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Hewson I, Ritchie IT, Evans JS, Altera A, Behringer D, Bowman E, Brandt M, Budd KA, Camacho RA, Cornwell TO, Countway PD, Croquer A, Delgado GA, DeRito C, Duermit-Moreau E, Francis-Floyd R, Gittens S, Henderson L, Hylkema A, Kellogg CA, Kiryu Y, Kitson-Walters KA, Kramer P, Lang JC, Lessios H, Liddy L, Marancik D, Nimrod S, Patterson JT, Pistor M, Romero IC, Sellares-Blasco R, Sevier ML, Sharp WC, Souza M, Valdez-Trinidad A, van der Laan M, Vilanova-Cuevas B, Villalpando M, Von Hoene SD, Warham M, Wijers T, Williams SM, Work TM, Yanong RP, Zambrano S, Zimmermann A, Breitbart M. A scuticociliate causes mass mortality of Diadema antillarum in the Caribbean Sea. Sci Adv 2023; 9:eadg3200. [PMID: 37075109 PMCID: PMC10115408 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg3200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Echinoderm mass mortality events shape marine ecosystems by altering the dynamics among major benthic groups. The sea urchin Diadema antillarum, virtually extirpated in the Caribbean in the early 1980s by an unknown cause, recently experienced another mass mortality beginning in January 2022. We investigated the cause of this mass mortality event through combined molecular biological and veterinary pathologic approaches comparing grossly normal and abnormal animals collected from 23 sites, representing locations that were either affected or unaffected at the time of sampling. Here, we report that a scuticociliate most similar to Philaster apodigitiformis was consistently associated with abnormal urchins at affected sites but was absent from unaffected sites. Experimentally challenging naïve urchins with a Philaster culture isolated from an abnormal, field-collected specimen resulted in gross signs consistent with those of the mortality event. The same ciliate was recovered from treated specimens postmortem, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates for this microorganism. We term this condition D. antillarum scuticociliatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Hewson
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Corresponding author.
| | - Isabella T. Ritchie
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - James S. Evans
- U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Ashley Altera
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Donald Behringer
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Erin Bowman
- Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Virgin Islands Government, Christiansted, VI, USA
- National Coral Reef Management Fellowship, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Marilyn Brandt
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, Saint Thomas, VI, USA
| | - Kayla A. Budd
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, Saint Thomas, VI, USA
| | - Ruleo A. Camacho
- Antigua and Barbuda National Parks Authority, Nelson’s Dockyard, Antigua and Barbuda
| | - Tomas O. Cornwell
- St Eustatius National Parks Foundation, Oranjestad, Caribbean, Netherlands
| | | | - Aldo Croquer
- Central Caribbean Program, The Nature Conservancy, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Gabriel A. Delgado
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Marathon, FL, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Duermit-Moreau
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Ruth Francis-Floyd
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Samuel Gittens
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, Saint Thomas, VI, USA
| | - Leslie Henderson
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office for Coastal Management, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Alwin Hylkema
- Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, Netherlands
- Marine Animal Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Christina A. Kellogg
- U.S. Geological Survey, St. Petersburg Coastal and Marine Science Center, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Yasunari Kiryu
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Kimani A. Kitson-Walters
- Caribbean Netherlands Science Institute, St. Eustatius, Caribbean, Netherlands
- NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Oranjestad, Caribbean, Netherlands
| | - Patricia Kramer
- Ocean Research and Education Foundation, Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment, Big Pine Key, FL, USA
| | - Judith C. Lang
- Ocean Research and Education Foundation, Atlantic and Gulf Rapid Reef Assessment, Big Pine Key, FL, USA
| | - Harilaos Lessios
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Republic of Panama
| | | | - David Marancik
- School of Veterinary Sciences, St. George’s University, St. George’s, Grenada
| | - Stephen Nimrod
- Department of Biology, Ecology and Conservation, St. George’s University, St. George’s, Grenada
| | - Joshua T. Patterson
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marit Pistor
- St Eustatius National Parks Foundation, Oranjestad, Caribbean, Netherlands
| | - Isabel C. Romero
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | | | - Moriah L. B. Sevier
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, Saint Thomas, VI, USA
| | - William C. Sharp
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Marathon, FL, USA
| | - Matthew Souza
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, Saint Thomas, VI, USA
| | | | | | | | - Maria Villalpando
- Fundación Dominicana de Estudios Marinos, Bayahibe, Dominican Republic
| | - Sarah D. Von Hoene
- Center for Marine and Environmental Studies, University of the Virgin Islands, Saint Thomas, VI, USA
| | - Matthew Warham
- Department of Planning and Natural Resources, Virgin Islands Government, Christiansted, VI, USA
| | - Tom Wijers
- Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, Netherlands
- Marine Animal Ecology Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Thierry M. Work
- U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, Honolulu Field Station, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Roy P. Yanong
- School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Alizee Zimmermann
- Turks and Caicos Reef Fund, Providenciales, Turks and Caicos Islands
| | - Mya Breitbart
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
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Henry JA, Szereday S, Lynn CK, Suggett DJ, Camp EF, Patterson JT. Using relative return‐on‐effort (
RRE
) scoring to evaluate a novel coral nursery in Malaysia. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Henry
- Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences University of Florida/IFAS 7922 NW 71st Street Gainesville FL 32653 USA
| | | | - Chew Kok Lynn
- Coralku Solutions, Kuala Lumpur, 60000, Wilayah Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
- Institute of Ocean and Earth Sciences C308, Institute for Advanced Studies Building, Universiti Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - David J. Suggett
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science Ultimo NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Emma F. Camp
- University of Technology Sydney, Climate Change Cluster, Faculty of Science Ultimo NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Joshua T. Patterson
- Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences University of Florida/IFAS 7922 NW 71st Street Gainesville FL 32653 USA
- The Florida Aquarium, Center for Conservation, 529 Estuary Shore Ln. Apollo Beach FL 33572‐2205 USA
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Henry JA, Khattri RB, Guingab-Cagmat J, Merritt ME, Garrett TJ, Patterson JT, Lohr KE. Intraspecific variation in polar and nonpolar metabolite profiles of a threatened Caribbean coral. Metabolomics 2021; 17:60. [PMID: 34143280 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-021-01808-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research aimed at understanding intraspecific variation among corals could substantially increase understanding of coral biology and improve outcomes of active restoration efforts. Metabolomics is useful for identifying physiological drivers leading to variation among genotypes and has the capacity to improve our selection of candidate corals that express phenotypes beneficial to restoration. OBJECTIVES Our study aims to compare metabolomic profiles among known, unique genotypes of the threatened coral Acropora cervicornis. In doing so, we seek information related to the physiological characteristics driving variation among genotypes, which could aid in identifying genets with desirable traits for restoration. METHODS We applied proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to identify and compare metabolomic profiles for seven unique genotypes of A. cervicornis that previously exhibited phenotypic variation in a common garden coral nursery. RESULTS Significant variation in polar and nonpolar metabolite profiles was found among A. cervicornis genotypes. Despite difficulties identifying all significant metabolites driving separation among genotypes, our data support previous findings and further suggest metabolomic profiles differ among various genotypes of the threatened species A. cervicornis. CONCLUSION The implementation of metabolomic analyses allowed identification of several key metabolites driving separation among genotypes and expanded our understanding of the A. cervicornis metabolome. Although our research is specific to A. cervicornis, these findings have broad relevance for coral biology and active restoration. Furthermore, this study provides specific information on the understudied A. cervicornis metabolome and further confirmation that differences in metabolome structure could drive phenotypic variation among genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Henry
- Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida/IFAS, 7922 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL, 32653, USA.
| | - Ram B Khattri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joy Guingab-Cagmat
- Southeast Center for Integrated Metabolomics, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Matthew E Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Timothy J Garrett
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Joshua T Patterson
- Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest, Fisheries, and Geomatics Sciences, University of Florida/IFAS, 7922 NW 71st Street, Gainesville, FL, 32653, USA
- The Florida Aquarium, Center for Conservation, 529 Estuary Shore Ln, Apollo Beach, FL, 33572-2205, USA
| | - Kathryn E Lohr
- Office of National Marine Sanctuaries, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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Schulz K, Stevens PW, Hill JE, Trotter AA, Ritch JL, Tuckett QM, Patterson JT. Coastal restoration evaluated using dominant habitat characteristics and associated fish communities. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240623. [PMID: 33091008 PMCID: PMC7580894 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing coastal populations and urban development have led to the loss of estuarine habitats for fish and wildlife. Specifically, a decline in complexity and heterogeneity of tidal marshes and creeks is thought to negatively impact fish communities by altering the function of nursery grounds, including predator refuge and prey resources. To offset these impacts, numerous agencies are restoring degraded habitats while also creating new ones where habitat has been lost. To improve understanding of what contributes to a successful restoration, six quarterly sampling events using two gear types to collect small- and large-bodied fishes were conducted to compare the fish community structure and habitat characteristics at three natural, three restored, and three impacted (i.e. ditched) areas along the coast of Tampa Bay, Florida. Overall, impacted sites had significantly lower small-bodied and juvenile fish diversity than natural and restored areas, while restored sites harbored a greater number of fish species than impacted sites for both large- and small-bodied fish. Habitat features such as shoreline slope differentiated impacted and restored from natural areas. Although we did not find a direct correlation, habitat heterogeneity likely played a role in structuring fish communities. These findings provide guidance for future coastal restoration or modification of existing projects. Specifically, the habitat mosaic approach of creating a geographically compact network of heterogenous habitat characteristics is likely to support fish diversity, while decreasing shoreline slope in a greater amount of area within coastal wetland restorations would more closely mimic natural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailee Schulz
- Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Philip W. Stevens
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey E. Hill
- Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, University of Florida, Ruskin, Florida, United States of America
| | - Alexis A. Trotter
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jared L. Ritch
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute, Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States of America
| | - Quenton M. Tuckett
- Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory, University of Florida, Ruskin, Florida, United States of America
| | - Joshua T. Patterson
- Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
- Center for Conservation, The Florida Aquarium, Apollo Beach, Florida, United States of America
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Schulz K, Stevens PW, Hill JE, Trotter AA, Ritch JL, Williams KL, Patterson JT, Tuckett QM. Coastal wetland restoration improves habitat for juvenile sportfish in Tampa Bay, Florida,
U.S.A.. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kailee Schulz
- Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida 7922 NW 71st Street, Gainesville FL 32653 U.S.A
| | - Philip W. Stevens
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Fish and Wildlife Research Institute 100 8th Ave SE, St. Petersburg FL 33701 U.S.A
| | - Jeffrey E. Hill
- Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida 7922 NW 71st Street, Gainesville FL 32653 U.S.A
- Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory University of Florida 1408 24th Street SE, Ruskin FL 33570 U.S.A
| | - Alexis A. Trotter
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Fish and Wildlife Research Institute 100 8th Ave SE, St. Petersburg FL 33701 U.S.A
| | - Jared L. Ritch
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Fish and Wildlife Research Institute 100 8th Ave SE, St. Petersburg FL 33701 U.S.A
| | - Kyle L. Williams
- Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Fish and Wildlife Research Institute 100 8th Ave SE, St. Petersburg FL 33701 U.S.A
| | - Joshua T. Patterson
- Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida 7922 NW 71st Street, Gainesville FL 32653 U.S.A
- Center for Conservation The Florida Aquarium 529 Estuary Shore Lane, Apollo Beach FL 33572 U.S.A
| | - Quenton M. Tuckett
- Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida 7922 NW 71st Street, Gainesville FL 32653 U.S.A
- Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory University of Florida 1408 24th Street SE, Ruskin FL 33570 U.S.A
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T. Patterson
- Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and ConservationUniversity of Florida/IFAS 7922 NW 71st Street, Gainesville FL 32653 U.S.A
- Center for ConservationThe Florida Aquarium 529 Estuary Shore Lane, Apollo Beach FL 33572 U.S.A
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Suggett DJ, Camp EF, Edmondson J, Boström‐Einarsson L, Ramler V, Lohr K, Patterson JT. Optimizing return‐on‐effort for coral nursery and outplanting practices to aid restoration of the Great Barrier Reef. Restor Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Suggett
- Climate Change Cluster (C3)University of Technology Sydney Ultimo NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Emma F. Camp
- Climate Change Cluster (C3)University of Technology Sydney Ultimo NSW 2007 Australia
| | - John Edmondson
- Wavelength Reef Cruises 6/43 Macrossan Street, Port Douglas QLD 4877 Australia
| | | | - Vanessa Ramler
- Climate Change Cluster (C3)University of Technology Sydney Ultimo NSW 2007 Australia
| | - Kathryn Lohr
- Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and ConservationUniversity of Florida Gainesville FL 32653 U.S.A
| | - Joshua T. Patterson
- Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and ConservationUniversity of Florida Gainesville FL 32653 U.S.A
- Center for ConservationThe Florida Aquarium Apollo Beach FL 33602 U.S.A
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Lohr KE, Camp EF, Kuzhiumparambil U, Lutz A, Leggat W, Patterson JT, Suggett DJ. Resolving coral photoacclimation dynamics through coupled photophysiological and metabolomic profiling. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.195982. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.195982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Corals continuously adjust to short term variation in light availability on shallow reefs. Long-term light alterations can also occur due to natural and anthropogenic stressors, as well as management interventions such as coral transplantation. Although short term photophysiological responses are relatively well-understood in corals, little information is available regarding photoacclimation dynamics over weeks of altered light availability. We coupled photophysiology and metabolomic profiling to explore changes that accompany longer-term photoacclimation in a key Great Barrier Reef coral species (Acropora muricata). High (HL) and low light (LL) acclimated corals were collected from the reef and reciprocally exposed to high and low light ex situ. Rapid light curves using Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM) fluorometry revealed photophysiological acclimation of LL to HL and HL to LL shifted corals within 21 days. A subset of colonies sampled at 7 and 21 days for untargeted LC-MS and GC-MS metabolomic profiling revealed metabolic reorganization before acclimation was detected using PAM fluorometry. Metabolomic shifts were more pronounced for LL to HL treated corals than their HL to LL counterparts. Compounds driving metabolomic separation between HL-exposed and LL control colonies included amino acids, organic acids, fatty acids and sterols. Reduced glycerol and campesterol suggest decreased translocation of photosynthetic products from symbiont to host in LL to HL shifted corals, with concurrent increases in fatty acid abundance indicating reliance on stored lipids for energy. We discuss how these data provide novel insight into environmental regulation of metabolism and implications for management strategies that drive rapid changes in light availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E. Lohr
- Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Emma F. Camp
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Adrian Lutz
- Metabolomics Australia, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - William Leggat
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
| | - Joshua T. Patterson
- Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Center for Conservation, The Florida Aquarium, Apollo Beach, FL, USA
| | - David J. Suggett
- Climate Change Cluster (C3), University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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Schaberg SJ, Patterson JT, Hill JE, Guindon KY, Tuckett QM. Fish community composition and diversity at restored estuarine habitats in Tampa Bay, Florida, United States. Restor Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.12712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J. Schaberg
- Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation; University of Florida; 7922 NW 71st Street, Gainesville FL 32653 U.S.A
| | - Joshua T. Patterson
- Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation; University of Florida; 7922 NW 71st Street, Gainesville FL 32653 U.S.A
- Center for Conservation; The Florida Aquarium; 529 Estuary Shore Lane, Apollo Beach FL 33572 U.S.A
| | - Jeffrey E. Hill
- Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation; University of Florida; 7922 NW 71st Street, Gainesville FL 32653 U.S.A
- Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory; University of Florida; 1408 24th Street SE, Ruskin FL 33570 U.S.A
| | - Kathryn Y. Guindon
- Fish and Wildlife Research Institute; Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission; 100 8th Avenue SE, St. Petersburg FL 33701 U.S.A
| | - Quenton M. Tuckett
- Program in Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, School of Forest Resources and Conservation; University of Florida; 7922 NW 71st Street, Gainesville FL 32653 U.S.A
- Tropical Aquaculture Laboratory; University of Florida; 1408 24th Street SE, Ruskin FL 33570 U.S.A
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Kalhor-Monfared S, Jafari MR, Patterson JT, Kitov PI, Dwyer JJ, Nuss JM, Derda R. Correction: Rapid biocompatible macrocyclization of peptides with decafluoro-diphenylsulfone. Chem Sci 2017; 8:807. [PMID: 30124676 PMCID: PMC6063152 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc90071b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Correction for ‘Rapid biocompatible macrocyclization of peptides with decafluoro-diphenylsulfone’ by S. Kalhor-Monfared et al., Chem. Sci., 2016, 7, 3785–3790.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kalhor-Monfared
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , AB T6G 2G2 , Canada .
| | - M R Jafari
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , AB T6G 2G2 , Canada .
| | - J T Patterson
- Ferring Research Institute , San Diego , California 92121 , USA
| | - P I Kitov
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , AB T6G 2G2 , Canada .
| | - J J Dwyer
- Ferring Research Institute , San Diego , California 92121 , USA
| | - J M Nuss
- Ferring Research Institute , San Diego , California 92121 , USA
| | - R Derda
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , AB T6G 2G2 , Canada .
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Patterson JT, Green CC. Diet-Induced Fatty Acid Variation in Critical Tissues of a Spawning Estuarine Fish and Consequences for Larval Fitness. Physiol Biochem Zool 2016; 89:81. [PMID: 27082527 DOI: 10.1086/684687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Kalhor-Monfared S, Jafari MR, Patterson JT, Kitov PI, Dwyer JJ, Nuss JM, Derda R. Rapid biocompatible macrocyclization of peptides with decafluoro-diphenylsulfone. Chem Sci 2016; 7:3785-3790. [PMID: 30155020 PMCID: PMC6013815 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc03856a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In this manuscript, we describe modification of Cys-residues in peptides and proteins in aqueous solvents via aromatic nucleophilic substitution (SNAr) with perfluoroarenes (fAr).
In this manuscript, we describe modification of Cys-residues in peptides and proteins in aqueous solvents via aromatic nucleophilic substitution (SNAr) with perfluoroarenes (fAr). Biocompatibility of this reaction makes it attractive for derivatization of proteins and peptide libraries comprised of 20 natural amino acids. Measurement of the reaction rates for fAr derivatives by 19F NMR with a model thiol donor (β-mercaptoethanol) in aqueous buffers identified decafluoro-diphenylsulfone (DFS) as the most reactive SNAr electrophile. Reaction of DFS with thiol nucleophiles is >100 000 faster than analogous reaction of perfluorobenzene; this increase in reactivity enables application of DFS at low concentrations in aqueous solutions compatible with biomolecules and protein complexes irreversibly degraded by organic solvents (e.g., bacteriophages). DFS forms macrocycles when reacted with peptides of the general structure Xn–Cys–Xm–Cys–Xl, where X is any amino acid and m = 1–15. It formed cyclic peptides with 6 peptide hormones—oxytocin, urotensin II, salmon calcitonin, melanin-concentrating hormone, somatostatin-14, and atrial natriuretic factor (1–28) as well as peptides displayed on M13 phage. Rates up to 180 M–1 s–1 make this reaction one of the fastest Cys-modifications to-date. Long-term stability of macrocycles derived from DFS and their stability toward oxidation further supports DFS as a promising method for modification of peptide-based ligands, cyclization of genetically-encoded peptide libraries, and discovery of bioactive macrocyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kalhor-Monfared
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , AB T6G 2G2 , Canada .
| | - M R Jafari
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , AB T6G 2G2 , Canada .
| | - J T Patterson
- Ferring Research Institute , San Diego , California 92121 , USA
| | - P I Kitov
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , AB T6G 2G2 , Canada .
| | - J J Dwyer
- Ferring Research Institute , San Diego , California 92121 , USA
| | - J M Nuss
- Ferring Research Institute , San Diego , California 92121 , USA
| | - R Derda
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , Edmonton , AB T6G 2G2 , Canada .
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Patterson JT, Green CC. Physiological management of dietary deficiency in n-3 fatty acids by spawning Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis). Fish Physiol Biochem 2015; 41:971-979. [PMID: 25939715 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Lipid dynamics of spawning fish are critical to the production of viable embryos and larvae. The present study utilized manipulation of dietary fatty acid (FA) profiles to examine the ability of spawning Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) to mobilize critical lipid components from somatic reserves or synthesize long-chain polyunsaturated FAs (LC-PUFAs) de novo from shorter-chain C18 precursors. An egg and multi-tissue evaluation of changes in FA concentrations across time after fish were switched from LC-PUFA-rich to LC-PUFA-deficient experimental diets was employed. The two experimental diets contained lipid sources which differed drastically in n-3 C18 FA content but had similar levels of n-6 C18 FAs. Discrete effects of dietary n-3 FAs can be analyzed because n-3 and n-6 represent distinct metabolic families which cannot be exchanged in vivo. Results indicate that a combination of mobilization and de novo synthesis is likely utilized to maintain physiologically required FA levels in critical tissues and embryos. Mobilization was supported by decreases in LC-PUFAs in somatic tissues and decreases in intraperitoneal fat content and liver mass. Evidence for biosynthesis was provided by a higher level of n-3 LC-PUFAs in the liver and ova of fish fed diets containing n-3 C18 precursors versus those fed diets with low levels of precursor FAs. The characteristic physiological plasticity of Gulf killifish is exemplified in the nutritional domain by its management of dietary FA deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua T Patterson
- Aquaculture Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70820, USA,
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Patterson JT, Green CC. Diet-Induced Fatty Acid Variation in Critical Tissues of a Spawning Estuarine Fish and Consequences for Larval Fitness. Physiol Biochem Zool 2014; 87:612-22. [DOI: 10.1086/678080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Patterson JT, Mims SD, Wright RA. Effects of body mass and water temperature on routine metabolism of American paddlefish Polyodon spathula. J Fish Biol 2013; 82:1269-1280. [PMID: 23557305 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This study quantified the effects of temperature and fish mass on routine metabolism of the American paddlefish Polyodon spathula. Thermal sensitivity, as measured by Q(10) value, was low in P. spathula. Mean Q(10) was 1·78 while poikilotherms are generally expected to have Q(10) values in the 2·00-2·50 range. Mass-specific metabolism did not decrease with increased fish size to the extent that this phenomenon is observed in teleosts, as evidenced by a mass exponent (β) value of 0·92 for P. spathula compared with 0·79 in a review of teleost species. Other Acipenseriformes have exhibited relatively high β values for mass-specific respiration. Overall P. spathula metabolism appears to be more dependent on body mass and less dependent on temperature than for many other fishes. An equation utilizing temperature and fish mass to estimate gross respiration for P. spathula was derived and this equation was applied to respiratory data from other Acipenseriformes to assess inter-species variation. Polyodon spathula respiration rates across water temperature and fish mass appear most similar to those of Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser naccarii and white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Patterson
- Division of Aquaculture, Kentucky State University, Frankfort, KY 40601, USA.
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Chaljub G, Sullivan RD, Patterson JT. The triad of nerve root enhancement, thickening, and displacement in patients with sciatica and recurrent disk herniation in the postoperative lumbar spine may prompt further surgical treatment in patients with failed-back surgical syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2009; 30:1068-9. [PMID: 19279281 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a1552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Chaljub
- Department of Radiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Tex., USA
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Patterson JT. Congress and the welfare state: some historical reflections. Soc Sci Hist 2000; 24:367-78. [PMID: 17133710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
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Garrett L, Coggeshall RE, Patterson JT, Chung K. Numbers and proportions of unmyelinated axons at cervical levels in the fasciculus gracilis of monkey and cat. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1992; 232:301-4. [PMID: 1546808 DOI: 10.1002/ar.1092320215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study is a quantitative analysis of the unmyelinated fiber population in the fasciculus gracilis of the second cervical segment of cat and monkey. We find that unmyelinated fibers represent 13.7% of the total fiber population in this pathway in the cat and 18.9% in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis). The existence of such large numbers of these axons suggests that there may be a sizeable ascending fine primary afferent pathway in the fasciculus gracilis in cat and monkey whose destination is presumably the dorsal column nuclei. These findings are of interest in regard to classic ideas that the afferent fibers in the dorsal columns are large myelinated fibers that convey fine discriminative information to the dorsal column nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Garrett
- Marine Biomedical Institute, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
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Patterson JT. Cancer, cancerphobia, and culture: reflections on attitudes in the United States and Great Britain. 20 Century Br Hist 1991; 2:137-149. [PMID: 11622988 DOI: 10.1093/tcbh/2.2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Patterson JT, Coggeshall RE, Lee WT, Chung K. Long ascending unmyelinated primary afferent axons in the rat dorsal column: immunohistochemical localizations. Neurosci Lett 1990; 108:6-10. [PMID: 2304639 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(90)90697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study demonstrates a significant number of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunolabeled unmyelinated axons in the C3 fasciculus gracilis of the rat. Approximately 88% of these axons are lost following dorsal rhizotomies from midthoracic levels caudally. Assuming that CGRP labels primary afferent axons, these findings support the hypothesis that there are significant numbers of long ascending unmyelinated primary afferent axons in the dorsal columns of the rat. If these findings can be generalized, they may have clinical import.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Patterson
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77550
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Abstract
The primary purpose of the present study is to obtain evidence as to the destination of the recently discovered unmyelinated primary afferent fibers in the mammalian dorsal funiculus. To do this rat dorsal roots were transected unilaterally from segments T8 or T9 caudally, and the numbers of axons were determined in the C3 fasciculus gracilis in normal animals and from both sides of the rhizotomied animals. In addition, C3 fasciculus gracilis counts were done in animals that had complete T6 or T10 spinal transections. The data indicate that there is an 80% loss of unmyelinated axons ipsilaterally and a 60% loss contralaterally in the fasciculus gracilis of the rhizotomied animals. These findings are interpreted as indicating that a significant fraction of the unmyelinated fibers in the fasciculus gracilis ascend, presumably to the nucleus gracilis in the brain stem, and also that a significant number of these fibers branch. We also provide evidence for contralateral myelinated primary afferent fiber projection in the fasciculus gracilis and show that the myelinated primary afferent fibers seem to be a more diverse population than the unmyelinated primary afferent fibers in the C3 fasciculus gracilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J T Patterson
- Marine Biomedical Institute, Galveston, Texas 77550-2772
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Abstract
The present study demonstrates that approximately 15% of the unmyelinated axons and 4% of the myelinated axons in the rat L4 dorsal root are immunostained for the excitatory amino acid aspartate. Thus these primary afferent axons contain enough of the antigen to be labeled. This is the first report that high concentrations of aspartate characterize a subpopulation of dorsal root axons. This allows the suggestion that aspartate is a candidate transmitter for primary afferent neurons. We emphasize that these axons are demonstrated in otherwise normal animals so that changes in percentages of labeled axons in response to various stimuli are not complicated by manipulations usually necessary to demonstrate immunoreactive compounds in the cell body.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Westlund
- Marine Biomedical Institute, Galveston, TX 77550-2772
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Lederer SE, Patterson JT. A cultural history of cancer. Med Humanit Rev 1988; 2:65-8. [PMID: 11621561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
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Harvey J, Patterson JT, Gibbs PA. Enterotoxigenicity of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from poultry: raw poultry carcases as a potential food-poisoning hazard. J Appl Bacteriol 1982; 52:251-8. [PMID: 7201999 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1982.tb04847.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Thompson JK, Gibbs PA, Patterson JT. Staphylococcus aureus in commercial laying flocks: incidence and characteristics of strains isolated from chicks, pullets and hens in an integrated commercial enterprise. Br Poult Sci 1980; 21:315-30. [PMID: 7407665 DOI: 10.1080/00071668008416675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
1. Staphylococcus aureus was able to colonise the surface of chicks as young as 1 d old. 2. The organism was detected in a hatchery particularly in the debris from the hatchers and on the working surfaces at the sexing and vaccination areas. 3. The degree of surface colonisation of chicks and pullets was low during rearing but rose to a maximum at mid-lay (50 weeks) when the organism was readily detectable on almost all hens. 4. Strains of Staphylococcus aureus were characterised by phage-typing and cultural characteristics and found to belong predominantly to poultry phage group B2 of Gibbs et al. (1978a). 5. A detailed description of poultry phage group B2 strains is presented; strains of this type can be considered as a second "live-bird" ecovar when compared with Staph. aureus var. gallinae of Witte et al. (1977).
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Gibbs PA, Patterson JT, Harvey J. Interactive growth of Staphylococcus aureus strains with a poultry skin microflora in a diffusion apparatus. J Appl Bacteriol 1980; 48:191-205. [PMID: 6450740 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1980.tb01218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Thompson JK, Patterson JT, Gibbs PA. The use of a new phage set for typing poultry strains of Staphylococcus aureus obtained from seven countries. Br Poult Sci 1980; 21:95-102. [PMID: 6445222 DOI: 10.1080/00071668008416642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
1. Eighty per cent of poultry strains of Staphylococcus aureus tested from French, Belgian, English, West German, Japanese and Argentinian sources were typable using a set of typing phages isolated in this laboratory. Strains from Bulgaria, however, with few exceptions were not typable with this phage set. 2. Strains isolated from lesions generally resembled those from apparently healthy poultry. 3. The existence of two distinct Staph. aureus biotypes on poultry was confirmed by isolates from six of the countries; one of these biotypes closely resembled Staph. aureus variety gallinae as described by Witte et al. (1977).
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Gibbs PA, Patterson JT, Early J. A comparison of the fluorescent antibody method and a standardized cultural method for the detection of salmonellas. J Appl Bacteriol 1979; 46:501-5. [PMID: 383676 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1979.tb00849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Abstract
A technique using filter paper strips impregnated with 5-5'-dithiobis-nitrobenzoic acid was developed to allow the detection of bacteria (isolated from poultry-processing environs) which produced volatile sulfides (H2S, CH3SH, [CH3]2S). The technique is preferred to conventional methods in that it allows the detection of volatile organic sulfides in addition to hydrogen sulfide.
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Gibbs PA, Patterson JT, Thompson JK. Characterization of poultry isolates of Staphylococcus aureus by a new set of poultry phages. J Appl Bacteriol 1978; 44:387-400. [PMID: 149782 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1978.tb00813.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Gibbs PA, Patterson JT, Harvey J. Biochemical characteristics and enterotoxigenicity of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from poultry. J Appl Bacteriol 1978; 44:57-74. [PMID: 147262 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1978.tb00777.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sutherland JP, Patterson JT, Gibbs PA, Murrary JG. Some metabolic and biochemical characteristics of representative microbial isolates from vacuum-packaged beef. J Appl Bacteriol 1975; 39:239-49. [PMID: 1239440 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.1975.tb00569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Patterson JT. The effects of various treatments on the microbial flora of whole poultry carcasses with particular reference to Staphylococcus aureus contamination. Br Poult Sci 1975; 16:307-13. [PMID: 166733 DOI: 10.1080/00071667508416191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Experiments are described in which the effects of dipping defrosted eviscerated poultry carcasses, for various periods, in acetic, lactic, succinic and citric acids, hypochlorite solution containing 200 ppm free Cl2 and in water at temperatures from 70 degrees C to 100 degrees C on the microbial flora were determined. 2. Hot (70 degrees C) water dipping for 2 min appeared to be the treatment most likely to succeed in reducing Staph. aureus, giving reductions of staphylococci of from 63 to greater than 99%, without completely eliminating other organisms. 3. A storage experiment showed this method to be relatively safe, provided the carcasses were refrigerated to less than 3 degrees C as soon as possible after treatment and held at this temperature until adequately cooked.
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Abstract
A survey of the types of aerobic organisms able to produce H2S on peptone iron agar (Levin, 1968), and commonly occurring in meat and poultry plants, revealed that these could be divided into four distinct groups. The ability of representative strains of each type to grow at low temperatures and cause off-odors on chicken muscle was examined. The results are discussed in relation to the role of these organisms in the psychrophilic spoilage of meat and meat products.
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McMeekin TA, Stewart DB, Patterson JT, Murray JG. Rapid method for the detection of serine deaminase activity in bacteria. Lab Pract 1974; 23:21. [PMID: 4809836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Pisano JC, Patterson JT, Di Luzio NR. Reticuloendothelial function in immune-suppressed animals. J Reticuloendothel Soc 1972; 12:361-70. [PMID: 4634516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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