Measuring the effectiveness of using rangers to deliver a behavior change campaign on sustainable palm oil in a UK zoo

A fundamental objective of modern zoos is promoting pro-environmental behaviors. This study experimentally assessed the contribution of zoo rangers (staff employed to engage visitors) in delivering a behavior change campaign promoting sustainable palm oil use. The campaign was delivered in a dedicated area in a walk-through animal exhibit, with rangers either "present" or "absent" in the campaign space. Questionnaires assessing awareness, knowledge, and purchasing intentions were completed by 1032 visitors. Two analyses were conducted: (1) comparing the impact of ranger presence versus absence (to assess the overall impact of having rangers present regardless of whether they talked to visitors) and (2) comparing the impact of talking to a ranger against demographically matched individuals visiting when rangers were absent (to assess the specific impact of talking to a ranger). Visitors who talked to rangers were more aware of palm oil, had more knowledge, and greater intentions of purchasing sustainable palm oil. However, as only one-quarter of visitors talked to a ranger, fewer differences were found comparing ranger presence versus absence. These findings suggest that rangers can be instrumental in communicating complex conservation issues and delivering zoo-based behavior change campaigns, but their impact is limited by low engagement rates.

OS11.5.A Utility of lumbar puncture (LP) and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) profile in the diagnosis of neoplastic meningitis (NM): a retrospective cohort study and meta-analyses

Background

CSF cytology remains the gold standard for diagnosing NM, but the sensitivity of this test is low (approximately 50% with one LP). Little is known about the predictive value of routine CSF and clinical findings for a positive cytology. We addressed these questions by analyzing 337 consecutive patients at our institution, and by conducting exhaustive evidence-based literature reviews and meta-analyses of relevant research.

Material and Methods

337 consecutive patients at a single institution were evaluated. Of these, 210 met criteria for NM (a positive CSF cytology on at least one of four pre-treatment samples) or no NM (four consecutive negative CSF cytologies). CSF white blood cell count, glucose, protein, and lactate were collected, as well as the presence of neurological symptoms. Optimal threshold values were identified using ROC curves. Sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp), and likelihood ratios were calculated for each variable. Two PRISMA-compliant meta-analyses were also performed: one analyzed studies reporting the cytology results of multiple LPs, and one analyzed the frequency of abnormal CSF findings as predictors of NM.

Results

All published results describe outcomes in patients with known NM. These results are, therefore, strongly distorted by spectrum bias, which artificially inflates the apparent sensitivity and specificity of those outcomes. Thus, 25 studies report the yield of positive CSF cytology on the first, second, and third LP as 73%, 87%, and 94%, but also do not describe the parameters of the procedure. Our series in patients with suspected NM (the cohort most relevant to the practicing physician) reports 74%, 85%, and 92% for immediately processed, 10 mL or greater, lumbar and ventricular specimens. Similarly, while 50 studies suggested that low CSF glucose, high CSF protein, and suggestive symptoms are associated with NM, we found very poor Sn/Sp for elevated protein (61%/61%), low glucose (35%/85%), elevated lactate (35%/91%), and symptoms consistent with NM (74%/73%). Of these values, only an elevated lactate and symptoms were even marginally helpful in predicting a positive CSF cytology. No variable predicted a negative cytology, and 22.8% of patients with a positive CSF cytology had completely normal CSF findings.

Conclusion

Generally accepted concepts about the frequency of CSF and clinical findings in patients with suspected NM are based on biased estimates in the literature. No CSF chemistry or clinical finding reliably predicts the presence of NM, and almost a quarter of patients with cytologically proven NM have completely normal findings. In patients with positive CSF cytologies, about 73% are detected after one LP, and more than 90% after 3, but again these findings represent overestimates because of pervasive spectrum bias and differences in sample acquisition/handling. Better diagnostic techniques are desperately needed.

Cooperation and the evolution of hunter-gatherer storytelling

Storytelling is a human universal. From gathering around the camp-fire telling tales of ancestors to watching the latest television box-set, humans are inveterate producers and consumers of stories. Despite its ubiquity, little attention has been given to understanding the function and evolution of storytelling. Here we explore the impact of storytelling on hunter-gatherer cooperative behaviour and the individual-level fitness benefits to being a skilled storyteller. Stories told by the Agta, a Filipino hunter-gatherer population, convey messages relevant to coordinating behaviour in a foraging ecology, such as cooperation, sex equality and egalitarianism. These themes are present in narratives from other foraging societies. We also show that the presence of good storytellers is associated with increased cooperation. In return, skilled storytellers are preferred social partners and have greater reproductive success, providing a pathway by which group-beneficial behaviours, such as storytelling, can evolve via individual-level selection. We conclude that one of the adaptive functions of storytelling among hunter gatherers may be to organise cooperation.

Storytelling entails costs in terms of time and effort, yet it is a ubiquitous feature of human society. Here, Smith et al. show benefits of storytelling in Agta hunter-gatherer communities, as storytellers have higher reproductive success and storytelling is associated with higher cooperation in the group.

Camp stability predicts patterns of hunter-gatherer cooperation

Humans regularly cooperate with non-kin, which has been theorized to require reciprocity between repeatedly interacting and trusting individuals. However, the role of repeated interactions has not previously been demonstrated in explaining real-world patterns of hunter-gatherer cooperation. Here we explore cooperation among the Agta, a population of Filipino hunter-gatherers, using data from both actual resource transfers and two experimental games across multiple camps. Patterns of cooperation vary greatly between camps and depend on socio-ecological context. Stable camps (with fewer changes in membership over time) were associated with greater reciprocal sharing, indicating that an increased likelihood of future interactions facilitates reciprocity. This is the first study reporting an association between reciprocal cooperation and hunter-gatherer band stability. Under conditions of low camp stability individuals still acquire resources from others, but do so via demand sharing (taking from others), rather than based on reciprocal considerations. Hunter-gatherer cooperation may either be characterized as reciprocity or demand sharing depending on socio-ecological conditions.

[Nutritional assessment in primary practice in elderly patients]

Undernutrition is frequent and often underdiagnosed among older adults in every setting (home, nursing home, hospital), and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. In this context, a systematic periodical nutritional assessment is proposed in patients aged 75 years and over. Without a consensus, the most widely used diagnostic criteria is an unintentional weight loss of 5% over a month or 10% over 6 months. When undernutrition is present, multimodal interventions are provided to address each potentially contributing comorbid condition and to promote increased caloric intake. Follow-up and adaptation of interventions after 3 months are required.

[Vulnerable older patients in primary care how to identify them? Which ressources to mobilize? ]

Trust is essential to foster and preserve a long-term relationship between primary care physicians and their patients suffering from chronic diseases. However, this relation remains insufficient to successfully manage more complex situations, such as those of older patients with multiple diseases and disability. For the primary care physician, a significant limitation is the time required to plan and coordinate interventions supplied by different health and social care providers. This article describes a structured approach to support primary care physicians in this difficult task and help them to identify vulnerable older patients requiring to mobilize and coordinate health and social care resources. Current and future resources available to family physicians to complete this challenging task are further described.

[Diabetes and dementia: the dangerous liaisons? ]

As population ages, a growing number of older patients present the constellation of diabetes and dementia. Numerous recent studies highlight that diabetes may increase the risk for Alzheimer and vascular dementia. Among patients with previous severe hypoglycemia, that risk may even double. Inversely demented patients have about three times higher risk of hypoglycemia. Given that spiral link between hypoglycemia and dementia, the latter should be considered as a possible complication of diabetes and consistently be screened for among older diabetic patients. Furthermore, the American Diabetes Association and American Geriatric Society consensus recommends a more flexible glycemic treatment goal of AIC among demented patients, with a target range between 8 and 9%.

[Review in geriatric medicine 2012]

2012 brought additional evidence regarding the benefits of exercise in older persons in showing morbidity compression in those most active. Several studies invite to revise therapeutic targets in older diabetics, especially those with cognitive impairment or dementia where a value of 8 to 9% for HbAlc might be a good compromise. On the dementia side, a study suggests that biological and structural abnormalities associated with Alzheimer's disease might occur as early as 25 years before its first clinical manifestations. On the therapeutic side, ginkgo and the double therapy with memantine and donepezil did not make it in RCTs, and two studies about treatments for behavioral symptoms of dementia showed that interruption could be deleterious.

[HIV infection and the elderly]

HIV infection is becoming a chronic disease, due to decreased mortality induced by the introduction of combined antiviral treatments. The HIV positive population is aging progressively. HIV infection in the elderly has certain specificities, including a late initial diagnosis, a less marked immune response to treatment and the potential association of multiple comorbidities associated with HIV infection and aging. These factors may affect the quality of life of elderly patients and ultimately lead to increased functional dependence. Screening and specific treatment of comorbidities associated with HIV and aging are particularly recommended.

How effective is endovascular intracranial revascularization in stroke prevention? Results from Borgess Medical Center Intracranial Revascularization Registry

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The WASID study established the risk of subsequent ischemic stroke at 1 year in subjects with symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (70%-99%) at 18%. The efficacy of different methods of endovascular revascularization in stroke prevention still has not been established. We compared the stroke rate in our registry at 1 year following intervention with the WASID results to identify which method, if any, provides the most benefit in stroke prevention. This result from the BMC-IRR follows a previously published article comparing stent placement and angioplasty outcomes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We maintained a nonrandomized single-center single-operator registry of consecutive symptomatic patients who underwent endovascular intracranial revascularization. Data were collected prospectively and retrospectively and analyzed retrospectively. Patients were treated with angioplasty, BMS, or self-expanding WS. To make our data comparable with that in the WASID study, we selected patients with a single lesion of 50%-99% stenosis undergoing a single intervention. Data was collected on patients until symptom recurrence, repeat intervention, or 1 year postintervention, whichever occurred first.

RESULTS

We found that 115 patients fit the inclusion criteria, with 38 angioplasty, 28 BMS, and 49 WS cases. For patients with 70%-99% stenosis, the overall probability of stroke at 1 year postintervention was 19.3%. The overall stroke probability per device, independent of clinical presentation, was 12.5% for angioplasty, 20.2% for BMS, and 24.1% for WS.

CONCLUSIONS

Compared with the WASID data, angioplasty appears to have a lower stroke rate after 1 year than medical therapy alone. However, neither stent-placement arm compared favorably with the WASID results.

Predictors of unfavorable outcome in intracranial angioplasty and stenting in a single-center comparison: results from the Borgess Medical Center-Intracranial Revascularization Registry

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Intracranial angioplasty and stent placement are used to treat intracranial atherosclerotic disease. The 2 interventions have not been directly compared.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This was a single-center, single-operator registry of consecutive, symptomatic subjects receiving treatment (angioplasty, BMS, or WS, chosen based on safety as judged by the operator). After November 2005, angioplasty alone was abandoned following the introduction of the WS. The primary end point was stroke rate per intervention at 30 days. The secondary end point was stroke rate per patient beyond 30 days. Success, dissection, restenosis, and occlusion rates were tracked.

RESULTS

From April 2002 to January 2009, 140 subjects with 159 lesions (50%-100% stenosis) underwent 209 interventions: 89 angioplasty, 47 BMS, and 73 WS cases. Overall stroke rate at 30 days was 12.9%. The angioplasty arm had the lowest stroke rate (4.5%), whereas the WS arm had the highest (24.7%; P = .0002), leaving the BMS with 10.7%. Stroke rate beyond 30 days was 9%. The success rate was 58.4% for angioplasty, 81.3% for BMS, and 94.4% for WS, whereas the restenosis rates were 28.2%, 5.8%, and 13.3%, respectively. Dissection increased the risk of stroke in the first 30 days (P = .0439) and restenosis (P = .0051). Perforator vessels were more likely than nonperforators to have stroke within 30 days (P = .008). Eccentric lesions were more likely to have stroke than concentric lesions (P = .0726).

CONCLUSIONS

In this comparison, angioplasty had a significantly lower stroke rate than WS. Certain lesion locations, morphologic characteristics, and the presence of dissection after treatment were other predictors of unfavorable outcome.

Cryopreserved saphenous vein allografts in infrainguinal arterial reconstruction

Cryopreserved saphenous vein allografts (cryografts) have been used as conduit in infrainguinal revascularization when autogenous vein is inadequate or unavailable. Numerous reports on the subject exist, however most are hampered by small sample size or retrospective design. Despite poor patency rates, limb salvage in patients undergoing cryograft bypass is acceptable. In this article we review the literature of cryograft use in infrainguinal revascularization and define its role in the armamentarium of the modern vascular surgeon.

Does cognitive-behavioural therapy influence the long-term outcome of generalized anxiety disorder? An 8-14 year follow-up of two clinical trials

BACKGROUND

Generalized anxiety disorder is a common condition of excessive worry and tension which tends to run a chronic course associated with significant psychiatric and medical problems. Cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) has been shown to be of clinical value in about 50% of cases with treatment gains maintained over follow-up periods ranging from 6 to 12 months. The potential value of CBT over the longer term has not been subject to rigorous investigation.

METHOD

Results are reported of 8-14 year follow-up of two randomized controlled trials of cognitive-behaviour therapy for generalized anxiety disorder employing structured interview with an assessor blind to initial treatment condition. Comparison groups included medication and placebo in one study based in primary care, and analytical psychotherapy in the other based in secondary care. Follow-up samples (30% and 55% of trial entrants) were broadly representative of the original cohorts.

RESULTS

Overall, 50% of participants were markedly improved of whom 30-40% were recovered (i.e. free of symptoms). Outcome was significantly worse for the study based in secondary care in which the clinical presentation of participants was more complex and severe. For a minority (30-40%), mainly from the secondary care study, outcome was poor. Treatment with CBT was associated with significantly lower overall severity of symptomatology and less interim treatment, in comparison with non-CBT conditions, but there was no evidence that CBT influenced diagnostic status, probability of recovery or patient perceptions of overall improvement.

CONCLUSIONS

Both CBT and the complexity and severity of presenting problems appear to influence the long-term outcome of GAD.

Influence of safety gear on parental perceptions of injury risk and tolerance or children's risk taking

OBJECTIVES

Risk compensation theory has been shown to relate to how individuals behave in areas such as traffic safety and consumer product safety. The present study examines whether risk compensation theory applies to parents' judgments about school age children's permissible risk taking under non-safety gear and safety gear conditions for seven common play situations. The extent of the child's experience with the activity and parental beliefs about safety gear efficacy were examined as possible moderators of extent of children's risk taking allowed by parents.

METHOD

A telephone interview was used to obtain each parent's ratings of permissible risk taking by their child (for example, speed at which child is allowed to cycle, height allowed to climb to on a climber) under safety gear and no gear conditions, and ratings of child experience and gear efficacy.

RESULTS

Results confirmed risk compensation operated under all seven play situations, resulting in parents reporting they would allow significantly greater risk taking by their children under safety gear than non-safety gear conditions. Children with more experience with the activities were to be allowed greater risk taking, even when not wearing safety gear. Parents who believed more strongly in the efficacy of the safety gear to prevent injuries showed greater risk compensation. No sex differences emerged in any analyses.

CONCLUSION

Results highlight the need to communicate to parents that safety gear moderates injury risk but does not necessarily guarantee the prevention of injury, particularly if children are allowed greater risk taking when wearing safety gear.

Role of occupational asbestos exposure in Hungarian lung cancer patients

OBJECTIVE

What is the frequency of occupational asbestos exposure among patients suffering from malignant respiratory tumours and how many of these tumours are associated with asbestos in Hungary?

METHODS

An internationally established questionnaire with 29 questions, covering the most characteristic activities of asbestos exposure at the workplace was completed for 300 patients with respiratory malignancies, i.e. 297 patients with lung cancer and three with mesothelioma of the pleura. From the questionnaire, the smoking habits were estimated and cumulative asbestos exposure was assessed in fibre-years. Additionally, lung X-rays were classified and the national data on the incidence of malignant pleura mesothelioma were analysed.

RESULTS

A cumulative asbestos exposure of 25 fibre-years or more was detected in 11 patients with lung cancer (4%) and in each of the three patients with pleural mesothelioma (100%). In a further 72 patients (24%), cumulative occupational asbestos exposure was assessed as below 25 fibre-years (between 0.01 and 23.9 fibre-years). In this group, car and truck mechanics, and installation and construction workers using asbestos-cement were registered. Among patients with an asbestos exposure of 25 fibre-years or more, six asbestos-cement production workers were observed, among them the three mesothelioma cases. A weak but significant association between positive X-ray findings and exposure estimates could be demonstrated. Additionally, results of the lung tissue fibre counts by scanning transmission electron microscopy were available for 25 of the lung cancer patients. A good correlation was observed between the asbestos fibre counts and the assessment of cumulative asbestos exposure. In Hungary, 84 cases of pleural mesothelioma were registered in 1997 and 73 in 1998. These numbers correspond to an annual incidence of about one new case per 100,000 inhabitants older than 15 years.

CONCLUSIONS

The annual incidence of lung cancer in Hungary is about 6,000. Since in our series of lung cancer patients about 4% were observed, which could be accepted as representing occupational disease because of a cumulative exposure to 25 fibre-years or more, the annual asbestos related lung tumour incidences may be estimated to be approximately 150 or more. The proportion of nearly two estimated cases of lung cancer per case of pleural mesothelioma corresponds to international experience. Up to now, lung cancer cases only exceptionally have been registered as occupational diseases, i.e. they were seriously under-diagnosed in Hungary. For improving this situation, diagnostic assistance by a self-interview with a questionnaire covering the working history for all newly diagnosed lung cancer patients would be helpful.

Positive and negative selection to reduce tumour contamination in peripheral blood stem cell harvests

Peripheral blood progenitor cells used during high dose treatments for malignancy may be contaminated with tumour cells that could later contribute to recurrence. CD34+ selected harvests still contain tumour cells and an additional negative selection may be capable of reducing this contamination. We have assessed a two-stage technique in which a CD34+ selection is followed by a tumour specific depletion stage using a B cell or breast cancer specific antibody panel. Initial small-scale selections on 11 patients with NHL and breast cancer showed that cell loss was greatest following the CD34+ selection with a median yield of 38.8 per cent (range 17. 2-56.4 per cent). The addition of the depletion stage resulted in a minimal loss of CD34+ cells with a yield for this step of 94.2 per cent (range 77.5-99.3 per cent). Clinical scale selections were performed on seven patients with CLL and a median of 2.8x10(6)/kg CD34+ cells (range 1.5-6.1x10(6)/kg) were collected. Cell recovery was 53.3 per cent following CD34+ selection and 76.9 per cent following the tumour specific depletion stage, resulting in a final product containing a median of 1.0x10(6)/kg CD34+ cells (range 0. 55-2.0x10(6)/kg). All unmanipulated harvests were heavily contaminated with tumour cells (median contamination 10.2 per cent, range 2.0-83.1 per cent) as measured by flow cytometry and a median 4.7 log (range 3-5 log) tumour cell purge was produced following two-stage selection. Six of the patients have received cells manipulated in this way with median engraftment times of neutrophils>0.5x10(9)/l=16 days (range 13-20 days) and platelets>20x10(9)/l=16.5 days (range 11-42 days). At a median follow-up of 25 months, these transplanted patients remain well and in molecular complete remission.

Measuring the costs and benefits of heart disease monitoring

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the costs and benefits of alternative systems of coronary heart disease monitoring in Scotland.

DESIGN

An option appraisal was conducted to evaluate the costs and benefits of implementing a coronary heart disease monitoring system. This involved a review of existing Scottish datasets and relevant reports, specification of options, definition and weighting of benefit criteria by key stakeholders, assessment of options by experts, and costing of options. The options were assessed by 33 stakeholders (grouped as cardiologists, patient representatives, general practitioners, public health physicians, and policy makers), plus 13 topic experts.

SETTING

Scotland (population 5.1 million).

RESULTS

Between group mean benefit weights were: mortality rates and case fatality (10.6), quality of life (9.8), patient function (8.8), hospital activity (7.8), primary care activity (9.25), prescribing (5.72), socioeconomic impact (4.0), risk factors (7.4), prevalence (5.0), incidence (6.0), case registration (6.82), international comparability (4.2), breadth of coverage (8.8), and frequency (5.8). Differences between group weights were significant for prevalence (p = 0.048) and international comparability (p = 0.032). Four monitoring options were identified: a community epidemiology model, based on MONICA (monitoring trends and determinants in cardiovascular disease) study methodology applied to a series of eight representative communities, had the highest benefits, at an average annual discounted cost of approximately pound 360,000; models based on the Australian cardiovascular disease monitoring scheme and on enhanced routine data offered fewer benefits at discounted average annual costs ranging from pound 165,000 to pound 195,000; finally, a coronary heart disease registry modelled on the Scottish Cancer Registry scheme would have had fewer benefits and substantially higher costs than the other options.

CONCLUSIONS

The most beneficial coronary heart disease monitoring system is the community epidemiology model, based on MONICA methodology. Option appraisal potentially offers an explicit and transparent methodology for evidence based policy development.

Does waiting matter? A randomized controlled trial of new non-urgent rheumatology out-patient referrals

OBJECTIVE

To examine the effect of waiting times on the health status of patients referred for a non-urgent rheumatology opinion.

METHODS

The study was a randomized controlled clinical study evaluating a 'fast track' appointment with a 6-week target waiting time against an 'ordinary' appointment in the main city out-patient clinic of the rheumatology service for the Lothian and Borders region (population approximately 1 million). Health status was measured using the SF12 physical and mental summary component T-scores and pain was measured with a 100 mm visual analogue pain scale. Secondary outcomes were health utility and perceived health both measured with the EuroQol instrument, mental health measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale, disability with the modified Health Assessment Questionnaire and economic costs measured from a societal perspective.

RESULTS

Mean waiting times were 43 days (sigma = +/-16) and 105 days (sigma = +/-51) for 'fast track' and 'ordinary' appointments, respectively. Both groups showed significant improvements in mean [95% confidence interval (CI)] scores for pain: 11 (7, 16)(P < 0.001); physical health status: 4 (2, 5) (P < 0.001); mental health status: 2 (0.1, 4) (P < 0.02); and health utility: 0.11 (0.07, 0.16) (P < 0.001) by the end of the 15-month period of the study, but there was no significant difference between either arm of the study.

CONCLUSIONS

Rationing by delay was not detrimental to either mental or physical health and patients in both arms of the study showed significant and similar improvement in health by 15 months. Expenditure of resources on waiting times without regard to clinical outcomes is likely to be wasteful and additional resources should be directed at achieving the greatest clinical benefit. More research into effective methods of controlling demand and better identification of those who would benefit from access to specialist care is needed.

Development of a community nurse-led continence service

Extrapolations from prevalence studies suggest that on average 56,000 adults experience urinary incontinence in Glasgow, a third of whom will have been incontinent during the last week. A review by a multidisciplinary health gain commissioning team concluded that existing continence services in Glasgow had developed opportunistically and that problems exist, e.g. prescription of products without full assessment of continence problems. In response to this situation, a new community nurse-led continence service was introduced in 1995. This article describes the development and evaluation of this new service. For the past 3 years the service has employed five staff nurses and a physiotherapist. The team is solely employed to promote continence. It carries out assessments both in nursing and residential homes and community clinics. The planned evaluation will assess the effectiveness of this team in promoting continence and the future demand for continence nurse-led services.

Evaluation of a nurse-led continence service in the south-west of Glasgow, Scotland

This paper reports the results of a pilot study of a nurse-led continence promotion service in both the community and a local nursing home. Telephone and written referrals were made to the service from 28 primary care teams in Glasgow, Scotland. In the nursing home all patients were assessed and an appropriate management plan implemented. A full assessment was carried out in all community patients, including an appraisal of contributory factors, urinalysis and diaries of food and drink intake. A management plan suited to the patient was then implemented. Patients' levels of incontinence in both arms of the study were assessed objectively using the Lagro-Janssen method. The cost incurred in both arms of the study were measured. There was a 69% improvement in the level of incontinence in the community group compared with 30% in the residents wing and 13% in the hospital wing. The savings in the nursing home amounted to Pounds 4152 in the residents' wing and Pounds 1959 in the hospital wing. In summary, a nurse dedicated to urinary incontinence in the community allows improved management, a greater level of awareness and results in resource savings, whilst increasing patient accessibility to a service.

Mobilization of Philadelphia-negative peripheral blood mononuclear cells in chronic myeloid leukaemia using hydroxyurea and G-CSF (filgrastim)

A relatively simple and non-toxic out-patient-based regimen for the mobilization of Philadelphia-negative (Ph-ve) mononuclear cells in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) was evaluated in 10 patients, nine in stable chronic phase and one in accelerated phase. They received oral hydroxyurea at a mean dose of 3.5 g/m2 daily for 7 d, followed by 300 micrograms of G-CSF daily until the last day of harvesting. In the nine chronic-phase patients the mean number of days from the end of hydroxyurea to the commencement of harvesting was 14.5 (range 10-18). The patient in accelerated phase recovered and was harvested after 6 d. The mean number of aphereses performed was 3.4. Adequate numbers of stem cells were obtained in 9/10 patients judged by our usual criteria. Side-effects were mild in comparison to published intravenous schedules. No patients lost their hair. Five (50%) patients required admission with neutropenic fever which responded to antibiotics in all cases. Four (40%) patients developed a transient rash and four (40%) experienced mild oral mucostis. This level of toxicity enabled half of the patients to be treated entirely on an out-patient basis. The harvest products were analysed for cells belonging to the leukaemic clone by conventional cytogenetics, FISH and PCR. All were PCR positive. The mean Ph positivities by cytogenetics and FISH were comparable at 18.1% and 15% respectively. Half the patients had > 98% normal metaphases. We conclude that this approach is comparable in efficacy to published intravenous regimens and significantly less toxic. It can be safely used at diagnosis before interferon therapy commences.

Peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in myeloma using CD34 selected cells

We have performed nine CD34 selection procedures on peripheral blood stem cells harvested from eight patients with myeloma using the Cellpro avidin-biotin immunoaffinity column (Ceprate). They all received CVAMP chemotherapy to maximum response prior to mobilisation. Six of the patients have been transplanted using these cells, one receiving successive autografts. Median absolute cell numbers processed and retrieved were: 31.1 x 10(9) pre-column, 2.07 x 10(8) in the final product and 30.4 x 10(9) in the column waste. Mean CD34 positivity in the product was 49% (range 18.4-98) with a median CD34+ yield of 31.4% (range 21-37.8). IgH PCR was performed and seven of the eight patients were amplifiable. Of these, two were positive in the pre-column product and both of these were successfully purged with a negative result in the final, post-column product. Patients were transplanted with a median of 2.0 x 10(6) CD34+ cells/kg (range 1.5-9.4) following conditioning with melphalan 200 mg/m2. The mean time to recovery of neutrophils to > 0.5 x 10(9)/l and platelets to > 20 x 10(9)/l was 16 and 17 days, respectively. At a mean follow-up of 9 months, four of the six patients transplanted are alive, three of them in complete remission and one in a clinically stable relapse. One has died of disease relapse and one of progressive neurological problems the aetiology of which was uncertain but there was no sign of progression of their myeloma. We conclude that PBSCT using CD34 selected cells is safe and practical in myeloma following remission induction with CVAMP chemotherapy.

A prospective, randomized controlled trial of inpatient versus outpatient continence programs in the treatment of urinary incontinence in the female

Seventy-four patients presenting with a mixed pattern of urinary symptoms were randomly allocated to undergo either inpatient or outpatient continence programs as initial treatment, without prior urodynamic investigation. Both programs consisted of physiotherapy, bladder retraining, fluid normalization, dietary advice and general support and advice. Nine out of 39 in the outpatient group and 8 out of the 35 of the inpatient group failed to complete the study. There was a significant decrease in frequency, nocturia, number of incontinent episodes and visual analog scores for both groups. In addition the outpatients had a significant reduction in loss on pad testing, and a significantly greater improvement in their visual analog score. In each group 63% were cured or improved to the extent that they did not require further treatment. Staff costs per outpatient were half those for an inpatient. We conclude that outpatient conservative treatment as detailed above is a successful first-line treatment of urinary incontinence in women. It is as successful and possibly better than inpatient treatment, and is significantly cheaper.