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He C, Thai PK, Bertrand L, Jayarathne A, van Mourik L, Phuc DH, Banks A, Mueller JF, Wang XF. Calibration and Application of PUF Disk Passive Air Samplers To Assess Chlorinated Paraffins in Ambient Air in Australia, China, and Vietnam. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:21061-21070. [PMID: 37939218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Ambient air samples were collected in Brisbane (Australia), Dalian (China), and Hanoi (Vietnam) during Mar 2013-Feb 2018 using polyurethane foam based passive air samplers. A sampling rate calibration experiment was conducted for chlorinated paraffins (CPs, i.e., short-chain, medium-chain, and long-chain CPs), where the sampling rates were 4.5 ± 0.7, 4.8 ± 0.3, and 4.8 ± 2.1 m3 day-1 for SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs, respectively. The atmospheric concentration of CPs was then calculated and the medians of ∑CPs were 0.079, 1.0, and 0.89 ng m-3 in Brisbane, Dalian, and Hanoi, respectively. The concentration of CPs in Brisbane's air remained at low levels, with no significant differences observed between the city background site and the city center site, indicating limited usage and production of CPs in this city. The highest concentration of MCCPs was detected in Dalian, while the highest concentration of SCCPs was detected in Hanoi. A decrease of SCCP concentration and an increase of MCCPs' were found in Brisbane's air from 2016 to 2018, while increasing trends for both SCCPs and MCCPs were observed in Dalian. These results indicated impacts from different sources of CPs in the investigated cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang He
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Phong K Thai
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lidwina Bertrand
- CIBICI- CONICET and Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad Ciencias Químicas, Dpto. Bioquímica Clínica, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Ayomi Jayarathne
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Louise van Mourik
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dam Hoang Phuc
- Hanoi University of Science and Technology, Hanoi 10999, Viet Nam
| | - Andrew Banks
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
- Racing Science Centre, Queensland Racing Integrity Commission, 4010 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Xianyu Fisher Wang
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
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Valderhaug S, Liu H, Gorovoy A, Johansen JE, van Mourik L, de Boer J, Gautun OR. Nuclear magnetic resonance as a tool to determine chlorine percentage of chlorinated paraffin mixtures. Chemosphere 2022; 308:136312. [PMID: 36096309 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A new simple method for chlorine percentage calculations (method C), from proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy, has been established and applied to an industrial chlorinated paraffin (CP) mixture and 13 single-chain CPs of known carbon chain lengths. Two modified methods (method A and B), originating from the work of Sprengel et al., have been utilized on the same single-chain mixtures. All samples were analysed by 1H NMR and two-dimensional heteronuclear quantum coherence (HSQC) for this purpose. All three methods worked well for medium chlorinated (45-55% Cl) single-chain mixtures of known carbon chain lengths. Method A yielded the best result for mixtures of lower chlorine content (<45% Cl), method C gave better estimations for higher chlorine contents (>55% Cl). Compared to Mohr's titration, method A showed a deviation of 0.7-7.8% (3.6% average), method B 4.1-11.3% (7.0% average) and method C 0.6-11.6% (5.2% average), for all 13 single-chain mixtures. The new method C is the only method that could be applied for determining the chlorine percentage of industrial mixtures of multiple, unknown chain lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solveig Valderhaug
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway; Chiron AS, Stiklestadveien 1, NO-7041, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Huiling Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway; Chiron AS, Stiklestadveien 1, NO-7041, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Alexey Gorovoy
- Chiron AS, Stiklestadveien 1, NO-7041, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Louise van Mourik
- Department of Environment and Health (E&H), Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, 1108, 1081, HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Department of Environment and Health (E&H), Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan, 1108, 1081, HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Odd Reidar Gautun
- Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Høgskoleringen 5, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway.
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He C, van Mourik L, Brandsma S, Thai P, Wang X, Chen S, Thomas KV, Mueller JF. Semiquantitative Characterization of Bromo-chloro Paraffins and Olefins in the Australian Environment. Environ Sci Technol 2022; 56:12452-12459. [PMID: 35976999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A semiquantitative high-resolution mass spectrometry method was developed and applied to assess the occurrence of bromo-/chloro paraffins (BCPs) and olefins (BCOs) in the environment. More than 400 possible BCPs and BCO congener groups were detected in dust, air, and sewage sludge samples collected from Australia. Median chain analytes with the number of halogen atoms <7 (CnHmClxBry, 14 ≤ n ≤ 17, x + y < 7) prevailed in the dust and sludge samples, while short chain analytes (CnHmClxBry, 10 ≤ n ≤ 13, x + y < 7) predominated the air samples. The estimated concentrations of ∑BCPs and ∑BCOs in dust and sludge were approximately 20% that of the chlorinated paraffins (CPs) present, with the median concentrations of 5.4 μg/g (dust) and 0.18 μg/g (sludge) for ∑BCPs and 22 μg/g (in dust) and 0.50 μg/g (sludge) for BCOs. In the air samples, the concentrations of BCPs (0.020 pg/m3) and BCOs (0.032 pg/m3) were 3-4 orders of magnitudes lower than the concentrations of CPs (790 pg/m3). Significant correlations (P < 0.001) were found between the concentration of CPs, BCPs, and BCOs in all the matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang He
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Louise van Mourik
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Sicco Brandsma
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Phong Thai
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Xianyu Wang
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Shuo Chen
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4102, Australia
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Fernandes AR, Vetter W, Dirks C, van Mourik L, Cariou R, Sprengel J, Heeb N, Lentjes A, Krätschmer K. Determination of chlorinated paraffins (CPs): Analytical conundrums and the pressing need for reliable and relevant standards. Chemosphere 2022; 286:131878. [PMID: 34416588 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The determination of chlorinated paraffins (CPs) has posed an intractable challenge in analytical chemistry for over three decades. The combination of an as yet unspecifiable number (tens - hundreds of thousands) of individual congeners in mass produced commercial CP mixtures and the steric interactions between them, contrive to defy efforts to characterise their residual occurrences in environmental compartments, food and human tissues. However, recent advances in instrumentation (mass spectrometric detectors and nuclear magnetic resonance), combined with interlaboratory studies, have allowed a better insight into the nature of the conundrums. These include the variability of results, even between experienced laboratories when there is insufficient matching between analytical standards and occurrence profiles, the poor (or no) response of some instrumentation to some CP congener configurations (multiple terminal chlorines or < four chlorines) and the occurrence of chlorinated olefins in commercial mixtures. The findings illustrate some limitations in the existing set of commercially available standards. These include cross-contamination of some standards (complex CP mixtures), an insufficient number of single chain standards (existing ones do not fully reflect food/biota occurrences), lack of homologue group standards and unsuitability of some configurationally defined CP congeners/labelled standards (poor instrument response and a smaller likelihood of occurrence in commercial mixtures). They also indicate an underestimation in reported occurrences arising from those CPs that are unresponsive during measurement. A more extensive set of standards is suggested and while this might not be a panacea for accurate CP determination, it would reduce the layers of complexity inherent in the analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alwyn R Fernandes
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Walter Vetter
- Institute of Food Chemistry, (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Caroline Dirks
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Louise van Mourik
- Department of Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Jannik Sprengel
- Institute of Food Chemistry, (170b), University of Hohenheim, Garbenstraße 28, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Norbert Heeb
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science and Technology Empa, Überlandstrasse 129, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Anouk Lentjes
- Department of Environment and Health, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kerstin Krätschmer
- European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for Halogenated POPs in Feed and Food, Bissierstraße 5, 79114, Freiburg, Germany
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He C, van Mourik L, Tang S, Thai P, Wang X, Brandsma SH, Leonards PEG, Thomas KV, Mueller JF. In vitro biotransformation and evaluation of potential transformation products of chlorinated paraffins by high resolution accurate mass spectrometry. J Hazard Mater 2021; 405:124245. [PMID: 33082018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are high production chemicals, which leads to their ubiquitous presence in the environment. To date, few studies have measured CPs in humans and typically at relatively low concentrations, despite indications that exposure may be high compared to various persistent organic pollutants. The aim of this study is to investigate the in vitro biotransformation of CPs by human liver fractions. We determined the changes of the CP concentrations after the enzymatic transformation with human liver microsomes using a two-tiered in vitro approach. CP concentrations decreased with human liver microsomes, with the decreases of 33-94% after incubating with different groups of enzymes for 2 h. The profiles of CP rapidly shifted after the incubation with human liver microsomes. In addition, the concentrations of CPs and the biotransformation products were tentatively measured using high-resolution mass spectrometric analysis, including very short CP (carbon chain length <10), alcohols, ketones, and carboxylic acids. C‒C bond cleavage is a potential transformation pathway for CPs, and ketones are potential products of CP biotransformation, especially for long-chain CPs (C>17). The ketone products may be investigated as CP exposure biomarker in biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang He
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Louise van Mourik
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shaoyu Tang
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, 511700 Dongguan, China
| | - Phong Thai
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Xianyu Wang
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sicco H Brandsma
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim E G Leonards
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jochen F Mueller
- Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science (QAEHS), The University of Queensland, 4102 Brisbane, Australia
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Brandsma SH, van Mourik L, O’Brien JW, Eaglesham G, Leonards PEG, de Boer J, Gallen C, Mueller J, Gaus C, Bogdal C. Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (CPs) Dominate in Australian Sewage Sludge. Environ Sci Technol 2017; 51:3364-3372. [PMID: 28218842 PMCID: PMC5362740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
To simultaneously quantify and profile the complex mixture of short-, median-, and long-chain CPs (SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs) in Australian sewage sludge, we applied and further validated a recently developed novel instrumental technique, using quadrupole time-of-flight high resolution mass spectrometry running in the negative atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mode (APCI-qTOF-HRMS). Without using an analytical column the cleaned extracts were directly injected into the qTOF-HRMS followed by quantification of the CPs by a mathematical algorithm. The recoveries of the four SCCP, MCCP and LCCP-spiked sewage sludge samples ranged from 86 to 123%. This APCI-qTOF-HRMS method is a fast and promising technique for routinely measuring SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs in sewage sludge. Australian sewage sludge was dominated by MCCPs with concentrations ranging from 542 to 3645 ng/g dry weight (dw). Lower SCCPs concentrations (<57-1421 ng/g dw) were detected in the Australian sewage sludge, which were comparable with the LCCPs concentrations (116-960 ng/g dw). This is the first time that CPs were reported in Australian sewage sludge. The results of this study gives a first impression on the distribution of the SCCPs, MCCPs, and LCCPs in Australia wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sicco H. Brandsma
- VU
University, Department of Environment
and Health, De Boelelaan
1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Phone: 31 20 59 89566; fax: 31 20 59 89552; e-mail:
| | - Louise van Mourik
- VU
University, Department of Environment
and Health, De Boelelaan
1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The
University of Queensland, The National Research
Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers
Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Jake W. O’Brien
- The
University of Queensland, The National Research
Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers
Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Geoff Eaglesham
- The
University of Queensland, The National Research
Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers
Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Pim. E. G. Leonards
- VU
University, Department of Environment
and Health, De Boelelaan
1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacob de Boer
- VU
University, Department of Environment
and Health, De Boelelaan
1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christie Gallen
- The
University of Queensland, The National Research
Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers
Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Jochen Mueller
- The
University of Queensland, The National Research
Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers
Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Caroline Gaus
- The
University of Queensland, The National Research
Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), 39 Kessels Road, Coopers
Plains, QLD 4108, Australia
| | - Christian Bogdal
- Institute
for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Jonker MTO, van Mourik L. Exceptionally strong sorption of infochemicals to activated carbon reduces their bioavailability to fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014; 33:493-499. [PMID: 24272993 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The addition of activated carbon (AC) to sediments is a relatively new approach to remediate contaminated sites. Activated carbon strongly sorbs hydrophobic organic contaminants, thereby reducing their bioavailability and uptake in organisms. Because of its high sorption capacity, AC might, however, also sorb other chemicals that are not contaminants but instead have ecological functions. Examples of such compounds are infochemicals or pheromones (i.e., compounds serving as chemical inter- and intraspecies information vectors). The present study investigated the sorption of 2 known infochemicals, hypoxanthine-3-N-oxide (H3NO) and pyridine-N-oxide (PNO), to 5 different powdered ACs. Sorption isotherms of these low-molecular-weight, polar fish kairomone substances appeared highly nonlinear, with logarithmic Freundlich sorption coefficients of up to 7.6. At physiologically relevant concentrations, sorption was up to 7 to 9 orders of magnitude stronger than expected on the basis of hydrophobic forces only (i.e., the compounds' log octanol-water partition coefficient, being approximately -1), indicating exceptionally strong binding to specific sites. This binding effectively reduced the bioavailability of H3NO to Sarasa goldfish, as was shown in a behavioral assay. The present study demonstrates the previously unrecognized potential of AC to sorb ecologically relevant chemicals. Whether this potential may lead to subtle, unwanted ecological effects in the field will have to be investigated in more detail during future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel T O Jonker
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Jin L, Gaus C, van Mourik L, Escher BI. Applicability of passive sampling to bioanalytical screening of bioaccumulative chemicals in marine wildlife. Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:7982-7988. [PMID: 23758596 DOI: 10.1021/es401014b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of bioaccumulative contaminants in biota is time and cost-intensive and the required extensive cleanup steps make it selective toward targeted chemical groups. Therefore tissue extracts prepared for chemical analysis are not amenable to assess the combined effects of unresolved complex mixtures. Passive equilibrium sampling with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has the potential for unbiased sampling of mixtures, and the PDMS extracts can be directly dosed into cell-based bioassays. The passive sampling approach was tested by exposing PDMS to lipid-rich tissue (dugong blubber; 85% lipid) spiked with a known mixture of hydrophobic contaminants (five congeners of tetra- to octachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxins). The equilibrium was attained within 24 h. Lipid-PDMS partition coefficients (Klip-PDMS) ranged from 20 to 38, were independent of hydrophobicity, and within the range of those previously measured for organochlorine compounds. To test if passive sampling can be combined with bioanalysis without the need for chemical cleanup, spiked blubber-PDMS extracts were dosed into the CAFLUX bioassay, which specifically targets dioxin-like chemicals. Small quantities of lipids coextracted by the PDMS were found to affect the kinetics in the regularly applied 24-h bioassay; however, this effect was eliminated by a longer exposure period (72 h). The validated method was applied to 11 unspiked dugong blubber samples with known (native) dioxin concentrations. These results provide the first proof of concept for linking passive sampling of lipid-rich tissue with cell-based bioassays, and could be further extended to other lipid rich species and a wider range of bioanalytical end points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jin
- National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox), The University of Queensland, 39 Kessels Road, Coopers Plains, QLD 4108, Australia.
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