1
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Hayward A, Hunt BJ, Haas J, Bushnell‐Crowther E, Troczka BJ, Pym A, Beadle K, Field J, Nelson DR, Nauen R, Bass C. A cytochrome P450 insecticide detoxification mechanism is not conserved across the Megachilidae family of bees. Evol Appl 2024; 17:e13625. [PMID: 38283601 PMCID: PMC10810168 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent work has demonstrated that many bee species have specific cytochrome P450 enzymes (P450s) that can efficiently detoxify certain insecticides. The presence of these P450s, belonging or closely related to the CYP9Q subfamily (CYP9Q-related), is generally well conserved across the diversity of bees. However, the alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata, lacks CYP9Q-related P450s and is 170-2500 times more sensitive to certain insecticides than bee pollinators with these P450s. The extent to which these findings apply to other Megachilidae bee species remains uncertain. To address this knowledge gap, we sequenced the transcriptomes of four Megachile species and leveraged the data obtained, in combination with publicly available genomic data, to investigate the evolution and function of P450s in the Megachilidae. Our analyses reveal that several Megachilidae species, belonging to the Lithurgini, Megachilini and Anthidini tribes, including all species of the Megachile genus investigated, lack CYP9Q-related genes. In place of these genes Megachile species have evolved phylogenetically distinct CYP9 genes, the CYP9DM lineage. Functional expression of these P450s from M. rotundata reveal they lack the capacity to metabolize the neonicotinoid insecticides thiacloprid and imidacloprid. In contrast, species from the Osmiini and Dioxyini tribes of Megachilidae have CYP9Q-related P450s belonging to the CYP9BU subfamily that are able to detoxify thiacloprid. These findings provide new insight into the evolution of P450s that act as key determinants of insecticide sensitivity in bees and have important applied implications for pesticide risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Hayward
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenryn, CornwallUK
| | - Benjamin J. Hunt
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenryn, CornwallUK
| | - Julian Haas
- Bayer AG, Crop Science DivisionMonheimGermany
| | | | | | - Adam Pym
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenryn, CornwallUK
| | - Katherine Beadle
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenryn, CornwallUK
| | - Jeremy Field
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenryn, CornwallUK
| | - David R. Nelson
- Department of Molecular SciencesUniversity of TennesseeMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer AG, Crop Science DivisionMonheimGermany
| | - Chris Bass
- Centre for Ecology and ConservationUniversity of ExeterPenryn, CornwallUK
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2
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Reavey CE, Walker AS, Joyce SP, Broom L, Willse A, Ercit K, Poletto M, Barnes ZH, Marubbi T, Troczka BJ, Treanor D, Beadle K, Granville B, de Mello V, Teal J, Sulston E, Ashton A, Akilan L, Naish N, Stevens O, Humphreys-Jones N, Warner SAJ, Spinner SAM, Rose NR, Head G, Morrison NI, Matzen KJ. Self-limiting fall armyworm: a new approach in development for sustainable crop protection and resistance management. BMC Biotechnol 2022; 22:5. [PMID: 35086540 PMCID: PMC8793274 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-022-00735-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is a significant and widespread pest of maize, sorghum, rice, and other economically important crops. Successful management of this caterpillar pest has historically relied upon application of synthetic insecticides and through cultivation of genetically engineered crops expressing insecticidal proteins (Bt crops). Fall armyworm has, however, developed resistance to both synthetic insecticides and Bt crops, which risks undermining the benefits delivered by these important crop protection tools. Previous modelling and empirical studies have demonstrated that releases of insecticide- or Bt-susceptible insects genetically modified to express conditional female mortality can both dilute insecticide resistance and suppress pest populations. RESULTS Here, we describe the first germline transformation of the fall armyworm and the development of a genetically engineered male-selecting self-limiting strain, OX5382G, which exhibits complete female mortality in the absence of an additive in the larval diet. Laboratory experiments showed that males of this strain are competitive against wild-type males for copulations with wild-type females, and that the OX5382G self-limiting transgene declines rapidly to extinction in closed populations following the cessation of OX5382G male releases. Population models simulating the release of OX5382G males in tandem with Bt crops and non-Bt 'refuge' crops show that OX5382G releases can suppress fall armyworm populations and delay the spread of resistance to insecticidal proteins. CONCLUSIONS This article describes the development of self-limiting fall armyworm designed to control this pest by suppressing pest populations, and population models that demonstrate its potential as a highly effective method of managing resistance to Bt crops in pest fall armyworm populations. Our results provide early promise for a potentially valuable future addition to integrated pest management strategies for fall armyworm and other pests for which resistance to existing crop protection measures results in damage to crops and impedes sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam S Walker
- Oxitec Ltd, 71 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RQ, UK
| | - Stephen P Joyce
- Oxitec Ltd, 71 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RQ, UK
| | - Lucy Broom
- Oxitec Ltd, 71 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RQ, UK
- Centre for Medicines Discovery, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Build, Roosevelt Dr, Headington, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Alan Willse
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, MO, 63017, USA
| | - Kyla Ercit
- Oxitec Ltd, 71 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RQ, UK
| | - Mattia Poletto
- Oxitec Ltd, 71 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RQ, UK
| | - Zoe H Barnes
- Oxitec Ltd, 71 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RQ, UK
| | - Thea Marubbi
- Oxitec Ltd, 71 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RQ, UK
| | | | - David Treanor
- Oxitec Ltd, 71 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RQ, UK
| | - Katherine Beadle
- Oxitec Ltd, 71 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RQ, UK
| | - Ben Granville
- Oxitec Ltd, 71 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RQ, UK
| | - Vanessa de Mello
- Oxitec Ltd, 71 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RQ, UK
| | - Joss Teal
- Oxitec Ltd, 71 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RQ, UK
| | - Edward Sulston
- Oxitec Ltd, 71 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RQ, UK
| | - Anna Ashton
- Oxitec Ltd, 71 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RQ, UK
| | - Luxziyah Akilan
- Oxitec Ltd, 71 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RQ, UK
| | - Neil Naish
- Oxitec Ltd, 71 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RQ, UK
| | - Oliver Stevens
- Oxitec Ltd, 71 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RQ, UK
| | | | - Simon A J Warner
- Oxitec Ltd, 71 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RQ, UK
- Oxford University Innovation, Buxton Court, 3 West Way, Oxford, OX2 0JB, UK
| | - Sian A M Spinner
- Oxitec Ltd, 71 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RQ, UK
| | - Nathan R Rose
- Oxitec Ltd, 71 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RQ, UK.
| | - Graham Head
- Bayer Crop Science, Chesterfield, MO, 63017, USA
| | - Neil I Morrison
- Oxitec Ltd, 71 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RQ, UK
| | - Kelly J Matzen
- Oxitec Ltd, 71 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RQ, UK.
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3
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McLeman A, Troczka BJ, Homem RA, Duarte A, Zimmer C, Garrood WT, Pym A, Beadle K, Reid RJ, Douris V, Vontas J, Davies TGE, Ffrench Constant R, Nauen R, Bass C. Fly-Tox: A panel of transgenic flies expressing pest and pollinator cytochrome P450s. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2020; 169:104674. [PMID: 32828379 PMCID: PMC7482442 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
There is an on-going need to develop new insecticides that are not compromised by resistance and that have improved environmental profiles. However, the cost of developing novel compounds has increased significantly over the last two decades. This is in part due to increased regulatory requirements, including the need to screen both pest and pollinator insect species to ensure that pre-existing resistance will not hamper the efficacy of a new insecticide via cross-resistance, or adversely affect non-target insect species. To add to this problem the collection and maintenance of toxicologically relevant pest and pollinator species and strains is costly and often difficult. Here we present Fly-Tox, a panel of publicly available transgenic Drosophila melanogaster lines each containing one or more pest or pollinator P450 genes that have been previously shown to metabolise insecticides. We describe the range of ways these tools can be used, including in predictive screens to avoid pre-existing cross-resistance, to identify potential resistance-breaking inhibitors, in the initial assessment of potential insecticide toxicity to bee pollinators, and identifying harmful pesticide-pesticide interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy McLeman
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Bartlomiej J Troczka
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK.
| | - Rafael A Homem
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Ana Duarte
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Christoph Zimmer
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - William T Garrood
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Adam Pym
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Katherine Beadle
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Rebecca J Reid
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Vassilis Douris
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, Crete, Greece; Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina,45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, Crete, Greece; Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - T G Emyr Davies
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Richard Ffrench Constant
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789.Monheim, Germany
| | - Chris Bass
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK.
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4
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Hayward A, Beadle K, Singh KS, Exeler N, Zaworra M, Almanza MT, Nikolakis A, Garside C, Glaubitz J, Bass C, Nauen R. The leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata, is more sensitive to N-cyanoamidine neonicotinoid and butenolide insecticides than other managed bees. Nat Ecol Evol 2019; 3:1521-1524. [PMID: 31666734 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-1011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has shown that several managed bee species have specific P450 enzymes that are preadapted to confer intrinsic tolerance to some insecticides including certain neonicotinoids. However, the universality of this finding across managed bee pollinators is unclear. Here we show that the alfalfa leafcutter bee, Megachile rotundata, lacks such P450 enzymes and is >2,500-fold more sensitive to the neonicotinoid thiacloprid and 170-fold more sensitive to the butenolide insecticide flupyradifurone than other managed bee pollinators. These findings have important implications for the safe use of insecticides in crops where M. rotundata is used for pollination, and ensuring that regulatory pesticide risk assessment frameworks are protective of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Hayward
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Katherine Beadle
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Kumar Saurabh Singh
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Nina Exeler
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Monheim, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Chris Bass
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK.
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Monheim, Germany.
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5
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Troczka BJ, Homem RA, Reid R, Beadle K, Kohler M, Zaworra M, Field LM, Williamson MS, Nauen R, Bass C, Davies TGE. Identification and functional characterisation of a novel N-cyanoamidine neonicotinoid metabolising cytochrome P450, CYP9Q6, from the buff-tailed bumblebee Bombus terrestris. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 111:103171. [PMID: 31136794 PMCID: PMC6675907 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent work has shown that two bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) cytochrome P450s of the CYP9Q subfamily, CYP9Q4 and CYP9Q5, are important biochemical determinants of sensitivity to neonicotinoid insecticides. Here, we report the characterisation of a third P450 gene CYP9Q6, previously mis-annotated in the genome of B. terrestris, encoding an enzyme that metabolises the N-cyanoamidine neonicotinoids thiacloprid and acetamiprid with high efficiency. The genomic location and complete ORF of CYP9Q6 was corroborated by PCR and its metabolic activity characterised in vitro by expression in an insect cell line. CYP9Q6 metabolises both thiacloprid and acetamiprid more rapidly than the previously reported CYP9Q4 and CYP9Q5. We further demonstrate a direct, in vivo correlation between the expression of the CYP9Q6 enzyme in transgenic Drosophila melanogaster and an increased tolerance to thiacloprid and acetamiprid. We conclude that CYP9Q6 is an efficient metaboliser of N-cyanoamidine neonicotinoids and likely plays a key role in the high tolerance of B. terrestris to these insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartlomiej J Troczka
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK; College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Rafael A Homem
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Rebecca Reid
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Katherine Beadle
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Maxie Kohler
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789, Monheim, Germany
| | - Marion Zaworra
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789, Monheim, Germany
| | - Linda M Field
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Martin S Williamson
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789, Monheim, Germany
| | - Chris Bass
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - T G Emyr Davies
- Biointeractions and Crop Protection Department, Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK.
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6
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Beadle K, Singh KS, Troczka BJ, Randall E, Zaworra M, Zimmer CT, Hayward A, Reid R, Kor L, Kohler M, Buer B, Nelson DR, Williamson MS, Davies TGE, Field LM, Nauen R, Bass C. Genomic insights into neonicotinoid sensitivity in the solitary bee Osmia bicornis. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1007903. [PMID: 30716069 PMCID: PMC6375640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of pesticides on the health of bee pollinators is determined in part by the capacity of bee detoxification systems to convert these compounds to less toxic forms. For example, recent work has shown that cytochrome P450s of the CYP9Q subfamily are critically important in defining the sensitivity of honey bees and bumblebees to pesticides, including neonicotinoid insecticides. However, it is currently unclear if solitary bees have functional equivalents of these enzymes with potentially serious implications in relation to their capacity to metabolise certain insecticides. To address this question, we sequenced the genome of the red mason bee, Osmia bicornis, the most abundant and economically important solitary bee species in Central Europe. We show that O. bicornis lacks the CYP9Q subfamily of P450s but, despite this, exhibits low acute toxicity to the N-cyanoamidine neonicotinoid thiacloprid. Functional studies revealed that variation in the sensitivity of O. bicornis to N-cyanoamidine and N-nitroguanidine neonicotinoids does not reside in differences in their affinity for the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor or speed of cuticular penetration. Rather, a P450 within the CYP9BU subfamily, with recent shared ancestry to the Apidae CYP9Q subfamily, metabolises thiacloprid in vitro and confers tolerance in vivo. Our data reveal conserved detoxification pathways in model solitary and eusocial bees despite key differences in the evolution of specific pesticide-metabolising enzymes in the two species groups. The discovery that P450 enzymes of solitary bees can act as metabolic defence systems against certain pesticides can be leveraged to avoid negative pesticide impacts on these important pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Beadle
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Kumar Saurabh Singh
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Bartlomiej J. Troczka
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Randall
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | | | - Christoph T. Zimmer
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Hayward
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Reid
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Kor
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Maxie Kohler
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Monheim, Germany
| | - Benjamin Buer
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Monheim, Germany
| | - David R. Nelson
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Martin S. Williamson
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - T. G. Emyr Davies
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Linda M. Field
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Monheim, Germany
| | - Chris Bass
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
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7
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Vempati P, Halthore A, Teckie S, Antone J, Zhang H, Marrero M, Cohen J, Beadle K, Frank D, Paul D, Ghaly M. Long Term Follow-Up from a Phase I/II Trial Utilizing a Dose-Escalated Stereotactic Radiosurgery (SRS) Boost for Unfavorable Locally Advanced Oropharyngeal Cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2018.07.1102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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8
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Singh KS, Beadle K, Troczka BJ, Field L, Davies E, Williamson M, Nauen R, Bass C. Extension of Partial Gene Transcripts by Iterative Mapping of RNA-Seq Raw Reads. IEEE/ACM Trans Comput Biol Bioinform 2018; 16:1036-1041. [PMID: 30106739 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2018.2865309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many non-model organisms lack reference genomes and the sequencing and de novo assembly of an organism's transcriptome is an affordable means by which to characterize the coding component of its genome. Despite the advances that have made this possible, assembling a transcriptome without a known reference usually results in a collection of full-length and partial gene transcripts. The downstream analysis of genes represented as partial transcripts then often requires further experimental work in the laboratory in order to obtain full- length sequences. We have explored whether partial transcripts, encoding genes of interest present in de novo assembled transcriptomes of a model and non-model insect species, could be further extended by iterative mapping against the raw transcriptome sequencing reads. Partial sequences encoding cytochrome P450s and carboxyl/cholinesterase were used in this analysis because they are large multigene families and exhibit significant variation in expression. We present an effective method to improve the continuity of partial transcripts in silico that, in the absence of a reference genome, maybe a quick and cost-effective alternative to their extension by laboratory experimentation. Our approach resulted in the successful extension of incompletely assembled transcripts, often to full length. We experimentally validated these results \textit{in silico} and using real-time PCR and sequencing.
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9
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Manjon C, Troczka BJ, Zaworra M, Beadle K, Randall E, Hertlein G, Singh KS, Zimmer CT, Homem RA, Lueke B, Reid R, Kor L, Kohler M, Benting J, Williamson MS, Davies TGE, Field LM, Bass C, Nauen R. Unravelling the Molecular Determinants of Bee Sensitivity to Neonicotinoid Insecticides. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1137-1143.e5. [PMID: 29576476 PMCID: PMC5887109 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The impact of neonicotinoid insecticides on the health of bee pollinators is a topic of intensive research and considerable current debate [1]. As insecticides, certain neonicotinoids, i.e., N-nitroguanidine compounds such as imidacloprid and thiamethoxam, are as intrinsically toxic to bees as to the insect pests they target. However, this is not the case for all neonicotinoids, with honeybees orders of magnitude less sensitive to N-cyanoamidine compounds such as thiacloprid [2]. Although previous work has suggested that this is due to rapid metabolism of these compounds [2-5], the specific gene(s) or enzyme(s) involved remain unknown. Here, we show that the sensitivity of the two most economically important bee species to neonicotinoids is determined by cytochrome P450s of the CYP9Q subfamily. Radioligand binding and inhibitor assays showed that variation in honeybee sensitivity to N-nitroguanidine and N-cyanoamidine neonicotinoids does not reside in differences in their affinity for the receptor but rather in divergent metabolism by P450s. Functional expression of the entire CYP3 clade of P450s from honeybees identified a single P450, CYP9Q3, that metabolizes thiacloprid with high efficiency but has little activity against imidacloprid. We demonstrate that bumble bees also exhibit profound differences in their sensitivity to different neonicotinoids, and we identify CYP9Q4 as a functional ortholog of honeybee CYP9Q3 and a key metabolic determinant of neonicotinoid sensitivity in this species. Our results demonstrate that bee pollinators are equipped with biochemical defense systems that define their sensitivity to insecticides and this knowledge can be leveraged to safeguard bee health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Manjon
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - Bartlomiej J Troczka
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Marion Zaworra
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany; Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms University Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katherine Beadle
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Emma Randall
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Gillian Hertlein
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - Kumar Saurabh Singh
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Christoph T Zimmer
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Rafael A Homem
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Bettina Lueke
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - Rebecca Reid
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Laura Kor
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Maxie Kohler
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - Jürgen Benting
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany
| | - Martin S Williamson
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - T G Emyr Davies
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Linda M Field
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Chris Bass
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK.
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789 Monheim, Germany.
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Beadle K, Helbling A, Love S, Hunter C. 385 Isopropyl Alcohol Nasal Inhalation Intervention for Nausea in the Emergency Department: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Human Trial. Ann Emerg Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2015.07.421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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