J Strength Cond Res 32(7): 1915-1918, 2018-The aim of the study was to assess the between-day reliability and validity of a medicine ball-contained accelerometer (MBA) for assessing upper-body neuromuscular performance during a throwing task. Ten professional rugby union players partook in the study. Between-day reliability was assessed from the best score attained during 2 sets of 3 throws, on 2 testing occasions separated by 7 days. Validity was assessed against a criterion measure (Optioelectronic system) during 75 throws from a subgroup of 3 participants. The MBA exhibited a small between-day error of 2.2% (90% confidence intervals; 2.0-4.6%) and an almost perfect relationship with a criterion measure (r = 0.91 [90% CIs; 0.87-0.94]). However, the mean bias and standard error were moderate (7.9% [90% CIs; 6.6-9.2%] and 4.9% [90% CIs; 4.2-5.7%], respectively). Practitioners using an MBA to assess neuromuscular performance of the upper body must take into account the overestimation and error associated with such assessment with respect to a criterion measure. However, as the error associated with between-day testing was small and testing is easy to implement in applied practice, an MBA may provide a useful tool for monitoring upper-body neuromuscular performance over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Roe
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, St. Michael's Lane, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - William Shaw
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Darrall-Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, St. Michael's Lane, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Padraic J Phibbs
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, St. Michael's Lane, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Dale Read
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, St. Michael's Lane, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathon J Weakley
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, St. Michael's Lane, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Till
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, St. Michael's Lane, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium, St. Michael's Lane, Leeds, United Kingdom.,The Rugby Football League, Red Hall, Leeds, United Kingdom
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14
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Phibbs PJ, Jones B, Roe G, Read D, Darrall-Jones J, Weakley J, Rock A, Till K. The organised chaos of English adolescent rugby union: Influence of weekly match frequency on the variability of match and training loads. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 18:341-348. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1418026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Padraic J. Phibbs
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Leeds, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Leeds, UK
- The Rugby Football League, Leeds, UK
| | - Gregory Roe
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Bath Rugby, Bath, UK
| | - Dale Read
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Leeds, UK
| | - Joshua Darrall-Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Wasps Rugby, Coventry, UK
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Kevin Till
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK
- Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Leeds, UK
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15
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Weakley JJS, Till K, Darrall-Jones J, Roe GAB, Phibbs PJ, Read DB, Jones BL. The Influence of Resistance Training Experience on the Between-Day Reliability of Commonly Used Strength Measures in Male Youth Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:2005-2010. [PMID: 28277425 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Weakley, JJS, Till, K, Darrall-Jones, J, Roe, GAB, Phibbs, PJ, Read, DB, and Jones, BL. The influence of resistance training experience on the between-day reliability of commonly used strength measures in male youth athletes. J Strength Cond Res 31(7): 2005-2010, 2017-The purpose of this study was to determine the between-day reliability of commonly used strength measures in male youth athletes while considering resistance training experience. Data were collected on 25 male athletes over 2 testing sessions, with 72 hours rest between, for the 3 repetition maximum (3RM) front squat, chin-up, and bench press. Subjects were initially categorized by resistance training experience (inexperienced; 6-12 months, experienced; >2 years). The assessment of the between-day reliability (coefficient of variation [CV%]) showed that the front squat (experienced: 2.90%; inexperienced: 1.90%), chin-up (experienced: 1.70%; inexperienced: 1.90%), and bench press (experienced: 4.50%; inexperienced: 2.40%) were all reliable measures of strength in both groups. Comparison between groups for the error of measurement for each exercise showed trivial differences. When both groups were combined, the CV% for the front squat, bench press, and chin-up were 2.50, 1.80, and 3.70%, respectively. This study provides scientists and practitioners with the between-day reliability reference data to determine real and practical changes for strength in male youth athletes with different resistance training experience. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that 3RM front squat, chin-up, and bench press are reliable exercises to quantify strength in male youth athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon J S Weakley
- 1Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom; and 2Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, United Kingdom
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16
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Jones B, Till K, Emmonds S, Hendricks S, Mackreth P, Darrall-Jones J, Roe G, McGeechan SI, Mayhew R, Hunwicks R, Potts N, Clarkson M, Rock A. Accessing off-field brains in sport; an applied research model to develop practice. Br J Sports Med 2017; 53:791-793. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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17
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Weakley JJS, Till K, Read DB, Roe GAB, Darrall-Jones J, Phibbs PJ, Jones B. The effects of traditional, superset, and tri-set resistance training structures on perceived intensity and physiological responses. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:1877-1889. [PMID: 28698987 PMCID: PMC5556132 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3680-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Investigate the acute and short-term (i.e., 24 h) effects of traditional (TRAD), superset (SS), and tri-set (TRI) resistance training protocols on perceptions of intensity and physiological responses. Methods Fourteen male participants completed a familiarisation session and three resistance training protocols (i.e., TRAD, SS, and TRI) in a randomised-crossover design. Rating of perceived exertion, lactate concentration ([Lac]), creatine kinase concentration ([CK]), countermovement jump (CMJ), testosterone, and cortisol concentrations was measured pre, immediately, and 24-h post the resistance training sessions with magnitude-based inferences assessing changes/differences within/between protocols. Results TRI reported possible to almost certainly greater efficiency and rate of perceived exertion, although session perceived load was very likely lower. SS and TRI had very likely to almost certainly greater lactate responses during the protocols, with changes in [CK] being very likely and likely increased at 24 h, respectively. At 24-h post-training, CMJ variables in the TRAD protocol had returned to baseline; however, SS and TRI were still possibly to likely reduced. Possible increases in testosterone immediately post SS and TRI protocols were reported, with SS showing possible increases at 24-h post-training. TRAD and SS showed almost certain and likely decreases in cortisol immediately post, respectively, with TRAD reporting likely decreases at 24-h post-training. Conclusions SS and TRI can enhance training efficiency and reduce training time. However, acute and short-term physiological responses differ between protocols. Athletes can utilise SS and TRI resistance training, but may require additional recovery post-training to minimise effects of fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathon J S Weakley
- Room G03, Macaulay Hall, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Centre for Sports Performance, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, LS6 3GZ, UK. .,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.
| | - Kevin Till
- Room G03, Macaulay Hall, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Centre for Sports Performance, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, LS6 3GZ, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Dale B Read
- Room G03, Macaulay Hall, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Centre for Sports Performance, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, LS6 3GZ, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Gregory A B Roe
- Room G03, Macaulay Hall, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Centre for Sports Performance, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, LS6 3GZ, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Joshua Darrall-Jones
- Room G03, Macaulay Hall, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Centre for Sports Performance, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, LS6 3GZ, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Padraic J Phibbs
- Room G03, Macaulay Hall, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Centre for Sports Performance, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, LS6 3GZ, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Room G03, Macaulay Hall, Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Centre for Sports Performance, Headingley Campus, Leeds Beckett University, West Yorkshire, LS6 3GZ, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK.,The Rugby Football League, Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK
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18
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Phibbs PJ, Jones B, Read DB, Roe GAB, Darrall-Jones J, Weakley JJS, Rock A, Till K. The appropriateness of training exposures for match-play preparation in adolescent schoolboy and academy rugby union players. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:704-709. [PMID: 28562186 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1332421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the physical and movement demands between training and match-play in schoolboy and academy adolescent rugby union (RU) players. Sixty-one adolescent male RU players (mean ± SD; age 17.0 ± 0.7 years) were recruited from four teams representing school and regional academy standards. Players were categorised into four groups based on playing standard and position: schoolboy forwards (n = 15), schoolboy backs (n = 15), academy forwards (n = 16) and academy backs (n = 15). Global positioning system and accelerometry measures were obtained from training and match-play to assess within-group differences between conditions. Maximum data were analysed from 79 match files across 8 matches (1.3 ± 0.5 matches per participant) and 152 training files across 15 training sessions (2.5 ± 0.5 training sessions per participant). Schoolboy forwards were underprepared for low-intensity activities experienced during match-play, with schoolboy backs underprepared for all movement demands. Academy forwards were exposed to similar physical demands in training to matches, with academy backs similar to or exceeding values for all measured variables. Schoolboy players were underprepared for many key, position-specific aspects of match-play, which could place them at greater risk of injury and hinder performance, unlike academy players who were better prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padraic J Phibbs
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club , Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , UK
| | - Ben Jones
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club , Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , UK
| | - Dale B Read
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club , Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , UK
| | - Gregory A B Roe
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club , Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , UK
| | - Joshua Darrall-Jones
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club , Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , UK
| | - Jonathon J S Weakley
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club , Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , UK
| | | | - Kevin Till
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club , Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , UK
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19
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Read DB, Jones B, Phibbs PJ, Roe GAB, Darrall-Jones J, Weakley JJS, Till K. The physical characteristics of match-play in English schoolboy and academy rugby union. J Sports Sci 2017; 36:645-650. [PMID: 28514202 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2017.1329546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to compare the physical characteristics of under-18 academy and schoolboy rugby union competition by position (forwards and backs). Using a microsensor unit, match characteristics were recorded in 66 players. Locomotor characteristics were assessed by maximum sprint speed (MSS) and total, walking, jogging, striding and sprinting distances. The slow component (<2 m · s-1) of PlayerLoadTM (PLslow), which is the accumulated accelerations from the three axes of movement, was analysed as a measure of low-speed activity (e.g., rucking). A linear mixed-model was assessed with magnitude-based inferences. Academy forwards and backs almost certainly and very likely covered greater total distance than school forwards and backs. Academy players from both positions were also very likely to cover greater jogging distances. Academy backs were very likely to accumulate greater PLslow and the academy forwards a likely greater sprinting distance than school players in their respective positions. The MSS, total, walking and sprinting distances were greater in backs (likely-almost certainly), while forwards accumulated greater PLslow (almost certainly) and jogging distance (very likely). The results suggest that academy-standard rugby better prepares players to progress to senior competition compared to schoolboy rugby.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale B Read
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club , Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , UK
| | - Ben Jones
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club , Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , UK.,c The Rugby Football League , Leeds , UK
| | - Padraic J Phibbs
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club , Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , UK
| | - Gregory A B Roe
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club , Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , UK
| | - Joshua Darrall-Jones
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club , Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , UK
| | - Jonathon J S Weakley
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club , Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , UK
| | - Kevin Till
- a Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club , Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , UK
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20
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Phibbs PJ, Roe G, Jones B, Read DB, Weakley J, Darrall-Jones J, Till K. Validity of Daily and Weekly Self-Reported Training Load Measures in Adolescent Athletes. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:1121-1126. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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21
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Read D, Weaving D, Phibbs P, Darrall-Jones J, Roe G, Weakley J, Hendricks S, Till K, Jones B. Movement and physical demands of school and university rugby union match-play in England. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2017; 2:e000147. [PMID: 28879027 PMCID: PMC5569272 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2016-000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In England, rugby union is a popular sport and is widely played within schools. Despite the large participation numbers, the movement and physical demands of the sport and how they progress by age have not been explored. Method Ninety-six male rugby union players wore microtechnology devices during six rugby union matches within the education pathway to investigate the movement and physical demands of match-play. To quantify the positional differences and progression by age, data were obtained for participants at the under 16 (U16) (n=31 participants), under 18 (U18) (n=34 participants) and university (n=31 participants) levels. Players were further divided in forwards and backs. Data were analysed using magnitude-based inferences. Results For the movement demands, U16 total distance and ‘striding’ was likely higher for forwards than backs, whereas at U18, unclear differences were observed and from university players the inverse was observed (very likely). In all age groups sprint distance was likely to very likely greater for backs than forwards. Forwards had greater physical demands than backs at all age groups. For consecutive age groups, U16 had a likely higher relative distance than U18, and U18 had a likely lower relative distance than university players. Physical demands were similar across age groups for forwards, and greater for backs at older age groups. Conclusion The movement and physical demands of rugby union players participating in schools (U16 and U18), may not be as expected, however, the findings from university players show a similar pattern to the senior game.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Read
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, UK
| | - Daniel Weaving
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Department of Sport, Health and Exercise Science, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, UK
| | - Padraic Phibbs
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, UK
| | - Joshua Darrall-Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, UK
| | - Gregory Roe
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, UK
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, UK
| | - Sharief Hendricks
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kevin Till
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, UK
| | - Ben Jones
- Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds, UK.,Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Union Football Club, Kirkstall Training Ground, Leeds Rugby Academy, Leeds, UK.,The Rugby Football League, Red Hall Lane, Leeds, UK
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22
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Roe G, Darrall-Jones J, Till K, Phibbs P, Read D, Weakley J, Rock A, Jones B. The effect of physical contact on changes in fatigue markers following rugby union field-based training. Eur J Sport Sci 2017; 17:647-655. [PMID: 28276911 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2017.1287960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Repeated physical contact in rugby union is thought to contribute to post-match fatigue; however, no evidence exists on the effect of contact activity during field-based training on fatigue responses. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of contact during training on fatigue markers in rugby union players. Twenty academy rugby union players participated in the cross-over study. The magnitude of change in upper- and lower-body neuromuscular function (NMF), whole blood creatine kinase concentration [CK] and perception of well-being was assessed pre-training (baseline), immediately and 24 h post-training following contact and non-contact, field-based training. Training load was measured using mean heart rate, session rating of perceived exertion (sRPE) and microtechnology (Catapult Optimeye S5). The inclusion of contact during field-based training almost certainly increased mean heart rate (9.7; ±3.9%) and sRPE (42; ±29.2%) and resulted in likely and very likely greater decreases in upper-body NMF (-7.3; ±4.7% versus 2.7; ±5.9%) and perception of well-being (-8.0; ±4.8% versus -3.4; ±2.2%) 24 h post-training, respectively, and almost certainly greater elevations in [CK] (88.2; ±40.7% versus 3.7; ±8%). The exclusion of contact from field-based training almost certainly increased running intensity (19.8; ±5%) and distance (27.5; ±5.3%), resulting in possibly greater decreases in lower-body NMF (-5.6; ±5.2% versus 2.3; ±2.4%). Practitioners should be aware of the different demands and fatigue responses of contact and non-contact, field-based training and can use this information to appropriately schedule such training in the weekly microcycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Roe
- a Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK
| | - Joshua Darrall-Jones
- a Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK
| | - Kevin Till
- a Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK
| | - Padraic Phibbs
- a Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK
| | - Dale Read
- a Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK
| | - Jonathon Weakley
- a Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK
| | - Andrew Rock
- c Bath Rugby Club, Farleigh House, Farleigh Hungerford , Bath , UK
| | - Ben Jones
- a Research Institute for Sport, Physical Activity and Leisure , Leeds Beckett University , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK.,b Yorkshire Carnegie Rugby Club, Headingley Carnegie Stadium , Leeds , West Yorkshire , UK
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