Gene expression profile of hiPSC-derived cells differentiated with growth factors, forskolin and conditioned medium from human adrenocortical cell line

BACKGROUND

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) affects approx. 2 in 1,000,000 individuals in the USA, and is more common in females than males. Adrenocortical carcinoma often presents with severe symptoms, such as abdominal pain, high blood pressure, acne, hair overgrowth, and voice deepening.

OBJECTIVES

Research on ACC constitutes a large body of published data. There is an increased need for easy access to ACC-derived biological material. Moreover, there are limited numbers of human cell lines available. For this reason, we attempted to differentiate human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) into adrenocortical-like cells to establish a new functional cell line.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

We conducted a long-term differentiation process (35 and 70 days) in the presence of growth factors (GFs), forskolin and conditioned medium collected from the human adrenal carcinoma (HAC15) cell line. Then, we analyzed the gene expression profile of the differentiated cells.

RESULTS

The obtained cells possess features characteristic of all 3 primary germ layers. Interestingly, the differentiated cells demonstrated an extremely high level of gene expression for those involved in endocrine processes, namely glycoprotein hormones, alpha polypeptide (CGA), insulin receptor substrate 4 (IRS4), and pancreatic progenitor cell differentiation and proliferation factor-like protein (PPDPFL).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of the study indicate that we obtained progenitors derived from endoderm with some characteristics of pancreatic-like cells. The endodermal derivative differentiation is a very challenging and complicated process; thus, the results presented in this study deserve closer consideration.

Impaired Expression of Humanin during Adrenocortical Carcinoma

The discovery of mitochondria-derived peptides (MDPs) has provided a new perspective on mitochondrial function. MDPs encoded by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) can act as hormone-like peptides, influencing cell survival and proliferation. Among these peptides, humanin has been identified as a crucial factor for maintaining cell survival and preventing cell death under various conditions. Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy that results from adrenal hormone dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate humanin expression in the adrenal tissue and serum of patients with ACC. For the first time, our study revealed significant reduction in the mRNA expression of humanin in patients with ACC compared to healthy controls. However, no significant changes were observed in the serum humanin levels. Interestingly, we identified a positive correlation between patient age and serum humanin levels and a negative correlation between tumor size and LDL levels. While the impaired expression of humanin in patients with ACC may be attributed to mitochondrial dysfunction, an alternative explanation could be related to diminished mitochondrial copy number. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the intricate relationship among humanin, mitochondrial function, and ACC pathology.

The Enhanced Expression of ZWILCH Predicts Poor Survival of Adrenocortical Carcinoma Patients

Zwilch kinetochore protein (ZWILCH) plays a key role in proper cell proliferation. The upregulation of the ZWILCH gene was observed in many types of cancers, but the association of ZWILCH with adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) was not investigated so far. The main aim of the presented study was to verify if the enhanced level of the ZWILCH gene can be used as a diagnostic marker for ACC development and progression, as well as a predictor of survival time for ACC patients. The performed analyses included investigation of the ZWILCH expression profile in tumors with publicly available TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) datasets and transcriptomic data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database, as well as, in human biological samples of normal adrenal, adrenocortical carcinoma and in commercially available tissue microarrays. The findings demonstrate statistically significant higher ZWILCH gene expression in ACC tissue in comparison with normal adrenal glands. Furthermore, there is a strong correlation between ZWILCH upregulation and tumor mitotic rate and the probability of patient survival. The enhanced ZWILCH level is also connected with the activation of genes involved in cell proliferation and the inhibition of genes related to the immune system. This work contributes to a better understanding of the role of ZWILCH as an ACC biomarker and diagnostic tool.

Increased expression of ORMDL3 in allergic asthma: a case control and in vitro study

BACKGROUND

Asthma is the most frequent chronic disease in children. One of the most replicated genetic findings in childhood asthma is the ORMDL3 gene confirmed in several GWA studies in several pediatric populations.

OBJECTIVES

The purpose of this study was to analyze ORMDL3 variants and expression in childhood asthma in the Polish population.

METHODS

In the study we included 416 subject, 223 asthmatic children and 193 healthy control subjects. The analysis of two SNPs (rs3744246 and rs8076131) was performed using genotyping with TaqMan probes. The methylation of the ORMDL3 promoter was examined with Methylation Sensitive HRM (MS-HRM), covering 9 CpG sites. The expression of ORMDL3 was analyzed in PBMCs from pediatric patients diagnosed with allergic asthma and primary human bronchial epithelial cells derived from healthy subjects treated with IL-13, IL-4, or co-treatment with both cytokines to model allergic airway inflammation.

RESULTS

We found that ORMDL3 expression was increased in allergic asthma both in PBMCs from asthmatic patients as well as in human bronchial epithelial cells stimulated with the current cytokines. We did not observe significant differences between cases and controls either in the genotype distribution of analyzed SNPs (rs3744246 and rs8076131) nor in the level of promoter methylation.

CONCLUSIONS

Increased ORMDL3 expression is associated with pediatric allergic asthma and upregulated in the airways upon Th2-cytokines stimulation, but further functional studies are required to fully understand its role in this disease.

Aromaticity effect on supramolecular aggregation. Aromatic vs. cyclic monohydroxy alcohols

In this paper, the steric hindrance effect related to the presence of either a cyclic or aromatic ring on the self-association process in the series of monohydroxy alcohols (MAs), from cyclohexanemethanol to 4-cyclohexyl-1-butanol and from benzyl alcohol to 4-phenyl-1-butanol, was studied using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy (BDS) and the Pendant Drop (PD) methods. Based on FTIR results, it was shown that phenyl alcohol (PhA) and cyclohexyl alcohol (CA) derivatives reveal substantial differences in the association degree, the activation energy of dissociation, and the homogeneity of supramolecular nanoassociates suggesting that the phenyl ring exerts a stronger steric impact on the self-assembling of molecules than cyclohexyl one. Additionally, XRD data revealed that phenyl moiety introduces more heterogeneity in the organization of molecules compared to the cyclic one. The changes in the self-association process of alcohols were also reflected in differences in the molecular dynamics of the H-bonded aggregates, as well as in the Kirkwood factor, defining the long-range correlation between dipoles, which were slightly higher for CAs with respect to those determined for PhAs. Unexpectedly it was also found that the surface layers of PhAs were more organized than those formed by CAs. Thus, these findings provided insight into the impact of aromaticity on the self-assembly process, H-bonding pattern, supramolecular structure, and intermolecular dynamics of the studied alcohols.

The impact of the length of alkyl chain on the behavior of benzyl alcohol homologues - the interplay between dispersive and hydrogen bond interactions

In this work, we examined the effect of the length of alkyl chain attached to the benzene ring on the self-assembling phenomena for a series of phenyl alcohol (PhA) derivatives, from phenylmethanol (benzyl alcohol) to 7-phenyl-1-heptanol, by means of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy (BDS) methods. XRD data in the reciprocal and real spaces showed a gradual increase in the local order with the elongation of the alkyl chain. However, the position and full width at half maximum of the main diffraction peak exhibited a non-systematic behavior. To better understand this fact, PhAs were subjected to FTIR spectroscopic studies. These investigations revealed that the association degree and the activation energy of dissociation increase as the alkyl chain length grows. On the other hand, BDS data showed a non-monotonic variation in the Kirkwood correlation factor with increasing length of the alkyl chain, indicating a competition between interactions of the non-polar and polar parts of the molecules in the studied PhAs. Finally, it was also found that the molar surface entropy for PhAs increases with the number of methylene groups, approaching values reported for alkanes, which indicates suppression of the surface order for PhAs with a long alkyl chain. This variability of the various parameters as a function of the length of the side chain shows that the interplay between soft interactions has a strong impact on the local structure and intra and intermolecular dynamics of the studied PhAs.

Influence of the Internal Structure and Intermolecular Interactions on the Correlation between Structural (α) and Secondary (β-JG) Relaxation below the Glass Transition Temperature in Neat Probucol and Its Binary Mixtures with Modified Saccharides

Broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS) has been used to study the molecular dynamics and aging process in neat probucol (PRO) as well as its binary mixtures with selected acetylated saccharides. In particular, we applied the Casalini and Roland approach to determine structural relaxation times in the glassy state of the examined systems (so-called isostructural times, τ_iso). Next, using the calculated τ_iso, primitive relaxation times of the coupling model were obtained and compared to the experimental secondary β (Johari-Goldstein (JG) type) relaxation times. Interestingly, it turned out that there is a correlation between the β-JG and the structural (α)-relaxation processes below the glass transition temperature (T < T_g) in each investigated sample. This is a new observation compared to previous studies demonstrating that such a relationship exists only in the supercooled liquid state of neat PRO. Moreover, it was revealed that the stretching parameters obtained from the aging procedure are very close to the ones determined by fitting the dielectric data above the T_g with the use of the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts function, indicating that the aging process is governed by the α-relaxation. Complementary Fourier transform infrared and X-ray diffraction measurements allowed us to find a possible reason for these findings. It was demonstrated that although there are very weak intermolecular interactions between PRO and modified saccharides, the intra- and intermolecular structure of PRO is practically unaffected by the presence of modified saccharides.

Does the molecular mobility and flexibility of the saccharide ring affect the glass-forming ability of naproxen in binary mixtures?

In this paper, we studied the impact of saccharides having a similar backbone but differing in the degree of freedom, local molecular mobility, flexibility of the ring and intermolecular interactions on the glass-forming ability (GFA) of naproxen (NAP) in binary mixtures. For this purpose, a series of methyl and acetyl derivatives of glucose (GLS) and anhydroglucose (anhGLS), as well as neat anhGLS have been used to produce homogeneous solid dispersions (SDs) of varying molar concentration of examined active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Systematic measurements with the use of Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy (BDS) enabled us to determine the phase transitions, homogeneity and molecular mobility of the investigated binary mixtures as well as the impact of excipient on the crystallization tendency of NAP. It turned out that acetylated glucose (acGLS), one of the most mobile and flexible saccharides of all examined herein materials, is the best excipient enhancing the GFA of studied API. Although, it should be noted that upon storage at room temperature, we observed the recrystallization of NAP from binary mixtures. Interestingly, API always crystallized to the initial polymorphic form, as shown by X-ray diffraction (XRD) investigations. Finally, since additional measurements with the use of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy clearly indicated that there are no significant differences in the intermolecular interactions in the systems composed of NAP and all examined saccharides, one can postulate that the mobility and ring flexibility of the matrix have, , the most important impact on the crystallization tendency of NAP upon cooling. Consequently, it seems that in some cases, more mobile/flexible matrices can be a much better choice to enhance the glass-forming ability of studied pharmaceutical.

Dramatic slowing down of the conformational equilibrium in the silyl derivative of glucose in the vicinity of the glass transition temperature

The vitrification process is usually preceded by a significant change (around 6-8 decades) in the viscosity, structural relaxation times, or diffusion that occurs in a relatively small range of temperatures in fragile liquids. Along with this phenomenon, conformations of the molecules vary as well. In fact, this process is studied in bulk polymers and high molecular weight materials deposited in the form of thin films. On the other hand, spatial rearrangement of small glass formers in the supercooled liquid state has not been intensively investigated, so far. Herein, data obtained from measurements carried out using various experimental techniques on supercooled 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-(trimethylsilyl)-d-glucopyranose (S-GLU) have revealed that rotations of silyl moieties along with the deformation in the saccharide ring are significantly slowed down in the vicinity of the glass transition temperature (Tg). These intramolecular reorganizations affect the structural relaxation time, atomic pair distribution function, integrated intensity, as well as a number of bands and signals observed, respectively, in the Raman and NMR spectra. Data reported herein offer a better understanding of the conformational variation and time scale of this process in the complex and flexible molecules around the Tg.

Signatures of a jet cocoon in early spectra of a supernova associated with a γ-ray burst

Long γ-ray bursts are associated with energetic, broad-lined, stripped-envelope supernovae^1,2 and as such mark the death of massive stars. The scarcity of such events nearby and the brightness of the γ-ray burst afterglow, which dominates the emission in the first few days after the burst, have so far prevented the study of the very early evolution of supernovae associated with γ-ray bursts³. In hydrogen-stripped supernovae that are not associated with γ-ray bursts, an excess of high-velocity (roughly 30,000 kilometres per second) material has been interpreted as a signature of a choked jet, which did not emerge from the progenitor star and instead deposited all of its energy in a thermal cocoon⁴. Here we report multi-epoch spectroscopic observations of the supernova SN 2017iuk, which is associated with the γ-ray burst GRB 171205A. Our spectra display features at extremely high expansion velocities (around 115,000 kilometres per second) within the first day after the burst^5,6. Using spectral synthesis models developed for SN 2017iuk, we show that these features are characterized by chemical abundances that differ from those observed in the ejecta of SN 2017iuk at later times. We further show that the high-velocity features originate from the mildly relativistic hot cocoon that is generated by an ultra-relativistic jet within the γ-ray burst expanding and decelerating into the medium that surrounds the progenitor star^7,8. This cocoon rapidly becomes transparent⁹ and is outshone by the supernova emission, which starts to dominate the emission three days after the burst.

Experimental (FTIR, BDS) and theoretical analysis of mutarotation kinetics of d-fructose mixed with different alcohols in the supercooled region

The mutarotation kinetics of pure molten d-fructose and its binary mixture with alcohols (i.e., sorbitol and maltitol) have been reported using Fourier transform infrared, broadband dielectric spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations.

Thermodynamic scaling of molecular dynamics in supercooled liquid state of pharmaceuticals: Itraconazole and ketoconazole

Pressure-Volume-Temperature (PVT) measurements and broadband dielectric spectroscopy were carried out to investigate molecular dynamics and to test the validity of thermodynamic scaling of two homologous compounds of pharmaceutical activity: itraconazole and ketoconazole in the wide range of thermodynamic conditions. The pressure coefficients of the glass transition temperature (dT(g)/dp) for itraconazole and ketoconazole were determined to be equal to 183 and 228 K/GPa, respectively. However, for itraconazole, the additional transition to the nematic phase was observed and characterized by the pressure coefficient dT(n)/dp = 258 K/GPa. From PVT and dielectric data, we obtained that the liquid-nematic phase transition is governed by the relaxation time since it occurred at constant τ(α) = 10(-5) s. Furthermore, we plotted the obtained relaxation times as a function of T(-1)v(-γ), which has revealed that the validity of thermodynamic scaling with the γ exponent equals to 3.69 ± 0.04 and 3.64 ± 0.03 for itraconazole and ketoconazole, respectively. Further analysis of the scaling parameter in itraconazole revealed that it unexpectedly decreases with increasing relaxation time, which resulted in dramatic change of the shape of the thermodynamic scaling master curve. While in the case of ketoconazole, it remained the same within entire range of data (within experimental uncertainty). We suppose that in case of itraconazole, this peculiar behavior is related to the liquid crystals' properties of itraconazole molecule.

Effect of IL-6 deficiency on myocardial expression of fatty acid transporters and intracellular lipid deposits

IL-6 is a biologically active substance and is thought to contribute to the development of obesity. Recent findings suggest that susceptibility to intracellular lipid accumulation is to a large extent determined by changes in the expression of fatty acid transporters such as FAT/CD36, FABPpm and FATP-1. The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of IL-6 deficiency on the expression of fatty acid transporters, as well as, assess the concomitant changes in intracellular lipids. We found that Il-6 deficiency upregulated the myocardial expression of FAT/CD36 (+40%) and did not significantly affect the content of FABPpm and FATP-1 (+15% and +5% respectively). Although no change in the intramyocardial total lipid content was noted, there was a significant increase in the intracellular content of both free fatty acid (FFA), diacylglicerol (DG) and ceramide fractions (+45%, +37% and +48%, respectively) in hearts from IL-6 -/- mice. A trend for IL-6 deficiency to increase in saturated FA species in these fractions was also observed (+8%, +12% and +10%, respectively). In contrast, IL-6 deficiency has no effect on the content of monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) species in each intramyocardial lipid fractions examined. These findings suggest that IL-6 deficiency results in 1) upregulation of myocardial content of FAT/CD36, 2) the increase in the content of biologically active lipid pools (FFA, DG and ceramide). This lipid accumulation with concomitant trend for increase in the saturation status of these lipid fractions may, at least in part, provide a factor related to the development of intramyocardial lipotoxicity, observed in obese individuals.

The association between type 2 diabetes mellitus and A1/A2 polymorphism of glycoprotein IIIa gene

Glycoprotein IIIa (GpIIIa) is a membrane receptor, found in various tissues, that has two alleles: A1 and A2. Signalling cascade of GpIIIa is modulated by enzymes called calpains, proteases that may also influence glucose metabolism. There is one small study that shows a high association of A1/A2 polymorphism with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In our research we planned to evaluate the association of A1/A2 polymorphism with type 2 diabetes in a population of patients with ST elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI). The study comprised 352 individuals. From the cohort of patients hospitalised for STEMI we chose 113 patients with diagnosed diabetes (diabetic group) and 118 patients with STEMI and normal glucose metabolism (non-diabetic group). The population group consisted of 121 persons. Genotyping was performed by the restriction fragments length polymorphism (RFLP) method. The frequency of alleles in all groups was in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The percentage of A2 allele carriers was comparable among all groups : 20.4% (diabetic patients), 23.7% (nondiabetic) and 21.5% (control group) (p>0.05). There was no significant difference in frequency of A2 allele among the groups. We have not observed any association between GpIIIa polymorphism with either type 2 diabetes or STEMI.

Relationship between gastroesophageal reflux disease and myocardial ischemia. Effect of reflux on temporary activity of autonomic nervous system

PURPOSE

Assessment of the gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) influence on myocardial ischemia and autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

In 50 patients with angiographically confirmed ischemic heart disease (IHD) in I-III CCS class, simultaneous 24-hour ECG and esophageal pH-metry monitoring was performed. We assessed: (1) GERD occurrence in patients with IHD, (2) influence of pathological reflux (PR) on myocardial ischemia--number and total duration of ST depression episodes in GERD and non-GERD patients, (3) temporary activity of ANS was determined according to the dynamics of spectral HRV (Heart Rate Variability) analysis components (LF, HF, VLF, LF/HF).

RESULTS

23 patients (46%) fullfilled the GERD criteria. Patients with GERD had significantly higher number of ST depression episodes (4.13 vs 2.85, p = 0.013) as well as longer total duration of ischemia (64.73 vs 35.2 min, p = 0.034). Spectral HRV analysis showed the significant decrease of LF/HF ratio (p < 0.035), which indicates the sympathovagal balance shift towards the parasympathetic system caused by PR.

CONCLUSIONS

1. GERD is frequent condition in patients with angiographically confirmed IHD. Coexistence of GERD may predispose to the myocardial ischemia. 2. Gastroesophageal reflux may cause the shift of sympathovagal balance towards its parasympathetic component. This mechanism may induce esophago-cardiac reflex, leading to diminished myocardial perfusion.

High cholesterol in patients with ECG signs of no-reflow after myocardial infarction

PURPOSE

Despite successful restoration of blood flow in epicardial artery after myocardial infarction (MI), some patients do not benefit sufficiently from modern revascularisation methods due to the impairment of microcirculation, also called no-reflow phenomenon. Hyperlipidaemia is well established risk factor of coronary heart disease and its detrimental actions on vessels are widely acknowledged. We attempted to investigate possible relations between hyperlipidaemia and electrocardiographic signs of no-reflow in myocardial infarction after successful primary angioplasty.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

A total of 150 consecutive patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with ST elevation who underwent successful primary angioplasty were studied. ECG was obtained directly before and 30 minutes after successful reperfusion. ST segment deviation was measured. Lack of 50% reduction of ST-segment elevation in the lead with maximal initial elevation, 30 minutes after angioplasty was defined as ECG sign of no-reflow.

RESULTS

ST-segment resolution occurred in 116 patients (77%), whereas 34 presented ECG signs of no-reflow (23%). Patients with persistent ST-segment elevation had higher blood LDL and total cholesterol (TC) levels than group with ST-segment restoration (146.5 vs. 128.7 p < 0.01 and 219.5 vs. 200.9, p < 0.05 respectively). Triglyceride, HDL, glucose on admission and fasting glucose levels did not differ significantly between groups. ECG signs of no-reflow were observed more often in patients with anterior AMI, history of prior myocardial infarction and longer pain-to-balloon time (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Positive relation between impaired tissue perfusion and high TC and LDL blood levels suggests that lipids may play a role in the pathogenesis of no-reflow phenomenon, possibly by impairment of endothelial function.

[Vagina ecosystem with taking into consideration bacterial vaginosis in particular at pregnant women to be in miscarriage and premature delivery danger]

The main tests of this writing was defining pregnant vagina ecosystem at hospitalized Clinic patients between 5th and 37th pregnant week. Patients was divided on two group: I-st with miscarriage danger, II-nd with premature delivery danger. Bacterial Vaginosis was recognized based into consideration Amsela criterion at 13.4% of examined patients, BV with mycosis coexisted at 3.8%, mycosis infection at 42.2% and trichomoniasis at 4.6% pregnant women. Influence occurred infection of Bacterial Vaginosis on premature delivery coming was also examined. Patients attended towards BV during the pregnant time, which gave preterm birth--21 (47.7%) compared with patients proper vagina ecosystem which also gave preterm labour premature--49 (36.6%). No radical, statistic comparison between those two groups was noticed.

[Treatment of endometriosis with dienogest: preliminary report]

AIM OF THE STUDY

Influence of two hormonal therapies (GnRH agonist--leuprolein acetate and a new progestin--dienogest) on symptoms of endometriosis in patients with different clinical grade of disease.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

34 women with endometriosis confirmed by laparoscopy and histology were included into the study. Patients were randomized and divided into two therapeutic groups. One group was treated with dienogest and the second with leuprolein acetate during 6 month of study. The intensification of pain was assessed with Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and pelvic symptoms scale before, during (3 month) and after therapy. Dyspareunia was assessed with pelvic symptoms scale before, during (3 month) and after therapy. Frequency of adverse effects was assessed in 1, 3 and 6 month of therapy. Emotional state, bone density and basic serum parameters were assessed before and after therapy.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

Dienogest as well as leuprolein acetate decreased pelvic pain and dyspareunia. There were no differences between these influences. Dienogest did not reveal androgenic activity (did not reveal activity nor intense seborrheic lesions, nor hirsutism, nor voice tone). Dienogest did not reveal hot flashes. Bleeding (caused by dienogest therapy) did not influence hematologic indices nor affected the patients' decision on preterm end of treatment.

[Endometriosis of the lungs: analysis of diagnosis and therapy]

A casuistic case has been presented with endometriosis of the lung in an 18-year-old girl. Several diagnostic difficulties including haemoptysis accompanying changes in the hings and chest, suggesting a npl process. The final diagnosis has been made after the second thoracotomy and was confirmed by the histopathological examination of the lungs and pleurae. Because of the patient's age the a-GnRH therapy was not taken and the treatment with new progestin (dienogest) was administered. The 4-months therapy have appeared to be fully positive without any side effects.

[Prenatal diagnostics of Toxoplasma gondii invasion by quantitative method of PCR-TaqMann]

Routine serological diagnosis of toxoplasmosis provides high sensitivity, but not high specificity. The high sensivity combined with high specifity offered by PCR-TaqMann as well as the degree of infection led us to investigate the presence and levels of T. gondii DNA in amniotic fluid, maternal and neonatal blood in cases of pregnancy where infection with this agent was suspected. Samples of amniotic fluid and blood were taken from pregnant women. Postnatal blood samples were also taken from their infants. Presence and levels of toxoplasma DNA was investigated using PCR-TaqMann. PCR products were detected by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. The PCR-TaqMann test is highly sensitive, specific and useful method allowing detection of the parasite genome and assessement of its level.

[Detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA by PCR in mother's blood, amniotic fluid and child's blood in selected cases of pathological pregnancy]

Prenatal screening of Toxoplasma gondii infection is controversial. The diagnosis is based on serological tests detecting IgM and IgG antibodies against T. gondii, but interpretation of these tests results is often confusing. It is commonly made retrospectively when serological screening indicates a possibility of recent infection. Most women have antibodies against T. gondii and serial testing is required only in monitoring of pregnancies where initial screening is negative. The introduction of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay for detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in selected cases of pathologic pregnancies has permitted a more accurate and faster diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis infections.

[Levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-2 in sera of twins delivered prematurely and at term]

The concentration of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-2 (IL-2) was estimated in first day of live in sera of premature (n = 8 pair) and in term delivered twins (n = 12 pair). One of premature delivered newborns was born vaginally 48 hours after first twin. Concentrations of TNF-alpha were approximately 4-times higher in sera of premature delivered in comparison to term delivered twins and a highest, more than 5-times higher level, was detected in serum of premature newborn born a 48 hours after first twin. Concentrations of IL-2 in sera of premature delivered were approximately 2.5-times higher than in term delivered twins and not significantly variations were observed in delayed delivered twin.

[The influence of infertility treatment and assisted reproduction techniques on multiple pregnancy rates]

It has to be remembered that pregnancies resulting from assisted reproductive technologies are more complicated that spontaneous pregnancies. There are higher rates of spontaneous abortions, ectopic, and multiple pregnancies. This work summarizes the latest year's experiences from the best world's clinics with multifetal pregnancy incidence in assisted reproductive technologies programs.

[Usefulness of quantitative assessment of Toxoplasma gondii genome using PCR-TaqMan in amniotic fluid, maternal and neonatal blood in selected complications in pregnancy]

Routine serological diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis provides high sensitivity, but not high specificity. The high sensitivity combined with high specificity offered by PCR-TaqMan as well as the degree of infection led us to investigate the presence and levels of Toxoplasma gondii genome in amniotic fluid, maternal and neonatal blood in cases of pregnancy where infection with this agent was suspected.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Samples of amniotic fluid and blood were taken from 28 women between the 16th and 40th week of gestational age. Postnatal blood samples were also taken from their infants. Included in the study group were women with IUGR, PROM, preterm delivery imminent, Toxoplasmosis in previous pregnancies, raised IgG or IgM anti-Toxoplasma antibody titers and with amniotic fluid disturbances (oligohydramnios and polyhydramnios). Presence and levels of Toxoplasma genome was investigated using PCR-TaqMan. PCR products were detected by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel.

RESULTS

Toxoplasma gondii genome was detected in blood from 13 women, 3 newborns and in amniotic fluid from one other women. Toxoplasma genome was detected in blood from one newborn, but was not detected in sample from its mother.

CONCLUSIONS

The PCR-TaqMan test is highly sensitive and specific method allowing detection of the parasite genome and assessment of its level. Limitations of this method are its relatively high cost and poor access to ABI PRISM 7700 (TaqMan) sequence detector. The PCR TaqMan is useful in cases, where serological tests for the presence of infections are ambiguous.

Disturbed nitric oxide/endothelin-1 equilibrium in cultured human placental endotheliocytes in preeclampsia

Several observations suggest that endothelial cell dysfunction is a central pathophysiologic event of preeclampsia. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a vasoconstrictor peptide of the endotheliocyte and is increased in the sera of preeclamptic patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible regulatory mechanisms between ET-1 and nitric oxide (NO) production in cultured placental endotheliocytes. We report that endothelial cells of arterial placental blood vessels show a dysfunctional mechanism of negative feedback regulation of ET-1 production by cGMP or insufficient NO release in response to a stimulus in the form of an increasing ET-1 concentration.

[Predictive usefulness of lipoproteins a -Lp (a) in cases of preeclampsia]

The causes of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension are still under study. A genetic cause has been suggested as well as raised activity of the blood lipid system, which is however determined genetically. One element of the lipid system is lipoprotein a, which may have a key role in prediction of preeclampsia. The aim of our study was to determine lipoprotein (a) concentration in women with preeclampsia and in healthy pregnancies, and to assess the usefulness of lipoprotein (a) concentration as prognostic factor of eclampsia. Sera from 19 women with preeclampsia and from 19 with healthy pregnancies were tested. Our results show that determination of lipoprotein (a) levels in preeclampsia may be significant as predictive factor of eclampsia.

[A cause of fetal ascites during intrauterine ileus with perforatio intesine]

Fetal ascites may be caused by different abnormalities. Determining of the cause is very important in terms and the way of treatment. Some cases may require immediate interaction. We presented fetal ascites with atresio intensive with intrauterine perforation--the way of diagnosis and success of therapy.

[Delivery school at Municipal Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, primary care: analysis of its activity]

We presented the analysis of aims and effects of function the Delivery School, which is situated at Municipal Hospital Obst./Gynec. in Zory.

[Rooming-in: a new standard in obstetrics and neonatology]

A bibliography review concerning to mother and child care in "rooming-in" system (RI) was shown in this paper. Propagation of this form of care, main advantages of RI concerning breast-feeding promotion, organization of medical staff work and opinion of women in puerperium about the system were taken into consideration. There was also discussed "Humane Neonatal Care Initiative" which concentrates on dissemination of "rooming-in" in neonatal intensive care units. It issued from this analysis that newborn separation from mother is one of the main reason disordering lactation and rising of emotional link between mother and child.

[Clinical assessment of utility of computerized system for cardiotocographic analysis in patients with pregnancy-induced hypertension]

OBJECTIVES

Authors decided to study the utility of computerised system for cardiotocographic analysis within the patients with pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

186 cardiotocograms (average time of registration--1 hour) were thoroughly analysed with special consideration of Dawes-Reedman's criteria. The patients were divided into 2 groups: group I (115 persons) in which cardiotocograms fulfilled Dawes-Reedman's criteria and group II (71 persons) in which cardiotocograms did not fulfil Dawes-Reedman's criteria. Members of each group were in a similar, medium stage of PIH (assessed by gestosis index) according to Klimek, had similar gestational age and gynaecological past. Cardiotocograms were analysed by Computerised System for Perinatal Superintendence AXIS-Sonicaid provided by OXFORD (Great Britain).

RESULTS

Fetal heart rate (FHR) was significantly higher while number of contraction was significantly lower in group II which cardiotocograms did not fulfil Dawes-Reedman's criteria in comparison to group which fulfilled them. In group I which cardiotocograms fulfilled Dawes-Reedman's criteria the number of acceleration up to both 10 and 15 bpm were significantly higher. The number of high variability episodes was significantly higher in group I while number of low variability episodes was significantly higher in group II. Moreover, short term variability was significantly higher in group which cardiotocograms fulfilled Dawes-Reedman's criteria. However, there were no differences between patients in both groups, considering delivery and the state of newborns (assessed by Apgar in 5th minute after birth with similar birth mass and age).

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion we state that computerised analysis of cardiotocograms plays a crucial role in decision about further treatment in final phase of pregnancy complicated by PIH.

[Serum leptin ++ concentration in fetal and maternal compartments]

OBJECTIVES

Presumable role of leptin, the product of ob gene, is signalling the energy stores to the brain. Moreover, leptin is also responsible for the food intake through the influence on the appetite. Since the fetal energy metabolism is strongly dependent on maternal nutritional health, leptin should be of peculiar importance during pregnancy.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Fifteen full-term pregnant women (mean age 27.5 +/- 6.4 years; mean gestational age 39.2 +/- 2.5 weeks; mean parity 2.1 +/- 0.9) were enrolled into the study. Immediately after delivery blood was taken from mother antecubital vein and from the umbilical cord vessels (vein and artery). Leptin concentrations in the sera were estimated by the RIA method using Linco Research Human Kit-USA.

RESULTS

The highest mean serum leptin concentration was found in maternal compartment (21.9 +/- 12.9 ng/ml) and this value was significantly higher than observed in umbilical artery 4.36 +/- 2.65 ng/ml; p < 0.001). The leptin concentration in umbilical vein was 13.1 +/- 10.7 ng/ml and this value was not statistically different than concentration found in umbilical artery (p = 0.054) and mother antecubital vein (p = 0.1). A strong positive correlation was found between maternal serum leptin concentration and maternal body mass (r = 0.5; p < 0.001) and between fetal umbilical artery leptin concentration and newborn body mass (r = 0.7; p < 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS

Among full term pregnant women strong positive correlation between serum leptin concentration and body mass was found. Even better correlation was observed between umbilical artery leptin concentration and newborn body mass. Relatively big serum leptin concentration gradient between mother and umbilical vessels indicates that placenta might play an important role in leptin production.

[The course of twin pregnancy and delivery in a woman after mitral valve implantation]

We described the course and the way of twin delivery of patient, who was pregnant one month after implantation of mitral heart valve. We discussed the threats for the fetus and mother, connected with administration of anticoagulant drugs.

Pregnancy in obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome under treatment with nCPAP

We report on a patient with a diagnosed obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) who became pregnant during treatment with the nCPAP (nasal continuous positive airway pressure) apparatus, and gave birth. In the literature search we didn't find any similar case report. The present view on OSAS treatment with particular regard to the use of nCPAP is also presented. Through reviewing literature we analysed positive effects of this kind of treatment on mother and fetus. The negative aspects of nCPAP treatment are discussed.

[Activity of superoxide dismutase and its isoenzyme during normal pregnancy]

High activity of SOD was found in erythrocytes and blood plasma in 38-40 weeks of uncomplicated pregnancy. Changes of SOD isoenzymes in blood plasma were found in course of pregnancy.

[Natural cytotoxicity of CD16+ lymphocytes in women with selected states of pregnancy pathology]

The natural cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes CD16+ (NK) was studied in healthy nonpregnant and pregnant women and in patients with threatened spontaneous abortion, preterm delivery and preeclampsia. We have shown no differences in the proportion of NK cells between all studied patients and controls. The possibility of previous contact with embryonic antigens was excluded since no differences were noted between cytotoxic activity of NK cells obtained from multiparous women and those who never gave a birth. The natural cytotoxic activity of NK cells from patients with threatened abortion or preterm delivery was found to be significantly higher (p < 0.01) than from cells of healthy pregnant women. However in preeclamptic patients activity of NK cells was very low as comparing to pregnant women and more than three lower than in nonpregnant ones. This indicates that though the amount of NK cells does not different between normal and pathological pregnancies, there is marked difference in their biological activity.

[Coenzyme Q--clinical significance]

In the paper the clinical importance is presented of the use of coenzyme Q (ubiquinone) preparation. On the basis of available literature the participation of coenzyme Q was determined in the pathogenesis and aetiology of a number of diseases, e.g. diseases of the circulatory system, locomotor system, diabetes mellitus, obesity or endocrine system diseases.

[The course of induced labor after use of intracervical extra-amniotic prostaglandin F2 alpha in pregnant patients with EPH gestosis]

The aim of our study was to assess the efficacy of labor induction among patients affected by EPH gestosis after intracervical extra-amniotic insertion of 15 mg PGF2 alpha in methyl-cellulose gel. We concluded that PGF2 alpha when given intracervically in methyl-cellulose gel is a highly effective inducer of cervical ripening process as well as subsequent uterine contractions, too. It should be stressed that in no case did we find blood pressure increase after such therapy.

[Bacteriophage therapy in the treatment of recurrent subphrenic and subhepatic abscess with jejunal fistula after stomach resection]

The case of recurrent subphrenic abscess with the jejunal fistula after stomach resection in 41-years old male is presented. In microbiological examination E. coli antibiotic-resisted was discovered. The bacteriophages were prepared and administered to the patient. The operation was performed without any antibiotics. During the whole stay at hospital the patient had got bacteriophages. He left the hospital in 33rd day of stay without any abscesses.

[Treatment outcome after surgery for uterine abnormalities in the years 1987-92]

A retrospective analysis of the outcome of pregnancy in 93 women seen between 1987 and 1992, with a uterine malformation was carried out. The main indication for operation was recurrent abortion and primary sterility. All metroplasties were performed according modified technique of Jones-Wheelees. After operation 68% patients became pregnant and 41.9% of them delivered healthy children; pregnancy in 5.3% patients ended with spontaneous abortions and in 11.8% preterm deliveries.

[Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and its isoenzyme activities in newborn children and adult women and men]

During fetal development, antioxidant defense mechanisms have generally been considered to be less active than those of mature newborn infants or of the adults. It has been suggested that this might reflect a lower requirement for cellular antioxidant activity because of the relatively protective intrauterine environment and the lower perfusing oxygen tension in the fetus. Inadequate antioxidant protection has been postulated as a prime factor in pathologic states such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia and retinopathy in preterm infants. To obtain a profile of changes of superoxide dismutase and it's isoenzymes (the main enzyme of antioxidant defence) in human blood during late fetal development, we studied blood samples from prematurely, on term and postmaturely born infants, and adults. Erythrocyte superoxide dismutase and Cu, Zn-SOD in plasma blood changed significantly with maturation, by term Cu, Zn-SOD activity reached a level higher than in adults. High SOD activity, perhaps, is one of biochemical specific "preparation for birth" occurs in developing fetus to help assure it's successful adaptation to comparatively O2-rich world at birth.

Gastric acid inhibitory profile of ebrotidine, a novel H2-receptor antagonist in humans

This study was designed to assess the gastric secretory effects of ebrotidine, a novel H2 receptor antagonist, in humans. Three groups (A, B and C) of male subjects with normal gastric mucosa were used. Group A (6 subjects) was used to determine the dose-dependency of gastric inhibitory effect of ebrotidine on basal and pentagastrin-induced maximal acid output. Group B (8 subjects) was employed to examine the duration of the inhibitory effect of ebrotidine on basal and pentagastrin-induced acid secretion. In group C (6 subjects), the 24h pH-metry was assessed using intraluminal pH-electrode placed in the gastric corpus and connected to a portable recording unit. Single oral dose of ebrotidine (200, 400 or 800 mg) caused a dose-dependent reduction in basal and pentagastrin-induced acid secretion that at a dose of 800 mg amounted to about 89% and 93%, respectively. This inhibition was still observed after 6h and averaged 72% and 50%, respectively. After 12 and 24h upon the drug intake, both basal and pentagastrin-induced acid secretion returned to the control values. Single oral dose of ebrotidine (800 mg) caused a significant reduction in circadian acidity and resulted in a marked and significant reduction of intragastric acidity for about 6h upon the administration. This inhibition was accompanied by a transient increase in basal and postprandial gastrin levels. We conclude that ebrotidine is highly effective inhibitor of basal, pentagastrin-induced and circadian gastric acid secretion in humans.

[Antioxidant agents--importance in neonatology]

The toxic consequences of oxygen therapy may be development some neonatal diseases, for example: retrolental fibroplasia and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. It's now generally believed that oxygen induced cell toxicity is the result of formation of highly reactive free radicals. The greater incidence of these disorders in preterm infants suggest that some aspect of prematurity increases susceptibility of effects of toxic oxygen species. It's proposed the term for these disorders: "oxygen radical diseases of prematurity". Verification of the hypothesis about role of the antioxidant defense mechanisms of neonate may have important implications in the pursuit of the etiology these diseases and in identification of agents that may minimize toxicity associated with oxygen therapy.