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Gimpel A, Werner KM, Bockelmann FD, Haslob H, Kloppmann M, Schaber M, Stelzenmüller V. Ecological effects of offshore wind farms on Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in the southern North Sea. Sci Total Environ 2023; 878:162902. [PMID: 36934919 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating the ecological effects of the rapid expansion of offshore renewables at local, regional and ecosystem-wide scales is essential to understand the overall socio-ecological trade-offs also for other sectors such as fisheries. Hence, little is known about the ecological impact on demersal fish. To shed light on this topic, we studied the effects of an offshore wind farm in the southern North Sea on different life stages of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) using a combination of sampling methods at varying spatial and temporal scales. Our investigations of diet composition and trophic niches indicate that cod utilizes wind turbine piles with scour protection as feeding grounds. Furthermore, collected information on cod adults and early life stages during winter spawning season suggest that spawning activity occurred in winter across the wider wind farm area. We conclude that wind turbine foundations with a scour protection can function as artificial reefs that have local positive effects on the resilience of local cod populations. With our study we contribute to urgently needed observational evidence regarding the ecological impact of offshore wind farm installations to inform area-based management and future monitoring activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gimpel
- Thünen Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Institute of Sea Fisheries, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany; Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency, Department Management of the Sea, Divison Assessment and Monitoring, Section Ecosystem Analyses, Neptunallee 5, 18057 Rostock, Germany.
| | - K M Werner
- Thünen Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Institute of Sea Fisheries, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - F-D Bockelmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute for Carbon Cycles, Department of Applied Modelling and Quantitative Methods, Max-Planck-Str. 1, 21481 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - H Haslob
- Thünen Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Institute of Sea Fisheries, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - M Kloppmann
- Thünen Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Institute of Sea Fisheries, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - M Schaber
- Thünen Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Institute of Sea Fisheries, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - V Stelzenmüller
- Thünen Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Institute of Sea Fisheries, Herwigstraße 31, 27572 Bremerhaven, Germany
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Abstract
Inhibition is considered a process essential to goal pursuit and as a result has become a central construct in many disciplines in psychology and adjacent fields. Despite a century’s worth of debate, however, there is little consensus about what inhibition actually is. We suggest that it is time to abandon the concept of inhibition as it currently stands, given that its definition has been problematic. Instead, we propose an alternative framework in which inhibition is the target outcome, rather than a process to obtain a goal. We leverage existing process models to elucidate how people can achieve an inhibition goal by actively regulating impulses and desires. Although the field has been led astray by classifying inhibition as a process, our framework is intended to provide greater practical utility to the study of goal pursuit moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M. Werner
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Inzlicht
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto
- Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto
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Leduc-Cummings I, Werner KM, Milyavskaya M, Dominick JK, Cole S. Experiencing obstacles during goal pursuit: The role of goal motivation and trait self-control. Journal of Research in Personality 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2022.104231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tabri N, Werner KM, Milyavskaya M, Wohl MJA. Perfectionism predicts disordered eating and gambling via focused self-concept among those high in erroneous beliefs about their disordered behavior. J Behav Addict 2021; 10:524-533. [PMID: 34564064 PMCID: PMC8997204 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2021.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Perfectionism, a focused self-concept, and erroneous beliefs have been implicated in the development and maintenance of various disordered behaviors. However, researchers have yet to examine how these factors combine to explain different disordered behaviors. Herein, we addressed this gap and hypothesized a moderated-mediation model whereby perfectionism fosters the development of disordered behaviors through a focused self-concept. Critically, the effect of a focused self-concept on disordered behaviors is specific to people with erroneous beliefs about their disordered behaviors. The model was tested in the contexts of disordered gambling and disordered eating, particularly dietary restraint. METHOD In Study 1, participants were community members who gamble (N = 259). In Study 2, participants were university women (N = 219). In both studies, participants completed self-report measures of all constructs that are both reliable and valid. RESULTS In Study 1, as expected, there was a positive association between perfectionism and disordered gambling, which was mediated by financially focused self-concept. This mediation was only observed among participants who scored high on illusion of control and belief in luck. Likewise, in Study 2, there was a positive association between perfectionism and dietary restraint, which was mediated by appearance focused self-concept. The mediation effect was only observed among participants who believed that maladaptive dietary restraint behaviors were safe and efficacious. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The findings support the transdiagnostic utility of our model, which may help explain an array of disordered behaviors, including other addictive behaviors as well as behaviors that involve rigid adherence to rules and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nassim Tabri
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Mental Health and Well-being Research and Training Hub, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | | | - Marina Milyavskaya
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Mental Health and Well-being Research and Training Hub, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Michael J. A. Wohl
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada,Mental Health and Well-being Research and Training Hub, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Vohs KD, Schmeichel BJ, Lohmann S, Gronau QF, Finley AJ, Ainsworth SE, Alquist JL, Baker MD, Brizi A, Bunyi A, Butschek GJ, Campbell C, Capaldi J, Cau C, Chambers H, Chatzisarantis NLD, Christensen WJ, Clay SL, Curtis J, De Cristofaro V, Del Rosario K, Diel K, Doğruol Y, Doi M, Donaldson TL, Eder AB, Ersoff M, Eyink JR, Falkenstein A, Fennis BM, Findley MB, Finkel EJ, Forgea V, Friese M, Fuglestad P, Garcia-Willingham NE, Geraedts LF, Gervais WM, Giacomantonio M, Gibson B, Gieseler K, Gineikiene J, Gloger EM, Gobes CM, Grande M, Hagger MS, Hartsell B, Hermann AD, Hidding JJ, Hirt ER, Hodge J, Hofmann W, Howell JL, Hutton RD, Inzlicht M, James L, Johnson E, Johnson HL, Joyce SM, Joye Y, Kaben JH, Kammrath LK, Kelly CN, Kissell BL, Koole SL, Krishna A, Lam C, Lee KT, Lee N, Leighton DC, Loschelder DD, Maranges HM, Masicampo EJ, Mazara K, McCarthy S, McGregor I, Mead NL, Mendes WB, Meslot C, Michalak NM, Milyavskaya M, Miyake A, Moeini-Jazani M, Muraven M, Nakahara E, Patel K, Petrocelli JV, Pollak KM, Price MM, Ramsey HJ, Rath M, Robertson JA, Rockwell R, Russ IF, Salvati M, Saunders B, Scherer A, Schütz A, Schmitt KN, Segerstrom SC, Serenka B, Sharpinskyi K, Shaw M, Sherman J, Song Y, Sosa N, Spillane K, Stapels J, Stinnett AJ, Strawser HR, Sweeny K, Theodore D, Tonnu K, van Oldenbeuving Y, vanDellen MR, Vergara RC, Walker JS, Waugh CE, Weise F, Werner KM, Wheeler C, White RA, Wichman AL, Wiggins BJ, Wills JA, Wilson JH, Wagenmakers EJ, Albarracín D. A Multisite Preregistered Paradigmatic Test of the Ego-Depletion Effect. Psychol Sci 2021; 32:1566-1581. [PMID: 34520296 DOI: 10.1177/0956797621989733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a preregistered multilaboratory project (k = 36; N = 3,531) to assess the size and robustness of ego-depletion effects using a novel replication method, termed the paradigmatic replication approach. Each laboratory implemented one of two procedures that was intended to manipulate self-control and tested performance on a subsequent measure of self-control. Confirmatory tests found a nonsignificant result (d = 0.06). Confirmatory Bayesian meta-analyses using an informed-prior hypothesis (δ = 0.30, SD = 0.15) found that the data were 4 times more likely under the null than the alternative hypothesis. Hence, preregistered analyses did not find evidence for a depletion effect. Exploratory analyses on the full sample (i.e., ignoring exclusion criteria) found a statistically significant effect (d = 0.08); Bayesian analyses showed that the data were about equally likely under the null and informed-prior hypotheses. Exploratory moderator tests suggested that the depletion effect was larger for participants who reported more fatigue but was not moderated by trait self-control, willpower beliefs, or action orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen D Vohs
- Department of Marketing, Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota
| | | | - Sophie Lohmann
- Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Quentin F Gronau
- Department of Social and Behavioural Sciences, University of Amsterdam
| | - Anna J Finley
- Center for Healthy Minds, University of Wisconsin-Madison
| | | | | | | | - Ambra Brizi
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome
| | | | | | | | | | - Chuting Cau
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto
| | - Heather Chambers
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University
| | | | | | - Samuel L Clay
- Department of Psychology, Brigham Young University-Idaho
| | - Jessica Curtis
- Department of Psychology & Counseling, Arkansas State University
| | | | | | | | | | - Megan Doi
- Department of Marketing, Carlson School of Management, University of Minnesota
| | | | | | - Mia Ersoff
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University
| | - Julie R Eyink
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University
| | | | - Bob M Fennis
- Department of Marketing, University of Groningen
| | | | - Eli J Finkel
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Will M Gervais
- Centre for Culture and Evolution, Psychology, Brunel University London
| | | | - Bryan Gibson
- Psychology Department, Central Michigan University
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Martin S Hagger
- Psychological Sciences, University of California, Merced.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä
| | | | | | | | - Edward R Hirt
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University
| | - Josh Hodge
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne
| | | | | | | | | | - Lily James
- London College of Fashion, University of the Arts London
| | - Emily Johnson
- Department of Psychology & Counseling, Arkansas State University
| | | | | | - Yannick Joye
- Department of Management, ISM University of Management and Economics
| | | | | | | | | | - Sander L Koole
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
| | | | - Christine Lam
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside
| | | | - Nick Lee
- School of Psychology, Curtin University
| | - Dana C Leighton
- College of Arts, Sciences, and Education, Texas A&M University, Texarkana
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ian McGregor
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo
| | | | - Wendy B Mendes
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | | | | | - Akira Miyake
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | | | | | - Erin Nakahara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | | | | | | | - Mindi M Price
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University
| | | | | | - Jacob A Robertson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | | | | | - Marco Salvati
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome
| | | | - Anne Scherer
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University
| | | | - Kristin N Schmitt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder
| | | | | | | | | | - Janelle Sherman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Psychology, Wake Forest University
| | | | | | | | | | - Hannah R Strawser
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University
| | - Kate Sweeny
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside
| | | | - Karine Tonnu
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Feline Weise
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
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Lopez RB, Cosme D, Werner KM, Saunders B, Hofmann W. Associations between use of self-regulatory strategies and daily eating patterns: An experience sampling study in college-aged women. Motiv Emot 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-021-09903-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractPrevious theorizing suggests there are multiple means by which people regulate their emotions and impulses, but that these strategies vary in the degree to which they support goal attainment. Some have proposed that proactive strategies (e.g. situation selection, distraction) may be particularly effective, while interventive strategies (e.g. suppression) are less effective. Despite these diverging predictions, researchers have yet to examine spontaneous use of these strategies and their respective and combined efficacy when applied to momentary food desires experienced in daily life. In the present study, we assessed eating patterns for one week via ecological momentary assessment in college-aged women (N = 106). Results from pre-registered analyses indicated that using a variety of strategies, including preventative strategies such as situation selection and distraction, was associated with greater self-control success, as indexed by weaker desires, higher resistance, lower likelihood of enacting desires, and less food consumed. A similar pattern was observed when participants implemented additional strategies during desire episodes, which they were more likely to do when their desires conflicted with other self-regulatory goals. All associations were observed while controlling for momentary hunger levels, dieting status, age, and body mass index. These findings are consistent with a growing body of work assessing people’s spontaneous use of emotion regulation strategies in everyday contexts, suggesting potential meta-motivational tendencies marked by flexible and adaptive use of self-regulatory strategies.
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7
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Katzir M, Baldwin M, Werner KM, Hofmann W. Moving beyond Inhibition: Capturing a Broader Scope of the Self-Control Construct with the Self-Control Strategy Scale (SCSS). J Pers Assess 2021; 103:762-776. [PMID: 33683926 DOI: 10.1080/00223891.2021.1883627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present research was to develop a more comprehensive measure of self-control that reflects recent theoretical advancements that extend beyond inhibition. Across six samples (N = 1,946, 48.95% males, Ages 18-76, US-MTurkers/Israelis), we sought to develop and validate the Self-Control Strategies Scale (SCSS), as well as examine its predictive validity across important life domains (e.g., weight, physical activity, savings). The SCSS is comprised of eight self-control strategies that represent three categories: anticipatory control (situation selection, reward, punishment, pre-commitment), down-regulation of temptation (distraction, cognitive change, acceptance), and behavioral inhibition. Results indicate that there was a strong association between the widely used Brief Self-Control Scale (BSCS). and the behavioral inhibition strategy of the SCSS. While the behavioral inhibition strategy was a strong and consistent predictor of most self-control related outcomes, results further indicate that in some domains, but not others, certain strategies may be beneficial whereas others may be detrimental. While inhibition remains to be an important factor of self-control, our findings point to the importance of adapting the use of different strategies to different domains. The SCSS can therefore be used to gain a more fine-grained understanding of the self-control construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Katzir
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program on Conflict Management, Resolution and Negotiation, Bar Ilan University
| | - Matthew Baldwin
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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8
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Abstract
Researchers run experiments to test theories, search for and document phenomena, develop theories, or advise policymakers. When testing theories, experiments must be internally valid but do not have to be externally valid. However, when experiments are used to search for and document phenomena, develop theories, or advise policymakers, external validity matters. Conflating these goals and failing to recognize their tensions with validity concerns can lead to problems with theorizing. Psychological scientists should be aware of the mutual-internal-validity problem, long recognized by experimental economists. When phenomena elicited by experiments are used to develop theories that, in turn, influence the design of theory-testing experiments, experiments and theories can become wedded to each other and lose touch with reality. They capture and explain phenomena within but not beyond the laboratory. We highlight how triangulation can address validity problems by helping experiments and theories make contact with ideas from other disciplines and the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hause Lin
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto
| | | | - Michael Inzlicht
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto.,Rotman School of Management, University of Toronto
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Abstract
Self-regulation is a core aspect of human functioning that helps facilitate the successful pursuit of personal goals. There has been a proliferation of theories and models describing different aspects of self-regulation both within and outside of psychology. All of these models provide insights about self-regulation, but sometimes they talk past each other, make only shallow contributions, or make contributions that are underappreciated by scholars working in adjacent areas. The purpose of this article is to integrate across the many different models in order to refine the vast literature on self-regulation. To achieve this objective, we first review some of the more prominent models of self-regulation coming from social psychology, personality psychology, and cognitive neuroscience. We then integrate across these models based on four key elements—level of analysis, conflict, emotion, and cognitive functioning—specifically identifying points of convergence but also points of insufficient emphasis. We close with prescriptions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Inzlicht
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Kaitlyn M. Werner
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G3, Canada
| | - Julia L. Briskin
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61820, USA
| | - Brent W. Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61820, USA
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Smyth AP, Werner KM, Milyavskaya M, Holding A, Koestner R. Do mindful people set better goals? Investigating the relation between trait mindfulness, self-concordance, and goal progress. Journal of Research in Personality 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2020.104015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Werner KM, Milyavskaya M, Klimo R, Levine SL. Examining the unique and combined effects of grit, trait self-control, and conscientiousness in predicting motivation for academic goals: A commonality analysis. Journal of Research in Personality 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Levine SL, Green-Demers I, Werner KM, Milyavskaya M. Perfectionism in Adolescents: Self-Critical Perfectionism as a Predictor of Depressive Symptoms Across the School Year. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 2019. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2019.38.1.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The present study examined the influence of personal standards and self-critical perfectionism on depressive and anxiety symptoms over the academic year. Methods: High-school students (N = 174) were surveyed in the late Fall and early Spring, assessing perfectionism in the Fall and mental health across the year in both the Fall and Spring. Path modelling was used to examine whether self-critical and personal standards perfectionism were related to changes in mental health across the school year. Results: Controlling for mental health at the start of the year, self-critical perfectionism predicted an increase in depressive symptoms over time, whereas personal standards perfectionism was unrelated to changes in mental health. Discussion: Results support that self-critical perfectionism is detrimental to mental health in adolescents, suggesting that future interventions should focus on reducing self-critical cognitive biases in youth.
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Werner KM, Milyavskaya M. Motivation and self‐regulation: The role of want‐to motivation in the processes underlying self‐regulation and self‐control. Soc Personal Psychol Compass 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
Perfectionism has been implicated in several psychiatric disorders, including eating disorders, anxiety disorders, and depression. In the current research, we extended the analysis of perfectionism to understand disordered gambling. Unlike other life domains in which people with perfectionistic tendencies can objectively control outcomes (e.g., dieting to control one’s body shape or weight in eating disorders), perfectionism in the gambling context is unique because there is little to no objective control over gambling outcomes (i.e., winning money). We hypothesized that gamblers with perfectionistic tendencies may set themselves a high standard within the financial success domain, which would manifest in more severe disordered gambling symptoms. We also hypothesized that having a self-concept that is focused on financial success would mediate the relation between perfectionistic tendencies and disordered gambling severity. To test this mediation model, we asked a community sample of gamblers (n = 258) to complete measures that assessed perfectionistic tendencies, financially focused self-concept, and disordered gambling severity. In line with expectations, there was a moderate positive relation between perfectionistic tendencies and disordered gambling severity, which was further mediated by financially focused self-concept. These findings suggest that perfectionistic tendencies among gamblers are associated with disordered gambling because such tendencies result in a self-concept that is focused on financial success. The findings also suggest that targeting gamblers’ perfectionistic tendencies in prevention and treatment interventions may be instrumental in alleviating their financial focus, which would help curtail the development and maintenance of disordered gambling.RésuméOn a établi que le perfectionnisme entrait en ligne de compte dans plusieurs troubles psychiatriques, entre autres les troubles de l’alimentation, les troubles anxieux et la dépression. Dans la présente recherche, nous avons étendu l’analyse du perfectionnisme pour comprendre le jeu compulsif. Contrairement aux autres domaines de la vie où les personnes ayant des tendances perfectionnistes peuvent contrôler objectivement les résultats (p. ex., suivre un régime pour contrôler sa silhouette ou son poids), le perfectionnisme dans le contexte du jeu est unique parce qu’il y a très peu ou pas de contrôle sur les résultats (c’est-à-dire gagner de l’argent). Nous avons avancé l’hypothèse que les joueurs ayant des tendances perfectionnistes pouvaient fixer un niveau élevé de réussite financière, ce qui se traduirait par des symptômes de jeu compulsif plus sévères. Nous avons également émis l’hypothèse que le fait d’avoir une image de soi centrée sur la réussite financière permettait d’établir un lien entre les tendances perfectionnistes et la gravité du jeu compulsif. Pour tester ce modèle de médiation, un échantillon communautaire de joueurs (n = 258) a complété des mesures évaluant les tendances perfectionnistes, une image de soi axée sur les finances et la gravité du jeu compulsif. Conformément aux attentes, il existait une relation positive modérée entre les tendances perfectionnistes et la gravité du jeu compulsif qui était davantage liée avec une image de soi axée sur les finances. Ces résultats laissent entendre que les tendances perfectionnistes chez les joueurs sont associées au jeu compulsif parce que de telles tendances aboutissent à une image de soi axée sur la réussite financière. Les résultats suggèrent également que le ciblage des tendances perfectionnistes des joueurs dans les interventions de prévention et de traitement peut contribuer à alléger leur orientation financière, ce qui contribuerait à freiner le développement et le maintien du jeu compulsif.
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Milyavskaya M, Werner KM. Goal pursuit: Current state of affairs and directions for future research. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie canadienne 2018. [DOI: 10.1037/cap0000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Levine SL, Werner KM, Capaldi JS, Milyavskaya M. Let’s play the blame game: The distinct effects of personal standards and self-critical perfectionism on attributions of success and failure during goal pursuit. Journal of Research in Personality 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrp.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Werner KM, Milyavskaya M. We May Not Know What We Want, But Do We Know What We Need? Examining the Ability to Forecast Need Satisfaction in Goal Pursuit. Social Psychological and Personality Science 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1948550617720274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Do we have the necessary perceptual abilities to set goals that are congruent with our own values and needs? In a prospective study, participants ( n =185) identified three goals that they planned to pursue throughout the week. For each goal, they then rated their motivation for pursuing it and made predictions about the extent to which goal attainment would satisfy their needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness. One week later, participants rated their progress on each goal, as well as the actual need satisfaction they experienced. Using Bayesian analysis, we found support for our (null) hypothesis that participants predicted that their goals would satisfy their psychological needs, irrespective of goal self-concordance. While people sometimes overestimated need satisfaction, we found that people who pursued more self-concordant goals actually benefited more from their pursuits, both compared to others who pursued less concordant goals and among their own goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M. Werner
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Werner KM, Milyavskaya M, Foxen-Craft E, Koestner R. Some goals just feel easier: Self-concordance leads to goal progress through subjective ease, not effort. Personality and Individual Differences 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Vu C, Robblee J, Werner KM, Fairman R. Effects of charged amino acids at b and c heptad positions on specificity and stability of four-chain coiled coils. Protein Sci 2001; 10:631-7. [PMID: 11344331 PMCID: PMC2374138 DOI: 10.1110/ps.41101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
An understanding of the balance of chemical forces responsible for protein stability and specificity of structure is essential for the success of efforts in protein design. Specifically, electrostatic interactions between charged amino acids have been explored extensively to understand the contribution of this force to protein stability. Much research on the importance of electrostatic interactions as specificity and stability determinants in two-stranded coiled coils has been done, but there remains significant controversy about the magnitude of the attractive forces using such systems. We have developed a four-stranded coiled-coil system with charged residues incorporated at b and c heptad positions to explore the role of charge interactions. Here, we test quantitatively the effects of varying sidechain length on the magnitude of such electrostatic interactions. We synthesized peptides containing either aspartate or ornithine at both b and c heptad positions and tested their ability to self-associate and to hetero-associate with one another and with peptides containing glutamate or lysine at the same positions. We find that interactions between glutamate and either lysine or ornithine are more favorable than the corresponding interactions involving aspartate. In each case, charged interactions provide additional stability to coiled coils, although helix propensity effects may play a significant role in determining the overall stability of these structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Vu
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Haverford College, 370 Lancaster Ave., Haverford, PA 19041, USA
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Han G, LaPorte MG, Folmer JJ, Werner KM, Weinreb SM. Total syntheses of the Securinega alkaloids (+)-14,15-dihydronorsecurinine, (-)-norsecurinine, and phyllanthine. J Org Chem 2000; 65:6293-306. [PMID: 11052071 DOI: 10.1021/jo000260z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new strategy for enantiospecific construction of the Securinega alkaloids has been developed and applied in total syntheses of (+)-14,15-dihydronorsecurinine (8), (-)-norsecurinine (6), and phyllanthine (2). The B-ring and C7 absolute stereochemistry of these biologically active alkaloids originated from trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline (10), which was converted to ketonitrile 13 via a high-yielding eight-step sequence. Treatment of this ketonitrile with SmI2 afforded the 6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane B/C-ring system 14, which is a key advanced intermediate for all three synthetic targets. Annulation of the A-ring of (-)-norsecurinine (6) with the required C2 configuration via an N-acyliminium ion alkylation was accomplished using radical-based amide oxidation methodology developed in these laboratories as a key step, providing tricycle 33. Annulation of the D-ring onto alpha-hydroxyketone 33 with the Bestmann ylide 45 at 12 kbar gave (+)-14,15-dihydronorsecurinine (8). In the securinine series, the D-ring was incorporated using an intramolecular Wadsworth-Horner-Emmons olefination of phenylselenylated alpha-hydroxyketone 47. The C14,15 unsaturation was installed late in the synthesis by an oxidative elimination of the selenoxide derived from tetracyclic butenolide 50 to give (-)-norsecurinine (6). The A-ring of phyllanthine (2) was formed from hydroxyketone 14 using a stereoselective Yb(OTf)3-promoted hetero Diels-Alder reaction of the derived imine 34 with Danishefsky's diene, affording adduct 35. Conjugate reduction and stereoselective equatorial ketone reduction of vinylogous amide 35 provided tricyclic intermediate 36, which could then be elaborated in a few steps to stable hydroxyenone 53 via alpha-selenophenylenone intermediate 52. The D-ring was then constructed, again using an intramolecular Wadsworth-Horner-Emmons olefination reaction to give phyllanthine (2).
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Affiliation(s)
- G Han
- Department of Chemistry, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park 16802, USA
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Han G, LaPorte MG, Folmer JJ, Werner KM, Weinreb SM. A New Enantioselective Approach to Total Synthesis of the Securinega Alkaloids: Application to (-)-Norsecurinine and Phyllanthine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2000; 39:237-240. [PMID: 10649387 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-3773(20000103)39:1<237::aid-anie237>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An inexpensive proline derivative and chiral control feature in the total synthesis of securinega alkaloids (-)-norsecurinine (1) and phyllanthine (2). Key steps in the synthesis of 1 include an intramolecular ketonitrile coupling and application of a radical-based generation of N-acylimines. The total synthesis of 2 utilizes a stereoselective imino Diels - Alder construction of the methoxypiperidine ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Han
- Department of Chemistry The Pennsylvania State University University Park, PA 16802 (USA)
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