1
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Jordan JA, Celani CP, Ketterer M, Lavine BK, Booksh KS. Supervised discretization for decluttering classification models. Analyst 2023; 148:6097-6108. [PMID: 37916659 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00770g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Presented here is the first demonstration of supervised discretization to 'declutter' multivariate classification data in chemical sensor applications. The performance of multivariate classification models is often limited by the non-informative chemical variance within each target class; decluttering methods seek to reduce within-class variance while retaining between-class variance. Supervised discretization is shown to declutter classes in a manner that is superior to the state-of-the-art External Parameter Orthogonalization (EPO) by constructing a more parsimonious model with fewer parameters to optimize and is, consequently, less susceptible to overfitting and information loss. The comparison of supervised discretization and EPO is performed on three classification applications: X-ray fluorescence spectra of pine ash where the pine was grown in three distinct soil types, laser induced breakdown spectroscopy of colored artisanal glasses, and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy of exotic hardwood species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caelin P Celani
- University of Delaware, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Michael Ketterer
- Northern Arizona University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Barry K Lavine
- Oklahoma State University, Department of Chemistry, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - K S Booksh
- University of Delaware, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Newark, DE, USA
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2
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Ottaway JM, Chance Carter J, Adams KL, Camancho J, Lavine BK, Booksh KS. Comparison of Spectroscopic Techniques for Determining the Peroxide Value of 19 Classes of Naturally Aged, Plant-Based Edible Oils. Appl Spectrosc 2021; 75:781-794. [PMID: 33522275 DOI: 10.1177/0003702821994500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The peroxide value of edible oils is a measure of the degree of oxidation, which directly relates to the freshness of the oil sample. Several studies previously reported in the literature have paired various spectroscopic techniques with multivariate analyses to rapidly determine peroxide values using field portable and process instrumentation; those efforts presented "best-case scenarios" with oils from narrowly defined training and test sets. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the use of near- and mid-infrared absorption and Raman scattering spectroscopies on oil samples from different oil classes, including seasonal and vendor variations, to determine which measurement technique or combination thereof is best for predicting peroxide values. Following peroxide value assays of each oil class using an established titration-based method, global and global-subset calibration models were constructed from spectroscopic data collected on the 19 oil classes used in this study. Spectra from each optical technique were used to create partial least squares regression calibration models to predict the peroxide value of unknown oil samples. A global peroxide value model based on near-infrared (8 mm optical path length) oil measurements produced the lowest RMSEP (4.9), followed by 24 mm optical path length near infrared (5.1), Raman (6.9) and 50 µm optical path length mid-infrared (7.3). However, it was determined that the Raman RMSEP resulted from chance correlations. Global peroxide value models based on low-level fusion of the NIR (8 and 24 mm optical path length) data and all infrared data produced the same RMSEP of 5.1. Global subset models, based on any of the spectroscopies and olive oil training sets from any class (pure, extra light, extra virgin), all failed to extrapolate to the non-olive oils. However, the near-infrared global subset model built on extra virgin olive oil could extrapolate to test samples from other olive oil classes. This work demonstrates the difficulty of developing a truly global method for determining peroxide value of oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Ottaway
- 4578Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Materials Science Division, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - J Chance Carter
- 4578Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Materials Science Division, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Kristl L Adams
- 4578Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Materials Science Division, Livermore, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Camancho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 5972University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Barry K Lavine
- Oklahoma State University-Stillwater Chemistry, 107 Physical Sciences I, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Karl S Booksh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 5972University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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3
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Wiggins MB, Liu M, Matsen C, Liu C, Booksh KS. Characterization of Green Paints in Ming and Qianlong Dynasties' Lin'xi Pavilion by Complimentary Techniques. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020266. [PMID: 33430485 PMCID: PMC7826886 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During conservation of the painted ceiling decoration of Lin'xi Pavilion in the Forbidden City, two distinct paint campaigns were isolated as a unique case study into architectural paint materials during both the Ming and Qing dynasties. Paint samples and cross sections from both paint generations were analyzed with SEM-EDX, time of flight-secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), XRD, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopies. Similar organic and inorganic materials characteristic of these time periods were identified. The pigments of interest found in both paint generations were botallackite and atacamite polymorphs. This suggests a shift from natural mineral sources to synthetic copper-based pigments for these larger architectural projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcie B. Wiggins
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA;
| | - Mengyu Liu
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Catherine Matsen
- Scientific Research & Analysis Laboratory, Winterthur Museum, Garden & Library, Winterthur, DE 19735, USA;
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; (M.L.); (C.L.)
| | - Karl S. Booksh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-302-831-2561
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4
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Smith JP, Liu M, Lauro ML, Balasubramanian M, Forstater JH, Grosser ST, Dance ZEX, Rhodes TA, Bu X, Booksh KS. Raman hyperspectral imaging with multivariate analysis for investigating enzyme immobilization. Analyst 2020; 145:7571-7581. [PMID: 33030462 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01244k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Directed enzyme evolution has led to significant application of biocatalysis for improved chemical transformations throughout the scientific and industrial communities. Biocatalytic reactions utilizing evolved enzymes immobilized within microporous supports have realized unique advantages, including notably higher enzyme stability, higher enzyme load, enzyme reusability, and efficient product-enzyme separation. To date, limited analytical methodology is available to discern the spatial and chemical distribution of immobilized enzymes, in which techniques for surface visualization, enzyme stability, or activity are instead employed. New analytical tools to investigate enzyme immobilization are therefore needed. In this work, development, application, and evaluation of an analytical methodology to study enzyme immobilization is presented. Specifically, Raman hyperspectral imaging with principal component analysis, a multivariate method, is demonstrated for the first time to investigate evolved enzymes immobilized onto microporous supports for biocatalysis. Herein we demonstrate the ability to spatially and spectrally resolve evolved pantothenate kinase (PanK) immobilized onto two commercially-available, chemically-diverse porous resins. This analytical methodology is able to chemically distinguish evolved enzyme, resin, and chemical species pertinent to immobilization. As such, a new analytical approach to study immobilized biocatalysts is demonstrated, offering potential wide application for analysis of protein or biomolecule immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Smith
- Analytical Research & Development, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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5
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Wiggins MB, Heath E, Booksh KS, Alcántara-García J. Multi-Analytical Study of Copper-Based Historic Pigments and their Alteration Products. Appl Spectrosc 2019; 73:1255-1264. [PMID: 31124370 DOI: 10.1177/0003702819856606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Copper-containing materials such as verdigris are commonly found in historic and artistic works of art, often at advanced states of decay. Applied on paper as inks and watercolors, many of which needed a binder such as gum arabic, the intrinsic instability of this pigment was known since the medieval period. The decay of verdigris (a mixture of copper acetates) as a pigment, as watercolor, and as a dye, was studied using a combination of vibrational (Fourier transform infrared) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) instrumental techniques. Changes in the copper oxidative states and the formation of copper oxide were monitored during accelerated degradation as powdered solids and applied on mockup samples (with and without binder). Accelerated aging of both commercially available and synthesized verdigris pigments showed the presence of an intermediate species, Cu(CH3COO)2•3Cu(OH)2•2H2O, which points to the beginning of the decay processes, that culminates in the formation of Cu(II) oxide. However, the presence of gum arabic seems to delay deterioration, by temporarily reducing Cu(II) to Cu(I), even when the final product includes Cu(II). This novel application of XPS and supporting techniques has significant implications in art conservation, as the identified behavior helps explain the better preservation state of some works of art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcie B Wiggins
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Emma Heath
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
- Department of Art Conservation, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Karl S Booksh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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6
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Smith JP, Holahan EC, Smith FC, Marrero V, Booksh KS. A novel multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) methodology for application in hyperspectral Raman imaging analysis. Analyst 2019; 144:5425-5438. [PMID: 31407728 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00787c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) applied to hyperspectral Raman imaging is extensively used to spatially and spectrally resolve the individual, pure chemical species within complex, heterogeneous samples. A critical aspect of performing MCR-ALS with hyperspectral Raman imaging is the selection of the number of chemical components within the experimental data. Several methods have previously been proposed to determine the number of chemical components, but it remains a challenging task that if done incorrectly, can lead to the loss of chemical information. In this work, we show that the choice of 'optimal' number of factors in the MCR-ALS model may vary depending on the relative contribution of the targeted species to the overall spectral intensity. In a data set consisting of 27 hyperspectral Raman images of TiO2 polymorphs, it was observed that the more dominant species were best resolved with a parsimonious model. However, species with intensities near the noise level often needed more factors to be resolved than was predicted by standard methods. Based on the observations in this data set, we propose a new method that employs approximate reference spectra for determining optimal model complexity for identifying minor constituents with MCR-ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Smith
- Analytical Research & Development, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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7
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Celani CP, Lancaster CA, Jordan JA, Espinoza EO, Booksh KS. Assessing utility of handheld laser induced breakdown spectroscopy as a means of Dalbergia speciation. Analyst 2019; 144:5117-5126. [PMID: 31309214 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00984a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many species of Dalbergia are prized hardwoods, generally referred to as 'Rosewood,' and used in high-end products due to their distinctive hue and scent. Despite more than 58 species of Dalbergia being listed as endangered in Appendix 1 of The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES), the illegal logging and trade of this timber is ongoing. In this work, a handheld laser induced breakdown spectrometer (LIBS) was used to analyze seven Dalbergia species and two other exotic hardwood species to evaluate the ability of handheld LIBS for rapid classification of Dalbergia in the field. The KNN model of the classification presented 80% to 90% sensitivity for discriminating between Dalbergia species in the training set. PLS-DA models were based on a binary decision tree structure. Cumulatively, the PLS-DA decision tree model showed greater than 97% sensitivity and 99% selectivity for prediction of Dalbergia species included in the training set. The data presented in the following study are promising for the use of handheld LIBS devices and both KNN and PLS-DA models for applications in customs screenings at the port of entry of hard woods, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caelin P Celani
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, USA.
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8
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Smith JP, Smith FC, Booksh KS. Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) with Raman Imaging Applied to Lunar Meteorites. Appl Spectrosc 2018; 72:404-419. [PMID: 28675305 DOI: 10.1177/0003702817721715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lunar meteorites provide a more random sampling of the surface of the Moon than do the returned lunar samples, and they provide valuable information to help estimate the chemical composition of the lunar crust, the lunar mantle, and the bulk Moon. As of July 2014, ∼96 lunar meteorites had been documented and ten of these are unbrecciated mare basalts. Using Raman imaging with multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS), we investigated portions of polished thin sections of paired, unbrecciated, mare-basalt lunar meteorites that had been collected from the LaPaz Icefield (LAP) of Antarctica-LAP 02205 and LAP 04841. Polarized light microscopy displays that both meteorites are heterogeneous and consist of polydispersed sized and shaped particles of varying chemical composition. For two distinct probed areas within each meteorite, the individual chemical species and associated chemical maps were elucidated using MCR-ALS applied to Raman hyperspectral images. For LAP 02205, spatially and spectrally resolved clinopyroxene, ilmenite, substrate-adhesive epoxy, and diamond polish were observed within the probed areas. Similarly, for LAP 04841, spatially resolved chemical images with corresponding resolved Raman spectra of clinopyroxene, troilite, a high-temperature polymorph of anorthite, substrate-adhesive epoxy, and diamond polish were generated. In both LAP 02205 and LAP 04841, substrate-adhesive epoxy and diamond polish were more readily observed within fractures/veinlet features. Spectrally diverse clinopyroxenes were resolved in LAP 04841. Factors that allow these resolved clinopyroxenes to be differentiated include crystal orientation, spatially distinct chemical zoning of pyroxene crystals, and/or chemical and molecular composition. The minerals identified using this analytical methodology-clinopyroxene, anorthite, ilmenite, and troilite-are consistent with the results of previous studies of the two meteorites using electron microprobe analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of MCR-ALS with Raman imaging used for the investigation of both lunar and other types of meteorites. We have demonstrated the use of multivariate analysis methods, namely MCR-ALS, with Raman imaging to investigate heterogeneous lunar meteorites. Our analytical methodology can be used to elucidate the chemical, molecular, and structural characteristics of phases in a host of complex, heterogeneous geological, geochemical, and extraterrestrial materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Smith
- 1 Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Frank C Smith
- 2 Department of Geological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Karl S Booksh
- 1 Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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9
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Smith JP, Smith FC, Krull-Davatzes AE, Simonson BM, Glass BP, Booksh KS. Raman microspectroscopic mapping with multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) of the high-pressure, α-PbO2-structured polymorph of titanium dioxide, TiO2-II. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cdc.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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10
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Smith JP, Smith FC, Ottaway J, Krull-Davatzes AE, Simonson BM, Glass BP, Booksh KS. Raman Microspectroscopic Mapping with Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) Applied to the High-Pressure Polymorph of Titanium Dioxide, TiO 2-II. Appl Spectrosc 2017; 71:1816-1833. [PMID: 28756705 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816687573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The high-pressure, α-PbO2-structured polymorph of titanium dioxide (TiO2-II) was recently identified in micrometer-sized grains recovered from four Neoarchean spherule layers deposited between ∼2.65 and ∼2.54 billion years ago. Several lines of evidence support the interpretation that these layers represent distal impact ejecta layers. The presence of shock-induced TiO2-II provides physical evidence to further support an impact origin for these spherule layers. Detailed characterization of the distribution of TiO2-II in these grains may be useful for correlating the layers, estimating the paleodistances of the layers from their source craters, and providing insight into the formation of the TiO2-II. Here we report the investigation of TiO2-II-bearing grains from these four spherule layers using multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) applied to Raman microspectroscopic mapping. Raman spectra provide evidence of grains consisting primarily of rutile (TiO2) and TiO2-II, as shown by Raman bands at 174 cm-1 (TiO2-II), 426 cm-1 (TiO2-II), 443 cm-1 (rutile), and 610 cm-1 (rutile). Principal component analysis (PCA) yielded a predominantly three-phase system comprised of rutile, TiO2-II, and substrate-adhesive epoxy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) suggests heterogeneous grains containing polydispersed micrometer- and submicrometer-sized particles. Multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares applied to the Raman microspectroscopic mapping yielded up to five distinct chemical components: three phases of TiO2 (rutile, TiO2-II, and anatase), quartz (SiO2), and substrate-adhesive epoxy. Spectral profiles and spatially resolved chemical maps of the pure chemical components were generated using MCR-ALS applied to the Raman microspectroscopic maps. The spatial resolution of the Raman microspectroscopic maps was enhanced in comparable, cost-effective analysis times by limiting spectral resolution and optimizing spectral acquisition parameters. Using the resolved spectra of TiO2-II generated from MCR-ALS analysis, a Raman spectrum for pure TiO2-II was estimated to further facilitate its identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Smith
- 1 Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, USA
| | - Frank C Smith
- 2 Department of Geological Sciences, University of Delaware, USA
| | - Joshua Ottaway
- 1 Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, USA
| | | | | | - Billy P Glass
- 2 Department of Geological Sciences, University of Delaware, USA
| | - Karl S Booksh
- 1 Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, USA
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11
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Ipek B, Wulfers MJ, Kim H, Göltl F, Hermans I, Smith JP, Booksh KS, Brown CM, Lobo RF. Formation of [Cu2O2]2+ and [Cu2O]2+ toward C–H Bond Activation in Cu-SSZ-13 and Cu-SSZ-39. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hacksung Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Catalysis and Surface Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Chemical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Craig M. Brown
- Center
for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
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12
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Smith JP, Smith FC, Booksh KS. Spatial and spectral resolution of carbonaceous material from hematite (α-Fe2O3) using multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS) with Raman microspectroscopic mapping: implications for the search for life on Mars. Analyst 2017; 142:3140-3156. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an00481h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel application of multivariate analysis with Raman microspectroscopic mapping to enhance the search for life on Mars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Smith
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
| | - Frank C. Smith
- Department of Geological Sciences
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
| | - Karl S. Booksh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry
- University of Delaware
- Newark
- USA
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13
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Yu J, Lu W, Pei S, Gong K, Wang L, Meng L, Huang Y, Smith JP, Booksh KS, Li Q, Byun JH, Oh Y, Yan Y, Chou TW. Omnidirectionally Stretchable High-Performance Supercapacitor Based on Isotropic Buckled Carbon Nanotube Films. ACS Nano 2016; 10:5204-11. [PMID: 27096412 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of stretchable electronic devices has attracted intensive attention. However, most of the existing stretchable electronic devices can generally be stretched only in one specific direction and show limited specific capacitance and energy density. Here, we report a stretchable isotropic buckled carbon nanotube (CNT) film, which is used as electrodes for supercapacitors with low sheet resistance, high omnidirectional stretchability, and electro-mechanical stability under repeated stretching. After acid treatment of the CNT film followed by electrochemical deposition of polyaniline (PANI), the resulting isotropic buckled acid treated CNT@PANI electrode exhibits high specific capacitance of 1147.12 mF cm(-2) at 10 mV s(-1). The supercapacitor possesses high energy density from 31.56 to 50.98 μWh cm(-2) and corresponding power density changing from 2.294 to 28.404 mW cm(-2) at the scan rate from 10 to 200 mV s(-1). Also, the supercapacitor can sustain an omnidirectional strain of 200%, which is twice the maximum strain of biaxially stretchable supercapacitors based on CNT assemblies reported in the literature. Moreover, the capacitive performance is even enhanced to 1160.43-1230.61 mF cm(-2) during uniaxial, biaxial, and omnidirectional elongations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Yu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Weibang Lu
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics , Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | | | | | | | - Linghui Meng
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | - Yudong Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, P.R. China
| | | | | | - Qingwen Li
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics , Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Joon-Hyung Byun
- Composites Research Center, Korean Institute of Materials Science , Changwon 641831, South Korea
| | - Youngseok Oh
- Composites Research Center, Korean Institute of Materials Science , Changwon 641831, South Korea
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Zou Q, Kegel LL, Booksh KS. Electrografted Diazonium Salt Layers for Antifouling on the Surface of Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensors. Anal Chem 2015; 87:2488-94. [DOI: 10.1021/ac504513a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiongjing Zou
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Laurel L. Kegel
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Karl S. Booksh
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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15
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Kegel LL, Boyne D, Booksh KS. Sensing with Prism-Based Near-Infrared Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy on Nanohole Array Platforms. Anal Chem 2014; 86:3355-64. [DOI: 10.1021/ac4035218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurel L. Kegel
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Devon Boyne
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Karl S. Booksh
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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16
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Kim YC, Cramer J, Battaglia T, Jordan JA, Banerji SN, Peng W, Kegel LL, Booksh KS. Investigation of in Situ Surface Plasmon Resonance Spectroscopy for Environmental Monitoring in and around Deep-Sea Hydrothermal Vents. ANAL LETT 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.757701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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17
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Kegel LL, Menegazzo N, Booksh KS. Adsorbate–Metal Bond Effect on Empirical Determination of Surface Plasmon Penetration Depth. Anal Chem 2013; 85:4875-83. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400006j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurel L. Kegel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 002 Lammot Dupont Lab, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Nicola Menegazzo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 002 Lammot Dupont Lab, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Karl S. Booksh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 002 Lammot Dupont Lab, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Zou Q, Menegazzo N, Booksh KS. Development and Investigation of a Dual-Pad In-Channel Referencing Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor. Anal Chem 2012; 84:7891-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301528z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiongjing Zou
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Nicola Menegazzo
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Karl S. Booksh
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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Menegazzo N, Kegel LL, Kim YC, Allen DL, Booksh KS. Adaptable infrared surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy accessory. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:095113. [PMID: 23020425 DOI: 10.1063/1.4752463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A second generation prototype enabling surface plasmon resonance spectroscopic measurements in the infrared (IR) range is described. The new design (v2) uses the optical train (optics and detector) within conventional FT-IR spectrometers by confining dimensions of the accessory to space available within the sample compartment of the spectrometer. The v2 accessory builds upon knowledge gained from a previous version that was based on a modified commercial variable angle spectroscopic accessory and addresses observed limitations of the original design-improved temporal stability and measurement acquisition speed, crucial to biomolecular binding studies, as well as optical flexibility, a requirement for investigations of novel plasmon-supporting materials. Different aspects of the accessory, including temporal stability, mechanical resilience, and sensitivity to changes in refractive index of a sample were evaluated and presented in this contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Menegazzo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 002 Lammot Dupont Laboratory, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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Nikolakis V, Mushrif SH, Herbert B, Booksh KS, Vlachos DG. Fructose–Water–Dimethylsulfoxide Interactions by Vibrational Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:11274-83. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3056703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimiros Nikolakis
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,
Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark,
Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 102 Brown Laboratory,
Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Samir H. Mushrif
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,
Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark,
Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 102 Brown Laboratory,
Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Bryon Herbert
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,
Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark,
Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 102 Brown Laboratory,
Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Karl S. Booksh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,
Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark,
Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 102 Brown Laboratory,
Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dionisios G. Vlachos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering,
Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark,
Delaware 19716, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, 102 Brown Laboratory,
Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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21
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Menegazzo N, Boyne D, Bui H, Beebe TP, Booksh KS. DC Magnetron Sputtered Polyaniline-HCl Thin Films for Chemical Sensing Applications. Anal Chem 2012; 84:5770-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301006f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Menegazzo
- University of Delaware,
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Newark, Delaware 19716,
United States
| | - Devon Boyne
- University of Delaware,
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Newark, Delaware 19716,
United States
| | - Holt Bui
- University of Delaware,
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Newark, Delaware 19716,
United States
| | - Thomas P. Beebe
- University of Delaware,
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Newark, Delaware 19716,
United States
| | - Karl S. Booksh
- University of Delaware,
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Newark, Delaware 19716,
United States
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Menegazzo N, Zou Q, Booksh KS. Characterization of electrografted 4-aminophenylalanine layers for low non-specific binding of proteins. NEW J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2nj20930f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Wang J, Banerji S, Menegazzo N, Peng W, Zou Q, Booksh KS. Glucose detection with surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy and molecularly imprinted hydrogel coatings. Talanta 2011; 86:133-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.08.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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25
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Kim YC, Jordan JA, Chávez D, Booksh KS. Coaxial fiber-optic chemical-sensing excitation-emission matrix fluorometer. Opt Lett 2011; 36:355-357. [PMID: 21283188 DOI: 10.1364/ol.36.000355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Great reductions in the overall size and complexity of high throughput multichannel UV-visible fluorometers were achieved by coupling a compact optical fiber array to compact dispersive transmission optics. The coaxial configuration centers on the insertion of a silica/silica optical fiber into the hollow region of a UV-fused silica capillary waveguide. The outer core delivers the maximum power of the narrow wavelength region of the excitation spectrum created by coupling a xenon arc discharge lamp to a compact spectrometer. The molecular fluorescence resulting from the interaction of light emitted at the distal end of the hollow waveguide and the sample matrix is received and transmitted to a CCD via a compact dispersive grating-prism (grism) optical assembly. A linear array of the coaxial optical fibers permits a full excitation-emission matrix spectrum of the analyte matrix to be projected onto the face of the CCD. The in situ identification and monitoring of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was carried out for the initial application testing for this prototype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Chang Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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26
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Kim YC, Cramer JA, Booksh KS. Investigation of a fiber optic surface plasmon spectroscopy in conjunction with conductivity as an in situ method for simultaneously monitoring changes in dissolved organic carbon and salinity in coastal waters. Analyst 2011; 136:4350-6. [DOI: 10.1039/c1an15085e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Menegazzo N, Kegel LL, Kim YC, Booksh KS. Characterization of a variable angle reflection Fourier transform infrared accessory modified for surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Appl Spectrosc 2010; 64:1181-1186. [PMID: 20925990 DOI: 10.1366/000370210792973451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The Harrick AutoSeagull variable angle reflection accessory for Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectrometers provides access to various spectroscopic techniques in a highly flexible platform. In particular, its ability to perform total internal reflection measurements is of interest because it also forms the basis for surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy in prism-based configurations. The work presented here discusses the modification of the AutoSeagull to perform SPR spectroscopy, allowing for easy incorporation of the technique into most common FT-IR spectrometers. The wavelength dependency of the dielectric constant of the plasmon-supporting metal (in our case, gold) is largely responsible for the sensitivity attributed to changes in the sample's refractive index (RI) monitored by SPR spectroscopy. Furthermore, the optical properties of gold are such that when near-infrared (NIR) and/or mid-infrared (mid-IR) wavelengths are used to excite surface plasmons, higher sensitivities to RI changes are experienced compared to surface plasmons excited with visible wavelengths. The result is that in addition to instrumental simplicity, SPR analysis on FT-IR spectrometers, as permitted by the modified AutoSeagull, also benefits from the wavelength ranges accessible. Adaptation of the AutoSeagull to SPR spectroscopy involved the incorporation of slit apertures to minimize the angular spread reaching the detector, resulting in sharper SPR "dips" but at the cost of noisier spectra. In addition, discussion of the system's analytical performance includes comparison of dip quality as a function of slit size, tailoring of the dip minima location with respect to incident angle, and sensitivity to bulk RI changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Menegazzo
- University of Delaware, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 002 Lammot Dupont Lab, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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Wiedemair J, Menegazzo N, Pikarsky J, Booksh KS, Mizaikoff B, Kranz C. Novel electrode materials based on ion beam induced deposition of platinum carbon composites. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Masson JF, Kranz C, Booksh KS, Mizaikoff B. Improved sensitivity and stability of amperometric enzyme microbiosensors by covalent attachment to gold electrodes. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 23:355-61. [PMID: 17560101 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2007.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Revised: 04/25/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Covalent attachment of glucose oxidase to a pre-activated 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid at a gold ultramicroelectrode surface improves sensitivity, stability, and reproducibility of enzyme-based amperometric microbiosensors. Self-assembled monolayers of the N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of 16-mercaptohexandecanoic acid (NHS-MHA) at gold electrodes enable spontaneous covalent linking of glucose oxidase to the gold surface of ultramicroelectrodes. By self-assembling NHS-MHA for 30 min, approximately 93% of the electrode surface is covered, thereby maximizing both the number of attachment sites for glucose oxidase, and sufficient diffusion of hydrogen peroxide to the gold electrode. The glucose oxidase reaction with NHS-MHA was optimized at pH of 6.5, and at a temperature of 43 degrees C, resulting in a surface concentration of 6.8+/-0.6 x 10(11) enzymemoleculescm(-2). Thus obtained amperometric microbiosensors were calibrated in the range of 1-10mM providing excellent correlation with the theoretical prediction of the microbiosensor response. The reported sensitivity of these microbiosensors documents an improvement by one order of magnitude compared to other approaches for covalent enzyme attachment. This is attributed to the NHS-MHA layer spacing the enzymatic recognition interface further from the electrode surface, thereby minimizing quenching of the enzyme activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Masson
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 770 State St., Atlanta, GA 30332-0400, USA
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Battaglia TM, Masson JF, Sierks MR, Beaudoin SP, Rogers J, Foster KN, Holloway GA, Booksh KS. Quantification of cytokines involved in wound healing using surface plasmon resonance. Anal Chem 2007; 77:7016-23. [PMID: 16255604 DOI: 10.1021/ac050568w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Sensing of three cytokines related to chronic wound healing, interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), with detection limits at or below 1 ng/mL in buffered saline solution and spiked cell culture medium (CCM) has been achieved. Fiber-optic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors are coated with an antibody binding layer and antibodies specific to the cytokine of interest are covalently attached to this layer. To achieve such detection limits in a complex medium such as CCM, total protein content of 4 mg/mL, the use of a novel N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (NHS-MHA) is necessary. A comparison of the detection limits for IL-6 using currently widely used CM-dextran and NHS-MHA shows an improvement by a factor of 3 using NHS-MHA. The detection limits for the monitoring of cytokines in spiked saline solutions and CCM were similar for TNF-alpha and slightly higher for IL-1 and IL-6. The detection of each cytokine in the presence of interfering agents resulted in concentration prediction well within the error of calibration. The SPR sensors are stable in CCM after 20 min of pretreatment in CCM, minimizing the reliance on a reference sensor to quantify the cytokines in complex media. This technique enables a major advancement in the field of real-time monitoring of biologically relevant molecules in complex biological fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina M Battaglia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
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Abstract
Two mycocardial infarction biomarkers, myoglobin (MG) and cardiac troponin I (cTnI), were quantified at biological levels and in undiluted serum without sample pretreatment using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors. To achieve detection of biomarkers in undiluted serum (72 mg/mL total protein concentration), minimization of the nonspecific signal from the serum protein was achieved by immobilizing the antibody for the biomarkers on an N-hydroxysuccinimide activated 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid self-assembled monolayer. This monolayer reduces the nonspecific signal from serum proteins in such a manner that short exposure of the sensor to serum prior to analysis prevents any further nonspecific adsorption during analysis. Thus, sensing of MG and cTnI was achieved on the basis of the difference between signals from the active sensor and a reference sensor that captured background interference. This resulted in direct measurement of these biomarkers in undiluted serum. Detection limits for both markers were below 1 ng/mL, which is below the threshold needed to detect myocardial infarction. Detecting biomarkers in the low ng/mL range without signal amplification in such a complex matrix as serum corresponds to a selectivity of 108. The root-mean-square-error (RMSE) of calibration was below 2 ng/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Masson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Mail Code 1604, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
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32
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Masson JF, Battaglia TM, Cramer J, Beaudoin S, Sierks M, Booksh KS. Reduction of nonspecific protein binding on surface plasmon resonance biosensors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 386:1951-9. [PMID: 17086391 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0834-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2006] [Revised: 08/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of the nonspecific serum protein adsorption on a gold surface to levels low enough to allow the detection of biomarkers in complex media has been achieved using the N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester of 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid. Carboxymethylated dextran (CM dextran), which is widely used, nonspecifically adsorbs enough proteins to mask the signal from target biomarkers in complex solutions such as serum or blood. The use of short-chain thiols greatly reduces the amount of nonspecific protein adsorption. Mixed layers of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid or the NHS ester of 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid mixed layers with either 11-mercaptoundecanol or undecanethiol, and 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid or the NHS ester of 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid with hexadecanethiol, were also investigated for nonspecific protein binding properties as well as for biomarker signal response. The NHS ester of 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid exhibits the largest signal for the biomarker myoglobin (including CM dextran) while offering a significantly diminished amount of nonspecific binding. The sensor has also been shown to detect interleukin-6 in cell culture media containing protein concentrations of at least 4 mg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Masson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
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Masson JF, Kim YC, Obando LA, Peng W, Booksh KS. Fiber-optic surface plasmon resonance sensors in the near-infrared spectral region. Appl Spectrosc 2006; 60:1241-6. [PMID: 17132440 DOI: 10.1366/000370206778999139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of fiber-optic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors was improved by a factor of at least thirteen for aqueous solutions by modifying the tip geometry to allow interrogation of the surface plasmon (SP) band in the near-infrared (NIR) region. This was achieved by tuning the angle at the distal end of the SPR sensor to a dual taper of 71 degrees and 19 degrees . Using a low numerical aperture (NA) fiber-optic sensor, NA = 0.12, is necessary to obtain a functional SPR sensor working in the NIR region. Theoretical simulations using the Maxwell equations demonstrated that even higher enhancement is theoretically possible while maintaining a narrow spectral feature upon the excitation of the SP bands on gold surfaces. The manufacture of the SPR sensors yields good agreement between theoretical simulations and experimental observations. To investigate the properties of these fiber-optic SPR-NIR sensors, sucrose solutions ranging from 0 to 15 x 10(-3) in mole fraction were utilized. The increased sensitivity of the fiber-optic SPR sensors, when used to monitor biomarkers, would yield lower detection limits. The smaller sensing area, compared to planar or other fiber-optic SPR sensors, combined with an improvement of the sensitivity, would yield a dramatic reduction of the absolute amount detected by biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Masson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
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Nahorniak ML, Booksh KS. Excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy in conjunction with multiway analysis for PAH detection in complex matrices. Analyst 2006; 131:1308-15. [PMID: 17124538 DOI: 10.1039/b609875d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A field portable, single exposure excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorometer has been constructed and used in conjunction with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) to determine the sub part per billion (ppb) concentrations of several aqueous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), such as benzo(k)fluoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene, in various matrices including aqueous motor oil extract and asphalt leachate. Multiway methods like PARAFAC are essential to resolve the analyte signature from the ubiquitous background in environmental samples. With multiway data and PARAFAC analysis it is shown that reliable concentration determinations can be achieved with minimal standards in spite of the large convoluting fluorescence background signal. Thus, rapid fieldable EEM analyses may prove to be a good screening method for tracking pollutants and prioritizing sampling and analysis by more complete but time consuming and labor intensive EPA methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Nahorniak
- State University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
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Dable BK, Love BA, Battaglia TM, Booksh KS, Lilley MD, Marquardt BJ. Characterization and quantitation of a tertiary mixture of salts by Raman spectroscopy in simulated hydrothermal vent fluid. Appl Spectrosc 2006; 60:773-80. [PMID: 16854265 DOI: 10.1366/000370206777887125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
This article will demonstrate that Raman spectroscopy can be a useful tool for monitoring the chemical composition of hydrothermal vent fluids in the deep ocean. Hydrothermal vent systems are difficult to study because they are commonly found at depths greater than 1000 m under high pressure (200-300 bar) and venting fluid temperatures are up to 400 degrees C. Our goal in this study was to investigate the use of Raman spectroscopy to characterize and quantitate three Raman-active salts that are among the many chemical building blocks of deep ocean vent chemistry. This paper presents initial sampling and calibration studies as part of a multiphase project to design, develop, and deploy a submersible deep sea Raman instrument for in situ analysis of hydrothermal vent systems. Raman spectra were collected from designed sets of seawater solutions of carbonate, sulfate, and nitrate under different physical conditions of temperature and pressure. The role of multivariate analysis techniques to preprocess the spectral signals and to develop optimal calibration models to accurately estimate the concentrations of a set of mixtures of simulated seawater are discussed. The effects that the high-pressure and high-temperature environment have upon the Raman spectra of the analytes were also systematically studied. Information gained from these lab experiments is being used to determine design criteria and performance attributes for a deployable deep sea Raman instrument to study hydrothermal vent systems in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian K Dable
- Center for Process Analytical Chemistry, University of Washington, PO Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, USA
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Peng W, Banerji S, Kim YC, Booksh KS. Investigation of dual-channel fiber-optic surface plasmon resonance sensing for biological applications. Opt Lett 2005; 30:2988-90. [PMID: 16315697 DOI: 10.1364/ol.30.002988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
A dual-channel fiber-optic sensor based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for self-referencing refractive-index measurements has been proposed. Most applications of fiber-optic SPR sensors are designed to measure the refractive index of a liquid or gas sample by measuring the signal from a single surface, the sensitivity and stability of which is easily affected by the fluctuation of external environmental conditions. We have designed a dual-channel fiber-optic surface sensor with two independent SPR signals from two areas of the same probe. A prototype sensor was fabricated and characterized. The preliminary experimental results demonstrate the characteristic responses of both SPR signals from two channels that independently correspond to the refractive index changes in the liquid samples with which they are in contact. The design could be extended to a multichannel sensor with further developments. The experimental results confirmed that one channel can be used as a reference sensor that could compensate for unexpected changes in bulk refraction or temperature and develop this sensor as a practicable high-sensitivity biosensing device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Peng
- Arizona Applied NanoSensors, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe 85287-1604, USA.
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Kim YC, Jordan JA, Nahorniak ML, Booksh KS. Photocatalytic Degradation-Excitation−Emission Matrix Fluorescence for Increasing the Selectivity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Analyses. Anal Chem 2005; 77:7679-86. [PMID: 16316176 DOI: 10.1021/ac0509051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The application of photocatalysis enhancement to calibration of fluorescence excitation-emission matrixes (EEMs) with parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis is described. In this study, three- and four-way PARAFAC analysis was employed to extract the fluorescent species' spectra from overlapping EEMs. Time-dependent photocatalysis degradation of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was employed to create an additional dimension for analysis. The consequent four-dimension degradation-EEM data cubes have greater selectivity for each PAH than do three-dimension EEM data cubes alone. On a scale of 0 to 1, with 0 being completely collinear spectra and 1 being orthogonal spectra, including the time-dependent measurements increased the selectivity an average of 21%, from 0.73 to 0.87.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Chang Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, 85287-1604, USA
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Kim YC, Peng W, Banerji S, Booksh KS. Tapered fiber optic surface plasmon resonance sensor for analyses of vapor and liquid phases. Opt Lett 2005; 30:2218-20. [PMID: 16190423 DOI: 10.1364/ol.30.002218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a new approach to analyze both vapor and liquid phases by utilizing a tapered fiber optic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) probe. This technique employs a fiber optic SPR probe with a modified geometry to tune the SPR coupling wavelength-angle pair. The observed composite spectrum included two distinct SPR dips associated with surface plasmons excited in the gas and liquid active regions. This sensor is able to detect refractive index changes in both vapor and liquid phases individually by simultaneous monitoring SPR coupling wavelengths from the two sensing surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Chang Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA.
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Masson JF, Liddell PA, Banerji S, Battaglia TM, Gust D, Booksh KS. Nondestructive monitoring of the photochromic state of dithienylethene monolayers by surface plasmon resonance. Langmuir 2005; 21:7413-20. [PMID: 16042473 DOI: 10.1021/la0509899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) as a nondestructive, nonerasing readout of the isomerization state of a photochromic dithienylethene covalently linked to a chemically modified gold surface was investigated. Four different binding layers were examined: 11-mercaptoundecanol (MUO), an amine-modified 11-mercaptoundecanol (MUO-NH2), dextran, and an amine-modified dextran. The binding of dithienylethene to the modified gold surface and photoisomerization of the photochrome in the bound state were established by FTIR. Solvent effects were measured for every layer tested using ethanol and hexanes. In general, large, easily measurable SPR signal changes could be detected under conditions where photoisomerization of the dithienylethene photochrome was not quenched by the gold plasmon, establishing SPR as a viable form of readout for potential dithienylethene-based optical data storage or processing devices. Dextran-bound photochrome in ethanol exhibited the largest SPR response upon photoisomerization, but is more prone to time-dependent fluctuations resulting from swelling of the dextran layer (caused by slow diffusion of the solvent) than the other layers. Large responses are also provided by MUO-NH2 and MUO, and the signal is much more stable than that for dextran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Masson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, USA
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Dable BK, Marquardt BJ, Booksh KS. Rapid multivariate curve resolution applied to near real-time process monitoring with HPLC/Raman data. Anal Chim Acta 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2005.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
Fiber-optic sensors based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) for direct refractive index (RI) measurements of samples with the RI between 1.00 and 1.30 are described. Most applications of SPR sensors are designed to function near the refractive index of water (1.3330 RI). The RI changes of aqueous solution (RI, ca. 1.34) can easily be monitored by silica-fiber (RI, 1.4601 at 550 nm) based SPR sensor. With regard to gas species detection, the fiber-optic SPR sensor must be modified for sensitivity to changes in refractive index near 1.0008 (i.e., RI of air). However, the silica waveguide has a prohibitively high RI for unmodified monitoring of the RI changes of gas. The silica-fiber based SPR probe design presented here is based upon the modification of the probe geometry to the ability to tune the SPR coupling wavelength/angle pair. In this study, the tapered silica-based fiber SPR sensors are shown to directly determine the RI changes of gas species and the density change of dry air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Chang Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
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Nahorniak ML, Cooper GA, Kim YC, Booksh KS. Three- and four-way parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis of photochemically induced excitation–emission kinetic fluorescence spectra. Analyst 2005; 130:85-93. [PMID: 15614358 DOI: 10.1039/b409235j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Independently emerging fluorescence profiles of unknown, photochemically induced degradation products of several naturally non-fluorescent pesticides were monitored using single exposure excitation-emission fluorescence spectroscopy. Three-way parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) was employed to uniquely resolve the pure fluorescent spectra of the overlapping photolysis products. The quantitative utility of EEM photolysis-based determinations was demonstrated by employing four-way PARAFAC models built from EEM time cubes of multiple fenvalerate samples. The 4-way PARAFAC models were then used to predict original pesticide concentrations resulting in conservative limit of detection and root mean square errors of calibration (RMSEC) of 3 microM each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Nahorniak
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Masson JF, Barnhart M, Battaglia TM, Morris GE, Nieman RA, Young PJ, Lorson CL, Booksh KS. Monitoring of recombinant survival motor neuron protein using fiber-optic surface plasmon resonance. Analyst 2004; 129:855-9. [PMID: 15343403 DOI: 10.1039/b403885a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is the leading genetic cause of infant mortality. SMA is caused by the homozygous loss of the survival motor neuron 1 (SMN1) gene. A nearly identical copy gene exists known as SMN2, however, due to an aberrant splicing event, the SMN2 gene fails to produce sufficient full-length protein to protect against disease development in the absence of SMN1. While a number of compounds have recently been identified that can stimulate full-length survival motor neuron (SMN) expression from the nearly identical copy SMN2, one of the difficulties has been the lack of a highly reproducible and quantitative means to measure the levels of SMN protein. To develop a technique that allows the rapid and highly sensitive measurement of SMN protein, a Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) application has been developed. The ability to quantify unassociated SMN protein and monitor the binding of SMN with other proteins in solution using a SPR sensor in less than 15 min and at low ng mL(-1) levels in HEPES Buffer Saline (HBS) has been achieved. The detection limit for the specific binding of SMN in HBS pH 7.4 solution is 0.99 ng mL(-1) with non-specific binding accounting for approximately 30% of the signal. Quantification of SMN is based on an immunoassay performed on the gold surface of the SPR sensor. 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHA) was reacted with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) to form a pre-activated thiol (MHA-NHS). Antibodies for SMN were then coupled to the sensor with the pre-activated thiol. Sensor specificity was examined with mixtures of myoglobin (MG) and SMN. SMN sensor response decreases by more than 60% when MG was added to SMN. The decrease in sensor response can be attributed to non-specific binding of SMN to MG, verified with a sensor for MG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Francois Masson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
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Gentleman DJ, Obando LA, Masson JF, Holloway JR, Booksh KS. Calibration of fiber optic based surface plasmon resonance sensors in aqueous systems. Anal Chim Acta 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2004.03.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Battaglia TM, Dunn EE, Lilley MD, Holloway J, Dable BK, Marquardt BJ, Booksh KS. Development of an in situ fiber optic Raman system to monitor hydrothermal vents. Analyst 2004; 129:602-6. [PMID: 15213826 DOI: 10.1039/b404505j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of a field portable fiber optic Raman system modified from commercially available components that can operate remotely on battery power and withstand the corrosive environment of the hydrothermal vents is discussed. The Raman system is designed for continuous monitoring in the deep-sea environment. A 785 nm diode laser was used in conjunction with a sapphire ball fiber optic Raman probe, single board computer, and a CCD detector. Using the system at ambient conditions the detection limits of SO(4)(2-), CO(3)(2-) and NO(3)(-) were determined to be approximately 0.11, 0.36 and 0.12 g l(-1) respectively. Mimicking the cold conditions of the sea floor by placing the equipment in a refrigerator yielded slightly worse detection limits of approximately 0.16 g l(-1) for SO(4)(-2) and 0.20 g l(-1) for NO(3)(-). Addition of minerals commonly found in vent fluid plumes also decreased the detection limits to approximately 0.33 and 0.34 g l(-1) respectively for SO(4)(-2) and NO(3)(-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina M Battaglia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Lin Z, Booksh KS, Burgess LW, Kowalski BR. A Second-Order Fiber Optic Heavy Metal Sensor Employing Second-Order Tensorial Calibration. Anal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ac00087a021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Henshaw JM, Burgess LW, Booksh KS, Kowalski BR. Multicomponent Determination of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons Using a Reaction-Based Chemical Sensor. 1. Multivariate Calibration of Fujiwara Reaction Products. Anal Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ac00092a008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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