1
|
Dingemanse M, Liesenfeld A, Rasenberg M, Albert S, Ameka FK, Birhane A, Bolis D, Cassell J, Clift R, Cuffari E, De Jaegher H, Novaes CD, Enfield NJ, Fusaroli R, Gregoromichelaki E, Hutchins E, Konvalinka I, Milton D, Rączaszek-Leonardi J, Reddy V, Rossano F, Schlangen D, Seibt J, Stokoe E, Suchman L, Vesper C, Wheatley T, Wiltschko M. Beyond Single-Mindedness: A Figure-Ground Reversal for the Cognitive Sciences. Cogn Sci 2023; 47:e13230. [PMID: 36625324 DOI: 10.1111/cogs.13230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental fact about human minds is that they are never truly alone: all minds are steeped in situated interaction. That social interaction matters is recognized by any experimentalist who seeks to exclude its influence by studying individuals in isolation. On this view, interaction complicates cognition. Here, we explore the more radical stance that interaction co-constitutes cognition: that we benefit from looking beyond single minds toward cognition as a process involving interacting minds. All around the cognitive sciences, there are approaches that put interaction center stage. Their diverse and pluralistic origins may obscure the fact that collectively, they harbor insights and methods that can respecify foundational assumptions and fuel novel interdisciplinary work. What might the cognitive sciences gain from stronger interactional foundations? This represents, we believe, one of the key questions for the future. Writing as a transdisciplinary collective assembled from across the classic cognitive science hexagon and beyond, we highlight the opportunity for a figure-ground reversal that puts interaction at the heart of cognition. The interactive stance is a way of seeing that deserves to be a key part of the conceptual toolkit of cognitive scientists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marlou Rasenberg
- Centre for Language Studies, Radboud University
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics
| | - Saul Albert
- Discourse and Rhetoric Group, Loughborough University
| | | | - Abeba Birhane
- Mozilla Foundation
- School of Computer Science, University College Dublin
| | - Dimitris Bolis
- Independent Max Planck Research Group for Social Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry
- National Institute for Physiological Sciences
| | - Justine Cassell
- School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University
- Paris Artificial Intelligence Research Institute
| | - Rebecca Clift
- Department of Language and Linguistics, University of Essex
| | - Elena Cuffari
- Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College
| | - Hanne De Jaegher
- IAS-Research Center for Mind, Life and Society, Department of Philosophy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)
| | | | - N J Enfield
- Department of Linguistics, The University of Sydney
| | - Riccardo Fusaroli
- Department of Linguistics, Cognitive Science & Semiotics, Aarhus University
- Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University
- Linguistic Data Consortium, University of Pennsylvania
| | | | - Edwin Hutchins
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego
| | - Ivana Konvalinka
- Section for Cognitive Systems, DTU Compute, Technical University of Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Federico Rossano
- Department of Cognitive Science, University of California San Diego
| | | | - Johanna Seibt
- Research Unit for Robophilosophy and Integrative Social Robotics, School of Culture and Society, Aarhus University
| | - Elizabeth Stokoe
- Discourse and Rhetoric Group, Loughborough University
- Department of Psychological and Behavioural Science, London School of Economics
| | | | - Cordula Vesper
- Department of Linguistics, Cognitive Science & Semiotics, Aarhus University
- Interacting Minds Centre, Aarhus University
| | - Thalia Wheatley
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College
- Santa Fe Institute
| | - Martina Wiltschko
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Universitat Pompeu Fabra
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Clavel C, Labeau M, Cassell J. Socio-conversational systems: Three challenges at the crossroads of fields. Front Robot AI 2022; 9:937825. [PMID: 36591412 PMCID: PMC9797522 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2022.937825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Socio-conversational systems are dialogue systems, including what are sometimes referred to as chatbots, vocal assistants, social robots, and embodied conversational agents, that are capable of interacting with humans in a way that treats both the specifically social nature of the interaction and the content of a task. The aim of this paper is twofold: 1) to uncover some places where the compartmentalized nature of research conducted around socio-conversational systems creates problems for the field as a whole, and 2) to propose a way to overcome this compartmentalization and thus strengthen the capabilities of socio-conversational systems by defining common challenges. Specifically, we examine research carried out by the signal processing, natural language processing and dialogue, machine/deep learning, social/affective computing and social sciences communities. We focus on three major challenges for the development of effective socio-conversational systems, and describe ways to tackle them.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Clavel
- LTCI, Telecom-Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Paris, France,*Correspondence: Chloé Clavel,
| | - Matthieu Labeau
- LTCI, Telecom-Paris, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Justine Cassell
- School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States,Inria, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Martin KB, Hammal Z, Ren G, Cohn JF, Cassell J, Ogihara M, Britton JC, Gutierrez A, Messinger DS. Objective measurement of head movement differences in children with and without autism spectrum disorder. Mol Autism 2018; 9:14. [PMID: 29492241 PMCID: PMC5828311 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-018-0198-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Deficits in motor movement in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have typically been characterized qualitatively by human observers. Although clinicians have noted the importance of atypical head positioning (e.g. social peering and repetitive head banging) when diagnosing children with ASD, a quantitative understanding of head movement in ASD is lacking. Here, we conduct a quantitative comparison of head movement dynamics in children with and without ASD using automated, person-independent computer-vision based head tracking (Zface). Because children with ASD often exhibit preferential attention to nonsocial versus social stimuli, we investigated whether children with and without ASD differed in their head movement dynamics depending on stimulus sociality. Methods The current study examined differences in head movement dynamics in children with (n = 21) and without ASD (n = 21). Children were video-recorded while watching a 16-min video of social and nonsocial stimuli. Three dimensions of rigid head movement—pitch (head nods), yaw (head turns), and roll (lateral head inclinations)—were tracked using Zface. The root mean square of pitch, yaw, and roll was calculated to index the magnitude of head angular displacement (quantity of head movement) and angular velocity (speed). Results Compared with children without ASD, children with ASD exhibited greater yaw displacement, indicating greater head turning, and greater velocity of yaw and roll, indicating faster head turning and inclination. Follow-up analyses indicated that differences in head movement dynamics were specific to the social rather than the nonsocial stimulus condition. Conclusions Head movement dynamics (displacement and velocity) were greater in children with ASD than in children without ASD, providing a quantitative foundation for previous clinical reports. Head movement differences were evident in lateral (yaw and roll) but not vertical (pitch) movement and were specific to a social rather than nonsocial condition. When presented with social stimuli, children with ASD had higher levels of head movement and moved their heads more quickly than children without ASD. Children with ASD may use head movement to modulate their perception of social scenes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13229-018-0198-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine B Martin
- 1Department of Psychology, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce de Leon Blvd, Coral Gables, FL 33146 USA
| | - Zakia Hammal
- 2Robotics Institute, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Gang Ren
- 3Center for Computational Science, University of Miami, 1320 S Dixie Hwy, Miami, FL 33146 USA
| | - Jeffrey F Cohn
- 4Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 210 S. Bouquet St., Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
| | - Justine Cassell
- 5Human Computer Interaction, Carnegie Mellon University, 5000 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Mitsunori Ogihara
- 6Department of Computer Science, University of Miami, 1365 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, FL 33146 USA
| | - Jennifer C Britton
- 1Department of Psychology, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce de Leon Blvd, Coral Gables, FL 33146 USA
| | - Anibal Gutierrez
- 1Department of Psychology, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce de Leon Blvd, Coral Gables, FL 33146 USA
| | - Daniel S Messinger
- 1Department of Psychology, University of Miami, 5665 Ponce de Leon Blvd, Coral Gables, FL 33146 USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Edelman N, de Visser R, Mercer C, McCabe L, Cassell J. P14.04 Which psychosocial factors are associated with poor sexual health outcomes in women of reproductive age? a systematic review of probability surveys. Br J Vener Dis 2015. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2015-052270.516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
5
|
Abstract
Autism spectrum and related communication and social disorders can severely affect some children's ability to engage in peer social interaction. In this article, we describe and evaluate an Authorable Virtual Peer (AVP), technology designed to help children access peer interactions by supporting them in developing critical social skills. Children interact with the AVP in three ways: (1) engaging in face-to-face interaction with a life-sized, computer-animated child; (2) creating new social behaviors for the AVP; and (3) controlling the AVP using a graphical user interface to select appropriate responses while the AVP interacts with another person. Our evaluation suggests that when an AVP is used as an activity during a social group intervention, a common intervention approach used with children with social and communication difficulties, that children's use of specific social behaviors critical to successful social interaction increases during role-play of common social situations with another child.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Corina Ratz
- The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Brook G, Cassell J, Mercer C, Coyne K, Maguire H, Hughes G, Crook P. P3.341 Sex and the London Olympics 2012 Part 1. Impact on Community Sexual Health Service Provision in London. Sex Transm Infect 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
|
7
|
Wayal S, Cassell J, Copas A, Edwards S, Hart G. P3.426 The Need and Opportunity to Promote Combination Prevention in HIV Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men Attending Clinics. Br J Vener Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
8
|
Wayal S, Hart G, Edwards S, Cassell J. P4.092 Barriers to Antiretroviral Treatment For HIV Prevention Among HIV+ Men Who Have Sex with Men in the UK: A Qualitative Study. Br J Vener Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
9
|
Brook G, Hall V, Hughes G, Marsh K, Hartley A, Foster R, Crook P, Coyne K, Mercer C, Cassell J. P3.342 Sex and the 2012 Olympics Part 2. Prospective Study of the Impact of Olympic Visitors on Specialist STI Services in London and Weymouth and on STIs Diagnosed. Br J Vener Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051184.0795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
10
|
Bailey JV, Murray E, Rait G, Mercer CH, Morris RW, Peacock R, Cassell J, Nazareth I. Computer-based interventions for sexual health promotion: systematic review and meta-analyses. Int J STD AIDS 2013; 23:408-13. [PMID: 22807534 DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2011.011221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review was conducted to determine the effects of self-help interactive computer-based interventions (ICBIs) for sexual health promotion. We searched 40 databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of computer-based interventions, defining 'interactive' as programmes that require contributions from users to produce personally relevant material. We conducted searches and analysed data using Cochrane Collaboration methods. Results of RCTs were pooled using a random-effects model with standardized mean differences for continuous outcomes and odds ratios (ORs) for binary outcomes, with heterogeneity assessed using the I(2) statistic. We identified 15 RCTs of ICBIs (3917 participants). Comparing ICBIs to minimal interventions, there were significant effects on sexual health knowledge (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.27-1.18); safer sex self-efficacy (SMD 0.17, 95% CI 0.05-0.29); safer-sex intentions (SMD 0.16, 95% CI 0.02-0.30); and sexual behaviour (OR 1.75, 95% CI 1.18-2.59). ICBIs had a greater impact on sexual health knowledge than face-to-face interventions did (SMD 0.36, 95% CI 0.13-0.58). ICBIs are effective tools for learning about sexual health, and show promising effects on self-efficacy, intention and sexual behaviour. More data are needed to analyse biological outcomes and cost-effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J V Bailey
- Research Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, Upper Third Floor, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wetten S, Yung M, Mercer C, Cassell J, Hughes G. O7 The diagnosis and treatment of chlamydia and gonorrhoea in general practice in England: analysis of electronic health records and surveillance data. Br J Vener Dis 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2012-050601a.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
12
|
Boylan SM, Harms CA, Waltzek T, Law JM, Garner M, Cassell J, Fatzinger MH, Govett P. Clinical report: hyperplastic adipose lids in mackerel scad, Decapterus macarellus (Cuvier). J Fish Dis 2011; 34:921-925. [PMID: 21995715 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S M Boylan
- South Carolina Aquarium, Charleston, SC 29401, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wayal S, Cassell J, Scambler G, Hart G, Low N. O5-S3.05 Partner notification for STI And HIV: patients' views and experiences of notifying partners. Sex Transm Infect 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2011-050109.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
|
14
|
Wayal S, Cassell J, Copas A, Mercer C, Edwards S, Hart G. O2-S1.04 Effective ART, viral load and sexual behaviour of HIV positive men who have sex with men: changes from 2000 to 2010. Br J Vener Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2011-050109.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
15
|
Cassell J, Estcourt C, Symonds M, Richens J, Rait G, Lanza S, Dodds J, Smith H. P5-S5.04 Provider and contract referral for bacterial STIs: two sides of the same coin? Br J Vener Dis 2011. [DOI: 10.1136/sextrans-2011-050108.553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
16
|
Bailey A, Cassell J. Commentary on "The impact of establishing a local-enhanced service for treating sexually transmitted infections in primary care". Br J Vener Dis 2008. [DOI: 10.1136/sti.2007.029371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
17
|
|
18
|
Abstract
This study examines the JUNIOR SUMMIT online community, which consisted of 3,062 adolescents representing 139 countries, varying SES, and a range of experience with computers. The online forum culminated in the election of 100 delegates. By analyzing the messages posted before results of the election were announced, we explore whether language use predicts who was elected as a leader, as well as gender differences in leadership style. Results indicate that the young online leaders do not adhere to adult leadership styles of contributing many ideas, sticking to task, and using powerful language. On the contrary, while the young people elected as delegates do contribute more, their linguistic style is likely to keep the goals and needs of the group as central--by referring to the group rather than to themselves, and by synthesizing the posts of others rather than solely contributing their own ideas. Furthermore, both boy and girl leaders follow this pattern of interpersonal language use. These results reassure us that young people can be civically engaged and community minded, while indicating that these concepts themselves may change through contact with the next generation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Cassell
- Technology and Social Behavior, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208-2952, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Darroch J, Myers L, Cassell J. Sex differences in the experience of testing positive for genital chlamydia infection: a qualitative study with implications for public health and for a national screening programme. Sex Transm Infect 2003; 79:372-3. [PMID: 14573831 PMCID: PMC1744751 DOI: 10.1136/sti.79.5.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore men's and women's accounts of chlamydia testing, with a view to understanding sex differences in attitudes and in behaviours of public health importance. METHODS Semistructured interviews with 24 heterosexual patients (12 men; 12 women) diagnosed with genital chlamydia infection, at a large sexual health clinic in central London were transcribed and analysed using qualitative thematic analysis. RESULTS Participants' expressions revealed important sex differences. Women felt anxious about their future reproductive health, feared stigmatisation, and blamed themselves for contracting chlamydia; whereas men generally reported less concern, were unwilling to disclose their condition to sexual partners, and some men projected attributions of blame onto their partners. Delays in seeking care appeared to be related to perceptions of chlamydia as a relatively minor infection, particularly in men. CONCLUSIONS Health promotion needs to reflect sex and age differences, emphasising the negative consequences of delayed clinic attendance and exposure to repeat infections. For health professionals to respond appropriately and effectively to increasing numbers of chlamydia infections, there is a need to understand men's avoidant attitudes and behaviours in relation to sexual and reproductive health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Darroch
- Royal Free and University College Medical School, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Sciences, (Bloomsbury Campus and Whittington Campus), Wolfson Building, 48 Riding House Street, London W1N 8AA, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Ethics committees now require that individuals give informed consent to much health services research, in the same way as for clinical research. This is misguided. Existing ethical guidelines do not help us decide how to seek consent in these cases, and have allowed managerial experimentation to remain largely unchecked. Inappropriate requirements for individual consent can institutionalise health inequalities and reduce access to services for vulnerable groups. This undermines the fundamental purpose of the National Health Service (NHS), and ignores our rights and duties as its members, explored here. Alternative forms of community consent should be actively pursued.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Cassell
- Department of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Walling M, Cassell J, Baraitser P. A mother under pressure asks to be sterilised. Practitioner 2000; 244:287, 290-4, 298-9. [PMID: 10892050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
|
24
|
Cassell J. Genitourinary Medicine. West J Med 1998. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.317.7161.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
25
|
Lin J, Cassell J, Ritchie GD, Rossi J, Nordholm AF. Repeated exposure to trimethylolpropane phosphate induces central nervous system sensitization and facilitates electrical kindling. Physiol Behav 1998; 65:51-8. [PMID: 9811364 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(98)00131-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Trimethylolpropane phosphate (TMPP), pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) and N-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxamide (FG-7142) were evaluated and compared for facilitation of electrical kindling in freely moving rats. Stimulating/recording electrodes were implanted in the left amygdala (LAD), right amygdala (RAD) and left bed nucleus (LBN) of the stria terminalis. TMPP (0.275 mg/kg), PTZ (20 mg/kg), FG-7142 (7.5 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) to separate groups of rats 3 times/week for 10 weeks. Stimulation of the LAD (0.1 Hz, 0.1-ms duration, 280-1500 microA, 20 pulses) 24 h following the drug administration evoked epileptiform after-discharges (ADs) in the LBN and RAD of 12.5% and 17% of rats after the seventh dose of TMPP and PTZ, respectively, and in 20% of rats from the LBN and RAD after the ninth and nineteenth dose of FG-7142, respectively. The same stimulation also induced myoclonic jerks after nine doses of TMPP or PTZ, or after thirteen doses of FG-7142 in 25%, 30% and 20% of animals tested, respectively. Chemically kindled clonic seizures were observed in 100% of TMPP or FG-7142 and 50% of PTZ treated rats by the thirtieth dosing. Control animals exhibited neither behavioral nor electrographic seizures to vehicle injection or to the LAD stimulation. Kindling stimulation applied to the LAD (60 Hz, 2-s train duration, 20-1500 microA, 0.1-ms pulse duration) 4 weeks following the completion of drug treatments evoked epileptic after-discharges from the LAD, LBN and RAD in all treated groups, with generally decreased threshold and latency to onset of after-discharges, compared to vehicle controls. The present study suggests that repeated exposure of rats to sub-convulsive doses of TMPP, PTZ and FG-7142 induces long-term central nervous system sensitization that may be related to both chemical kindling and the facilitation of electrical kindling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Lin
- ManTech Environmental Technology, Inc., Dayton, OH 45437-0009, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Mohl VK, Allerheiligen DA, Cassell J, Houston RE, Schoeber JK, Wildman K. Can palmtop computers improve the feasibility of research projects for FM faculty? Fam Med 1998; 30:322-3. [PMID: 9597525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
28
|
Cassell J, Balakrishnan I, Samarasinghe D, Mistry P, Prentice HG, Gillespie SH. RP59500 (Quinupristin/dalfopristin): three case reports of its use in infection due to Enterococcus faecium. J Infect 1998; 36:324-7. [PMID: 9661946 DOI: 10.1016/s0163-4453(98)94495-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
We describe three cases of Enterococcus faecium sepsis arising in immunocompromised patients, severely ill with other conditions, who were treated with the new injectable streptogramin RP59500. There are still few reports of clinical experience with this drug. All had bacteriological resolution, with one patient recovering fully. Although two of the three patients died, this was due to underlying disease in one case and a gram-negative superinfection in another. Quinupristin/dalfopristin therapy was not associated with significant adverse effects in any of the patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Cassell
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Cassell J. Against medical ethics: opening the can of worms. J Med Ethics 1998; 24:8-17. [PMID: 9549676 PMCID: PMC1377425 DOI: 10.1136/jme.24.1.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In a controversial paper, David Seedhouse argues that medical ethics is not and cannot be a distinct discipline with it own field of study. He derives this claim from a characterization of ethics, which he states but does not defend. He claims further that the project of medical ethics as it exists and of moral philosophy do not overlap. I show that Seedhouse's views on ethics have wide implications which he does not declare, and in the light of this argue that Seedhouse owes us a defence of his characterization of ethics. Further, I show that his characterization of ethics, which he uses to attack medical ethics, is a committed position within moral philosophy. As a consequence of this, it does not allow the relation between moral philosophy and medical ethics to be discussed without prejudice to its outcome. Finally, I explore the relation between Seedhouse's position and naturalism, and its implications for medical epistemology. I argue that this shows us that Seedhouse's position, if it can be defended, is likely to lead to a fruitful and important line of inquiry which reconnects philosophy and medical ethics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Cassell
- University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Cassell J, Kell P, Adler M. Pelvic inflammatory disease: a review. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care 1997; 3:20-3. [PMID: 11364742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Cassell
- Mortimer Market Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cassell J, Goode L. Attaining competence in English. West J Med 1997. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.314.7098.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
32
|
Cassell J. Evidence-based medicine and treatment choices. Lancet 1997; 349:570-1; author reply 572-3. [PMID: 9048808 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(05)64333-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
33
|
Cassell J. The incompetent doctor: behind closed doors. Essay review. J Health Polit Policy Law 1995; 20:1084-1088. [PMID: 8770768 DOI: 10.1215/03616878-20-4-1084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
|
34
|
Bogle ML, Balogun L, Cassell J, Catakis A, Holler HJ, Flynn C. Achieving excellence in dietetics practice: certification of specialists and advanced-level practitioners. J Am Diet Assoc 1993; 93:149-50. [PMID: 8423277 DOI: 10.1016/0002-8223(93)90829-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M L Bogle
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock 72202-3591
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cassell J. Surgeon-warriors? Science 1991; 253:720. [PMID: 1876828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
36
|
Abstract
Candidates for partial nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma include those with (1) bilateral synchronous lesions, (2) tumour in a solitary kidney and (3) renal mass and borderline renal function. Present imaging techniques aid in the identification of appropriate candidates for partial nephrectomy and in the preoperative assessment for technical feasibility of the operation. Studies have shown that the postoperative local recurrence rate ranges from 9 to 13%. We submit a case report in which a 65-year-old male with a history of colon carcinoma four years earlier was found to have a 3 cm left lower pole lesion on his follow-up abdominal CT scan. Upon intended partial nephrectomy, a small synchronous upper pole mass was noticed as well as numerous cortical lesions despite extensive preoperative imaging to the contrary. It is our feeling that finer imaging techniques including thinner CT cuts, additional imaging planes and continued use of renal ultrasound will aid in the identification of ipsilateral, synchronous lesions and draw further distinction between local recurrence and multicentric disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Cassell
- Department of Urology, University of Florida Medical Center, Gainesville
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Dorward PK, Burke SL, Jänig W, Cassell J. Reflex responses to baroreceptor, chemoreceptor and nociceptor inputs in single renal sympathetic neurones in the rabbit and the effects of anaesthesia on them. J Auton Nerv Syst 1987; 18:39-54. [PMID: 3819315 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1838(87)90133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Reflex responses of renal postganglionic neurones to stimulation of arterial baroreceptors, arterial and central chemoreceptors and cutaneous nociceptors, and the rhythmicity of their resting activity were studied in paralyzed, artificially ventilated rabbits, anaesthetized with either alfathesin or chloralose-urethane. A 'vasoconstrictor' response pattern was seen in all units. Perivascular balloon-induced falls in blood pressure increased firing while pressure rises silenced 90% of units and reduced firing in the rest. Resting activity was linked to pressure changes within the cardiac cycle and to the artificial respiratory cycle. The largest excitation occurred during hypoxia and injections of CO2 saturated solutions into the carotid artery while hypercapnia and stimulation of cutaneous nociceptors only slightly increased firing. Parameters characterizing rhythmicities and reflex responses were unimodally distributed with no apparent subgrouping of units on quantitative grounds. Unit response patterns were similar to those recorded in the whole renal nerve. With one exception, no silent units were found which responded to the afferent inputs studied. Nor was there a small-spike fibre group which was excited by angiotensin. However, reflex responses were significantly influenced by the anaesthetic regime selected for use. Under alfathesin, baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes were double those found with chloralose-urethane. Under chloralose-urethane, hypoxia increased both rhythmicities, while under alfathesin, cardiac rhythmicity was decreased and respiratory rhythmicity was variably affected. We concluded that renal sympathetic neurones are a functionally uniform population which behave like vasoconstrictors.
Collapse
|
39
|
Cassell J. Red Cross to educate public on AIDS: goal to dispel myths. Pa Nurse 1986; 41:17. [PMID: 3634283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
40
|
Kranz H, Williams AM, Cassell J, Caddy DJ, Silberstein RB. Factors determining the frequency content of the electromyogram. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 1983; 55:392-9. [PMID: 6311777 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1983.55.2.392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of central and peripheral factors to the frequency content of the electromyogram was examined in 10 subjects performing maximal 45-s contractions of thenar muscles. The median frequencies (Fm) of surface-recorded electromyograms and compound action potentials were similar early (P greater than 0.6) and late (P greater than 0.5) in the contractions. There was a mean decrease in the Fm during contraction of 39% for electromyograms and 35% for compound potentials (P greater than 0.1). The Fm of electromyograms increased 11% (P less than 0.02) in only the 1st s of contraction as force was raised from 25 to 100% of maximum. Only one of five subjects showed evidence of increasing synchronization of motor unit discharge during contraction. There was no evidence that delay or dispersion of action potential propagation in terminal nerve fibers or at the neuromuscular junction had a significant effect on frequency content. The findings indicated that the spectral content of muscle electrical activity, and its shift during contraction, primarily reflects intrinsic muscle properties.
Collapse
|