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Antezana L, Albright J, Scarpa A, Richey JA, Laugeson EA, Factor RS. PEERS® for Preschoolers preliminary outcomes and predictors of treatment response. J Autism Dev Disord 2023; 53:4671-4684. [PMID: 36103076 PMCID: PMC10011023 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-022-05724-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PEERS® for Preschoolers (P4P) is a social skills group program for young autistic children and their caregivers, which provides everyday tools for interacting and communicating with others. Twenty-two caregiver-child dyads participated and completed pre-treatment, post-treatment, and follow-up measures (4-16 weeks after). Using single-subject analyses to examine social skills, 60% demonstrated post-treatment improvement, and 53.85% demonstrated follow-up improvement. Regarding a secondary outcome of behavioral difficulties, 33.33% demonstrated post-treatment reduction, and 7.69% demonstrated follow-up reduction. Using regressions, autistic traits predicted outcomes; fewer social communication difficulties predicted both greater social skills and fewer behavioral difficulties at post-treatment, while fewer repetitive behaviors predicted fewer post-treatment and follow-up behavioral difficulties. These results preliminarily demonstrate the benefits of P4P and how autistic traits may impact P4P outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Antezana
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 109 Williams Hall, 890 Drillfield Drive, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
- Virginia Tech Autism Clinic & Center for Autism Research, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Jordan Albright
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 109 Williams Hall, 890 Drillfield Drive, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Virginia Tech Autism Clinic & Center for Autism Research, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Penn Center for Mental Health, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Angela Scarpa
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 109 Williams Hall, 890 Drillfield Drive, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Virginia Tech Autism Clinic & Center for Autism Research, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - John A Richey
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 109 Williams Hall, 890 Drillfield Drive, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Virginia Tech Autism Clinic & Center for Autism Research, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Laugeson
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Reina S Factor
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 109 Williams Hall, 890 Drillfield Drive, 24061, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Virginia Tech Autism Clinic & Center for Autism Research, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Carlton CN, Antezana L, Richey JA. Associations between resting-state neural connectivity and positive affect in social anxiety disorder. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e3006. [PMID: 37062915 PMCID: PMC10275543 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.3006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Social anxiety disorder (SAD) has been characterized by deficits in social motivation and lack of reactivity to pleasurable stimuli (i.e., positive affect; [PA]). Recent neuroimaging work has shifted toward examining positively valenced motivational systems in SAD focused on reward responses. However, little is known about the associations of reward connectivity and PA in individuals with SAD. As such, the purpose of the current study was to determine whether connectivity among key units of reward neurocircuitry meaningfully relate to PA and whether these key units are more heterogeneous in SAD as compared to controls. METHODS Thirty-one participants who met diagnostic criteria for SAD and 33 control participants were included (Mage = 24.8, SD = 6.9; 55% cisgender man). Seed-based timeseries correlations were conducted in NiTime to extract region of interest (ROI) coupling correlation strength values. ANOVAs were carried out to assess whether individuals with SAD differed in ROI-to-ROI connectivity strength as compared to controls. Correlations and variance analyses were also conducted to examine the relationship between ROI-to-ROI connectivity strength and PA, as well as heterogeneity in connectivity strength and PA expression. RESULTS Weaker connectivity between the left and right orbital frontal cortex was observed when comparing the SAD to the control group. Within the SAD group, PA was associated with several reward-related ROI couplings; however, these links were not observed among controls. Results further demonstrated that individuals with SAD had significantly more variability in reward connectivity strength as compared to controls. CONCLUSION Overall, these results provide emergent evidence for the association between reward regions and PA in individuals with SAD. Additionally, these findings show that individuals with SAD demonstrate greater heterogeneity in reward connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - John A. Richey
- Department of PsychologyVirginia TechBlacksburgVirginia
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Pittsburgh School of MedicinePittsburghPennsylvania
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3
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Antezana L, Valdespino A, Wieckowski AT, Coffman MC, Carlton CN, Garcia KM, Gracanin D, White SW, Richey JA. Social Anxiety Symptoms Predict Poorer Facial Emotion Recognition in Autistic Male Adolescents and Young Adults Without Intellectual Disability. J Autism Dev Disord 2023:10.1007/s10803-023-05998-5. [PMID: 37120659 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-023-05998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Utilizing a novel computerized task, we aimed to examine whether social anxiety symptoms would be related to individual differences in facial emotion recognition (FER) in a sample of autistic male adolescents and young adults without intellectual disability. Results indicated that social anxiety and IQ predicted poorer FER, irrespective of specific emotion type. When probing specific effects within emotion and condition types, social anxiety impacted surprise and disgust FER during a truncated viewing condition and not full viewing condition. Collectively, results suggest that social anxiety in autism may play a larger role in FER than previously thought. Future work should consider the role of social anxiety within autism as a factor that may meaningfully relate to FER assessment and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Antezana
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 109 Williams Hall, 890 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Andrew Valdespino
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 109 Williams Hall, 890 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- James A. Haley Veterans' Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Andrea T Wieckowski
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 109 Williams Hall, 890 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- A.J. Drexel Autism Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marika C Coffman
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 109 Williams Hall, 890 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- Duke University Center for Autism and Brain Development, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Corinne N Carlton
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 109 Williams Hall, 890 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Katelyn M Garcia
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 109 Williams Hall, 890 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Denis Gracanin
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Susan W White
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 109 Williams Hall, 890 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
- Center for Youth Development and Intervention and Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - John A Richey
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 109 Williams Hall, 890 Drillfield Drive, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
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Gupta T, Antezana L, Porter C, Mayanil T, Bylsma LM, Maslar M, Horton LE. Skills program for awareness, connectedness, and empowerment: A conceptual framework of a skills group for individuals with a psychosis-risk syndrome. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1083368. [PMID: 37025348 PMCID: PMC10072161 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1083368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervention strategies for those diagnosed with psychotic disorders such as schizophrenia can be effective in reducing symptoms and improving quality of life. While strides have been made in developing prevention and intervention strategies earlier on in the disease progression, among those at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis, challenges with heterogeneity can limit symptom and diagnosis specific treatment. Here, we discuss a newly developed therapy skills group called the Skills Program for Awareness, Connectedness, and Empowerment (SPACE) that integrates different types of behavioral skills - standard and radically open dialectical behavioral therapy as well as cognitive behavioral therapy - for CHR youth between the ages of 13-18 years. With the diathesis-stress framework serving as a foundation, the intervention is divided into three stages. These stages target specific signs and symptoms contributing to the progression of CHR symptoms. Stage 1 targets stress (with the goal of developing awareness and reducing distress), stage 2 targets self-disturbances (with a goal of increasing self-connectedness), and stage 3 targets social connectedness (with a goal of improving social domains of functioning). The focus of this article is to introduce the theoretical framework underlying the pilot skills group and discuss ongoing progress. Clinical Trial Registration NCT05398120; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT05398120.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Gupta
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Ligia Antezana
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Christian Porter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Tushita Mayanil
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Lauren M. Bylsma
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Michael Maslar
- The Family Institute at Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Leslie E. Horton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Antezana L, Coffman MC, DiCriscio AS, Richey JA. Effects of nonsocial and circumscribed interest images on neural mechanisms of emotion regulation in autistic adults. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:1057736. [PMID: 36570705 PMCID: PMC9771392 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1057736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Emotion dysregulation is commonly reported among autistic individuals. Prior work investigating the neurofunctional mechanisms of emotion regulation (ER) in autistic adults has illustrated alterations in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) activity, as well as concurrent atypical patterns of activation in subcortical regions related to affect during cognitive reappraisal of social images. Whereas most research examining ER in autism has focused on regulation of negative emotions, the effects of regulating positive emotions has been generally understudied. This is surprising given the relevance of positive motivational states to understanding circumscribed interests (CI) in autism. Methods Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to use fMRI with simultaneous eye-tracking and pupillometry to investigate the neural mechanisms of ER during passive viewing and cognitive reappraisal of a standardized set of nonsocial images and personalized (self-selected) CI images. Results The autistic group demonstrated comparatively reduced modulation of posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) activation during cognitive reappraisal of CI images compared to viewing of CI, although no eye-tracking/pupillometry differences emerged between-groups. Further, the autistic group demonstrated increased PCC connectivity with left lateral occipital and right supramarginal areas when engaging in cognitive reappraisal vs. viewing CI. Discussion In autistic adults, CI may be differentially modulated via PCC. Considering the documented role of the PCC as a core hub of the default mode network, we further postulate that ER of CI could potentially be related to self-referential cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Antezana
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Marika C. Coffman
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- Duke Center for Autism and Brain Development, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | | | - John A. Richey
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Richey JA, Gracanin D, LaConte S, Lisinski J, Kim I, Coffman M, Antezana L, Carlton CN, Garcia KM, White SW. Neural Mechanisms of Facial Emotion Recognition in Autism: Distinct Roles for Anterior Cingulate and dlPFC. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2022; 51:323-343. [PMID: 35476602 PMCID: PMC9177800 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2022.2051528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study sought to measure and internally validate neural markers of facial emotion recognition (FER) in adolescents and young adults with ASD to inform targeted intervention. METHOD We utilized fMRI to measure patterns of brain activity among individuals with ASD (N = 21) and matched controls (CON; N = 20) 2 s prior to judgments about the identity of six distinct facial emotions (happy, sad, angry, surprised, fearful, disgust). RESULTS Predictive modeling of fMRI data (support vector classification; SVC) identified mechanistic roles for brain regions that forecasted correct and incorrect identification of facial emotion as well as sources of errors over these decisions. BOLD signal activation in bilateral insula, anterior cingulate (ACC) and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) preceded accurate FER in both controls and ASD. Predictive modeling utilizing SVC confirmed the utility of ACC in forecasting correct decisions in controls but not ASD, and further indicated that a region within the right dlPFC was the source of a type 1 error signal in ASD (i.e. neural marker reflecting an impending correct judgment followed by an incorrect behavioral response) approximately two seconds prior to emotion judgments during fMRI. CONCLUSIONS ACC forecasted correct decisions only among control participants. Right dlPFC was the source of a false-positive signal immediately prior to an error about the nature of a facial emotion in adolescents and young adults with ASD, potentially consistent with prior work indicating that dlPFC may play a role in attention to and regulation of emotional experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A. Richey
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech. 109 Williams Hall, MC0436, Blacksburg, VA 24061
- Address correspondence by , or by surface John A. Richey, MC0436, 109 Williams Hall, Dept. of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061. Phone: 540.231.1463, Fax: 540.231.3562
| | - Denis Gracanin
- Department of Computer Science, Virginia Tech. 2202 Kraft Drive, Room 1135, Blacksburg VA 24060
| | - Stephen LaConte
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion. 2 Riverside Circle Roanoke, VA 24016
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech
| | - Jonathan Lisinski
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion. 2 Riverside Circle Roanoke, VA 24016
| | - Inyoung Kim
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion. 2 Riverside Circle Roanoke, VA 24016
- Department of Statistics, Hutcheson Hall, RM 406-A Virginia Tech. Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Marika Coffman
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech. 109 Williams Hall, MC0436, Blacksburg, VA 24061
- Duke University Center for Autism and Brain Development. 2608 Erwin Rd, Suite 300 b
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27701Durham, NC 27705
| | - Ligia Antezana
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech. 109 Williams Hall, MC0436, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Corinne N. Carlton
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech. 109 Williams Hall, MC0436, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Katelyn M. Garcia
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech. 109 Williams Hall, MC0436, Blacksburg, VA 24061
| | - Susan W. White
- Center for Youth Development and Intervention, McMillan Building 101-F, University of Alabama. Tuscaloosa, AL 35487
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Carlton CN, Antezana L, Garcia KM, Sullivan-Toole H, Richey JA. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Specifically Improves Social Anhedonia Among Adults with Chronic Stress. Affect Sci 2021; 3:145-159. [PMID: 36046096 PMCID: PMC9382999 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-021-00085-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This randomized controlled trial examined the effects of mindfulness on anhedonic symptoms in a sample of adults reporting high levels of chronic stress. Meditation-naïve adults (N = 68, Mage = 32, 62% female) were randomized to either an 8-week group-based MBSR intervention (N = 35), or a waitlist control group (N = 33). We hypothesized that changes in mindfulness would mediate the relationship between condition and changes in anhedonic symptoms. Additionally, the present study aimed to determine if other theoretically linked mechanisms (i.e., stress, negative affect [NA], depression) were involved in producing changes in anhedonic symptoms. Results provided evidence for full mediation of the effect of MBSR on social anhedonia through its essential mechanism of ΔMindfulness. These results highlight specificity of anhedonic symptoms targeted by MBSR, with social anhedonia symptoms being modified by changes in mindfulness whereas other anhedonic domains were not. The specificity of effects to the social anhedonia domain may be in part due to the group-based nature of MBSR. Additionally, although associative relationships were present for stress, depression, NA, and anhedonic symptoms, no mediational relationships emerged. Results presented here should be evaluated in light of study limitations, such as the reliance on self-report measures as well as a lack of information regarding cultural or geographic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne N. Carlton
- grid.438526.e0000 0001 0694 4940Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 109 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Ligia Antezana
- grid.438526.e0000 0001 0694 4940Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 109 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Katelyn M. Garcia
- grid.438526.e0000 0001 0694 4940Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 109 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Holly Sullivan-Toole
- grid.438526.e0000 0001 0694 4940Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 109 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA ,grid.264727.20000 0001 2248 3398Department of Psychology, Temple University, 1701 North 13th Street, Philadelphia, PA 191221 USA
| | - John A. Richey
- grid.438526.e0000 0001 0694 4940Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 109 Williams Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
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McFayden TC, Gatto AJ, Dahiya AV, Antezana L, Miyazaki Y, Cooper LD. Integrating Measurement-Based Care into Treatment for Autism Spectrum Disorder: Insights from a Community Clinic. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 51:3651-3661. [PMID: 33387241 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04824-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Measurement-based care (MBC), an evidence-based approach that has demonstrated efficacy for improving treatment outcomes, has yet to be investigated in clients with Autism Spectrum Disorder. The current paper investigates the use of MBC in autistic (n = 20) and non-autistic (n = 20) clients matched on age, sex, and presenting problem. Results of change score analysis indicated that utilizing routine symptom monitoring can enhance treatment evaluation. Autistic clients participated in significantly more sessions, made significantly less progress, and were less compliant with MBC than non-autistic clients. Though hierarchical linear modeling demonstrated no significant differences in treatment slope, results indicated moderate effect size. These results inform the use of MBC in community clinics, highlighting policy implications and need for targeted measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler C McFayden
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 460 Turner Street NW, Suite 207, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA.
| | - Alyssa J Gatto
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 460 Turner Street NW, Suite 207, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Angela V Dahiya
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 460 Turner Street NW, Suite 207, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Ligia Antezana
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 460 Turner Street NW, Suite 207, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Yasuo Miyazaki
- Department of Education Research and Evaluation, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Lee D Cooper
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, 460 Turner Street NW, Suite 207, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
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McVey AJ, Schiltz HK, Coffman M, Antezana L, Magnus B. A Preliminary Psychometric Analysis of the Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) Among Autistic Adolescents and Adults: Factor Structure, Reliability, and Validity. J Autism Dev Disord 2021; 52:1169-1188. [PMID: 33886035 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-021-05018-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Emotion dysregulation is common among autistic people, yet few measures have received psychometric evaluation in this population. We examined the factor structure, reliability, and validity of a commonly-used measure of emotion dysregulation, the Difficulties with Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), in a sample of 156 autistic adolescents and adults. Data were drawn from the NIH National Database for Autism Research (NDAR) and an author's existing dataset. Results demonstrated that the factor structure generally conformed to the original 6-factor model, with modifications. Reliability analyses revealed good-to-excellent internal consistencies. Validity analyses indicated that the DERS was positively associated with measures of anxiety, depression, and alexithymia. Our findings provide preliminary evidence for the utility of the DERS in a small autistic sample, with minor modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana J McVey
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. .,Department of Psychology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| | | | - Marika Coffman
- Duke Center for Autism and Brain Development, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Ligia Antezana
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Brooke Magnus
- Department of Psychology, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA
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10
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Cantin-Garside KD, Kong Z, White SW, Antezana L, Kim S, Nussbaum MA. Detecting and Classifying Self-injurious Behavior in Autism Spectrum Disorder Using Machine Learning Techniques. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 50:4039-4052. [PMID: 32219634 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04463-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Traditional self-injurious behavior (SIB) management can place compliance demands on the caregiver and have low ecological validity and accuracy. To support an SIB monitoring system for autism spectrum disorder (ASD), we evaluated machine learning methods for detecting and distinguishing diverse SIB types. SIB episodes were captured with body-worn accelerometers from children with ASD and SIB. The highest detection accuracy was found with k-nearest neighbors and support vector machines (up to 99.1% for individuals and 94.6% for grouped participants), and classification efficiency was quite high (offline processing at ~ 0.1 ms/observation). Our results provide an initial step toward creating a continuous and objective smart SIB monitoring system, which could in turn facilitate the future care of a pervasive concern in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhenyu Kong
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Susan W White
- Department of Psychology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AB, USA.,Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Ligia Antezana
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Sunwook Kim
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA
| | - Maury A Nussbaum
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA. .,Department of Industrial and System Engineering, Virginia Tech, 250 Durham Hall (0118), Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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11
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Factor RS, Swain DM, Antezana L, Muskett A, Gatto AJ, Radtke SR, Scarpa A. Teaching emotion regulation to children with autism spectrum disorder: Outcomes of the Stress and Anger Management Program (STAMP). Bull Menninger Clin 2020; 83:235-258. [PMID: 31502872 DOI: 10.1521/bumc.2019.83.3.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Young children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) struggle with emotion regulation (ER), which is developmentally preceded by lability/negative affect (L/N), and their parents face unique challenges to parenting and providing assistance. The Stress and Anger Management Program (STAMP) is a cognitive-behavioral treatment designed to address ER deficits in young children with ASD through child skill-building and parent training. The current study evaluated child L/N, ER, and parental confidence outcomes in 4- to 7-year-old children with ASD (N = 23; 19 boys) and their parents randomly assigned to a treatment (n = 12) or a waitlist control group (n = 11). Child L/N decreased, regulation was not significantly changed, and parental confidence regarding the child's ability to manage anger and anxiety increased from pre- to posttreatment in the treatment group, but not in the waitlist group. Implications for future interventions that address ER in children with ASD and their parents are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reina S Factor
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia.,Virginia Tech Autism Clinic and Center for Autism Research, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Deanna M Swain
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia.,Virginia Tech Autism Clinic and Center for Autism Research, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Ligia Antezana
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia.,Virginia Tech Autism Clinic and Center for Autism Research, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Ashley Muskett
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia.,Virginia Tech Autism Clinic and Center for Autism Research, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Alyssa J Gatto
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Sarah R Radtke
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Angela Scarpa
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia.,Virginia Tech Autism Clinic and Center for Autism Research, Blacksburg, Virginia
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12
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Yerys BE, Tunç B, Satterthwaite TD, Antezana L, Mosner MG, Bertollo JR, Guy L, Schultz RT, Herrington JD. Functional Connectivity of Frontoparietal and Salience/Ventral Attention Networks Have Independent Associations With Co-occurring Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Children With Autism. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 2019; 4:343-351. [PMID: 30777604 PMCID: PMC6456394 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and co-occurring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms have worse functional outcomes and treatment response than those without ADHD symptoms. There is limited knowledge of the neurobiology of ADHD symptoms in ASD. Here, we test the hypothesis that aberrant functional connectivity of two large-scale executive brain networks implicated in ADHD-the frontoparietal and salience/ventral attention networks-also play a role in ADHD symptoms in ASD. METHODS We compared resting-state functional connectivity of the two executive brain networks in children with ASD (n = 77) and typically developing control children (n = 82). These two executive brain networks comprise five subnetworks (three frontoparietal, two salience/ventral attention). After identifying aberrant functional connections among subnetworks, we examined dimensional associations with parent-reported ADHD symptoms. RESULTS Weaker functional connectivity in ASD was present within and between the frontoparietal and salience/ventral attention subnetworks. Decreased functional connectivity within a single salience/ventral attention subnetwork, as well as between two frontoparietal subnetworks, significantly correlated with ADHD symptoms. Furthermore, follow-up linear regressions demonstrated that the salience/ventral attention and frontoparietal subnetworks explain unique variance in ADHD symptoms. These executive brain network-ADHD symptom relationships remained significant after controlling for ASD symptoms. Finally, specificity was also demonstrated through the use of a control brain network (visual) and a control co-occurring symptom domain (anxiety). CONCLUSIONS The present findings provide novel evidence that both frontoparietal and salience/ventral attention networks' weaker connectivities are linked to ADHD symptoms in ASD. Moreover, co-occurring ADHD in the context of ASD is a source of meaningful neural heterogeneity in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Yerys
- Center for Autism Research and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - Birkan Tunç
- Center for Autism Research and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Biomedical and Health Information, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Theodore D Satterthwaite
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ligia Antezana
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Maya G Mosner
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jennifer R Bertollo
- Center for Autism Research and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Lisa Guy
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Robert T Schultz
- Center for Autism Research and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John D Herrington
- Center for Autism Research and Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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13
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Antezana L, Factor RS, Condy EE, Strege MV, Scarpa A, Richey JA. Gender differences in restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests in youth with autism. Autism Res 2018; 12:274-283. [PMID: 30561911 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has found gender differences in restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests (RRBI) for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Compared to girls, affected boys have increased stereotyped and restricted behaviors; however much less is known about gender differences in other areas of RRBI. This study aims to identify whether specific RRBI (i.e., stereotyped, self-injurious, compulsive, insistence on sameness, ritualistic, and restricted), as measured by item-level data on the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised (RBS-R), can distinguish girls from boys with ASD. Participants included 615 individuals with ASD (507 boys; 82.4%), ages 3-18 years of age (M = 10.26, SD = 4.20), who agreed to share data with the National Database for Autism Research (NDAR). Multivariate analysis of variance and discriminant function analysis (DFA) were used to determine whether item-level RBS-R data could correctly classify cases by gender. DFA results suggest that RBS-R items significantly differentiate gender. Strongly differentiating RBS-R items had greater success in correctly classifying affected boys (67.90%) than girls (61.00%). Items that best-discriminated gender were heightened stereotyped behaviors and restricted interests items in boys and compulsive, sameness, restricted, and self-injurious behavior items in girls. This study is the first to find that girls with ASD may have increased compulsive, sameness, and restricted RRBI compared to boys. Additionally, findings support heightened self-injurious behaviors in affected girls. Future research should disentangle whether elevated rates of RRBI in girls are central to the presentation of ASD in girls or an epiphenomenon of the high rates of co-occurring disorders (e.g., anxiety) noted in girls. Autism Res 2019, 12: 274-283 © 2018 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: This study is the first to examine a comprehensive measure of repetitive behavior in children with autism, with findings of increased compulsive, insistence on sameness, and self-injurious behavior characterizing girls and increased stereotyped and restricted behavior characterizing boys. Future research should determine whether these elevated behaviors in girls are directly part of the autism presentation in girls or symptoms of co-occurring psychopathology. It is important for autism diagnostic measures to best capture the types of repetitive behavior girls may demonstrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Antezana
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.,Virginia Tech Center for Autism Research, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Reina S Factor
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.,Virginia Tech Center for Autism Research, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - Emma E Condy
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | | | - Angela Scarpa
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.,Virginia Tech Center for Autism Research, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - John A Richey
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.,Virginia Tech Center for Autism Research, Blacksburg, Virginia
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14
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Kohls G, Antezana L, Mosner MG, Schultz RT, Yerys BE. Altered reward system reactivity for personalized circumscribed interests in autism. Mol Autism 2018; 9:9. [PMID: 29423135 PMCID: PMC5791309 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-018-0195-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neurobiological research in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has paid little attention on brain mechanisms that cause and maintain restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests (RRBIs). Evidence indicates an imbalance in the brain’s reward system responsiveness to social and non-social stimuli may contribute to both social deficits and RRBIs. Thus, this study’s central aim was to compare brain responsiveness to individual RRBI (i.e., circumscribed interests), with social rewards (i.e., social approval), in youth with ASD relative to typically developing controls (TDCs). Methods We conducted a 3T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study to investigate the blood-oxygenation-level-dependent effect of personalized circumscribed interest rewards versus social rewards in 39 youth with ASD relative to 22 TDC. To probe the reward system, we employed short video clips as reinforcement in an instrumental incentive delay task. This optimization increased the task’s ecological validity compared to still pictures that are often used in this line of research. Results Compared to TDCs, youth with ASD had stronger reward system responses for CIs mostly within the non-social realm (e.g., video games) than social rewards (e.g., approval). Additionally, this imbalance within the caudate nucleus’ responsiveness was related to greater social impairment. Conclusions The current data support the idea of reward system dysfunction that may contribute to enhanced motivation for RRBIs in ASD, accompanied by diminished motivation for social engagement. If a dysregulated reward system indeed supports the emergence and maintenance of social and non-social symptoms of ASD, then strategically targeting the reward system in future treatment endeavors may allow for more efficacious treatment practices that help improve outcomes for individuals with ASD and their families. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13229-018-0195-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Kohls
- 1Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ligia Antezana
- 2Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA USA
| | - Maya G Mosner
- 3Department of Psychology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Robert T Schultz
- 4Center for Autism Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3535 Market Street, Ste 860, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.,5Pediatrics Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA.,6Psychiatry Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Benjamin E Yerys
- 4Center for Autism Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3535 Market Street, Ste 860, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA.,6Psychiatry Department, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
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15
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Valdespino A, Antezana L, Ghane M, Richey JA. Alexithymia as a Transdiagnostic Precursor to Empathy Abnormalities: The Functional Role of the Insula. Front Psychol 2017; 8:2234. [PMID: 29312079 PMCID: PMC5742870 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Distorted empathic processing has been observed across multiple psychiatric disorders. Simulation theory provides a theoretical framework that proposes a mechanism through which empathy difficulties may arise. Specifically, introspection-centric simulation theory (IST) predicts that an inability to accurately interpret and describe internal affective states may lead to empathy difficulties. The purpose of this review is to synthesize and summarize an empirical literature suggesting that simulation theory provides insights into a cognitive and neurobiological mechanism (i.e., alexithymia and insula pathology) that negatively impacts empathic processing, in addition to how disruptions in these processes manifest across psychiatric disorders. Specifically, we review an emerging non-clinical literature suggesting that consistent with IST, alexithymia and associated insula pathology leads to empathy deficits. Subsequently, we highlight clinical research suggesting that a large number of disorders characterized by empathy pathology also feature alexithymia. Collectively, these findings motivate the importance for future work to establish the role of alexithymia in contributing to empathy deficits across clinical symptoms and disorders. The current review suggests that simulation theory provides a tractable conceptual platform for identifying a potential common cognitive and neural marker that is associated with empathy deficits across a wide array of diagnostic classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Valdespino
- Social Clinical Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Ligia Antezana
- Social Clinical Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Merage Ghane
- Social Clinical Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - John A Richey
- Social Clinical Affective Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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16
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Abstract
Scientists and clinicians regularly use clinical screening tools for attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) to assess comorbidity without empirical evidence that these measures are valid in youth with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We examined the prevalence of youth meeting ADHD criteria on the ADHD rating scale fourth edition (ADHD-RS-IV), the relationship of ADHD-RS-IV ratings with participant characteristics and behaviors, and its underlying factor structure in 386, 7-17 year olds with ASD without intellectual disability. Expected parent prevalence rates, relationships with age and externalizing behaviors were observed, but confirmatory factor analyses revealed unsatisfactory fits for one-, two-, three-factor models. Exploratory analyses revealed several items cross-loading on multiple factors. Implications of screening ADHD in youth with ASD using current diagnostic criteria are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Yerys
- Center for Autism Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3535 Market Street, Ste 860, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | | | - Ashley de Marchena
- Center for Autism Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3535 Market Street, Ste 860, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marley W Watkins
- Department of Educational Psychology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, USA
| | - Ligia Antezana
- Center for Autism Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3535 Market Street, Ste 860, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Thomas J Power
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for the Management of ADHD, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert T Schultz
- Center for Autism Research, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3535 Market Street, Ste 860, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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17
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Antezana L, Scarpa A, Valdespino A, Albright J, Richey JA. Rural Trends in Diagnosis and Services for Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Psychol 2017; 8:590. [PMID: 28473784 PMCID: PMC5397491 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rural communities face significant challenges regarding the adequate availability of diagnostic-, treatment-, and support-services for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Specifically, a variety of factors, including geographic distance between families and service providers, low reliance on health care professionals, and cultural characteristics, contribute to the diminished availability and utilization of services. Together, these factors lead to risks for delayed ASD screening and diagnosis, yielding lower educational and functional outcomes. The purpose of this review is to outline the specific diagnosis and treatment barriers that affect individuals with ASD and their families in rural settings. Telehealth feasibility and efficacy research is also reviewed, suggesting that telecommunication services may offer an inroad for addressing the specific service barriers faced by rural communities. Together, the current review identifies specific needs for both research and support services that address the specific access barriers characteristic of rural settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ligia Antezana
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, BlacksburgVA, USA.,Virginia Tech Center for Autism Research, BlacksburgVA, USA
| | - Angela Scarpa
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, BlacksburgVA, USA.,Virginia Tech Center for Autism Research, BlacksburgVA, USA
| | | | - Jordan Albright
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, BlacksburgVA, USA.,Virginia Tech Center for Autism Research, BlacksburgVA, USA
| | - John A Richey
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, BlacksburgVA, USA.,Virginia Tech Center for Autism Research, BlacksburgVA, USA
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18
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Green AE, Kenworthy L, Gallagher NM, Antezana L, Mosner MG, Krieg S, Dudley K, Ratto A, Yerys BE. Social analogical reasoning in school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder and typically developing peers. Autism 2016; 21:403-411. [PMID: 27178998 DOI: 10.1177/1362361316644728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Analogical reasoning is an important mechanism for social cognition in typically developing children, and recent evidence suggests that some forms of analogical reasoning may be preserved in autism spectrum disorder. An unanswered question is whether children with autism spectrum disorder can apply analogical reasoning to social information. In all, 92 children with autism spectrum disorder completed a social content analogical reasoning task presented via photographs of real-world social interactions. Autism spectrum disorder participants exhibited performance that was well above chance and was not significantly worse than age- and intelligence quotient-matched typically developing children. Investigating the relationship of social content analogical reasoning performance to age in this cross-sectional dataset indicated similar developmental trajectories in the autism spectrum disorder and typically developing children groups. These findings provide new support for intact analogical reasoning in autism spectrum disorder and have theoretical implications for analogy as a metacognitive skill that may be at least partially dissociable from general deficits in processing social content. As an initial study of social analogical reasoning in children with autism spectrum disorder, this study focused on a basic research question with limited ecological validity. Evidence that children with autism spectrum disorder can apply analogical reasoning ability to social content may have long-range applied implications for exploring how this capacity might be channeled to improve social cognition in daily life.
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19
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Yerys BE, Antezana L, Weinblatt R, Jankowski KF, Strang J, Vaidya CJ, Schultz RT, Gaillard WD, Kenworthy L. Neural Correlates of Set-Shifting in Children With Autism. Autism Res 2015; 8:386-97. [PMID: 25599972 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is often associated with high levels of inflexible thinking and rigid behavior. The neural correlates of these behaviors have been investigated in adults and older adolescents, but not children. Prior studies utilized set-shifting tasks that engaged multiple levels of shifting, and depended on learning abstract rules and establishing a strong prepotent bias. These additional demands complicate simple interpretations of the results. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural correlates of set-shifting in 20 children (ages 7-14) with ASD and 19 typically developing, matched, control children. Participants completed a set-shifting task that minimized nonshifting task demands through the use of concrete instructions that provide spatial mapping of stimuli-responses. The shift/stay sets were given an equal number of trials to limit the prepotent bias. Both groups showed an equivalent "switch cost," responding less accurately and slower to Switch stimuli than Stay stimuli, although the ASD group was less accurate overall. Both groups showed activation in prefrontal, striatal, parietal, and cerebellum regions known to govern effective set-shifts. Compared to controls, children with ASD demonstrated decreased activation of the right middle temporal gyrus across all trials, but increased activation in the mid-dorsal cingulate cortex/superior frontal gyrus, left middle frontal, and right inferior frontal gyri during the Switch vs. Stay contrast. The successful behavioral switching performance of children with ASD comes at the cost of requiring greater engagement of frontal regions, suggesting less efficiency at this lowest level of shifting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin E Yerys
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Ligia Antezana
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Rachel Weinblatt
- Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Kathryn F Jankowski
- Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - John Strang
- Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC
| | - Chandan J Vaidya
- Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC
| | - Robert T Schultz
- Center for Autism Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - William D Gaillard
- Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Neurology, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC.,Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Lauren Kenworthy
- Center for Autism Spectrum Disorders, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Children's Research Institute, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC.,Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon.,Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University, Washington, DC
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20
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Raznahan A, Wallace GL, Antezana L, Greenstein D, Lenroot R, Thurm A, Gozzi M, Spence S, Martin A, Swedo SE, Giedd JN. Compared to what? Early brain overgrowth in autism and the perils of population norms. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 74:563-75. [PMID: 23706681 PMCID: PMC4837958 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early brain overgrowth (EBO) in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is among the best replicated biological associations in psychiatry. Most positive reports have compared head circumference (HC) in ASD (an excellent proxy for early brain size) with well-known reference norms. We sought to reappraise evidence for the EBO hypothesis given 1) the recent proliferation of longitudinal HC studies in ASD, and 2) emerging reports that several of the reference norms used to define EBO in ASD may be biased toward detecting HC overgrowth in contemporary samples of healthy children. METHODS Systematic review of all published HC studies in children with ASD. Comparison of 330 longitudinally gathered HC measures between birth and 18 months from male children with autism (n = 35) and typically developing control subjects (n = 22). RESULTS In systematic review, comparisons with locally recruited control subjects were significantly less likely to identify EBO in ASD than norm-based studies (p < .001). Through systematic review and analysis of new data, we replicate seminal reports of EBO in ASD relative to classical HC norms but show that this overgrowth relative to norms is mimicked by patterns of HC growth age in a large contemporary community-based sample of US children (n ~ 75,000). Controlling for known HC norm biases leaves inconsistent support for a subtle, later emerging and subgroup specific pattern of EBO in clinically ascertained ASD versus community control subjects. CONCLUSIONS The best-replicated aspects of EBO reflect generalizable HC norm biases rather than disease-specific biomarkers. The potential HC norm biases we detail are not specific to ASD research but apply throughout clinical and academic medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Raznahan
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | | | - Ligia Antezana
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Rhoshel Lenroot
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Audrey Thurm
- Pediatric Developmental Neurosciences Branch, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marta Gozzi
- Pediatric Developmental Neurosciences Branch, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Spence
- Department of Neurology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, MA, USA
| | - Alex Martin
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan E Swedo
- Pediatric Developmental Neurosciences Branch, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jay N Giedd
- Child Psychiatry Branch, NIMH, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
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