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Brown A, Lemons M, Perryman K, Kiess A, Wamsley K. Determining the relationship between varying inclusions of Bacillus lichenformis and tribasic copper chloride on 42-day-old Ross 708 male broiler performance. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Capps KM, Amachawadi RG, Menegat MB, Woodworth JC, Perryman K, Tokach MD, Dritz SS, DeRouchey JM, Goodband RD, Bai J, Apley MD, Lubbers BV, Nagaraja TG. Impact of added copper, alone or in combination with chlortetracycline, on growth performance and antimicrobial resistance of fecal enterococci of weaned piglets. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa003. [PMID: 31950170 PMCID: PMC7072034 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies suggest a link between added copper (Cu) and co-selection of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Enterococcus spp., but data are inconsistent. This study aimed to assess the impact of added Cu, alone or with a feed-grade antimicrobial, on growth performance, transferable Cu resistance gene (tcrB) prevalence, abundance of tcrB in fecal community DNA, and AMR in fecal enterococci in weaned piglets. A total of 320 barrows (DNA 200 × 400, DNA Genetics) weaned at approximately 21 d of age with 7.4 kg (7.4 ± 0.06 kg) BW were used in a 28-d study. Piglets were fed a common non-medicated diet for 7 d of acclimation. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design with main effects of added Cu (0 vs. 200 mg/kg Cu from Cu sulfate) and chlortetracycline (0 vs. 440 mg/kg CTC). Growth performance and fecal samples were obtained on days 0, 14, and 28. There was no evidence (P > 0.05) for Cu and CTC interaction in growth performance. Pigs fed diets with added Cu had increased (P < 0.05) ADG and ADFI from days 0 to 14, with no evidence for differences (P > 0.05) from days 15 to 28 and 0 to 28. Pigs fed diets with CTC had improved (P < 0.01) ADG, ADFI, and G:F from days 0 to 28. Prevalence of tcrB-positive enterococci was not affected by the addition of Cu and/or CTC (P > 0.05). Prevalence of tcrB-positive enterococci was higher on day 14 than other sampling days (P = 0.002). Prevalence of tetracycline resistance gene [tet(M)]-positive enterococci was not affected by treatments or day (P > 0.05). Prevalence of macrolide resistance gene [erm(B)]-positive enterococci had a significant treatment and sampling day interaction (P = 0.021). The abundance of the tcrB gene in feces, quantified by PCR, was not affected by Cu treatment. The median Cu minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of tcrB-negative and -positive isolates were 3 and 20 mM, respectively (P < 0.001). For day 0 and day 28, all Enterococcus isolates were susceptible to gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, daptomycin, and tigecycline, with a majority of isolates resistant to chloramphenicol, erythromycin, lincomycin, linezolid, tetracycline, tylosin tartrate, and Synercid. In conclusion, 200 mg/kg added Cu or 440 mg/kg CTC in nursery diets improved growth performance of nursery pigs. Added Cu, with or without a selection pressure of CTC, did not increase Cu-resistant enterococci and did not co-select resistance to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylen M Capps
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Raghavendra G Amachawadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Mariana B Menegat
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Jason C Woodworth
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | | | - Mike D Tokach
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Steve S Dritz
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Joel M DeRouchey
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Robert D Goodband
- Department of Animal Sciences and Industry, College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Jianfa Bai
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Mike D Apley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Brian V Lubbers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
| | - Tiruvoor G Nagaraja
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the important factors affecting the long-term failure rate of treatment for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). DESIGN Multivariate analysis of prospectively collected clinical data. SETTING Colposcopy clinic in a university teaching hospital. POPULATION A total of 2455 consecutive women treated for CIN for the first time between 1 January 1989 and 31 December 2004 using excisional techniques. METHODS The data were obtained from a clinical database into which information had been entered prospectively. Data on community follow-up were obtained from the national Exeter database of cervical screening results. The parameters studied were age, parity, severity of the lesion, extent to which the lesion involved the endocervical canal, seniority of the surgeon, type of treatment, anaesthesia used, dimensions of the treatment biopsy specimen, number of treatment biopsy fragments and completeness of excision. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES High-grade post-treatment cervical disease detected by biopsy or cytology. RESULTS Univariate analysis eliminated several potential factors and identified interactions between some factors. Multivariate analysis identified the grade of disease (P < 0.001) and the extent to which the lesion involved the endocervical canal (P =0.008) as the most important determinants of high-grade post-treatment disease. Of the factors which the surgeon could control, depth of biopsy (P =0.002) and completeness of excision (P = 0.007) were the most important. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that clear margins are important to reduce the failure rate of excisional treatment for CIN. An adequate depth of treatment is important when the lesion involves the endocervical canal.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghaem-Maghami
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND About 50,000 women are referred annually to colposcopy in England because of a low-grade smear. About 35% of these women have no colposcopic abnormality but are followed up in the colposcopy clinic because of uncertainty about the risk of significant pathology. OBJECTIVE This study determined the 5-year rate of disease when initial colposcopy was normal and smear was non-dyskaryotic. DESIGN Retrospective study. SETTING Colposcopy clinic of an inner city postgraduate teaching hospital. Population Two thousand one hundred and fifty seven women referred between January 1990 and December 2001 with mild dyskaryosis (Low Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion [LSIL]) or borderline nuclear changes (Abnormal Squamous Changes of Uncertain Significance [ASCUS]). METHODS Information was obtained from the colposcopy clinic database and Open-Exeter. Time plots of the disease-free rates were generated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and statistical comparisons were performed using Cox regression. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cumulative rates of cytological and histological abnormalities. RESULTS High-grade or invasive disease was diagnosed histologically in 12.8% of 805 women referred with borderline nuclear changes and in 35.8% of 1352 referred with mild dyskaryosis. Among 620 women with normal colposcopy and a negative or borderline repeat smear, high-grade disease was found after 5 years of follow up in 1.3% of women originally referred with a borderline smear and in 8.5% referred because of mild dyskaryosis. CONCLUSION Women referred to colposcopy with borderline nuclear changes or mild dyskaryosis whose colposcopy findings are normal and whose repeat smear in the clinic is non-dyskaryotic may be discharged for routine 3-yearly screening in the community because the risk of high-grade disease in the next 5 years is small.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C G Smith
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
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Cherrier MM, Mendez M, Perryman K. Route learning performance in Alzheimer disease patients. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 2001; 14:159-68. [PMID: 11513099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine performance on an objective measure of route learning in Alzheimer disease (AD) patients. BACKGROUND Topographic disorientation (TD) is a common problem among AD patients. The underlying cognitive deficits that contribute to TD in AD patients are not well understood. METHOD This study examined 19 healthy older individuals (controls) and 16 AD patients who were administered a comprehensive neuropsychological battery along with a novel Route Learning Test (RLT). Areas assessed included incidental learning, spatial relations. recall of the walking route, and recognition of landmarks. RESULTS Despite comparable performance on basic visuospatial ability measures, AD patients performed significantly worse than controls on the RLT and evidenced poor incidental learning for environmental details. A measure of egocentric and allocentric orientation ability was the best predictor of RLT performance in AD patients. Among RLT subtests, AD patients performed best on recognition of landmarks compared with recognition and recall of spatial layout or recognition of incidental items in the environment. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that poor performance on the RLT in AD patients is characteristic of poor spatial orientation or spatial reasoning. Therefore, episodes of TD in AD patients may occur secondary to poor spatial orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Cherrier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA.
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O'Neill J, Halgren E, Marinkovic K, Siembieda D, Refai D, Fitten LJ, Perryman K, Fisher A. Effects of muscarinic and adrenergic agonism on auditory P300 in the macaque. Physiol Behav 2000; 70:163-70. [PMID: 10978492 DOI: 10.1016/s0031-9384(00)00258-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Homologs of human endogenous evoked potentials are known in several species of nonhuman primates, but the neurotransmitter substrates of these potentials remain uncertain. In particular, the role of central cholinergic and adrenergic systems is not yet clearly defined. We recorded cognitive evoked potentials from the scalp in four adult bonnet macaque monkeys during a passive version of the auditory oddball paradigm with unique novel stimuli under saline control conditions. In two subjects each, cognitive evoked potentials were also recorded following intramuscular administration of the m1 muscarinic agonist AF102B or of the alpha-2A noradrenergic agonist guanfacine. On saline, large positivities resembling the human P300 were recorded over midline sites in response to rare or novel auditory stimuli in all four monkeys. The amplitude of these positivities was sensitive to the delivery of fruit-juice reward in association with rare stimuli in three monkeys tested. At cognition-enhancing doses, AF102B enlarged the amplitude of P300-like positivities in both monkeys tested; guanfacine enlarged the amplitude of P300-like positivities in one of two monkeys tested. These results add to existing evidence of human-like endogenous late positivities in monkeys that are influenced by the cholinergic and adrenergic systems, and suggest a possible role of m1 muscarinic and alpha-2A noradrenergic receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O'Neill
- Department of Veterans Affairs West LA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA.
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O'Neill J, Fitten LJ, Siembieda D, Halgren E, Kim E, Fisher A, Perryman K. Effects of AF102B and tacrine on delayed match-to-sample in monkeys. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1998; 22:665-78. [PMID: 9682279 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-5846(98)00029-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
1. Object working memory, a function which declines in aging and dementia, was tested in young and aged pretrained monkeys using a delayed match-to-sample task. 2. During drug treatment, monkeys were given the m 1 muscarinic agonist AF102B (0.1-2.1 mg/kg i.m.), the cholinesterase inhibitor tacrine (0.5-2.0 mg/kg p.o.), or vehicle controls in a repeated measures design to assess putative cognitive enhancement. 3. Both agents improved task performance in both young and aged monkeys, AF102B yielding equivalent or greater, and less variable, improvement than tacrine. 4. AF102B may represent a low-toxicity alternative to tacrine for the treatment of age-related memory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O'Neill
- Department of Veterans Affairs Wadsworth Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Mooradian AD, Perryman K, Fitten J, Kavonian GD, Morley JE. Cortical function in elderly non-insulin dependent diabetic patients. Behavioral and electrophysiologic studies. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148:2369-72. [PMID: 3190370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Neurobehavioral and electrophysiologic studies were carried out to determine the effect of diabetes mellitus on cognitive function in subjects over the age of 60 years. Forty-three non-insulin-dependent diabetic men were compared with 41 male nondiabetic age-matched controls. The diabetic patients were significantly inferior to the control group in the serial learning task and Benton's Visual Retention Test. The digit span test showed no difference between the groups. Electroencephalogram (EEG)-frequency-band analysis revealed slowing over the central cortex and reduction of alpha activity over the parietal area in diabetic patients. Acute hyperglycemia induced in healthy volunteers with the administration of 50 g of intravenous glucose did not have any effect on the dominant EEG rhythms. The checkerboard elicited P100 wave did not reveal a significant increase in latency nor were the P300 wave latencies significantly different in diabetic patients. However, a trend toward longer latencies in diabetics was evident at Fz and Cz recording sites. Acute hyperglycemia in healthy volunteers did not alter the P300 wave component. The results indicate that elderly type 2 diabetic patients have an impairment in retrieval of recently learned material with preservation of auditory attention and immediate recall. The EEG data suggest that there may be some central neural pathologic condition associated with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Mooradian
- Sepulveda (Calif) Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, UCLA School of Medicine
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Abstract
We studied the effect of chronic, oral administration of 1,2,3,4 tetrahydro-9-aminoacridine (THA), an anticholinesterase, on the acquisition of a color discrimination task in five monkeys (Macaca radiata), aged 13-19 years. A two-phase experiment was performed: initially, one animal was used and served as his own control in a multiple dose, crossover, placebo controlled trial, designed to establish a dose-response curve and an optimal dose range based on THA serum concentrations. Thereafter, four monkeys were given the optimal dose of THA (5.0 mg/day) determined previously while learning up to four color pair discriminations. They also learned up to four other color pair discriminations while on placebo. Two monkeys received THA first, then placebo; the others received placebo first, then THA. No order effects were noted. When combined scores for THA tests were compared to their placebo scores, the difference was significant at p less than 0.01 with all four THA treated monkeys requiring fewer trials to reach learning criterion. These results indicate that THA has a significantly positive effect on the acquisition of a color discrimination task.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Fitten
- Psychiatry, Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, Sepulveda, CA 91343
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Fitten LJ, Flood JF, Baxter CF, Tachiki KH, Perryman K. Long-term oral administration of memory-enhancing doses of tacrine in mice: a study of potential toxicity and side effects. J Gerontol 1987; 42:681-5. [PMID: 3680887 DOI: 10.1093/geronj/42.6.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, tacrine (1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydro-9-aminoacridine; THA; TAC) has received international attention as an oral agent capable of relieving some of the cognitive symptoms accompanying Alzheimer's disease (AD). When given acutely and parenterally (by injection), tacrine has also enhanced memory retention in animals and man. This study evaluates the clinical potential of this agent by assessing toxicity and major side effects of a memory-enhancing dose of tacrine in mice. Groups of mice received either tacrine or vehicle (placebo) orally for 4 to 6 months. A lack of toxicity after this prolonged treatment with TAC was indicated by: (a) no significant impairment on a battery of behavioral toxicity tests; (b) improved memory retention; (c) a significant but only slight elevation of ornithine transcarbamylase activity in blood serum; (d) no abnormality as revealed with light microscopy of liver tissue; and (e) no gross organ pathology in visceral organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Fitten
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, Sepulveda, CA
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Park TH, Tachiki KH, Summers WK, Kling D, Fitten J, Perryman K, Spidell K, Kling AS. Isolation and the fluorometric, high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of tacrine. Anal Biochem 1986; 159:358-62. [PMID: 3103482 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(86)90353-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Tacrine (THA; 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9-aminoacridine) is an anticholinesterase agent which has been used clinically, most recently in the treatment of Alzheimer-type dementias. This paper describes the methodology for the isolation and quantitation of THA at therapeutic levels in serum from human subjects. Using C18 Bond Elut columns and an HPLC/fluorometry system, this assay exhibits a considerable improvement in sensitivity over previous uv methods, and allows routine testing of THA levels in serum samples of reasonable volume from human subjects.
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