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Alosaimi MF, Alhetheel A, Aleisa KA, Altwerki AA, Alenezy NM, Almutairi EM, Alothaim LO, Khalid AMA, Alayed KM, Almazyad MA, BinMoammar TA, Alshobaili FA, Al-Shahrani FS, Alsubaie S, Hasanato RM. Risk factors and predictors that influence SARS-Cov-2 IgG positivity: A cross-sectional study of blood donors in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2021; 42:853-861. [PMID: 34344809 PMCID: PMC9195554 DOI: 10.15537/smj.2021.42.8.20210238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To study the prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) after pandemic’s peak and before the vaccine enrollment in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and further explore predictors for SARS-CoV-2 positivity. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 515 blood donors from November 22 to December 17, 2020 was conducted at King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia to look at SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG) positivity. The participants were asked questions about their demographic characteristics, past SARS-CoV-2 infection, SARS-CoV-2-related symptoms and exposures. Results: The seroprevalence in our study was 12.2% (n=63/515). Being a non-citizen was associated with significantly higher seroprevalence (OR 2.10, p=0.02). Participants with history of SARS-CoV-2 exposure or symptoms regardless of SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis had higher SARS-CoV-2 IgG positivity compared to unexposed or asymptomatic participants (OR 2.47, p=0.0008 or 11.19, p=0.0001, respectively). Blood donors who had symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 IgG infection had a higher SARS-CoV-2 IgG positivity rate (OR 5.04, p=0.008) and index value (p=0.003) than the asymptomatic. Of all the reported symptoms, cough (p=0.004) and anosmia (p=0.002) were significant predictors of SARS-CoV-2 IgG. Conclusion: The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among the blood donors in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia is considerably lower than the percentages necessary for herd immunity. Developing SARS-CoV-2-symptoms is the critical factor for higher seropositivity after SARS-CoV-2 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed F. Alosaimi
- From the Department of Pediatrics (Alosaimi, Almazyad), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the College of Medicine Research Center (Alosaimi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Alhetheel, Hasanato), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.; from the College of Medicine (Aleisa, Altwerki, Alenezy, Almutairi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Blood Bank (Khalid), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Medicine (Alayed), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Family and Community Medicine (BinMoammar, Alshobaili); from the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine (Al-Shahrani), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, (Alsubaie), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
- Address correspondence and reprint request to: Dr. Mohammed F. Alosaimi, Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail: ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8025-3491
| | - Abdulkarim Alhetheel
- From the Department of Pediatrics (Alosaimi, Almazyad), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the College of Medicine Research Center (Alosaimi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Alhetheel, Hasanato), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.; from the College of Medicine (Aleisa, Altwerki, Alenezy, Almutairi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Blood Bank (Khalid), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Medicine (Alayed), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Family and Community Medicine (BinMoammar, Alshobaili); from the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine (Al-Shahrani), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, (Alsubaie), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khalid A. Aleisa
- From the Department of Pediatrics (Alosaimi, Almazyad), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the College of Medicine Research Center (Alosaimi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Alhetheel, Hasanato), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.; from the College of Medicine (Aleisa, Altwerki, Alenezy, Almutairi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Blood Bank (Khalid), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Medicine (Alayed), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Family and Community Medicine (BinMoammar, Alshobaili); from the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine (Al-Shahrani), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, (Alsubaie), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah A. Altwerki
- From the Department of Pediatrics (Alosaimi, Almazyad), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the College of Medicine Research Center (Alosaimi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Alhetheel, Hasanato), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.; from the College of Medicine (Aleisa, Altwerki, Alenezy, Almutairi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Blood Bank (Khalid), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Medicine (Alayed), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Family and Community Medicine (BinMoammar, Alshobaili); from the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine (Al-Shahrani), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, (Alsubaie), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Njoud M. Alenezy
- From the Department of Pediatrics (Alosaimi, Almazyad), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the College of Medicine Research Center (Alosaimi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Alhetheel, Hasanato), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.; from the College of Medicine (Aleisa, Altwerki, Alenezy, Almutairi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Blood Bank (Khalid), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Medicine (Alayed), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Family and Community Medicine (BinMoammar, Alshobaili); from the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine (Al-Shahrani), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, (Alsubaie), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ebtisam M. Almutairi
- From the Department of Pediatrics (Alosaimi, Almazyad), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the College of Medicine Research Center (Alosaimi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Alhetheel, Hasanato), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.; from the College of Medicine (Aleisa, Altwerki, Alenezy, Almutairi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Blood Bank (Khalid), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Medicine (Alayed), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Family and Community Medicine (BinMoammar, Alshobaili); from the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine (Al-Shahrani), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, (Alsubaie), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Leen O. Alothaim
- From the Department of Pediatrics (Alosaimi, Almazyad), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the College of Medicine Research Center (Alosaimi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Alhetheel, Hasanato), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.; from the College of Medicine (Aleisa, Altwerki, Alenezy, Almutairi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Blood Bank (Khalid), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Medicine (Alayed), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Family and Community Medicine (BinMoammar, Alshobaili); from the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine (Al-Shahrani), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, (Alsubaie), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdul Manan A. Khalid
- From the Department of Pediatrics (Alosaimi, Almazyad), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the College of Medicine Research Center (Alosaimi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Alhetheel, Hasanato), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.; from the College of Medicine (Aleisa, Altwerki, Alenezy, Almutairi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Blood Bank (Khalid), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Medicine (Alayed), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Family and Community Medicine (BinMoammar, Alshobaili); from the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine (Al-Shahrani), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, (Alsubaie), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Khalid M. Alayed
- From the Department of Pediatrics (Alosaimi, Almazyad), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the College of Medicine Research Center (Alosaimi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Alhetheel, Hasanato), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.; from the College of Medicine (Aleisa, Altwerki, Alenezy, Almutairi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Blood Bank (Khalid), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Medicine (Alayed), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Family and Community Medicine (BinMoammar, Alshobaili); from the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine (Al-Shahrani), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, (Alsubaie), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed A. Almazyad
- From the Department of Pediatrics (Alosaimi, Almazyad), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the College of Medicine Research Center (Alosaimi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Alhetheel, Hasanato), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.; from the College of Medicine (Aleisa, Altwerki, Alenezy, Almutairi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Blood Bank (Khalid), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Medicine (Alayed), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Family and Community Medicine (BinMoammar, Alshobaili); from the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine (Al-Shahrani), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, (Alsubaie), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Turki A. BinMoammar
- From the Department of Pediatrics (Alosaimi, Almazyad), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the College of Medicine Research Center (Alosaimi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Alhetheel, Hasanato), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.; from the College of Medicine (Aleisa, Altwerki, Alenezy, Almutairi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Blood Bank (Khalid), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Medicine (Alayed), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Family and Community Medicine (BinMoammar, Alshobaili); from the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine (Al-Shahrani), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, (Alsubaie), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fahdah A. Alshobaili
- From the Department of Pediatrics (Alosaimi, Almazyad), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the College of Medicine Research Center (Alosaimi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Alhetheel, Hasanato), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.; from the College of Medicine (Aleisa, Altwerki, Alenezy, Almutairi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Blood Bank (Khalid), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Medicine (Alayed), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Family and Community Medicine (BinMoammar, Alshobaili); from the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine (Al-Shahrani), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, (Alsubaie), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Fatimah S. Al-Shahrani
- From the Department of Pediatrics (Alosaimi, Almazyad), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the College of Medicine Research Center (Alosaimi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Alhetheel, Hasanato), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.; from the College of Medicine (Aleisa, Altwerki, Alenezy, Almutairi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Blood Bank (Khalid), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Medicine (Alayed), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Family and Community Medicine (BinMoammar, Alshobaili); from the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine (Al-Shahrani), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, (Alsubaie), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sarah Alsubaie
- From the Department of Pediatrics (Alosaimi, Almazyad), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the College of Medicine Research Center (Alosaimi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Alhetheel, Hasanato), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.; from the College of Medicine (Aleisa, Altwerki, Alenezy, Almutairi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Blood Bank (Khalid), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Medicine (Alayed), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Family and Community Medicine (BinMoammar, Alshobaili); from the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine (Al-Shahrani), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, (Alsubaie), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rana M. Hasanato
- From the Department of Pediatrics (Alosaimi, Almazyad), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the College of Medicine Research Center (Alosaimi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Alhetheel, Hasanato), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.; from the College of Medicine (Aleisa, Altwerki, Alenezy, Almutairi), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Blood Bank (Khalid), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Medicine (Alayed), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; from the Department of Family and Community Medicine (BinMoammar, Alshobaili); from the Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine (Al-Shahrani), King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and from the Pediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Pediatrics, (Alsubaie), College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
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