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Gharailoo Z, Plattner K, Augusto G, Engeroff P, Vogel M, Bachmann MF. Generation of a virus-like particles based vaccine against IgE. Allergy 2024. [PMID: 38445568 DOI: 10.1111/all.16090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-IgE immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies represents a breakthrough in treatment of severe allergic diseases. However, drawbacks such as short half-life and high price are not negligible. Our objective is to develop an anti-IgE vaccine based on virus-like particles (VLPs) which can induce long-lasting neutralizing IgG anti-IgE antibodies reducing allergic responses without causing intrinsic mast cell activation due to IgE cross-linking. METHODS The vaccines were made by chemically coupling three synthetic mouse IgE-Fc fragments to plant-derived immunologically optimized CuMVTT VLPs. The immunogenicity of the vaccines was tested by immunizing naive or allergic mice either with the coupled vaccines or the VLP control followed by systemic or local allergen challenge. RESULTS Mice immunized with the vaccines exhibited high titers of anti-IgE antibodies in the sera and high levels of anti-IgE secreting plasma cells in lymphoid organs. Moreover, free IgE in serum were reduced by the induced anti-IgE antibodies; therefore, less IgE was bound to FcεRI on the surface of basophils. In line with these reduced IgE levels on effector cells after vaccination, immunized mice were protected from challenge with allergens. Importantly, despite presence of anti-IgE antibodies, no signs of acute or chronic allergic response were seen in immunized allergic mice. CONCLUSION The generated vaccines can effectively induce anti-IgE antibodies that did not cause allergic responses in sensitized mice but were able to decrease the level of free and cell bound IgE and protected sensitized animals from allergic responses upon allergen challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Gharailoo
- Department of Immunology, University Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research Bern (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Plattner
- Department of Immunology, University Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research Bern (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Augusto
- Department of Immunology, University Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research Bern (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Paul Engeroff
- Department of Immunology, University Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research Bern (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monique Vogel
- Department of Immunology, University Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research Bern (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin F Bachmann
- Department of Immunology, University Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research Bern (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Plattner K, Augusto G, Muerner L, von Gunten S, Jörg L, Engeroff P, Bachmann MF, Vogel M. IgE glycosylation is essential for the function of omalizumab. Allergy 2023; 78:2546-2549. [PMID: 37073887 DOI: 10.1111/all.15748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Plattner
- Department of Immunology, University Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research Bern (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gilles Augusto
- Department of Immunology, University Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research Bern (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lukas Muerner
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Lukas Jörg
- Division of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Department of Pneumology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paul Engeroff
- Department of Immunology, University Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research Bern (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin F Bachmann
- Department of Immunology, University Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research Bern (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monique Vogel
- Department of Immunology, University Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research Bern (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Plattner K, Bachmann MF, Vogel M. On the complexity of IgE: The role of structural flexibility and glycosylation for binding its receptors. Front Allergy 2023; 4:1117611. [PMID: 37056355 PMCID: PMC10089267 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2023.1117611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that immunoglobulin E (IgE) plays a crucial role in atopy by binding to two types of Fcε receptors (FcεRI and FcεRII, also known as CD23). The cross-linking of FcεRI-bound IgE on effector cells, such as basophils and mast cells, initiates the allergic response. Conversely, the binding of IgE to CD23 modulates IgE serum levels and antigen presentation. In addition to binding to FcεRs, IgE can also interact with other receptors, such as certain galectins and, in mice, some FcγRs. The binding strength of IgE to its receptors is affected by its valency and glycosylation. While FcεRI shows reduced binding to IgE immune complexes (IgE-ICs), the binding to CD23 is enhanced. There is no evidence that galectins bind IgE-ICs. On the other hand, IgE glycosylation plays a crucial role in the binding to FcεRI and galectins, whereas the binding to CD23 seems to be independent of glycosylation. In this review, we will focus on receptors that bind to IgE and examine how the glycosylation and complexation of IgE impact their binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Plattner
- Department of Immunology, University Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research Bern (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin F. Bachmann
- Department of Immunology, University Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research Bern (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Monique Vogel
- Department of Immunology, University Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedical Research Bern (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Correspondence: Monique Vogel
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Plattner K, Gharailoo Z, Zinkhan S, Engeroff P, Bachmann MF, Vogel M. IgE glycans promote anti-IgE IgG autoantibodies that facilitate IgE serum clearance via Fc Receptors. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1069100. [PMID: 36544773 PMCID: PMC9761184 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1069100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent studies have shown that IgE glycosylation significantly impacts the ability of IgE to bind to its high-affinity receptor FcεRI and exert effector functions. We have recently demonstrated that immunizing mice with IgE in a complex with an allergen leads to a protective, glycan-dependent anti-IgE response. However, to what extent the glycans on IgE determine the induction of those antibodies and how they facilitate serum clearance is unclear.Therefore, we investigated the role of glycan-specific anti-IgE IgG autoantibodies in regulating serum IgE levels and preventing systemic anaphylaxis by passive immunization. Methods Mice were immunized using glycosylated or deglycosylated IgE-allergen-immune complexes (ICs) to induce anti-IgE IgG antibodies. The anti-IgE IgG antibodies were purified and used for passive immunization. Results Glycosylated IgE-ICs induced a significantly higher anti-IgE IgG response and more IgG-secreting plasma cells than deglycosylated IgE-ICs. Passive immunization of IgE-sensitized mice with purified anti-IgE IgG increased the clearance of IgE and prevented systemic anaphylaxis upon allergen challenge. Anti-IgE IgG purified from the serum of mice immunized with deglycosylated IgE-ICs, led to a significantly reduced elimination and protection, confirming that the IgE glycans themselves are the primary drivers of the protectivity induced by the IgE-immune complexes. Conclusion IgE glycosylation is essential for a robust anti-IgE IgG response and might be an important regulator of serum IgE levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Plattner
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital for Rheumatology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland,Department of Biomedical Research (DBMR), University Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Zahra Gharailoo
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital for Rheumatology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland,Department of Biomedical Research (DBMR), University Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simon Zinkhan
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital for Rheumatology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland,Department of Biomedical Research (DBMR), University Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paul Engeroff
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital for Rheumatology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin F. Bachmann
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital for Rheumatology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland,Department of Biomedical Research (DBMR), University Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Monique Vogel
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital for Rheumatology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland,Department of Biomedical Research (DBMR), University Clinic for Rheumatology and Immunology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland,*Correspondence: Monique Vogel,
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Mohsen MO, Balke I, Zinkhan S, Zeltina V, Liu X, Chang X, Krenger PS, Plattner K, Gharailoo Z, Vogt AS, Augusto G, Zwicker M, Roongta S, Rothen DA, Josi R, da Costa JJ, Sobczak JM, Nonic A, Brand L, Nuss K, Martina B, Speiser DE, Kündig T, Jennings GT, Walton SM, Vogel M, Zeltins A, Bachmann MF. A scalable and highly immunogenic virus-like particle-based vaccine against SARS-CoV-2. Allergy 2022; 77:243-257. [PMID: 34496033 PMCID: PMC8653185 DOI: 10.1111/all.15080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 caused one of the most devastating pandemics in the recent history of mankind. Due to various countermeasures, including lock-downs, wearing masks, and increased hygiene, the virus has been controlled in some parts of the world. More recently, the availability of vaccines, based on RNA or adenoviruses, has greatly added to our ability to keep the virus at bay; again, however, in some parts of the world only. While available vaccines are effective, it would be desirable to also have more classical vaccines at hand for the future. Key feature of vaccines for long-term control of SARS-CoV-2 would be inexpensive production at large scale, ability to make multiple booster injections, and long-term stability at 4℃. METHODS Here, we describe such a vaccine candidate, consisting of the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding motif (RBM) grafted genetically onto the surface of the immunologically optimized cucumber mosaic virus, called CuMVTT -RBM. RESULTS Using bacterial fermentation and continuous flow centrifugation for purification, the yield of the production process is estimated to be >2.5 million doses per 1000-litre fermenter run. We demonstrate that the candidate vaccine is highly immunogenic in mice and rabbits and induces more high avidity antibodies compared to convalescent human sera. The induced antibodies are more cross-reactive to mutant RBDs of variants of concern (VoC). Furthermore, antibody responses are neutralizing and long-lived. In addition, the vaccine candidate was stable for at least 14 months at 4℃. CONCLUSION Thus, the here presented VLP-based vaccine may be a good candidate for use as conventional vaccine in the long term.
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Engeroff P, Plattner K, Storni F, Thoms F, Frias Boligan K, Muerner L, Eggel A, von Gunten S, Bachmann MF, Vogel M. Glycan-specific IgG anti-IgE autoantibodies are protective against allergic anaphylaxis in a murine model. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2021; 147:1430-1441. [PMID: 33309740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2020.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgE causes anaphylaxis in type I hypersensitivity diseases by activating degranulation of effector cells such as mast cells and basophils. The mechanisms that control IgE activity and prevent anaphylaxis under normal conditions are still enigmatic. OBJECTIVE We aimed to unravel how anti-IgE autoantibodies are induced and we aimed to understand their role in regulating serum IgE level and allergic anaphylaxis. METHODS We immunized mice with different forms of IgE and tested anti-IgE autoantibody responses and their specificities. We then analyzed the effect of those antibodies on serum kinetics and their in vitro and in vivo impact on anaphylaxis. Finally, we investigated anti-IgE autoantibodies in human sera. RESULTS Immunization of mice with IgE-immune complexes induced glycan-specific anti-IgE autoantibodies. The anti-IgE autoantibodies prevented effector cell sensitization, reduced total IgE serum levels, protected mice from passive and active IgE sensitization, and resulted in cross-protection against different allergens. Furthermore, glycan-specific anti-IgE autoantibodies were present in sera from subjects with allergy and subjects without allergy. CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study provided the first evidence that in the murine model, the serum level and anaphylactic activity of IgE may be downregulated by glycan-specific IgG anti-IgE autoantibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Engeroff
- University Hospital for Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kevin Plattner
- University Hospital for Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Federico Storni
- University Hospital for Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Thoms
- Department of Dermatology, Zurich University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Lukas Muerner
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Eggel
- University Hospital for Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin F Bachmann
- University Hospital for Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Monique Vogel
- University Hospital for Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Engeroff P, Plattner K, Thoms F, Bachmann M, Vogel M. A novel mechanism of IgE regulation by IgE-allergen complexes via CD23. World Allergy Organ J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Plattner K, Goldblum D, Halter J, Kunz C, Koeppl R, Gerber-Hollbach N. Osteo-Odonto-Keratoprosthesis in Severe Ocular Graft versus Host Disease. Klin Monbl Augenheilkd 2017; 234:455-456. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-123148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Plattner
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - D. Goldblum
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - J. Halter
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - C. Kunz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - R. Koeppl
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - N. Gerber-Hollbach
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Kuhle J, Malmeström C, Axelsson M, Plattner K, Yaldizli Ö, Derfuss T, Giovannoni G, Kappos L, Lycke J. Neurofilament light and heavy subunits compared as therapeutic biomarkers in multiple sclerosis. Acta Neurol Scand 2013; 128:e33-6. [PMID: 23763388 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofilaments are promising biomarkers in multiple sclerosis (MS) and increased levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) indicate axonal damage or degeneration. In a previous study, neurofilament light chain (NfL) levels in CSF of relapsing remitting (RR) patients with MS were normalized by natalizumab treatment. AIMS OF THE STUDY We compared the coherence between NfL and neurofilament heavy chain (NfH(SMI) (35) ) levels in longitudinal CSF samples in a subset of these patients. METHODS In 30 patients with RRMS, CSF was obtained prior to and following 12 months of natalizumab treatment. NfH(SMI) (35) was measured by an electrochemiluminescence-based immunoassay. NfL levels were determined previously by the UmanDiagnostics NF-light(®) assay. RESULTS NfH(SMI) (35) decreased in 73.3% and NfL in 90% of the patients following natalizumab treatment (32.4 vs 27.4 pg/ml, P = 0.002 and 820 vs 375 pg/ml, P < 0.0001). Patients experiencing a relapse showed higher NfH(SMI) (35) levels compared with patients in remission (47.7 vs 27.6 pg/ml, n = 8, P = 0.001). This difference was less obvious for NfL (1055 vs 725 pg/ml, P = 0.256). In patients in remission, NfL levels were lower following natalizumab treatment (830 vs 365 pg/ml, n = 20, P = 0.0002), whereas the same comparison failed significance for NfH(SMI) (35) (28.3 vs 26.9 pg/ml, P = 0.086). CONCLUSIONS We confirm previous findings, indicating reduced axonal damage under natalizumab treatment by measuring NfH(SMI) (35) , using an assay with independent methodology. In comparison with NfH(SMI) (35) , NfL changes were more pronounced and the treatment effect also included patients in remission. Our results suggest that NfL is superior over NfH(SMI) (35) as therapeutic biomarker and is a promising candidate to measure neuroaxonal damage in MS treatment trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Kuhle
- Blizard Institute; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - C. Malmeström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - M. Axelsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
| | - K. Plattner
- Blizard Institute; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - Ö. Yaldizli
- Blizard Institute; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - T. Derfuss
- Blizard Institute; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - G. Giovannoni
- Department of Neurology; University Hospital Basel; Basel Switzerland
| | - L. Kappos
- Blizard Institute; Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry; Queen Mary University of London; London UK
| | - J. Lycke
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation; Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology; The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Gothenburg Sweden
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Plattner K, Lambert MI, Tam N, Baumeister J. The response of cortical alpha activity to pain and neuromuscular changes caused by exercise-induced muscle damage. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2012; 24:166-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0838.2012.01486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K. Plattner
- UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Cape Town, The Sport Science Institute of South Africa; Newlands South Africa
| | - M. I. Lambert
- UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Cape Town, The Sport Science Institute of South Africa; Newlands South Africa
| | - N. Tam
- UCT/MRC Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Cape Town, The Sport Science Institute of South Africa; Newlands South Africa
| | - J. Baumeister
- Exercise & Brain Laboratory, Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Exercise and Health; University of Paderborn; Paderborn Germany
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