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Calvano C, Engelke L, Holl-Etten AK, Renneberg B, Winter SM. Almost 2 years into the COVID-19 pandemic: an update on parental stress, parent mental health, and the occurrence of child maltreatment. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 32:2593-2609. [PMID: 36739338 PMCID: PMC9899111 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02147-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Increased parental stress, poorer mental health, and an increase in the occurrence of child maltreatment (CM) have been reported in earlier phases of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, data from later phases of the pandemic are not yet available. We conducted a cross-sectional, representative survey among 1087 parents (48.8% female; mean age 41.72 years, SD = 9.15) in Germany in December 2021. Data were compared to a previous representative sample, assessed in August 2020 (N = 1024), and to normative scores of the outcome measures. Predictors for the occurrence of CM were analyzed by logistic regression. Pandemic-related stress and general stress were higher and physical and mental health were poorer in the December 2021 sample than in the August 2020 sample. Occurrence rates of CM varied between 5 and 56%. Verbal emotional abuse (n = 607, 56%), witnessing domestic violence (n = 446, 41%), and emotional neglect (n = 435, 40%) were most frequently reported. For these subtypes, parental risk for alcohol abuse (OR 2.1-2.7) and parental recent experience of violence (OR 2.1-5.1) were the strongest predictors. Across all subtypes of CM, parents reporting child maltreatment showed poorer scores on all stress outcomes, with medium-large-effect sizes. Results confirm a high burden within the families, almost 2 years into the pandemic. Occurrence rates of a broad spectrum of CM subtypes raise further concerns for the well-being of children. Family-oriented intervention efforts are needed to stabilize families and provide targeted support. Longitudinal studies are needed for a description of families at risk for poorer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Calvano
- Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology and Psychotherapy, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195, Berlin, Germany.
- Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Olshausenstr. 62, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Lara Engelke
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Katharina Holl-Etten
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Babette Renneberg
- Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sibylle M Winter
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
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Engelke L, Winter SM, Renneberg B, Calvano C. [Parental Burden, Need for Support and Resources After Almost Two Years of COVID-19-Pandemic: Results of a Representative Study in Germany]. Prax Kinderpsychol Kinderpsychiatr 2023; 72:287-304. [PMID: 37218556 DOI: 10.13109/prkk.2023.72.4.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Studies assessing the burden of families in the second year of the COVID-19-pandemic and the need for support are scarce. Burden, negative and positive changes, resources, and the need for support during the COVID-19-pandemic of a representative sample of 1,087 parents (52,0 % female; mean age 40,4) of minors in Germany were assessed in December 2021. We used a mixed-method approach.More than 50 % percent of parents were burdened about the development of the pandemic (58,5 %), restrictions in activities outside (54,8 %), the mental health of others (54,0 %), and social distance (53,7 %). Parents reported negative changes in partnership (esp. increase in conflicts and crises; 29,4 %), school development (esp. deterioration of school performance; 25,7 %), and mental health of children (38,1 %). In retrospect, over one-third of the parents saw a need for better political communication (36,0 %) and financial support (34,1 %) during the pandemic. In December, 23,8 % of parents still reported the need for support: financial (51,3 %), social (26,6 %), and psychotherapy for themselves (25,8 %). However, parents reported positive changes, especially within the family, feelings of gratitude and new attitudes. Social interaction and positive activities were identified as resources. In the second year of the pandemic, parents experienced much burden and needed support. Interventions and policies should be more targeted and needs-oriented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Engelke
- Freie Universität Berlin Fachbereich Erziehungswissenschaften und Psychologie, Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie Habelschwerdter Allee 45 14195 Berlin; Deutschland
| | - Sibylle M Winter
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Berlin Deutschland
| | - Babette Renneberg
- Freie Universität Berlin Fachbereich Erziehungswissenschaften und Psychologie, Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie Habelschwerdter Allee 45 14195 Berlin; Deutschland
| | - Claudia Calvano
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Erziehungswissenschaften und Psychologie, Klinische Kinder- und Jugendpsychologie und -psychotherapie, Berlin Deutschland
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Engelke L, Calvano C, Klingbeil K, Rolle M, Winter SM, Renneberg UB. Belastungen, positive Veränderungen und Ressourcen von Familien in der COVID-19-Pandemie. Kindheit und Entwicklung 2022. [DOI: 10.1026/0942-5403/a000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Zusammenfassung. Theoretischer Hintergrund: Die Maßnahmen zur Eindämmung der COVID-19-Pandemie stellten Familien vor Herausforderungen. Es fehlt an Studien, welche die umfassende Vielfalt der subjektiven Erfahrungen abbilden. Fragestellung: Ziel ist, Belastungen, positive Veränderungen und Ressourcen in Familien zu erfassen. Methode: 4 967 Eltern (87.6 % weiblich, 86.7 % mit Hochschulreife) minderjähriger Kinder (0 – 17 Jahre) nahmen an einer Online-Erhebung im August 2020 teil. Belastungen, positive Veränderungen und Ressourcen während der Pandemie wurden durch offene Fragen erfasst. Auf Basis der Freitextantworten wurde ein Kategoriensystem entwickelt und ausgewertet. Ergebnisse: Die Vereinbarkeit von Beruf und Privatleben (12 %), Sorgen um die Entwicklung der Pandemie (11 %) und eingeschränkte Betreuung und schulische Bildung (9 %) wurden am häufigsten als Belastungen genannt. Positive Veränderungen waren vermehrte Wertschätzung, Dankbarkeit und neue Einstellungen (16 %), engere Beziehungen innerhalb der Familie (13 %) und mehr Zeit mit Menschen (11 %). Wichtige Ressourcen für Familien waren das soziale Miteinander innerhalb der Familie (19 %) und positive Aktivitäten (13 %). Diskussion und Schlussfolgerung: Ansatzpunkte für familienzentrierte Präventionsmaßnahmen sind die Offenhaltung von Betreuungseinrichtungen, eine Flexibilisierung der Arbeitssituation, eine fortlaufende Aufklärung über notwendige Maßnahmen, Stärkung digitaler Unterstützungsangebote einschließlich der Verbesserung der Medienkompetenz, die Ermöglichung von Freizeitaktivitäten, sowie die Verbesserung psychosozialer Unterstützungsmaßnahmen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Engelke
- Fachbereich Erziehungswissenschaften und Psychologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Claudia Calvano
- Fachbereich Erziehungswissenschaften und Psychologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Deutschland
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Karoline Klingbeil
- Fachbereich Erziehungswissenschaften und Psychologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Mira Rolle
- Fachbereich Erziehungswissenschaften und Psychologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Sibylle M. Winter
- Klinik für Psychiatrie, Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie des Kindes- und Jugendalters, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Deutschland
| | - und Babette Renneberg
- Fachbereich Erziehungswissenschaften und Psychologie, Freie Universität Berlin, Deutschland
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Calvano C, Engelke L, Di Bella J, Kindermann J, Renneberg B, Winter SM. Families in the COVID-19 pandemic: parental stress, parent mental health and the occurrence of adverse childhood experiences-results of a representative survey in Germany. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:1-13. [PMID: 33646416 PMCID: PMC7917379 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01739-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Parenting during the COVID-19 pandemic is highly challenging, with parents having to meet various demands simultaneously. An increase in adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) has been widely predicted, but empirical evidence is still scarce. This study aimed to (1) generate representative data on pandemic-related stress, parental stress, general stress, parental subjective and mental health, and the occurrence of ACEs; (2) identify risk factors for an increase in ACEs, and (3) provide qualitative data on parents' experiences. A representative survey was conducted in Germany in August 2020 with 1024 parents of underage children (Mage = 41.70, 50.9% female). More than 50% of parents reported being stressed by social distancing and the closure of schools and childcare facilities. Parental stress increased significantly during the pandemic (d = 0.21). Subgroups of parents also reported very high levels of depressive symptoms (12.3%) and anxiety (9.7%). Up to one-third of the sample reported ACEs in the child's lifetime. In this group, 29.1% reported an increase in children witnessing domestic violence during the pandemic, and 42.2% an increase verbal emotional abuse. These families were characterized by higher parental stress, job losses, and younger parent and child age. Positive aspects of the pandemic related primarily to personal or family life (e.g. slower pace of life, increase in family time). While some parents coped well, a particularly negative pattern was observed in a subgroup of families that experienced an increase in ACEs. Parental stress emerged as important target point for interventions addressing the negative sequelae of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Calvano
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Lara Engelke
- Department of Education and Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica Di Bella
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Kindermann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Babette Renneberg
- Department of Education and Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sibylle M. Winter
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Calvano C, Engelke L, Di Bella J, Kindermann J, Renneberg B, Winter SM. Correction to: Families in the COVID‑19 pandemic: parental stress, parent mental health and the occurrence of adverse childhood experiences-results of a representative survey in Germany. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2022; 31:2013-2016. [PMID: 34159498 PMCID: PMC8219179 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-021-01816-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Calvano
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Lara Engelke
- Department of Education and Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica Di Bella
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Kindermann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Babette Renneberg
- Department of Education and Psychology, Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Freie Universität Berlin, Habelschwerdter Allee 45, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sibylle M. Winter
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353 Berlin, Germany
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Engelke L, Stähler R, Schur M, Näther C, Bensch W, Pöttgen R, Möller MH. Solvothermal Syntheses, Crystal Structures of Two New Thioantimonates(III) of the Mn2(L)Sb2S5 Family with L = Diethylenetriamine and N-Methyl-1,3-Diaminopropane and a Study of the Magnetic Properties of Four Compounds of the Series. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 2004. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2004-0818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe two new compounds Mn2(L)Sb2S5 (L = diethylenetriamine = DIEN, N-methyl-1,3- diaminopropane = MDAP) were prepared under solvothermal conditions using the elements as starting materials. Both compounds crystallise in the monoclinic space group P21/c with the lattice parameters a=10.669(7), b=12.805(2), c=12.072(1)Å , β =115.786(7)°,V =1485.1(4) Å3 for L = DIEN and a = 10.1859(7), b = 12.7806(6), c = 12.1256(8)Å , β = 110.173(8)°, V = 1481.7(2) Å3 for L = MDAP and Z = 4. The primary building units are SbS3 pyramids, MnS6 and MnS4N2 distorted octahedra. These primary building blocks are interconnected to form Mn2Sb2S4 hetero-cubane units. The hetero-cubanes share common corners, edges and faces thus forming a second heterocubane. These secondary building units are joined to form layers within the (100) plane. The connection mode yields ellipsoidal pores within the layers. The amines are exclusively bound to one of the two crystallographically independent Mn2+ cations and they point into the pores and between the layers separating the layers from each other. The interlayer separation and the size of the pores depend on the sterical requirements of the amine incorporated into the network. A pronounced distortion of the MnS4N2 octahedron results from a significant elongation of one Mn-S distance from 2.866 Å (L = methylamine, MA) to 3.185 Å for L = MDAP. The magnetic susceptibility curves are typical for low-dimensional antiferromagnetic materials and the large negative values for the Weiss constant Θ indicate strong antiferromagnetic exchange interactions. The magnetic properties are significantly influenced by the change of the Mn-S bonds introduced by the different amines. The compounds decompose at elevated temperatures with a two step reaction for L = MA and ethylenediamine and in a one step reaction for the bidentate acting amine molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Engelke
- 1Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Olshausenstraße 40, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - R. Stähler
- 1Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Olshausenstraße 40, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - M. Schur
- 1Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Olshausenstraße 40, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - C. Näther
- 1Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Olshausenstraße 40, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - W. Bensch
- 1Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Olshausenstraße 40, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - R. Pöttgen
- 2Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Wilhelm Klemm Straße 8, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - M. H. Möller
- 2Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Wilhelm Klemm Straße 8, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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