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Tölken LA, Paulikat AD, Jachmann LH, Reder A, Salazar MG, Medina LMP, Michalik S, Völker U, Svensson M, Norrby-Teglund A, Hoff KJ, Lammers M, Siemens N. Reduced interleukin-18 secretion by human monocytic cells in response to infections with hyper-virulent Streptococcus pyogenes. J Biomed Sci 2024; 31:26. [PMID: 38408992 PMCID: PMC10898077 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-024-01014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus, GAS) causes a variety of diseases ranging from mild superficial infections of the throat and skin to severe invasive infections, such as necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs). Tissue passage of GAS often results in mutations within the genes encoding for control of virulence (Cov)R/S two component system leading to a hyper-virulent phenotype. Dendritic cells (DCs) are innate immune sentinels specialized in antigen uptake and subsequent T cell priming. This study aimed to analyze cytokine release by DCs and other cells of monocytic origin in response to wild-type and natural covR/S mutant infections. METHODS Human primary monocyte-derived (mo)DCs were used. DC maturation and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines in response to infections with wild-type and covR/S mutants were assessed via flow cytometry. Global proteome changes were assessed via mass spectrometry. As a proof-of-principle, cytokine release by human primary monocytes and macrophages was determined. RESULTS In vitro infections of moDCs and other monocytic cells with natural GAS covR/S mutants resulted in reduced secretion of IL-8 and IL-18 as compared to wild-type infections. In contrast, moDC maturation remained unaffected. Inhibition of caspase-8 restored secretion of both molecules. Knock-out of streptolysin O in GAS strain with unaffected CovR/S even further elevated the IL-18 secretion by moDCs. Of 67 fully sequenced NSTI GAS isolates, 28 harbored mutations resulting in dysfunctional CovR/S. However, analyses of plasma IL-8 and IL-18 levels did not correlate with presence or absence of such mutations. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that strains, which harbor covR/S mutations, interfere with IL-18 and IL-8 responses in monocytic cells by utilizing the caspase-8 axis. Future experiments aim to identify the underlying mechanism and consequences for NSTI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea A Tölken
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Antje D Paulikat
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lana H Jachmann
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Alexander Reder
- Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Laura M Palma Medina
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Stephan Michalik
- Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Mattias Svensson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Anna Norrby-Teglund
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Katharina J Hoff
- Institute of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Lammers
- Department of Synthetic and Structural Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nikolai Siemens
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Infection Biology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.
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2
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Rath E, Palma Medina LM, Jahagirdar S, Mosevoll KA, Damås JK, Madsen MB, Svensson M, Hyldegaard O, Martins Dos Santos VAP, Saccenti E, Norrby-Teglund A, Skrede S, Bruun T. Systemic immune activation profiles in streptococcal necrotizing soft tissue infections: A prospective multicenter study. Clin Immunol 2023; 249:109276. [PMID: 36871764 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2023.109276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Early stages with streptococcal necrotizing soft tissue infections (NSTIs) are often difficult to discern from cellulitis. Increased insight into inflammatory responses in streptococcal disease may guide correct interventions and discovery of novel diagnostic targets. METHODS Plasma levels of 37 mediators, leucocytes and CRP from 102 patients with β-hemolytic streptococcal NSTI derived from a prospective Scandinavian multicentre study were compared to those of 23 cases of streptococcal cellulitis. Hierarchical cluster analyses were also performed. RESULTS Differences in mediator levels between NSTI and cellulitis cases were revealed, in particular for IL-1β, TNFα and CXCL8 (AUC >0.90). Across streptococcal NSTI etiologies, eight biomarkers separated cases with septic shock from those without, and four mediators predicted a severe outcome. CONCLUSION Several inflammatory mediators and wider profiles were identified as potential biomarkers of NSTI. Associations of biomarker levels to type of infection and outcomes may be utilized to improve patient care and outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eivind Rath
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Laura M Palma Medina
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Sanjeevan Jahagirdar
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Knut A Mosevoll
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan K Damås
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Olav's Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Martin B Madsen
- Department of Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Mattias Svensson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Ole Hyldegaard
- Department of Anaesthesia- and Surgery, Head and Orthopaedic centre, Hyperbaric Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Vitor A P Martins Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands; LifeGlimmer GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edoardo Saccenti
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Norrby-Teglund
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Steinar Skrede
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
| | - Trond Bruun
- Department of Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Norway
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3
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Palma Medina LM, Babačić H, Dzidic M, Parke Å, Garcia M, Maleki KT, Unge C, Lourda M, Kvedaraite E, Chen P, Muvva JR, Cornillet M, Emgård J, Moll K, Michaëlsson J, Flodström-Tullberg M, Brighenti S, Buggert M, Mjösberg J, Malmberg KJ, Sandberg JK, Gredmark-Russ S, Rooyackers O, Svensson M, Chambers BJ, Eriksson LI, Pernemalm M, Björkström NK, Aleman S, Ljunggren HG, Klingström J, Strålin K, Norrby-Teglund A. Targeted plasma proteomics reveals signatures discriminating COVID-19 from sepsis with pneumonia. Respir Res 2023; 24:62. [PMID: 36829233 PMCID: PMC9950694 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02364-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 remains a major public health challenge, requiring the development of tools to improve diagnosis and inform therapeutic decisions. As dysregulated inflammation and coagulation responses have been implicated in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and sepsis, we studied their plasma proteome profiles to delineate similarities from specific features. METHODS We measured 276 plasma proteins involved in Inflammation, organ damage, immune response and coagulation in healthy controls, COVID-19 patients during acute and convalescence phase, and sepsis patients; the latter included (i) community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) caused by Influenza, (ii) bacterial CAP, (iii) non-pneumonia sepsis, and (iv) septic shock patients. RESULTS We identified a core response to infection consisting of 42 proteins altered in both COVID-19 and sepsis, although higher levels of cytokine storm-associated proteins were evident in sepsis. Furthermore, microbiologic etiology and clinical endotypes were linked to unique signatures. Finally, through machine learning, we identified biomarkers, such as TRIM21, PTN and CASP8, that accurately differentiated COVID-19 from CAP-sepsis with higher accuracy than standard clinical markers. CONCLUSIONS This study extends the understanding of host responses underlying sepsis and COVID-19, indicating varying disease mechanisms with unique signatures. These diagnostic and severity signatures are candidates for the development of personalized management of COVID-19 and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Palma Medina
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Haris Babačić
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Majda Dzidic
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Åsa Parke
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marina Garcia
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kimia T. Maleki
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christian Unge
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Functional Area of Emergency Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magda Lourda
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Egle Kvedaraite
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Department of Clinical Pathology and Cancer Diagnostics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Puran Chen
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jagadeeswara Rao Muvva
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Cornillet
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Emgård
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kirsten Moll
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Jakob Michaëlsson
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malin Flodström-Tullberg
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna Brighenti
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jenny Mjösberg
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl-Johan Malmberg
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan K. Sandberg
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Gredmark-Russ
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden ,The Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), Umeå, Sweden
| | - Olav Rooyackers
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Division for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Department of Clinical Interventions and Technology CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mattias Svensson
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Benedict J. Chambers
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars I. Eriksson
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Department of Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Pernemalm
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology and Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas K. Björkström
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Soo Aleman
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Klingström
- grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Strålin
- grid.4714.60000 0004 1937 0626Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Department of Infectious Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Norrby-Teglund
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Alfred Nobels Allé 8, 141 52, Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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Raineri EJM, Maaß S, Wang M, Brushett S, Palma Medina LM, Sampol Escandell N, Altulea D, Raangs E, de Jong A, Vera Murguia E, Feil EJ, Friedrich AW, Buist G, Becher D, García-Cobos S, Couto N, van Dijl JM. Staphylococcus aureus populations from the gut and the blood are not distinguished by virulence traits-a critical role of host barrier integrity. Microbiome 2022; 10:239. [PMID: 36567349 PMCID: PMC9791742 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01419-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The opportunistic pathogen Staphylococcus aureus is an asymptomatically carried member of the microbiome of about one third of the human population at any given point in time. Body sites known to harbor S. aureus are the skin, nasopharynx, and gut. In particular, the mechanisms allowing S. aureus to pass the gut epithelial barrier and to invade the bloodstream were so far poorly understood. Therefore, the objective of our present study was to investigate the extent to which genetic differences between enteric S. aureus isolates and isolates that caused serious bloodstream infections contribute to the likelihood of invasive disease. RESULTS Here, we present genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that compare the genome sequences of 69 S. aureus isolates from enteric carriage by healthy volunteers and 95 isolates from bloodstream infections. We complement our GWAS results with a detailed characterization of the cellular and extracellular proteomes of the representative gut and bloodstream isolates, and by assaying the virulence of these isolates with infection models based on human gut epithelial cells, human blood cells, and a small animal infection model. Intriguingly, our results show that enteric and bloodstream isolates with the same sequence type (ST1 or ST5) are very similar to each other at the genomic and proteomic levels. Nonetheless, bloodstream isolates are not necessarily associated with an invasive profile. Furthermore, we show that the main decisive factor preventing infection of gut epithelial cells in vitro is the presence of a tight barrier. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that virulence is a highly variable trait, even within a single clone. Importantly, however, there is no evidence that blood stream isolates possess a higher virulence potential than those from the enteric carriage. In fact, some gut isolates from healthy carriers were more virulent than bloodstream isolates. Based on our present observations, we propose that the integrity of the gut epithelial layer, rather than the pathogenic potential of the investigated enteric S. aureus isolates, determines whether staphylococci from the gut microbiome will become invasive pathogens. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa J. M. Raineri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Maaß
- Department of Microbial Proteomics, Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Min Wang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Siobhan Brushett
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura M. Palma Medina
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Present address: Department of Medicine Huddinge, Present Address: Center for Infectious Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Neus Sampol Escandell
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dania Altulea
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Present address: Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin Raangs
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne de Jong
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elias Vera Murguia
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Edward J. Feil
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, The Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Alex W. Friedrich
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Girbe Buist
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dörte Becher
- Department of Microbial Proteomics, Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Silvia García-Cobos
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Present address: Reference and Research Laboratory On Antimicrobial Resistance and Healthcare Associated Infections, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Natacha Couto
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, The Milner Centre for Evolution, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Ljunggren H, Heggernes Ask E, Cornillet M, Strunz B, Chen P, Rao Muvva J, Akber M, Buggert M, Chambers BJ, Cuapio Gomez A, Dzidic M, Filipovic I, Flodström‐Tullberg M, Garcia M, Gorin J, Gredmark‐Russ S, Hertwig L, Klingström J, Kokkinou E, Kvedaraite E, Lourda M, Mjösberg J, Maucourant C, Norrby‐Teglund A, Palma Medina LM, Parrot T, Perez‐Potti A, Ponzetta A, Ringqvist E, Rivera‐Ballesteros O, Rooyackers O, Sandberg JK, Sandberg JT, Sekine T, Svensson M, Varnaite R, Wullimann D, Eriksson LI, Aleman S, Malmberg K, Strålin K, Björkström NK. The Karolinska KI/K COVID-19 Immune Atlas: An open resource for immunological research and educational purposes. Scand J Immunol 2022; 96:e13195. [PMID: 35652743 PMCID: PMC9287045 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The Karolinska KI/K COVID-19 Immune Atlas project was conceptualized in March 2020 as a part of the academic research response to the developing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The aim was to rapidly provide a curated dataset covering the acute immune response towards SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans, as it occurred during the first wave. The Immune Atlas was built as an open resource for broad research and educational purposes. It contains a presentation of the response evoked by different immune and inflammatory cells in defined naïve patient-groups as they presented with moderate and severe COVID-19 disease. The present Resource Article describes how the Karolinska KI/K COVID-19 Immune Atlas allow scientists, students, and other interested parties to freely explore the nature of the immune response towards human SARS-CoV-2 infection in an online setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans‐Gustaf Ljunggren
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Eivind Heggernes Ask
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer ResearchOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
- Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
| | - Martin Cornillet
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Benedikt Strunz
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Puran Chen
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Jagadeeswara Rao Muvva
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Mira Akber
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Benedict J. Chambers
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Angelica Cuapio Gomez
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Majda Dzidic
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Iva Filipovic
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Malin Flodström‐Tullberg
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Marina Garcia
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Jean‐Baptiste Gorin
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Sara Gredmark‐Russ
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Laura Hertwig
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Jonas Klingström
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Efthymia Kokkinou
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Egle Kvedaraite
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Magda Lourda
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Jenny Mjösberg
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Christopher Maucourant
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Anna Norrby‐Teglund
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Laura M. Palma Medina
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Tiphaine Parrot
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - André Perez‐Potti
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Andrea Ponzetta
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Emma Ringqvist
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Olga Rivera‐Ballesteros
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Olav Rooyackers
- Department of Emergency MedicineKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Johan K. Sandberg
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - John Tyler Sandberg
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Takuya Sekine
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Mattias Svensson
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Renata Varnaite
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - David Wullimann
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | | | - Lars I. Eriksson
- Department of Emergency MedicineKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Soo Aleman
- Department of Infectious DiseasesKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Karl‐Johan Malmberg
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Institute for Cancer ResearchOslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Kristoffer Strålin
- Department of Infectious DiseasesKarolinska University HospitalStockholmSweden
| | - Niklas K. Björkström
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Infectious MedicineKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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6
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Palma Medina LM, Rath E, Jahagirdar S, Bruun T, Madsen MB, Strålin K, Unge C, Hansen MB, Arnell P, Nekludov M, Hyldegaard O, Lourda M, dos Santos VAM, Saccenti E, Skrede S, Svensson M, Norrby-Teglund A. Discriminatory plasma biomarkers predict specific clinical phenotypes of necrotizing soft-tissue infections. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:149523. [PMID: 34263738 PMCID: PMC8279592 DOI: 10.1172/jci149523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDNecrotizing soft-tissue infections (NSTIs) are rapidly progressing infections frequently complicated by septic shock and associated with high mortality. Early diagnosis is critical for patient outcome, but challenging due to vague initial symptoms. Here, we identified predictive biomarkers for NSTI clinical phenotypes and outcomes using a prospective multicenter NSTI patient cohort.METHODSLuminex multiplex assays were used to assess 36 soluble factors in plasma from NSTI patients with positive microbiological cultures (n = 251 and n = 60 in the discovery and validation cohorts, respectively). Control groups for comparative analyses included surgical controls (n = 20), non-NSTI controls (i.e., suspected NSTI with no necrosis detected upon exploratory surgery, n = 20), and sepsis patients (n = 24).RESULTSThrombomodulin was identified as a unique biomarker for detection of NSTI (AUC, 0.95). A distinct profile discriminating mono- (type II) versus polymicrobial (type I) NSTI types was identified based on differential expression of IL-2, IL-10, IL-22, CXCL10, Fas-ligand, and MMP9 (AUC >0.7). While each NSTI type displayed a distinct array of biomarkers predicting septic shock, granulocyte CSF (G-CSF), S100A8, and IL-6 were shared by both types (AUC >0.78). Finally, differential connectivity analysis revealed distinctive networks associated with specific clinical phenotypes.CONCLUSIONSThis study identifies predictive biomarkers for NSTI clinical phenotypes of potential value for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic approaches in NSTIs.TRIAL REGISTRATIONClinicalTrials.gov NCT01790698.FUNDINGCenter for Innovative Medicine (CIMED); Region Stockholm; Swedish Research Council; European Union; Vinnova; Innovation Fund Denmark; Research Council of Norway; Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development; DLR Federal Ministry of Education and Research; and Swedish Children's Cancer Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Palma Medina
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eivind Rath
- Department of Medicine, Division for Infectious Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sanjeevan Jahagirdar
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Trond Bruun
- Department of Medicine, Division for Infectious Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Martin B. Madsen
- Department of Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Strålin
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Infectious Diseases and
| | - Christian Unge
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Functional Area of Emergency Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marco Bo Hansen
- Department of Anaesthesia, Centre of Head and Orthopaedics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Arnell
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Nekludov
- Department of Anaesthesia, Surgical Services and Intensive Care, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ole Hyldegaard
- Department of Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Magda Lourda
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vitor A.P. Martins dos Santos
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- LifeGlimmer GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | - Edoardo Saccenti
- Laboratory of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Steinar Skrede
- Department of Medicine, Division for Infectious Diseases, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mattias Svensson
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Norrby-Teglund
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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García M, Kokkinou E, Carrasco García A, Parrot T, Palma Medina LM, Maleki KT, Christ W, Varnaitė R, Filipovic I, Ljunggren HG, Björkström NK, Folkesson E, Rooyackers O, Eriksson LI, Sönnerborg A, Aleman S, Strålin K, Gredmark-Russ S, Klingström J, Mjösberg J. Innate lymphoid cell composition associates with COVID-19 disease severity. Clin Transl Immunology 2020; 9:e1224. [PMID: 33343897 PMCID: PMC7734472 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The role of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), is unknown. Understanding the immune response in COVID‐19 could contribute to unravel the pathogenesis and identification of treatment targets. Here, we describe the phenotypic landscape of circulating ILCs in COVID‐19 patients and identified ILC phenotypes correlated to serum biomarkers, clinical markers and laboratory parameters relevant in COVID‐19. Methods Blood samples collected from moderately (n = 11) and severely ill (n = 12) COVID‐19 patients, as well as healthy control donors (n = 16), were analysed with 18‐parameter flow cytometry. Using supervised and unsupervised approaches, we examined the ILC activation status and homing profile. Clinical and laboratory parameters were obtained from all COVID‐19 patients, and serum biomarkers were analysed with multiplex immunoassays. Results Innate lymphoid cells were largely depleted from the circulation of COVID‐19 patients compared with healthy controls. Remaining circulating ILCs revealed decreased frequencies of ILC2 in severe COVID‐19, with a concomitant decrease of ILC precursors (ILCp) in all patients, compared with controls. ILC2 and ILCp showed an activated phenotype with increased CD69 expression, whereas expression levels of the chemokine receptors CXCR3 and CCR4 were significantly altered in ILC2 and ILCp, and ILC1, respectively. The activated ILC profile of COVID‐19 patients was associated with soluble inflammatory markers, while frequencies of ILC subsets were correlated with laboratory parameters that reflect the disease severity. Conclusion This study provides insights into the potential role of ILCs in immune responses against SARS‐CoV‐2, particularly linked to the severity of COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina García
- Department of Medicine Huddinge Center for Infectious Medicine Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Efthymia Kokkinou
- Department of Medicine Huddinge Center for Infectious Medicine Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Anna Carrasco García
- Department of Medicine Huddinge Center for Infectious Medicine Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Tiphaine Parrot
- Department of Medicine Huddinge Center for Infectious Medicine Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Laura M Palma Medina
- Department of Medicine Huddinge Center for Infectious Medicine Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Kimia T Maleki
- Department of Medicine Huddinge Center for Infectious Medicine Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Wanda Christ
- Department of Medicine Huddinge Center for Infectious Medicine Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Renata Varnaitė
- Department of Medicine Huddinge Center for Infectious Medicine Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Iva Filipovic
- Department of Medicine Huddinge Center for Infectious Medicine Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Hans-Gustaf Ljunggren
- Department of Medicine Huddinge Center for Infectious Medicine Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Department of Medicine Huddinge Center for Infectious Medicine Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Elin Folkesson
- Department of Infectious Diseases Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden.,Department of Medicine Solna Division of Infectious Diseases Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Olav Rooyackers
- Department of Clinical Science, Technology and Intervention Division of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Karolinska Institutet Huddinge Sweden.,Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Lars I Eriksson
- Function Perioperative Medicine and Intensive Care Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Section for Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Anders Sönnerborg
- Department of Infectious Diseases Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Dermatology Department of Medicine Huddinge Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Soo Aleman
- Department of Infectious Diseases Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Dermatology Department of Medicine Huddinge Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Kristoffer Strålin
- Department of Infectious Diseases Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden.,Division of Infectious Diseases and Dermatology Department of Medicine Huddinge Karolinska Institutet Stockholm Sweden
| | - Sara Gredmark-Russ
- Department of Medicine Huddinge Center for Infectious Medicine Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden.,Department of Infectious Diseases Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jonas Klingström
- Department of Medicine Huddinge Center for Infectious Medicine Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jenny Mjösberg
- Department of Medicine Huddinge Center for Infectious Medicine Karolinska Institutet Karolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
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8
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Palma Medina LM, Becker AK, Michalik S, Surmann K, Hildebrandt P, Gesell Salazar M, Mekonnen SA, Kaderali L, Völker U, van Dijl JM. Interaction of Staphylococcus aureus and Host Cells upon Infection of Bronchial Epithelium during Different Stages of Regeneration. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:2279-2290. [PMID: 32579327 PMCID: PMC7432605 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
primary barrier that protects our lungs against infection by
pathogens is a tightly sealed layer of epithelial cells. When the
integrity of this barrier is disrupted as a consequence of chronic
pulmonary diseases or viral insults, bacterial pathogens will gain
access to underlying tissues. A major pathogen that can take advantage
of such conditions is Staphylococcus aureus, thereby
causing severe pneumonia. In this study, we investigated how S. aureus responds to different conditions of the human
epithelium, especially nonpolarization and fibrogenesis during regeneration
using an in vitro infection model. The infective
process was monitored by quantification of the epithelial cell and
bacterial populations, fluorescence microscopy, and mass spectrometry.
The results uncover differences in bacterial internalization and population
dynamics that correlate with the outcome of infection. Protein profiling
reveals that, irrespective of the polarization state of the epithelial
cells, the invading bacteria mount similar responses to adapt to the
intracellular milieu. Remarkably, a bacterial adaptation that was
associated with the regeneration state of the epithelial cells concerned
the early upregulation of proteins controlled by the redox-responsive
regulator Rex when bacteria were confronted with a polarized cell
layer. This is indicative of the modulation of the bacterial cytoplasmic
redox state to maintain homeostasis early during infection even before
internalization. Our present observations provide a deeper insight
into how S. aureus can take advantage of a breached
epithelial barrier and show that infected epithelial cells have limited
ability to respond adequately to staphylococcal insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. Palma Medina
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ann-Kristin Becker
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan Michalik
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Kristin Surmann
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Petra Hildebrandt
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Manuela Gesell Salazar
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Solomon A. Mekonnen
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Kaderali
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology, 9700 RB Groningen, The Netherlands
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9
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Zhao X, Palma Medina LM, Stobernack T, Glasner C, de Jong A, Utari P, Setroikromo R, Quax WJ, Otto A, Becher D, Buist G, van Dijl JM. Exoproteome Heterogeneity among Closely Related Staphylococcus aureus t437 Isolates and Possible Implications for Virulence. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:2859-2874. [PMID: 31119940 PMCID: PMC6617432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus with spa-type t437 has been identified as a predominant community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus clone from Asia, which is also encountered in Europe. Molecular typing has previously shown that t437 isolates are highly similar regardless of geographical regions or host environments. The present study was aimed at assessing to what extent this high similarity is actually reflected in the production of secreted virulence factors. We therefore profiled the extracellular proteome, representing the main reservoir of virulence factors, of 20 representative clinical isolates by mass spectrometry. The results show that these isolates can be divided into three groups and nine subgroups based on exoproteome abundance signatures. This implies that S. aureus t437 isolates show substantial exoproteome heterogeneity. Nonetheless, 30 highly conserved extracellular proteins, of which about 50% have a predicted role in pathogenesis, were dominantly identified. To approximate the virulence of the 20 investigated isolates, we employed infection models based on Galleria mellonella and HeLa cells. The results show that the grouping of clinical isolates based on their exoproteome profile can be related to virulence. We consider this outcome important as our approach provides a tool to pinpoint differences in virulence among seemingly highly similar clinical isolates of S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology , Hanzeplein 1 , P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Laura M Palma Medina
- University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology , Hanzeplein 1 , P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Tim Stobernack
- University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology , Hanzeplein 1 , P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Corinna Glasner
- University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology , Hanzeplein 1 , P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Anne de Jong
- University of Groningen , Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, Department of Molecular Genetics , 9747 AG Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Putri Utari
- University of Groningen , Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology , A. Deusinglaan 1 , 9713 AV Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Rita Setroikromo
- University of Groningen , Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology , A. Deusinglaan 1 , 9713 AV Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Wim J Quax
- University of Groningen , Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Biology , A. Deusinglaan 1 , 9713 AV Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Otto
- Institut für Mikrobiologie , University of Greifswald , Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8 , 17475 Greifswald , Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Institut für Mikrobiologie , University of Greifswald , Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8 , 17475 Greifswald , Germany
| | - Girbe Buist
- University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology , Hanzeplein 1 , P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- University of Groningen , University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Medical Microbiology , Hanzeplein 1 , P.O. Box 30001, 9700 RB Groningen , The Netherlands
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10
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Palma Medina LM, Becker AK, Michalik S, Yedavally H, Raineri EJM, Hildebrandt P, Gesell Salazar M, Surmann K, Pförtner H, Mekonnen SA, Salvati A, Kaderali L, van Dijl JM, Völker U. Metabolic Cross-talk Between Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells and Internalized Staphylococcus aureus as a Driver for Infection. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:892-908. [PMID: 30808728 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra118.001138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is infamous for causing recurrent infections of the human respiratory tract. This is a consequence of its ability to adapt to different niches, including the intracellular milieu of lung epithelial cells. To understand the dynamic interplay between epithelial cells and the intracellular pathogen, we dissected their interactions over 4 days by mass spectrometry. Additionally, we investigated the dynamics of infection through live cell imaging, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. The results highlight a major role of often overlooked temporal changes in the bacterial and host metabolism, triggered by fierce competition over limited resources. Remarkably, replicating bacteria reside predominantly within membrane-enclosed compartments and induce apoptosis of the host within ∼24 h post infection. Surviving infected host cells carry a subpopulation of non-replicating bacteria in the cytoplasm that persists. Altogether, we conclude that, besides the production of virulence factors by bacteria, it is the way in which intracellular resources are used, and how host and intracellular bacteria subsequently adapt to each other that determines the ultimate outcome of the infectious process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Palma Medina
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany;; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ann-Kristin Becker
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
| | - Stephan Michalik
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
| | - Harita Yedavally
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology, and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa J M Raineri
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Petra Hildebrandt
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
| | - Manuela Gesell Salazar
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
| | - Kristin Surmann
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
| | - Henrike Pförtner
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
| | - Solomon A Mekonnen
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany;; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Anna Salvati
- Division of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology, and Targeting, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lars Kaderali
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands;.
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany;.
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11
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Stobernack T, du Teil Espina M, Mulder LM, Palma Medina LM, Piebenga DR, Gabarrini G, Zhao X, Janssen KMJ, Hulzebos J, Brouwer E, Sura T, Becher D, van Winkelhoff AJ, Götz F, Otto A, Westra J, van Dijl JM. A Secreted Bacterial Peptidylarginine Deiminase Can Neutralize Human Innate Immune Defenses. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.01704-18. [PMID: 30377277 PMCID: PMC6212822 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01704-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The keystone oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis is associated with severe periodontitis. Intriguingly, this bacterium is known to secrete large amounts of an enzyme that converts peptidylarginine into citrulline residues. The present study was aimed at identifying possible functions of this citrullinating enzyme, named Porphyromonas peptidylarginine deiminase (PPAD), in the periodontal environment. The results show that PPAD is detectable in the gingiva of patients with periodontitis, and that it literally neutralizes human innate immune defenses at three distinct levels, namely bacterial phagocytosis, capture in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and killing by the lysozyme-derived cationic antimicrobial peptide LP9. As shown by mass spectrometry, exposure of neutrophils to PPAD-proficient bacteria reduces the levels of neutrophil proteins involved in phagocytosis and the bactericidal histone H2. Further, PPAD is shown to citrullinate the histone H3, thereby facilitating the bacterial escape from NETs. Last, PPAD is shown to citrullinate LP9, thereby restricting its antimicrobial activity. The importance of PPAD for immune evasion is corroborated in the infection model Galleria mellonella, which only possesses an innate immune system. Together, the present observations show that PPAD-catalyzed protein citrullination defuses innate immune responses in the oral cavity, and that the citrullinating enzyme of P. gingivalis represents a new type of bacterial immune evasion factor.IMPORTANCE Bacterial pathogens do not only succeed in breaking the barriers that protect humans from infection, but they also manage to evade insults from the human immune system. The importance of the present study resides in the fact that protein citrullination is shown to represent a new bacterial mechanism for immune evasion. In particular, the oral pathogen P. gingivalis employs this mechanism to defuse innate immune responses by secreting a protein-citrullinating enzyme. Of note, this finding impacts not only the global health problem of periodontitis, but it also extends to the prevalent autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis, which has been strongly associated with periodontitis, PPAD activity, and loss of tolerance against citrullinated proteins, such as the histone H3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Stobernack
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marines du Teil Espina
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Lianne M Mulder
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Laura M Palma Medina
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dillon R Piebenga
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giorgio Gabarrini
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Periodontology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Koen M J Janssen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jarnick Hulzebos
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Brouwer
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Sura
- Institute for Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Institute for Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Arie Jan van Winkelhoff
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Periodontology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Friedrich Götz
- Microbial Genetics, Interfaculty Institute of Microbiology and Infection Medicine and Infection Medicine (IMIT), University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Otto
- Institute for Microbiology, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-University Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Johanna Westra
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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12
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Mekonnen SA, Palma Medina LM, Michalik S, Loreti MG, Gesell Salazar M, van Dijl JM, Völker U. Metabolic niche adaptation of community- and hospital-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Proteomics 2018; 193:154-161. [PMID: 30321607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) originally emerged in nosocomial settings and has subsequently spread into the community. In turn, community-associated (CA) MRSA lineages are nowadays introduced from the community into hospitals where they can cause hospital-associated (HA) infections. This raises the question of how the CA-MRSA lineages adapt to the hospital environment. Previous studies implicated particular virulence factors in the CA-behaviour of MRSA. However, we hypothesized that physiological changes may also impact staphylococcal epidemiology. With the aim to identify potential metabolic adaptations, we comparatively profiled the cytosolic proteomes of CA- and HA-isolates from the USA300 lineage that was originally identified as CA-MRSA. Interestingly, enzymes for gluconeogenesis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and biosynthesis of amino acids are up-regulated in the investigated CA-MRSA isolates, while enzymes for glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway are up-regulated in the HA-MRSA isolates. Of note, these data apparently match with the clinical presentation of each group. These observations spark interest in central carbon metabolism as a key driver for adaptations that streamline MRSA for propagation in the community or the hospital.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon A Mekonnen
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald. Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, Greifswald 17475, Germany; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, Groningen 9700, the Netherlands
| | - Laura M Palma Medina
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald. Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, Greifswald 17475, Germany; Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, Groningen 9700, the Netherlands
| | - Stephan Michalik
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald. Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Marco G Loreti
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, Groningen 9700, the Netherlands
| | - Manuela Gesell Salazar
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald. Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, Greifswald 17475, Germany
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30001, Groningen 9700, the Netherlands.
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald. Felix-Hausdorff-Str. 8, Greifswald 17475, Germany.
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13
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Gabarrini G, Palma Medina LM, Stobernack T, Prins RC, du Teil Espina M, Kuipers J, Chlebowicz MA, Rossen JWA, van Winkelhoff AJ, van Dijl JM. There's no place like OM: Vesicular sorting and secretion of the peptidylarginine deiminase of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Virulence 2018; 9:456-464. [PMID: 29505395 PMCID: PMC5955434 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1421827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the major periodontal agents and it has been recently hailed as a potential cause of the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis. In particular, the peptidylarginine deiminase enzyme of P. gingivalis (PPAD) has been implicated in the citrullination of certain host proteins and the subsequent appearance of antibodies against citrullinated proteins, which might play a role in the etiology of rheumatoid arthritis. The aim of this study was to investigate the extracellular localization of PPAD in a large panel of clinical P. gingivalis isolates. Here we show that all isolates produced PPAD. In most cases PPAD was abundantly present in secreted outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) that are massively produced by P. gingivalis, and to minor extent in a soluble secreted state. Interestingly, a small subset of clinical isolates showed drastically reduced levels of the OMV-bound PPAD and secreted most of this enzyme in the soluble state. The latter phenotype is strictly associated with a lysine residue at position 373 in PPAD, implicating the more common glutamine residue at this position in PPAD association with OMVs. Further, one isolate displayed severely restricted vesiculation. Together, our findings show for the first time that neither the major association of PPAD with vesicles, nor P. gingivalis vesiculation per se, are needed for P. gingivalis interactions with the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Gabarrini
- a Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands.,b Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Laura M Palma Medina
- b Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Tim Stobernack
- b Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Rianne C Prins
- b Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Marines du Teil Espina
- b Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Kuipers
- c Department of Cell Biology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Monika A Chlebowicz
- b Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - John W A Rossen
- b Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Arie Jan van Winkelhoff
- a Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands.,b Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- b Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen , Groningen , the Netherlands
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14
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Mekonnen SA, Palma Medina LM, Glasner C, Tsompanidou E, de Jong A, Grasso S, Schaffer M, Mäder U, Larsen AR, Gumpert H, Westh H, Völker U, Otto A, Becher D, van Dijl JM. Signatures of cytoplasmic proteins in the exoproteome distinguish community- and hospital-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 lineages. Virulence 2017; 8:891-907. [PMID: 28475476 PMCID: PMC5626246 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1325064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is the common name for a heterogeneous group of highly drug-resistant staphylococci. Two major MRSA classes are distinguished based on epidemiology, namely community-associated (CA) and hospital-associated (HA) MRSA. Notably, the distinction of CA- and HA-MRSA based on molecular traits remains difficult due to the high genomic plasticity of S. aureus. Here we sought to pinpoint global distinguishing features of CA- and HA-MRSA through a comparative genome and proteome analysis of the notorious MRSA lineage USA300. We show for the first time that CA- and HA-MRSA isolates can be distinguished by 2 distinct extracellular protein abundance clusters that are predictive not only for epidemiologic behavior, but also for their growth and survival within epithelial cells. This ‘exoproteome profiling’ also groups more distantly related HA-MRSA isolates into the HA exoproteome cluster. Comparative genome analysis suggests that these distinctive features of CA- and HA-MRSA isolates relate predominantly to the accessory genome. Intriguingly, the identified exoproteome clusters differ in the relative abundance of typical cytoplasmic proteins, suggesting that signatures of cytoplasmic proteins in the exoproteome represent a new distinguishing feature of CA- and HA-MRSA. Our comparative genome and proteome analysis focuses attention on potentially distinctive roles of ‘liberated’ cytoplasmic proteins in the epidemiology and intracellular survival of CA- and HA-MRSA isolates. Such extracellular cytoplasmic proteins were recently invoked in staphylococcal virulence, but their implication in the epidemiology of MRSA is unprecedented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon A Mekonnen
- a Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Laura M Palma Medina
- b Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics , University Medicine Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Corinna Glasner
- a Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Eleni Tsompanidou
- a Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Anne de Jong
- c Department of Molecular Genetics , University of Groningen, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Stefano Grasso
- a Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
| | - Marc Schaffer
- b Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics , University Medicine Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Ulrike Mäder
- b Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics , University Medicine Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Anders R Larsen
- d National Center for Antimicrobials and Infection Control , Statens Serum Institut , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Heidi Gumpert
- e Department of Clinical Microbiology , Hvidovre University Hospital , Hvidovre , Denmark
| | - Henrik Westh
- e Department of Clinical Microbiology , Hvidovre University Hospital , Hvidovre , Denmark.,f Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Uwe Völker
- b Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics , University Medicine Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Andreas Otto
- g Institut für Mikrobiologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- g Institut für Mikrobiologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany
| | - Jan Maarten van Dijl
- a Department of Medical Microbiology , University of Groningen, University Medical Center, Groningen , Groningen , The Netherlands
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