Correlates of objectively measured physical activity in 5-6-year-old preschool children

AIM

The aim of this study was to identify gender specific physical activity correlates in Danish preschool children, using a socioecological approach.

METHODS

This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Odense, Denmark. The gender specific models were based on data from 174 boys and 177 girls, 5-6 years of age and enrolled in 40 randomly selected preschools. Percentage of total daily time spent in moderate and vigorously physical activity (MVPA) was measured using ActiGraph accelerometers over 5 preschool days and 2 days off. Thirty-nine potential correlates of child MVPA across 5 domains were tested for associations with gender specific MVPA.

RESULTS

The gender specific models consistently identified motor coordination and the parents' perceptions of their child's activity preferences during free play to be positively associated with MVPA. Days with rain or no preschool attendance were negatively associated with MVPA. For boys, rural area and the size of the preschool playground were positively associated with MVPA, whereas for girls, it was the age and the relative preschool indoor area.

CONCLUSION

Individual and overall environmental correlates of MVPA were identified. However, most correlates were not or only weakly related to MVPA. It is possible that the interaction with peers and surrounding adults might contribute the most to preschool child MVPA.

Counter-regulatory hormone responses to spontaneous hypoglycaemia during treatment with insulin Aspart or human soluble insulin: a double-blinded randomized cross-over study

AIMS

To compare insulin Aspart and human insulin with respect to glycaemic control, hypoglycaemic frequency and counter-regulatory responses to spontaneous hypoglycaemia.

METHODS

Glycaemic control, hypoglycaemic frequency, p-insulin concentrations, insulin dosages and patients' satisfaction were examined in a randomized, double-blinded cross-over study for two periods of 8 weeks. Sixteen patients with type 1 diabetes were subjected to three daily injections of human soluble insulin or Aspart in addition to Neutral Protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin twice daily. Each intervention period was followed by hospitalization where episodes of spontaneous hypoglycaemia and counter-regulatory hormone responses were evaluated from frequently obtained blood samples.

RESULTS

No difference between soluble insulin and insulin Aspart was found regarding HbA1c (7.0 ± 0.2 vs. 7.0 ± 0.2%, ns), hypoglycaemic frequency (1.1 ± 0.2 vs. 0.9 ± 0.1 events per patient per week, ns), nocturnal hypoglycaemia, severe hypoglycaemic events, dosages of bolus insulin (31.8 ± 0.4 vs. 30.0 ± 0.6 IU day(-1), ns), or NPH insulin (26.7 ± 1.8 vs. 26.0 ± 1.7 IU day(-1) , ns) or in patients satisfaction (ns). Modest differences existed in the counter-regulatory responses regarding growth hormone, glucagon and ghrelin whereas no differences were found in relation to free fatty acid, cortisol, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II and IGF-binding proteins 1 and 2. Treatment with insulin Aspart resulted in well-defined peaks in serum insulin concentrations as compared with more blunted insulin peaks using human soluble insulin.

CONCLUSION

Although insulin Aspart treatment was associated with clear postprandial insulin peaks, no improvement in glycaemic control was obtained and no difference in the hypoglycaemic frequency was observed. However, insulin Aspart elicited a slightly different physiological response to spontaneous hypoglycaemia compared with human insulin.

High-level physical activity in childhood seems to protect against low back pain in early adolescence

BACKGROUND

The evidence on the impact of physical activity on back pain in children and adolescents has been contradicting. It has also been shown that the physical activity cannot accurately be estimated in children using questionnaires.

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to establish if physical activity in childhood had any impact on back pain reporting in early adolescence (3 years later), using an objective instrumental measurement of physical activity.

STUDY DESIGN

Prospective cohort study.

PATIENT SAMPLE

Representative random sample of Danish children from the city of Odense sampled at age 9 years and followed-up at age 12 years.

OUTCOME MEASURES

The 1-month period prevalence of back pain (neck pain, mid back pain, and low back pain) was established using a structured interview.

METHODS

Physical activity was assessed with the MTI-accelerometer. The accelerometer provides a minute-by-minute measure of the physical activity performed. An overall measure of physical activity and time spent in high activity were studied in relation to back pain using logistic regression. The analyses were performed on the total sample and then stratified on back pain (yes/no) at baseline.

RESULTS

High physical activity (HPA) levels seem to protect against future low back pain and appear to actually "treat" and reduce the odds of future mid back pain. When comparing the least active children to the most active children, the least active had a multivariate odds ratio of 3.3 of getting low back pain and 2.7 of getting mid back pain 3 years later. When stratified on back pain at baseline, this effect on mid back pain was especially noticeable in children who had had mid back pain already at baseline, with an odds ratio of 7.2.

CONCLUSIONS

HPA in childhood seems to protect against low back pain and mid back pain in early adolescence. Larger prospective studies with repetitive follow-ups and preferably intervention studies should be performed, to see if these findings can be reproduced.

Are smooth pursuit eye movements altered in chronic whiplash-associated disorders? A cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate whether smooth pursuit eye movements differed between patients with long-lasting whiplash-associated disorders and controls when using a purely computerized method for the eye movement analysis.

DESIGN

Cross-sectional study comparing patients with whiplash-associated disorders and controls who had not been exposed to head or neck trauma and had no notable neck complaints.

METHODS

Smooth pursuit eye movements were registered while the subjects were seated with and without rotated cervical spine.

SUBJECTS

Thirty-four patients with whiplash-associated disorders with symptoms more than six months after a car collision and 60 controls.

RESULTS

Smooth pursuit eye movements were almost identical in patients with chronic whiplash-associated disorders and controls, both when the neck was rotated and in the neutral position.

CONCLUSION

Disturbed smooth pursuit eye movements do not appear to be a distinct feature in patients with chronic whiplash-associated disorders. This is in contrast to results of previous studies and may be due to the fact that analyses were performed in a computerized and objective manner. Other possible reasons for the discrepancy to previous studies are discussed.

Tracking of objectively measured physical activity from childhood to adolescence: the European youth heart study

A number of studies have investigated tracking of physical activity from childhood to adolescence and, in general, these studies have been based on methods with some degree of subjectivity (e.g., questionnaires). The aim of the present study was to evaluate tracking of physical activity from childhood to adolescence using accelerometry, taking into account major sources of variation in physical activity. Both a crude and an adjusted model was fitted, and, in the adjusted model, analyses were corrected for seasonal variation, within-week variation, activity registration during night time sleep, within instrumental measurement error, and day-to-day variation in physical activity. In all, 208 subjects were included in the crude analyses. Stability coefficients estimated from the crude model were low (i.e., 0.18 and 0.19 for boys and girls, respectively) and only borderline significant. However, in the adjusted model highly significant stability coefficients of 0.53 and 0.48 for boys and girls, respectively, were observed. It was concluded that physical activity behavior tends to track moderately from childhood to adolescence.

Sources of variation in habitual physical activity of children and adolescents: the European youth heart study

The present study examined the influence of gender, maturity state, seasonality, type of measurement day and socioeconomic status (SES) on habitual physical activity in 8-10-year-old children and 14-16-year-old adolescents (n=1318). Physical activity was assessed objectively by accelerometry. The results showed a significant effect of the type of measurement day on physical activity with a general pattern of lower activity levels in weekends compared with weekdays. Furthermore, higher physical activity levels were observed during the months of spring/summer compared with the months of autumn/winter for the 8-10-year-olds, whereas no significant effect of months was observed for the 14-16-year-olds, possibly due to exam preparations and lack of physical activity registration during the months of summer for this cohort. SES was unrelated to physical activity in the 8-10-year-olds, whereas an inverse association was observed in the 14-16-year-olds. However, a post hoc analysis provided strong evidence that this latter result was biased by the accelerometers inability to pick up bicycling activities. Finally, boys were more physically active compared with girls, and maturity state was unrelated to physical activity. The results could prove useful for working out strategies to prevent inactivity and for adjusting for temporal sources of variation in physical activity in future studies.

Serial Measurements of N-Terminal pro-Brain Natriuretic Peptide after Acute Ischemic Stroke

BACKGROUND

The exact time-course of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and the prognostic importance in the immediate phase of ischemic stroke have not been established.

METHODS

NT-proBNP was measured daily from admission to day 5 and again at 6-month follow-up in 250 consecutive patients with acute ischemic stroke.

RESULTS

NT-proBNP peaked the day after onset of symptoms (p = 0.007) followed by a decrease until day 5 (p = 0.001, ANOVA). At 6-month follow-up the difference in the level of NT-proBNP was unchanged compared to day 5 (p = 0.42). NT-proBNP levels > or =615 pg/ml at day 2 after onset of symptoms was associated with 6-month mortality.

CONCLUSION

NT-proBNP peaks the day after onset of symptoms in patients with acute ischemic stroke. A single measurement of NT-proBNP appears to be an indicator of 6-month mortality.

A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of a commercial Aloe vera gel in the treatment of slight to moderate psoriasis vulgaris

BACKGROUND

The Aloe vera plant has been used for an array of ailments, including skin diseases. Recent experimental research have substantiated the presence of biologically active compounds in the gel, but there are few controlled, clinical trials to assess the efficacy.

OBJECTIVE

To test the effect of a commercial, preserved, but otherwise untreated Aloe vera gel in psoriasis.

PATIENTS/METHODS

Forty-one patients with stable plaque psoriasis were included in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled right/left comparison. The study comprised a 2-week wash-out period followed by a 4-week treatment period with two daily applications and follow-up visits after 1 and 2 months.

RESULTS

Data on 40 patients were analysed. The score sum of erythema, infiltration and desquamation decreased in 72.5% of the Aloe vera-treated sites compared with 82.5% of the placebo-treated areas from week 0 to week 4, which was statistically significant in favour of the placebo treatment (P = 0.0197). Fifty-five per cent of the patients reported local side-effects, mainly drying up of the skin on test areas.

CONCLUSIONS

The effect of this commercial Aloe vera gel on stable plaque psoriasis was modest and not better than placebo. However, the high response rate of placebo indicated a possible effect of this in its own right, which would make the Aloe vera gel treatment appear less effective.

Dose-, IGF-I- and sex-dependent changes in lipid profile and body composition during GH replacement therapy in adult onset GH deficiency

OBJECTIVE

Patients with GH deficiency of adult onset (GHDA) exhibit dyslipidaemia and increased cardiovascular morbidity. GH replacement potently reduces body fat and serum lipids in GHDA. In recent years, lower GH doses have been introduced. The purpose of this analysis was to explore the response relationship between GH doses, lipids and body composition.

DESIGN

Two consecutive, randomized 12-month GH replacement studies covering placebo and three different doses of GH (0.5, 1.0 and 1.7 IU/m(2) per day). Low and intermediate doses were IGF-I titrated.

PATIENTS

Fifty-eight patients with severe GHDA, not previously treated with GH and stably substituted for other endocrine deficiencies, were included in the study.

METHODS

Serum lipoproteins, serum IGF-I and body composition analysis by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) were used.

RESULTS

Fifty-seven percent of patients exhibited low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels above 4.16 mmol/l, corresponding to the American Heart Association threshold of 160 mg/dl. GH treatment resulted in significant decreases in total and LDL cholesterol, with no significant change in high density lipoprotein cholesterol or triglycerides. The low dose induced no significant changes in lipid levels, whereas the medium dose reduced LDL cholesterol and the high dose decreased both LDL and total cholesterol. The effects depended significantly on the GH dose and the level of IGF-I obtained, but not on gender. GH replacement induced dose-dependent reductions in fat mass and sex-dependent increases in lean mass.

CONCLUSIONS

GH given for 1 year at a dosage between 0.5 and 1.7 IU/m(2) per day reduced fat mass in a dose-dependent manner, increased lean body mass and lowered total and LDL cholesterol in patients with severe GHDA. Low dose GH treatment with normal IGF-I levels induced smaller changes compared with high dose therapy, and may need a longer treatment time.

Continued improvement of clinical outcome and cost effectiveness following intravascular ultrasound guided PCI: insights from a prospective, randomised study

OBJECTIVE

To investigate in a prospective randomised study both long term clinical effects and cost effectiveness of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) with or without intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) guidance.

METHODS

108 male patients with stable angina referred for PCI of a significant coronary lesion were randomly assigned to IVUS guided PCI or conventional PCI. Individual accumulated costs of the entire follow up period were calculated and compared in the randomisation groups. Effectiveness of treatment was measured by freedom from major adverse cardiac events.

RESULTS

Cost effectiveness of IVUS guided PCI that was noted at six months was maintained and even accentuated at long term follow up (median 2.5 years). The cumulated cost level was found to be lower for the IVUS guided group, with a cumulated cost of &163 672 in the IVUS guided group versus &313 706 in the coronary angiography group (p = 0.01). Throughout the study, mean cost per day was lower in the IVUS guided PCI group (&2.7 v & 5.2; p = 0.01). In the IVUS group, 78% were free from major adverse cardiac events versus 59% in the coronary angiography group (p = 0.04) with an odds ratio of 2.5 in favour of IVUS guidance.

CONCLUSION

IVUS guidance results in continued improvement of long term clinical outcome and cost effectiveness. The results of this study suggest that IVUS guidance may be used more liberally in PCI.

Proposed diagnostic thresholds for gestational diabetes mellitus according to a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Maternal and perinatal outcomes in 3260 Danish women

AIMS

To study if established diagnostic threshold values for gestational diabetes based on a 75-g, 2-h oral glucose tolerance test can be supported by maternal and perinatal outcomes.

METHODS

Historical cohort study of 3260 pregnant women examined for gestational diabetes on the basis of risk indicators. Information on oral glucose tolerance test results and clinical outcomes were collected from medical records.

RESULTS

There was an increased risk of delivering a macrosomic infant in women with 2-h capillary blood glucose of 7.8-8.9 mmol/l compared with women with 2-h glucose < 7.8 mmol/l. Despite treatment, 2-h glucose of 9.0-11.0 mmol/l and > or = 11.1 mmol/l were both associated with increased rates of macrosomia, spontaneous preterm delivery, hypertensive complications, and neonatal hypoglycaemia. Adverse outcomes tended to be more frequent in women with 2-h glucose > or = 11.1 mmol/l than in women with 2-h glucose of 9.0-11.0 mmol/l.

CONCLUSIONS

The risk for several maternal and perinatal complications increased with the diagnostic threshold for 2-h glucose. Large-scale blinded studies are needed to clarify the question of a clinically meaningful diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus. Until these results are available, a 2-h threshold level of 9.0 mmol/l after a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test seems acceptable.

Reproducibility of intravascular ultrasound and intracoronary Doppler measurements

The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproducibility of intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) and intracoronary (IC) Doppler flow velocity measurements. The use of IVUS and IC Doppler has been suggested as a means for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) guidance in a series of studies. This would require an acceptable level of accuracy and reproducibility of these two methods for lesion evaluation. In this study, the main focus was on the issue of reproducibility. One hundred and eight patients referred for PCI entered into the study. Inter- and intraobserver variability was measured. Catheter difference was assessed. On-line and off-line measurements were compared. MUSIC criteria were assessed off-line, twice. Calculated and measured diameters were compared. After having obtained initial IC Doppler measurements, the Doppler wire was immediately withdrawn and repositioned for reacquisition of Doppler measurements. IVUS measurements are reproducible and reliable off-line and, to a slightly lesser degree, on-line. Area measurements should be performed more than once and the mean used for vessel description. Lumen diameters should be calculated from the mean of the area measurements. A measuring technique consensus should be reached and adhered to. CFR measurements can be used to determine reduced vs. normal flow reserve. In this study, it was found that proximal to distal velocity ratio and diastolic to systolic velocity ratio variability made these parameters unsuitable for PCI guidance.