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Tabata S, Kojima Y, Sakamoto T, Igarashi K, Umetsu K, Ishikawa T, Hirayama A, Kajino-Sakamoto R, Sakamoto N, Yasumoto KI, Okano K, Suzuki Y, Yachida S, Aoki M, Soga T. L-2hydroxyglutaric acid rewires amino acid metabolism in colorectal cancer via the mTOR-ATF4 axis. Oncogene 2023; 42:1294-1307. [PMID: 36879117 PMCID: PMC10101855 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02632-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Oncometabolites, such as D/L-2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), have directly been implicated in carcinogenesis; however, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we showed that the levels of the L-enantiomer of 2HG (L2HG) were specifically increased in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues and cell lines compared with the D-enantiomer of 2HG (D2HG). In addition, L2HG increased the expression of ATF4 and its target genes by activating the mTOR pathway, which subsequently provided amino acids and improved the survival of CRC cells under serum deprivation. Downregulating the expression of L-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (L2HGDH) and oxoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH) increased L2HG levels in CRC, thereby activating mTOR-ATF4 signaling. Furthermore, L2HGDH overexpression reduced L2HG-mediated mTOR-ATF4 signaling under hypoxia, whereas L2HGDH knockdown promoted tumor growth and amino acid metabolism in vivo. Together, these results indicate that L2HG ameliorates nutritional stress by activating the mTOR-ATF4 axis and thus could be a potential therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Tabata
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan. .,Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Kojima
- Division of Pathophysiology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8681, Japan
| | - Takeharu Sakamoto
- Department of Cancer Biology, Institute of Biomedical Science, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-1010, Japan
| | - Kaori Igarashi
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Ko Umetsu
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Takamasa Ishikawa
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Hirayama
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan
| | - Rie Kajino-Sakamoto
- Division of Pathophysiology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8681, Japan
| | - Naoya Sakamoto
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yasumoto
- Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Keiichi Okano
- Gastroenterological Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Miki-cho, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Suzuki
- Hyogo Prefectural Awaji Medical Center, Sumoto, Hyogo, 656-0021, Japan
| | - Shinichi Yachida
- Department of Genomic Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-0045, Japan.,Department of Cancer Genome Informatics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Aoki
- Division of Pathophysiology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8681, Japan.,Department of Cancer Physiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Soga
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata, 997-0052, Japan.
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2
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Kasai S, Li X, Torii S, Yasumoto KI, Sogawa K. Direct protein-protein interaction between Npas4 and IPAS mutually inhibits their critical roles in neuronal cell survival and death. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:300. [PMID: 34675183 PMCID: PMC8531447 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00690-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory PAS domain protein (IPAS) is a bifunctional protein that acts as a transcriptional repressor in hypoxia and as a pro-apoptotic protein involved in neuronal cell death. Npas4 (NXF or LE-PAS) is a transcriptional factor that protects nerve cells from endogenous and foreign neurotoxins. Here we show that IPAS and Npas4 antagonize each other through their direct interaction. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments revealed that multiple binding sites on each protein were involved in the interaction. CoCl2 treatment of PC12 cells that induces IPAS repressed the transactivation activity of Npas4, and IPAS siRNA treatment reduced the CoCl2-induced repression. CoCl2-induced apoptosis was suppressed by the addition of KCl that induces Npas4. The protective effect of KCl was attenuated by siRNA-mediated gene silencing of Npas4. Npas4 and IPAS proteins were induced and localized in the cytoplasm of the dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) treatment. Npas4−/− mice exhibited greater sensitivity to MPTP in nigral dopaminergic neurons. Together, these results strongly suggest that neuroprotective activity of Npas4 was, at least partly, exerted by inhibiting the pro-apoptotic activity of IPAS through direct interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Kasai
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.,Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifu-cho, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Xianyu Li
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Satoru Torii
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.,Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yasumoto
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sogawa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan.
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3
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Kasai S, Richardson MJE, Torii S, Yasumoto KI, Shima H, Igarashi K, Itoh K, Sogawa K, Murayama K. Increase in proapoptotic activity of inhibitory PAS domain protein via phosphorylation by MK2. FEBS J 2017; 284:4115-4127. [PMID: 29054108 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitory PAS domain protein (IPAS) is a bifunctional protein that downregulates hypoxic gene expression and exerts proapoptotic activity by preventing prosurvival activity of Bcl-xL and its related factors. Proapoptotic activity of IPAS is attenuated by the activation of the PINK1-Parkin pathway, and involved in neuronal degeneration in an experimental mouse model of Parkinson's disease. The current study shows that phosphorylation of IPAS at Ser184 by MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2 or MAPKAPK2) enhances the proapoptotic function of IPAS. Perinuclear clustering of mitochondria and activation of caspase-3 caused by the transient expression of EGFP-IPAS were increased by UVB irradiation. The C-terminal region of IPAS mediated the UVB susceptibility of IPAS. Increase in IPAS-induced mitochondrial clustering by UVB was completly inhibited by the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580. Mass spectrometry analysis of UVB-activated IPAS identified several phosphorylation sites in the C-terminal region containing p38 MAPK consensus phosphorylation sites at Ser219 and Ser223, and an MK2 consensus site at Ser184. Although mutations of Ser219 and Ser223 to Ala did not suppress the UVB-induced mitochondrial clustering, replacement of Ser184 with Ala blocked it. A phosphomimetic substitution at Ser184 enhanced mitochondrial clustering and activation of caspase-3 without UVB exposure. Furthermore, binding affinity to Bcl-xL was increased by the mutation. Treatment of PC12 cells with CoCl2 caused activation of MK2 and mitochondrial clustering. IPAS-dependent cell death induced by CoCl2 in PC12 cells was decreased by the treatment with the MK2 inhibitor MK2 inhibitor III and by siRNA-directed silencing of MK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Kasai
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
| | - Mary J E Richardson
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Satoru Torii
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yasumoto
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shima
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ken Itoh
- Department of Stress Response Science, Center for Advanced Medical Research, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Aomori, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sogawa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Murayama
- Division of Biomedical Measurements and Diagnostics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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Kasai S, Kajimoto S, Ito Y, Saito T, Yasumoto KI, Tokunaga M, Sakata-Sogawa K, Fukumura H, Sogawa K. Conformational changes in inhibitory PAS domain protein associated with binding of HIF-1α and Bcl-xL in living cells. J Biochem 2017; 161:291-296. [PMID: 28003430 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvw068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory PAS domain protein (IPAS) is a dual function protein acting as a transcriptional repressor and as a pro-apoptotic protein. Simultaneous dual-color single-molecule imaging of EGFP-IPAS coexpressed with Mit-TagRFP-T in living HeLa cells revealed that fraction of EGFP-IPAS was arrested in the nucleus and on mitochondria. Transiently expressed Cerulean-IPAS in HEK293T cells was present in nuclear speckles when coexpressed with Citrine-HIF-1α or Citrine-HLF. Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) analysis of Citrine-IPAS-Cerulean in living CHO-K1 cells clarified the presence of intramolecular FRET. Reduced lifetimes of the donor were partially restored by coexpression of HIF-1α or Bcl-xL, binding proteins of IPAS in the nucleus and mitochondria, respectively. This alteration in lifetimes demonstrates that conformational changes occurred in IPAS by their binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Kasai
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku 980-8578, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shinji Kajimoto
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku 980-8578, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuma Ito
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku 226-8501, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomo Saito
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku 980-8578, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yasumoto
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku 980-8578, Sendai, Japan
| | - Makio Tokunaga
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku 226-8501, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kumiko Sakata-Sogawa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku 226-8501, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fukumura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku 980-8578, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sogawa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku 980-8578, Sendai, Japan
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5
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Fujino T, Suzuki T, Okada K, Kogashi K, Yasumoto KI, Sogawa K, Isobe H. Chimeric RNA Oligonucleotides Incorporating Triazole-Linked Trinucleotides: Synthesis and Function as mRNA in Cell-Free Translation Reactions. J Org Chem 2016; 81:8967-8976. [PMID: 27579606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A method for the synthesis of chimeric oligonucleotides was developed to incorporate purine nucleobases and multiple triazole linkers in natural, phosphate-linked structures of RNA. A solution-phase synthesis method for triazole-linked RNA oligomers via copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction was optimized and tolerated purine nucleobases and protecting groups for further transformations. Three TLRNA trinucleotides with 5'-protected hydroxy and 3'-phosphoramidite groups were prepared, and one congener with a representative sequence was subjected to automated, solid-phase phosphoramidite synthesis. The synthesis allowed the efficient preparation of 13-mer chimeric RNA oligonucleotides with two triazole linkers, ten phosphate linkers and purine/pyrimidine nucleobases. The chimeric oligonucleotide was found applicable to a cell-free translation system as mRNA and provided the genetic code for dipeptide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Fujino
- Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takeru Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Koudai Okada
- Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kanako Kogashi
- Department of Chemistry, Tohoku University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Yasumoto
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Tohoku University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Sogawa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Tohoku University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Isobe
- JST ERATO, Isobe Degenerate π-Integration Project and Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University , Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo , Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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6
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Ishiniwa H, Sogawa K, Yasumoto KI, Sekijima T. Polymorphisms and functional differences in aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR) in Japanese field mice, Apodemus speciosus. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 29:280-289. [PMID: 21787614 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Dioxins, which are unintentionally generated toxic pollutants, exert a variety of adverse effects on organisms. The majority of these effects, which include teratogenesis, immunosuppression, tumor promotion, and endocrine disruption, are mediated through aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a ligand-activated transcription factor. Genetic variations in AhR result in different survivability under exposure to dioxin contamination, which might affect the genetic structure of wildlife populations through differential susceptibility to dioxin exposure. The aim of this study was to clarify the polymorphisms of AhR in Japanese field mice, Apodemus speciosus, and their functional differences in order to develop a molecular indicator for dioxin sensitivity. Wild Japanese field mice had abundant polymorphisms in AhR coding region. Seventy-one single nucleotide polymorphisms, 27 of which occur amino acid substitutions, and consequently 49 alleles were identified in 63 individuals. In the functional analysis of AhR variants using transient reporter assays, a Gln to Arg mutation at amino acid 799 exhibited a significant decrease in the level of transactivational properties (p=0.015) which might modify the dioxin susceptibility of an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Ishiniwa
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, 8050, Ikarashi 2-no-cho, Nishi-ku, Niigata City 950-2181, Japan
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Katsura A, Kimura K, Hosoi K, Tomokuni Y, Nesori M, Goryo K, Numayama-Tsuruta K, Torii S, Yasumoto KI, Gotoh O, Takada M, Fukumura H, Sogawa K. Transactivation activity of LBP-1 proteins and their dimerization in living cells. Genes Cells 2009; 14:1183-96. [PMID: 19751393 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2009.01344.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
LBP-1 proteins form dimers and act as transcription factors that activate a number of genes related to cell growth and differentiation. LBP-1a and LBP-1c are localized in the cytoplasm when transiently expressed in cultured cells, but translocated into the nucleus after forming heterodimers with LBP-1b, which is a splicing variant of LBP-1a with an intrinsic nuclear localization signal (NLS). Here, we report that LBP-1b showed potent transactivation activity, and that forcibly expressed LBP-1a and LBP-1c in the nucleus essentially exhibited very little or no transactivation activity. Mutations in the NLS that abolished the NLS activity of LBP-1b also abrogated the transactivation activity. We have found that LBP-1 proteins contain a putative sterile alpha motif domain indispensable for their dimerization capability in the C-terminal region. To demonstrate whether homo- and heterodimers composed of LBP-1a and/or LBP-1c are generated in the nucleus, we applied the FLIM-based fluorescence resonance energy transfer imaging technique to living cells. It revealed that dimers composed of LBP-1a and LBP-1c were re-formed probably by a partner-exchange of LBP-1b-containing heterodimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Katsura
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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8
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Torii S, Okamura N, Suzuki Y, Ishizawa T, Yasumoto KI, Sogawa K. Cyclic AMP represses the hypoxic induction of hypoxia-inducible factors in PC12 cells. J Biochem 2009; 146:839-44. [PMID: 19671538 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvp129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a master regulator for hypoxic activation of genes for angiogenesis, hormone synthesis, glycolysis and cell survival. In addition to hypoxic stimulus, various effectors and reagents were reported to affect HIF-1 activity. Here, we show that cyclic AMP (cAMP) down-regulates the HIF-1 activity in pheochromocytoma PC12 cells but not in Hep3B and HeLa cells. Hypoxia response element-dependent reporter activity was decreased by the addition of dibutyryl cAMP. Expression of protein kinase A (PKA) catalytic alpha-subunits repressed the HIF-1 activity. HIF-1alpha and HLF (HIF-2alpha or EPAS1) protein levels were decreased by the treatment with dibutyryl cAMP. Although CREB was served as a negative factor for the HIF-1 activity, it may not be a major PKA target in the cAMP-dependent HIF-alpha repression pathway. Induction of hypoxia responsive genes was suppressed by dibutyryl cAMP. Our results provide additional insight into a regulatory mechanism of hypoxic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Torii
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Japan
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Torii S, Kobayashi K, Takahashi M, Katahira K, Goryo K, Matsushita N, Yasumoto KI, Fujii-Kuriyama Y, Sogawa K. Magnesium deficiency causes loss of response to intermittent hypoxia in paraganglion cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:19077-89. [PMID: 19433582 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.004424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnesium deficiency is suggested to contribute to many age-related diseases. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1alpha (HIF-1alpha) is known to be a master regulator of hypoxic response. Here we show that hypomagnesemia suppresses reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced HIF-1alpha activity in paraganglion cells of the adrenal medulla and carotid body. In PC12 cells cultured in the low magnesium medium and treated with cobalt chloride (CoCl(2)) or exposed to intermittent hypoxia, ROS-mediated HIF-1alpha activity was suppressed. This suppression was due to up-regulation of inhibitory PAS (Per/Arnt/Sim) domain protein (IPAS) that was caused by NF-kappaB activation, which resulted from ROS and calcium influx mainly through the T-type calcium channels. Induction of tyrosine hydroxylase, a target of HIF-1, by CoCl(2) injection was suppressed in the adrenal medulla of magnesium-deficient mice because of up-regulation of IPAS. Also in the carotid body of magnesium-deficient mice, CoCl(2) and chronic intermittent hypoxia failed to enhance the tyrosine hydroxylase expression. These results demonstrate that serum magnesium levels are a key determinant for ROS-induced hypoxic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Torii
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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Yamaguchi Y, Itami S, Watabe H, Yasumoto KI, Abdel-Malek ZA, Kubo T, Rouzaud F, Tanemura A, Yoshikawa K, Hearing VJ. Mesenchymal-epithelial interactions in the skin: increased expression of dickkopf1 by palmoplantar fibroblasts inhibits melanocyte growth and differentiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 165:275-85. [PMID: 15117970 PMCID: PMC2172049 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200311122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether or not the topographic regulation of melanocyte differentiation is determined by mesenchymal–epithelial interactions via fibroblast-derived factors. The melanocyte density in palmoplantar human skin (i.e., skin on the palms and the soles) is five times lower than that found in nonpalmoplantar sites. Palmoplantar fibroblasts significantly suppressed the growth and pigmentation of melanocytes compared with nonpalmoplantar fibroblasts. Using cDNA microarray analysis, fibroblasts derived from palmoplantar skin expressed high levels of dickkopf 1 (DKK1; an inhibitor of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway), whereas nonpalmoplantar fibroblasts expressed higher levels of DKK3. Transfection studies revealed that DKK1 decreased melanocyte function, probably through β-catenin–mediated regulation of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor activity, which in turn modulates the growth and differentiation of melanocytes. Thus, our results provide a basis to explain why skin on the palms and the soles is generally hypopigmented compared with other areas of the body, and might explain why melanocytes stop migrating in the palmoplantar area during human embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 37, Rm. 1B25, Bethesda, MD 20892-4254, USA
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11
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Watabe H, Valencia JC, Yasumoto KI, Kushimoto T, Ando H, Muller J, Vieira WD, Mizoguchi M, Appella E, Hearing VJ. Regulation of Tyrosinase Processing and Trafficking by Organellar pH and by Proteasome Activity. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:7971-81. [PMID: 14634018 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m309714200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pigmentation of the hair, skin, and eyes of mammals results from a number of melanocyte-specific proteins that are required for the biosynthesis of melanin. Those proteins comprise the structural and enzymatic components of melanosomes, the membrane-bound organelles in which melanin is synthesized and deposited. Tyrosinase (TYR) is absolutely required for melanogenesis, but other melanosomal proteins, such as TYRP1, DCT, and gp100, also play important roles in regulating mammalian pigmentation. However, pigmentation does not always correlate with the expression of TYR mRNA/protein, and thus its function is also regulated at the post-translational level. Thus, TYR does not necessarily exist in a catalytically active state, and its post-translational activation could be an important control point for regulating melanin synthesis. In this study, we used a multidisciplinary approach to examine the processing and sorting of TYR through the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, coated vesicles, endosomes and early melanosomes because those organelles hold the key to understanding the trafficking of TYR to melanosomes and thus the regulation of melanogenesis. In pigmented cells, TYR is trafficked through those organelles rapidly, but in amelanotic cells, TYR is retained within the ER and is eventually degraded by proteasomes. We now show that TYR can be released from the ER in the presence of protonophore or proton pump inhibitors which increase the pH of intracellular organelles, after which TYR is transported correctly to the Golgi, and then to melanosomes via the endosomal sorting system. The expression of TYRP1, which facilitates TYR processing in the ER, is down-regulated in the amelanotic cells; this is analogous to a hypopigmentary disease known as oculocutaneous albinism type 3 and further impairs melanin production. The sum of these results shows that organellar pH, proteasome activity, and down-regulation of TYRP1 expression all contribute to the lack of pigmentation in TYR-positive amelanotic melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Watabe
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Kushimoto T, Valencia JC, Costin GE, Toyofuku K, Watabe H, Yasumoto KI, Rouzaud F, Vieira WD, Hearing VJ. The Seiji memorial lecture: the melanosome: an ideal model to study cellular differentiation. Pigment Cell Res 2003; 16:237-44. [PMID: 12753396 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0749.2003.00034.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Melanosomes provide an intriguing model for study at many levels. In part this is due to their unique structure and function, but also in part to their involvement in pigmentary diseases and as a model to study basic cellular mechanisms of organelle biogenesis. Recent studies have elucidated the full proteome of the melanosome and the metabolic and molecular lesions involved in a number of pigmentary diseases have been resolved. This paper summarizes recent advances in the field in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneto Kushimoto
- Pigment Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Saito H, Yasumoto KI, Takeda K, Takahashi K, Yamamoto H, Shibahara S. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor in the Wnt signaling pathway. Pigment Cell Res 2003; 16:261-5. [PMID: 12753399 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0749.2003.00039.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) contains a basic helix-loop-helix and leucine-zipper (bHLH-LZ) structure and consists of many isoforms with different N-termini. Melanocyte-specific MITF isoform (MITF-M) is of particular interest, because a heterozygous mutation in the MITF gene is associated with Waardenburg syndrome type 2 (WS2) that is characterized by deafness and hypopigmentation because of lack of melanocytes in the inner ear and skin. Expression of MITF-M is under the regulation of the melanocyte-specific promoter (M promoter) of the MITF gene, and transcription from the M promoter is induced by Wnt signals through a nuclear mediator, lymphoid-enhancing factor 1 (LEF-1). In addition, functional cooperation of MITF-M with LEF-1 could lead to transcriptional activation of the M promoter and the dopachrome tautomerase (DCT) gene, an early melanoblast marker. The bHLH-LZ region of MITF-M is responsible for the physical interaction with LEF-1, and beta-catenin is required for the collaboration between LEF-1 and MITF-M. Importantly, MITF-M could function as a non-DNA-binding co-factor for LEF-1. These results suggest that MITF-M may function as a self-regulator of its own expression to maintain a threshold level of MITF-M at a certain sensitive stage of melanocyte development, which could account for the dominant inheritance of WS2. MITF-M therefore plays dual roles in the Wnt signaling pathway; MITF-M represents a downstream target and a nuclear mediator of Wnt signals in melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Saito
- Department of Molecular Biology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Lei TC, Virador V, Yasumoto KI, Vieira WD, Toyofuku K, Hearing VJ. Stimulation of melanoblast pigmentation by 8-methoxypsoralen:the involvement of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor, the protein kinase a signal pathway, and proteasome-mediated degradation. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 119:1341-9. [PMID: 12485437 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2002.19607.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we used melb-a melanoblasts as a model to study mechanisms involved in stimulating melanocyte function in vitiliginous skin following exposure to 8-methoxypsoralen (8MOP). Melanin content and tyrosinase activity increased 3- and 7-fold, respectively, in melanoblasts treated with 8MOP for 6 d compared with untreated controls. The intracellular signal pathways involved in 8MOP-induced effects on melanoblasts were investigated, particularly the roles of protein kinase A and protein kinase C. Forskolin, a protein kinase A activator, mimicked and enhanced the 8MOP stimulation of melanoblast pigmentation whereas a protein kinase C activator, 1-oleoyl-2-acetylglycerol, had no effect, indicating that the protein kinase A pathway is involved rather than the protein kinase C pathway. Those observations were confirmed using inhibitors of the protein kinase A or protein kinase C pathways. Western blot and semiquantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction were performed to assess the protein and mRNA expression levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and tyrosinase in melanoblasts treated with 8MOP for 3 h, 6 h, 1 d, 3 d, or 6 d. Incubation with 8MOP stimulated microphthalmia-associated transcription factor protein and mRNA levels within 3 h, but, in contrast, tyrosinase mRNA and protein levels did not increase following 8MOP treatment until 1 d after treatment. The proteasome inhibitor lactacystin blocked the proteasome-mediated proteolysis of tyrosinase, and its effect on proteasomal function was enhanced by 8MOP. Taken together, these results show that 8MOP functions by initially stimulating levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor expression via activation of the protein kinase A pathway, which thereby stimulates tyrosinase expression and function and eventually leads to dramatic increases in melanin production by melanoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie Chi Lei
- Pigment Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Saito H, Yasumoto KI, Takeda K, Takahashi K, Fukuzaki A, Orikasa S, Shibahara S. Melanocyte-specific microphthalmia-associated transcription factor isoform activates its own gene promoter through physical interaction with lymphoid-enhancing factor 1. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:28787-94. [PMID: 12048204 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m203719200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Waardenburg syndrome type 2 (WS2) is associated with heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and characterized by deafness and hypopigmentation due to lack of melanocytes in the inner ear and skin. Melanocyte-specific MITF isoform (MITF-M) is essential for melanocyte differentiation and is transcriptionally induced by Wnt signaling that is mediated by beta-catenin and LEF-1. Here we show that MITF-M transactivates its own promoter (M promoter) by interacting with LEF-1, as judged by transient expression assays and in vitro protein-protein binding assays, whereas no transactivation of the M promoter was detected with MITF-M alone or with the combination of MITF-M and dominant-negative LEF1 that lacks the beta-catenin-binding domain. This synergy depends on the three LEF-1-binding sites that are clustered in the proximal M promoter. Importantly, MITF-M recruited on the M promoter could function as a non-DNA-binding cofactor for LEF-1. Thus, MITF-M may function as a self-regulator of its own expression to maintain a threshold level of MITF-M that is required for melanocyte development. We suggest that MITF-M haploinsufficiency may impair the dosage-sensitive role of MITF-M or the correct assembly of multiple transcription factors, involving MITF-M, on the M promoter, which could account for dominant inheritance of WS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Saito
- Department of Molecular Biology and Applied Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
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Watanabe KI, Takeda K, Yasumoto KI, Udono T, Saito H, Ikeda K, Takasaka T, Takahashi K, Kobayashi T, Tachibana M, Shibahara S. Identification of a distal enhancer for the melanocyte-specific promoter of the MITF gene. Pigment Cell Res 2002; 15:201-11. [PMID: 12028584 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0749.2002.01080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is characterized by deafness and hypopigmentation because of the lack of melanocytes in the inner ear and skin. WS type 2 is associated with mutations in the gene encoding microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) that is required for melanocyte differentiation. MITF consists of multiple isoforms with different N-termini, one of which is exclusively expressed in melanocytes, named MITF-M. Its N-terminus is encoded by exon 1M that is under the regulation of the melanocyte-specific (M) promoter. Here we identify a distal regulatory region of 298 bp, located 14.5 kb upstream from exon 1M, which enhances the M promoter activity in cultured melanoma cells. This enhancer activity depends on the proximal M promoter region (-120 to -46). The MITF-M distal enhancer (MDE), thus identified, contains the binding sites for SOX10, a transcription factor responsible for another type of WS, known as Waardenburg-Hirschsprung syndrome. Characterization of MDE has suggested SOX10 as one of factors that are involved in the function of MDE. A putative MDE counterpart is located 12 kb upstream from mouse exon 1M and its role is discussed in relevance to the pathogenesis of red-eyed white Mitf mi-rw mice that exhibit small red eyes and white coat. Moreover, by in situ hybridization analysis, we suggest that Sox10 and Mitf-M (mRNA) are expressed in melanoblasts migrating toward the otic vesicle (prospective inner ear) of mouse embryos but are separately expressed in different cell types of the newborn cochlea. Thus, SOX10 regulates transcription from the M promoter in a developmental stage-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Watanabe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Applied Physiology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
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Yanagida A, Sogawa K, Yasumoto KI, Fujii-Kuriyama Y. A novel cis-acting DNA element required for a high level of inducible expression of the rat P-450c gene. Mol Cell Biol 1990; 10:1470-5. [PMID: 2320004 PMCID: PMC362249 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.10.4.1470-1475.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel cis-acting regulatory element (designated BTE for basic transcription element) was found in the region proximal to the TATA sequence of the P-450c gene by the use of deletion mutations. This DNA element is considered to be involved in the basic transcription of the gene and does not show distinct enhancer activity in itself. Together with the XRE sequence (A. Fujisawa-Sehara, K. Sogawa, M. Yamane, and Y. Fujii-Kuriyama, Nucleic Acids Res. 15:4179-4191, 1987), however, this sequence is required for a high inducible expression of the P-450c gene in response to xenobiotic inducers. The BTE sequence contained the GC box consensus sequence and half of the NF-1-binding consensus or CAT box sequence, but their synthetic oligonucleotides, used as competitors in the gel mobility shift assays, did not compete with the BTE sequence for the binding protein, suggesting that the BTE sequence functions as a different recognition sequence from that for Sp1 or NF-1. Analogous sequences to BTE are found in the region proximal to the TATA sequence of other genes, especially other P-450 genes with different modes of regulation, suggesting that the BTE sequence plays a common regulatory role in basic transcription of genes including a group of the P-450 superfamily. The ubiquitous distribution of nuclear factor(s) binding to this element supports this suggestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yanagida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tohoku University, Aobayama Sendai, Japan
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